participatory development bds 2

8/3/2019 Participatory Development Bds 2

1/28

PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT

Bachelor of Development Studies year II,

Uganda Christian University

January, Semester 2012

BY

NATAMBA SHADRACK(+256)714/701/782-843010


2/28

INTRODUCTION

Areas to be covered.

What is development.

What is poverty

What is participation

Why participation

Biases of rural development tourism,

Democratizing development

Bottom up.

1/23/2012 2shadrack Natamba


3/28

The meaning of development

Different scholars and actors define development indifferent ways including entitlements and freedom(Sen), enlarging peoples choices (UNDP) andimproving peoples welfare (World Bank)

It is multi dimensional and includes improvements ineconomic, social, and political aspects of the wholesociety e.g. security, culture, social activities, politicalinstitutions etc.

While there are many ways of measuring

development, in recent years, the HDI has becomethe preferred measure of development based onthree dimensions i.e. economic status, knowledgeand longevity of life



4/28

The meaning of development cont

(a) Traditional viewIn strictly economic terms development traditionally

meant the capacity of the national economy whoseinitial economic condition have been more or lessstatic for a long time to generate and sustain anannual increase in its gross national product (GNP) atthe rate of 5-7% or more.

(b)World Bank view

The World Bank recognizes the challenge of

development as a means to improve the quality oflife especially in the worlds poor countries byincreasing peoples income.



5/28

The meaning of development cont

(c) Modern view of developmentAccording to Todaro development must be conceived

as a multidimensional process involving majorchanges in the social structure or popular attitudeand national institutions as well as the acceleration

of economic growth, reduction of inequality anderadication of poverty.(d) Seers and Sen- New dimensions to

development According to Seers (1979) the purpose of

development is to reduce poverty, inequality, andunemployment. If one or two of these conditionshave been worsening, no amount of income earnedwill mean development has taken place



6/28

For Sen (1999), development involves

reducing deprivation or broadening choice.

Deprivation represents a multidimensional

view of poverty that includes hunger, illiteracy,

illness and poor health, powerlessness,

voicelessness, insecurity, humiliation, and a

lack of access to basic infrastructure (Narayanet al. 2000, pp. 4-5).


7/28

UNDP Human Development Report, 2000

Closely linked to Chamberss conceptualunderstanding of development is that of UN

2000 in which Development is understood as

being about human development. Human

Development is about expanding peoples

choices, by expanding human functionings

and capabilities.


8/28

According to Kaplan A. (2000);

Development is an innate (natural, inherent,

inborn, intrinsic) process found in all living

things. It entails three phases that are not

necessarily superior to one another.

Dependence

Independence

Interdependence


9/28

Dependence is characterized by great learning

and skills acquisition in which other players

play a major role in providing the environment

and resources required for growth.

Independence entails a fundamental changein relationships and a period of testing and

personalizing capabilities and competencies

using them to act and affect the environmentin ways that help establish the actor as unique

and self reliant.


10/28

Interdependence is where the actor realizes

that the full realization of ones own potential

is achieved only through effective

collaboration with others. Development can be seenas a process of

expanding the freedoms that people enjoy.

Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate in Economics.


11/28

Core values of development-Todaro

What is the good life? 3 core values Sustenance that is to say the ability to meet basic

needs.

Self esteem that is to say to be a person i.e. a sense

of worth and self respect of not being used as a toolby others for their own aims.

Freedom from servitude i.e. to be able choose theirlife.

Development must therefore be conceived as a multi

dimensional process involving major changes insocial structures, popular attitudes, and nationalinstitutions as well as the acceleration of economicgrowth, the reduction of inequality and theeradication of poverty.



12/28

The major goals of development

For most 3rd world countries, the majorgoals for development include:-

Social and economic equalization.

Avoidance of economic disparities in theirprosperity of growth of different regionswith in the country.

Rising productivity in all sectors of the

economy. Improved institution and attitudes.

Reduction in poverty level and raising levelsof living.



13/28

Reduction in unemployment levels.

Expand the range of choices both economicand social

The objectives of development (Todaro 2008) Increase the availability and widen

distribution of basic life sustaining jobs suchas shelter

To raise the levels of living

To expand the range of economic and socialchanges


14/28

The Actors in Development

Individuals: Participation in the development process throughlabour etc

Households: Group of people living together

Community: Group of people with shared interests

Government: Set of institutions playing regulatory roles NGOs: Neither run by the state nor profit making

Private Companies: either small enterprises or large globalcorporations run for profit

Multi lateral organizations: they set the global agenda for

economic policy e.g. the IMF, World Bank and United Nations



15/28

Questions

Africa has applied a number of development policies,programs and strategies but is still caught indevelopment disillusionment. How do you account

for this lack of development? More often than not, Africa is generalized in its

development opportunities and challenges. Whydoes this present a challenge for developmentthinkers?

