party programme and revolutionary manifesto of flsp - sinhala

jevms<sfj<iy

úma,ùh m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh

fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mlaIfha

jevms<sfj< iy úma,ùh m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh

ii

fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mlaIh

jevms<sfj<iy

úma,ùh m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh



iv

fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mCIfha


ISBN 978-955-0480-09-8

fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mlaIfha m%ldYkhls


v

mgqk

1' ye¢kaùu vii

2' jevms<sfj< 01

3' úma,ùh m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh 65


vi


vii

ye¢kaùu

,dxflah N+ñh ;=< iudcjd§ iudc mßj¾;khla isÿlsÍu

i|yd bjy,a lr.ekSug wfmalaId lrk jevms<sfj<la yd

m%;sm;a;s ud,djla fufia Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,nkafka ta i|yd

jk ixjdohlg wdrïNhla ,nd§u i|ydh' mq¾j hg;a úð;

iufha ,dxflah iudcfha iajNdjh;a" hg;a úð; iuh ;=<

wdrïN ù kj hg;aúð; wjêh ;=< lf,l rdcH taldêldÍ

Okjdofha iajrEmfhkao" j¾;udkfha kj ,snr,a Okjdofha

iajrEmfhkao l%shd;auljk ,dxflah OfkaIajr l%ufha iïNjh

iy j¾Okh;a" ta ;=< ks¾Ok mx;shg rdcH n,h ,nd.ekSu

i|yd we;s wjldYfha iajNdjh;a" Okm;s mx;s md,kh ;=<

ck;djf.a úúO mx;s yd ia:rhkag w;a ù we;s brKu;a mlaI

jevms<sfj< ;=< idlÉPd fõ' iudcjd§ úma,jh ;=< id¾:l

l< hq;= fkdksñ OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhka yd

iudcjd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhkao ms<sn| iQ;%.;lrKhla tys

wvx.= fõ' m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh ;=< rdcH jHqyh" wd¾Ólh" udkj

whs;sjdislï" úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh we;=¿ fCIa;% .Kkdjla i|yd

ks¾Ok mx;sfha m%;sm;a;sh wka;¾.; lr we;'

fuu jevms<sfj< yd m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh iudc.; lsÍu

,xldfõ foaYmd,kfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla i|yd wdrïNl

mshjr ;eîulehss wms úYajdi lruq' ±ka ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk

foaYmd,khg m%;sm;a;s fyda jevms<sfj< wod< ke;' foaYmd,k

l%shdldÍ;ajh weíneyshla f,i yd wú{dksl m%;Slhla f,i

fyda mqoa., ,dN m%fhdack yd wjia:dfõ mgqjdis Wfoid fyda

isÿlrk l%shdldÍ;ajhla olajd mgq ù ;sfí' m%;sm;a;s meyeÈ,s

lsÍu fyda ish jevms<sfj< iudchg ta;a;= .ekaùu wjYH fohla


viii

f,i ,xldfõ OfkaYajr mlaI muKla fkdj we;eï jdudxYsl

mlaIo úYajdi lrk njla fkdfmfka' ;uka jdudxYslhka

hehs mjikakka we;=¿ ish¨ fokd foaYmd,kh m%;sm;a;s fyda

jevms<sfj<la rys;j l< yels fohlehs úYajdi lrk nj

fmfka'

we;eï mCIj, m%;sm;a;s m%ldYk ilia lrk uq;a ta

ue;sjrK fyda ue;sjrK fmruqKq i|yd jk m%pdrl Wml%uhl

w¾:fhka muKs' wfkla w;g ta m%;sm;a;s m%ldYk ksrka;rj

by< isg my<g .,d tk w;r ta ms<sn| ixjdohla fyda

m%;sfmdaIKhla ke;' m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh nqoaêuh m%N+;ajhl

fyda wkqyia iys; kdhlhkaf.a mrfõKsl Wreuhla f,i

ie,lSu fuf;la mej;s iïm%odhhs'

fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mlaIfha jevmss<sfj< iy úma,ùh

m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh t<s±laùu ;=< wm wfmalaId lrk wruqKq

