Parts of the brain

Brain--Cerebrum

Conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory storage & processing, regulation of motor patterns

Lobes (Cerebrum)Frontal- voluntary control

of skeletal musclesParietal- perception of

touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temp, taste

Occipital- perception of visual stimuli

Temporal- perception of olfactory and auditory stimuli

All lobes have association areas where sensory data is integrated & processes

Cerebrum is divided into 2 hemispheres-separated by a deep longitudinal fissure and connected by a thick band of axons called the corpus callosum.

Left controls right sideRight controls left side

Corpus callosum

Cerebellum Inferior & posterior to cerebrum

Coordinates adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium

Fine tunes voluntary & involuntary movements to ensure smooth movements.

Thalamus

Atop brain stem Relays and

processes sensory info

Hypothalamus

Inferior to thalamus

Controls emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production

Midbrain

Processing of visual and auditory data

Generation of involuntary motor responses

Maintenance of consciousness

Pons

Relays sensory info to cerebellum & thalamus

Involuntary motor center

Medulla Oblongata

Relays sensory info to thalamus

Autonomic centers for regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, & digestive activities

HEARING AND BALANCE 1. The EAR is really

TWO Sense Organs in ONE.  It not only detects Sound Waves, it also senses the Position of the HEAD, whether it is STILL, MOVING IN A STRAIGHT LINE, OR ROTATING.

2. Sound is nothing more than Vibrations in the Air around us.

3.  Deep LOW-PITCHED Sounds result from slow vibrations.

HIGH-PITCHED Sounds are caused from faster Vibrations.

4. In addition to Pitch, sounds differ by their Loudness or Volume.

5. The Sense Organ that can distinguish BOTH PITCH AND LOUDNESS of SOUNDS are the EARS.

6. The External Ear consists of the visible fleshy part helps to COLLECT Sounds and FUNNEL them into the AUDITORY CANAL. The Auditory Canal connects the External Ear with the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, also called the Eardrum.

7. The Auditory Canal contains small Hairs and WAX Producing GLANDS that PREVENT Foreign objects from entering the ear.

8. The Auditory Canal extends into the bone of the head, but stops at the EARDRUM OR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.

9. The Eardrum is the beginning of the MIDDLE EAR.

10.  Sound Vibrations STRIKE the EARDRUM and are Transmitted through THREE TINY BONES:  THE MALLEUS (HAMMER), INCUS (ANVIL), AND STAPES (STIRRUP).

11.  The Stirrup transfers the Vibrations to a thin membrane covering an opening called the OVAL WINDOW.

12. This Membrane transmits the vibrations to the COCHLEA, which begins the INNER EAR.

13.  The COCHLEA is SNAIL SHAPED, consisting of Three FLUID FILLED Chambers that are separated by membranes.

14. The Middle Chamber contains the ORGAN OF CORTI, which is the organ of Hearing.

15.  When the Fluid Vibrates, tiny Hair Cells lining the Cochlea are PUSHED back and forth, providing Stimulation that is turned into NERVE IMPULSES.

16.  These Nerve Impulses are carried to the Brain by the AUDITORY OR ACOUSTIC NERVE.

17.  The EARS also contain structures for DETECTING STIMULI that make us aware of our MOVEMENTS and allow us to maintain our BALANCE.

18.  Located within the INNER EAR just above the Cochlea are three tiny canals that lie at right angles to each other.

19.  They are called the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS BECAUSE THEY EACH MAKE HALF A CIRCLE.

20.  The Semicircular Canals and the TWO Tiny Sacs located behind them help us to SENSE BALANCE OR EQUILIBRIUM.

21.  Both the Canals and the Sacs are filled with Fluid and Lined with Hair Cells (Mechanoreceptors).

22.  There are also Tiny Grains of Calcium Carbonate and Protein called OTOLITHS, Otoliths roll back and forth in response to gravity, acceleration, and deceleration.

23.  The Movement of Fluid and Otoliths bend the hair on the Hair Cells, and in turn sends the impulses to the Brain that enable it to determine BODY MOTION AND POSITION.

VISION 1. The Sense Organ we use to sense Light is

the EYES. (Figure 50-13)

2. The EYE is composed of THREE LAYERS:

    A. The OUTER Layer consists of the SCLERA AND CORNEA.

B. The MIDDLE Layer contains the CHOROID, CILIARY BODY, AND IRIS.

C. The INNER Layer consists of the RETINA.

3. The SCLERA (WHITE OF THE EYE) consist of tough white connective tissue.  The Sclera helps MAINTAIN the SHAPE OF EYE, and also provides a means of ATTACHMENT for the MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE EYE.