Using any one developmental state, identify lessonsfor a country like Uganda



16/28

References

Hicks N. L. & Streeten P.P (1979). Indicators of Social Development: thesearch for a Basic Needs Yardstick. World Development, Vol. 7

Jinghan, M.L. (2005). Economics of Development and Planning, 38thedition. New Dehli, Prentice Hall.

Meier G.M & Rauch J. E (2005), Leading Issues in Economic Development

8th edition. New York, Oxford. Narayan, et al (2000). Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us?New York:

OUP.

Stiglitz, J (1986) The New DevelopmentEconomicsWorld Bank 14(2)257-65

Todaro P. Michael, (2008), Economic Development in the third world, 10th

edition. New York, Longman.



17/28

1/23/2012 17

Unit 2: Poverty, and development

Poverty

Economic characteristics of poor people

Eradication of poverty and inequality


18/28

1/23/2012 18

Some views on Poverty

Massive poverty and obscene inequality are suchterrible scourges of our times in which the world

boasts breath taking advances in science, technology,industry and wealth accumulation-that they have to

rank alongside slavery and apartheid as social evils.Nelson Mandela, London 2005 .

Poverty is the worst form of violence MahatmaGhandi

Poverty is not created by poor people, it is producedby our failure to create institutions to support human

capabilities Muhammed Yunus, founder of theGrameen Bank of Bangladesh


19/28

1/23/2012 19

Introduction

Recent development theory recognizes that highrates of economic growth and rising levels of percapita income do not necessarily imply economic

development Generally the view of riches is changing as

demonstrated by Reich in the Greening of AmericaWe think of ourselves as an incredibly rich country,but we are beginning to realize that we are also a

desperately poor country-poor in most of the thingsthat through out the history of mankind have beencherished as riches.


20/28

1/23/2012 20

Defining poverty

Poverty is recognized by the Ugandan Government,civil society organizations and the poor themselvesas a lack of the means to satisfy basic material andsocial needs, as well as a feeling of powerlessness

(MFPED, 2000a, 2002b). The poor also have defined poverty. Do not ask me

what poverty is because you have met it outside myhouse. Look at the house and count the holes, look atmy utensils and clothes that I am wearing, look ateverything and write what you see. What you see ispovertyA poor man in Kenya adapted from Voices ofthe Poor.


21/28

Poverty as denial of human rights andentitlements

Poverty as powerlessness

Poverty as humiliation Poverty as destitution/impoverishment

Poverty as failure to meet basic needs

Poverty as traps


22/28

1/23/2012 22

Measuring Poverty

Poverty is measured by an imaginary line

accepted internationally e.g. those living

below a dollar a day

The notions of chronic and absolute poverty

have become common


23/28

1/23/2012 23

Causes of poverty

Multiple compounding factors, such asattitude, access to productive resources,weather conditions, HIV/AIDS, physical

infirmity and gender, worsened the severity ofpoverty, as well as made escape from it moredifficult.

Factors that maintain the poor in poverty

include: the lack of productive assets,


24/28

exploitation and discrimination,

lack of opportunities,

low education and lack of skills,

ignorance,

drought,

disability,

illness and disempowerment.


25/28

1/23/2012 25

Economic characteristics of poor

people

The extent and magnitude of poverty dependson the average level of income and the degreeof inequality in its distribution

The more unequal the distribution of income,the greater the incidences of poverty

Poverty is measured by establishing acommon poverty line although now the

widely used concept is absolute poverty


26/28

The problem is that minimum subsistencelevels vary from country to country but theestablishment of an international line is

helpful Powerlessness seems to be at the core of

poverty

Poverty is un freedom of various sorts, lack of

schools, hospitals, subjugation of women, lackof jobs, hazardous environment etc


27/28

1/23/2012 27

Economic characteristics of poor

people

Disproportionately located in poor countries in South

Asia, and SSA

Located in the rural areas of Africa, Asia and Latin

America (between 70-80 per cent)

Affects a disproportionate number of women

Households headed by women

Primarily engaged in agriculture as small farmers orlow paid farm workers


28/28

1/23/2012 28

Chambers cluster of disadvantage

A description poverty by Frik De Beer &

Swanepoel

Rural and urban poverty The deprivation trap by Chambers.

participatory development bds 2

Documents