w;r fuu b;sydihg ;s; ;eîfï wruqKgo m%uqL;ajh

ysñfõ' m%;sm;a;s rys;" Wmfhda.s;djd§ foaYmd,kh fjkqjg

m%;sm;a;s u; mokï jQ foaYmd,khla wm iudchg wjYH ù

;sfnk w;r mSä; ck fldgia foaYmd,ksl m%;sm;a;s ms<sn|

ixjdohg tlalr .ekSuo fï fudfydf;a wm yuqfõ we;s m%n,

wNsfhda.hls' fuu jevms<sfj< iy m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh

iudc.; jkqfha tu wNsfhda.hka ch .ekSu i|yd jQ úl,am

l%shdldÍ;ajhlo m%;sM,hla jYfhks' tneúka fuh uq,a

nei.;a OfkaYajr m%;sm;a;Skag muKla fkdj mSä; ckhd

wfoaYmd,kSlrKh lsÍu b,lal lr.;a OfkaYajr foaYmd,k

iïm%odhhkago tfrys úl,am l%shdldÍ;ajhls'

fuu lD;sh ilia lsÍfï§ ld,h úiska mkjd ;snQ

iSudjka fukau ks¾Ok mx;sh f,i wmg Wreu ù we;s

±kqfï yd ixialD;sfha iSudjkao m%n, ndOdjla t,a, l<

nj wújdÈ;h' tneúka fuu lD;sh W;a;¾ ft;sydisl Y=oaO

,shú,a,l mkakfha f,aLkhla fkdj iudc l;sldj;la i|yd

bÈßm;a flfrk uq,msÍuls' fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mCIfha


ix

l%shdOrhskaf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla u.ska ilia lrk ,o

fuu f,aLkh ;jÿrg;a f.dvke.Su" ixj¾Okh lsÍu" fuh

l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jQ jevms<sfj<la ilia lsÍu i|yd fukau

ixialrKh i|ydo m%cdjg újD; fõ'

fuu lD;sh ilia lsÍfï fjfyilr lghq;af;a§ ish¨

wNsfhda.hkag wNsuqLùu i|yd wmg Èßh iemhQ isyskh jkdyS

tu m%cd-m%;sfmdaIKh ms<sn| isyskhhs' jevìï ;=< Y%uh

lemlrk lïlrejka w;" f.dúìï ;=< oyÈh fy<k f.dùka

w;" wE; Èhfò Ôú;h yd fmdrnok ëjrhka w;" ñksia j¾.hd

úiska Wmhkq ,enQ ±kqfï Ok ksOdkhka w;am;alr .ekSfï

wfmalaIdfjka fjfyijk YsIHhka w;" uq¿;ekaf.hs ÿï w;r

ießirk .Dykshka w;" wkd.;h ms<sn| wfmalaId fmdÈ n¢k

fh!jkhka w;" il,úO mSä;hka w; fuu lD;sh .ejfikq

±lau" Tjqka th lshjkq ±lau wfma isyskhhs' tneúka mdGl

Tnf.ka wm lrk b,a,Su fuhhs'

fuu jevms<sfj< iy m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh lshjkak"

yodrkak" úfõpkh lrkak" fjkia lrkak" ixjdohg n÷ka

lrkak' fuh ks¾udKh jQfha ta fjkqfjks'

- fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mlaIh

2012 wfm%a,a 09


x


jevms<sfj<

úma,ùh m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh iy jevms<sfj<

2


3

01

Y%S ,xldfõ OfkaYajr l%ufha ixj¾Okfha b;sydih

w& mQ¾j OfkaYajr Y%S ,xldj

1. l%sia;= mQ¾j miajk ishjfia§ muK ,xldjg ixl%uKh jQ

bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh ck fldgia úiska tf;la mQ¾j Ys,d" uOH