4. IN THE FRONT OF THE EYE, THE SCLERA FORMS A TRANSPARENT LAYER CALLED THE CORNEA.

5. The CORNEA is the part of the eye through which LIGHT ENTERS.

6. Just inside the Cornea is a small chamber filled with FLUID known as the AQUEOUS HUMOR.

7.  At the BACK of this chamber, the PIGMENTED CHOROID, WHICH CONTAINS THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE EYE, BECOMES a disk-like structure called the IRIS.

8. The IRIS (A DIAPHRAGM) is the portion of the eye that gives your eye its COLOR.  The Iris controls the amount of Light entering the eye by altering the Diameter of the Pupil.

9. In the MIDDLE of the Iris is a small opening called the PUPIL, through which LIGHT ENTERS THE EYE.

11.  In DIM LIGHT the Pupil OPENS to INCREASE the amount of Light, In BRIGHT LIGHT the Pupil CLOSES to DECREASE the amount of Light entering the Eye.

12.  Behind the Iris is the LENS.  Light is Focused by the Lens, which changes shape when pulled by muscles around its edges.

13.  The CELLS that form the Lens contain a special PROTEIN called CRYSTALIN. CRYSTALIN is almost transparent and allows light to pass through.

14.  Small Muscles attached to the Lens cause it to bend, this enables the eye to FOCUS on close and distant objects.

15.  Behind the Lens is a Large Chamber called the VITREAL CHAMBER filled with a transparent Jelly-like Fluid called VITREOUS HUMOR.

16.  Special Light Sensitive RECEPTOR CELLS, or PHOTORECEPTORS, are arranged in a layer in the RETINA, at the BACK of the EYE.

17.  The PHOTORECEPTORS CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY INTO IMPULSES THAT ARE CARRIED TO THE CNS.

18.  THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PHOTORECEPTORS:  RODS AND CONES.  We have about 125 million RODS and 7 million CONES on a single Retina.

19.  Photoreceptors contain a PIGMENT called RHODOPSIN, that can respond to most wavelengths of light.

20.  RODS are extremely sensitive to ALL COLORS of LIGHT, but DO NOT DISTINGUISH DIFFERENT COLORS.

21.  CONES are less sensitive than RODS, but they DO RESPOND DIFFERENTLY TO LIGHT OF DIFFERENT COLORS, PRODUCING COLOR VISION.

22.   Humans have three kinds of cones.  Each type of cone contains a pigment that absorbs different wavelengths of light.  When the signals from these three kinds of cone are integrated, a person is able to see all the colors in the visible spectrum.

23.  In DIM Light, when only RODS are activated, you may see objects clearly, but not their colors.

24.  As the amount of Light INCREASE, the CONES are stimulated and the colors become clear.

25.  The Impulses leave the Eye by way of the OPTIC NERVE, and CARRIED to the part of BRAIN Known as the OPTIC LOBE OR OCCIPITAL LOBE.  Here the Brain Interprets the visual images and provides information about the external world.

SMELL 1. The Sense of Smell is a CHEMICAL SENSE,

the Cells responsible for smell are Specialized Chemoreceptors called OLFACTORY RECEPTORS. 

2. These Cells are located in the Upper Part of

the Nasal Cavity.

3. Chemoreceptors contain Cilia that extend into the air passageways of the nose and react to Chemicals in the Air.  Chemicals that come into contact with the Chemoreceptors Stimulate them, causing Impulses to be sent to the Brain by the OLFACTORY NERVE

TASTE 1.  The Sense of Taste is a Chemical Sense.

2. The Cells that are Stimulated by the Chemicals are called CHEMORECEPTORS

CHEMORECEPTORS. 3. The Sense Organ that detects Taste are

the TASTE BUDS. NOT THE TONGUE! 4. Most of the 10,000 Taste Buds are

embedded between bumps called PAPILLAE on the tongue, but can also be found on the roof of the mouth, on the lips, and in the throat.

5. Humans can detect FOUR main kinds of TASTE:  SWEET, SALTY, SOUR, AND BITTER.

6.  Each Taste Bud shows a particular Sensitivity to one of these taste. The Sense of Taste is converted to Nerve Impulses in the Taste Buds and transmitted to the Brain by TWO Nerves - The FACIAL NERVE AND GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVES.

7. Many of the Sensation associated with taste are actually SMELL Sensations, You depend on both Senses to detect Flavors in Food.

8. That is why when you have a Cold and

Your Smell Receptors are blocked, food seems to have little or no taste.