Ys,d" wmr Ys,d hq. miqlr hlv hq. YsIagdpdrhla ks¾udKh

lsÍu olajd bÈßhg meñK isá iajfoaYsl f.da;% hgm;a lr"

lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ólhla" i¾jn,OdÍ rfcl=f.a uQ,sl;ajfhka

hq;= md,k rgdjla yd l=, OQrdj,shlg wkqj ilia lrk

,o Y%u ixúOdkhla iys; wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdj f,i

y÷kd.kq ,nk mx;s iys; iudc ixúOdkh ia:dms; lrk

,§' iuld,Sk bkaÈhdfõ yd ,xldfõ ft;sydisl f;dr;=re

úu¾Ykh lsÍfï§ ;yjqrejkafka wdishd;sl ksIamdok

rgdjo ,xldj ;=< werfUkafka" bkaÈhdfõo mx;s iudch

ks¾udKh l< bkaÿ hqfrdamSh ck fldgiaj, ueÈy;aùfuka

isÿjQ W;a;rdfrdamK l%shdoduhla yryd njhs' Y;j¾I

15l muK ld,hla ,dxlSh YsIagdpdrh Èjhsfka úYd,;u

;eks;,d m%foaYh jk úh<s l,dmSh my;a ìïj,g iSud jQ

w;r uOH l÷lrfha ck >k;ajh wju úh' uq,ska .x.d

ksïk wdY%s;j lDIsld¾ñl ckdjdi msysgqjd .;a bkaÿ -

hqfrdamShfhda miqj úh<s l,dm ;eks;,dfõ msysá yqfol,d

l÷ hdlr jeõ ks¾udKh lsÍu;a iu. ixúê; k.r ìys l<

w;r wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdfõ uQ,sl ,CIK úldYkh ùu

werUqfka bka wk;=rejh'


4

2. l%sia;= mQ¾j 3jk ishjfia§ bkaÈhdfõ wfYdal rcqf.a

fufyhùu hgf;a YS% ,xldjg nqÿ oyu f.k tau;a nqÿ oyu

i|yd ks, jYfhka rdcH wkq.%yh ,eîu;a iu. Èjhsfka

ixialD;sh yd iodpdrh úm¾hdihlg Ndckh jQ w;r

wLKav;djh ì£fï flá ld, mßÉfþo lsysmhla yereKq

fldg iuia; b;sydih mqrdu ck iudch u; ±jeka;

oDIaáuh n,mEula isÿlsÍug nqo oyu iu;a úh' hqfrdamd

jevjiï l%uh ;=< wd.u bgql< ld¾hNdrh ;rugu

m%uqL ld¾hNdrhla ,dxlSh iudc b;sydih ;=< o wd.ug

bgql< yels jQ w;r th ck Ôú;fha muKla fkdj iudc-

wd¾Ól ieleiafïo we;eï ,CIK yev.ekaùfï,d b;du

;SrKd;aul ld¾h fldgila bgq lf<ah' miqj wdishd;sl

ksIamdok rgdfõ wd¾Ólh yd iudc Ôú;h wd.u iu. ±äj

iïnkaO jQ w;r .uhs mkai,hs - jejhs od .enhs f,i

ixl,am .; jQfha fuu iudc - wd¾Ól rgdfõ ixhqla;

±lauhs'

3. m%d:ñl iduqysl iudcfhka wk;=rej Èjhsfka ia:dms; jQ

m<uq mx;s iudc wdlD;sh jQ wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdj

m%Odkfldgu hqfrdamd jevjiï l%ufhka fjkia tlla úh'

hqfrdamd jevjiï l%ufha iudkhkaf.a m%uqLhd jQ rcq fjkqjg

i¾jn,OdÍ rfcl=;a bvï ysñldÍ;ajh iys; ro,hka fjkqjg

ish¨ bvïj, ysñhd f,i rcq kï lsÍu;a l=, l%uh u;

mokï jQ iajhx rCIs; .ïudk;a iys; wdishd;sl ksIamdok

rgdfõ m%Odk mx;s m%;súfrdaOh ieliqfka hqfrdamd jevjiï

l%ufha fuka ro,hd iy m%fõKs odihd w;r fkdj rcq yd

hg;ajeishd w;rh' fï wdldrhg ,xldfõ mQ¾j OfkaYajr

iudc l%uh hqfrdamd jevjiï l%ufhka fjkia úh'

4. wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdj ,dxlSh b;sydifha wdrïNfha

isgu iudk fõ.hlska ixj¾Okh fkdjQ w;r th ld,fhka

ld,hg fjkia fjñka yd ixj¾Okh Wia my;a fjñka

úldYkh úh' ,xldfõ wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdjg wh;a


5

jljdkqfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg wod< iaj¾Kuh hq.h

úh<s l,dmSh my;a ìïj, msysá wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej

jeks k.r uQ,sl lrf.k l%shd;aul jQ hq.fha ±lsh yels

w;r" úfoaY wdl%uK yd ;j;a fya;= lsysmhl n,mEfuka

wdishd;sl rdcOdks l%udkql+,j ksß;È.g ixl%uKh ùu;a

iu. tu iudcfha wd¾Ólh ;=< yd ixialD;sh ;=< msßySula

úµdudk jkakg úh' miqld,Skj rdcOdks uOH l÷lrfha

.ïfmd<" uykqjr jeks m%foaYj,g miqnisk úg fuu msßySu

úfYaIfhka úµdudk úh'

5. 16 jk ishji jkúg Y%S ,xldj ;=< foaYmd,k tlai;aNdjhla

fkd;snQ w;r rg fldaÜfÜ" uykqjr yd hdmkh f,i

fldgia ;=klg fn§ ;sìKs' Bg wu;rj jõkshdj"

;%Sl=Kdu,h" hd," uvl,mqj" mq;a;,u" mdku wd§ m%foaY

zjkakshd¾Z f,i ye¢kajQ iq¿ m%foaYdêm;shka úiska md,kh

flßKs' miqj zúchnd fld,a,hZ f,i y÷kajkq ,nk

isÿùfuka miq fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksho fldaÜfÜ" iS;djl yd

rhs.u f,i fldgia ;=klg fn§ fjkaúh' fï wdldrhg

mD;=.Siska ,xldjg f.dvnisk ld,h jkúg ,xldfõ

foaYmd,k ia:djrNdjh w¾nqohg ,laù ;sìKs'

wd& hg;aúð; iuh

6. wdishdj ;=< fj<\fï taldêldrhla fjkqfjka igka

jÈñka yd fmrÈ. rdcOdks n,y;aldrfhka hg;alr tajdfha

iïm;a fld,a,lñka isá mD;=.Sis hg;aúð;jd§ka furgg

meñfKkafka f.dafõ mD;=.Sis m%;srdchd jQ fodka m%ekaisiaal=

o w,afïodf.a mq;a f,dfrkafida o w,afïodf.a kej 1505

fkdjeïn¾ 15 jeksod l=Kdgqjlg yiqj ,xldfõ fjr<g

.idf.k tafï isÿùu;a iu.h' tjlg fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha

rcq jQ ùr mrdl%undyq Wmdfhka rjgd niakdysr fjr<

;Srfha hqo n,fldgq f.dvke.+ mD;=.Siska ish ld,;=jlal=


6

keõ yuqodfõ iyh we;sj ,xldfõ fjr<nv m<d;a hg;alr

f.k fld,a,lEfuys fhÿKq uq;a Tjqkaf.a ueÈy;aùu tf;la

rfÜ mej;s wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdfõ iudc - wd¾Ól

ieleiau ;SrKd;aul f,i fjkilg Ndckh lsÍfuys,d

iu;a fkdùh'

7. 1638 uehs 23 jeksod y`.=rkafl; .súiqu kñka m%lg

fjiaÜj¾,aâ - rdcisxy .súiqu yryd Wvrg rdcOdksfha

rcqf.a o iyh we;sj mD;=.Siska m<jdyer 1655§ l¿;r;a 1656§

fld<U;a 1658§ ukakdru yd hdmkh;a w,a,df.k uqyqÿnv

m<d;aj, md,k n,h ;yjqre l< ,kafoaiska hqfrdamfha

m<uqjrg OfkaaYajr l%uh ;yjqre lr.kq ,enQ cd;sh jqjo

Tjqka ,xldj u; OfkaYajr l%uh ;yjqre lsÍug iu;a jQfha

ke;' ,kafoaiSka ,dxlSh wdishd;sl iudc - wd¾Ól foayh ;=<

jegqma Y%uh" OfkaYajr kS;s moaO;s" fj<\fï OfkaYajr wx.

,CIK yd OfkaYajr ksIamdokfha we;eï uQ,îc frdamKh

lrk ,o uq;a" nÿ tl;= lsÍu yd fj<| NdKav fld,a,lEu

yer ,dxlSh iudc - wd¾Ól moku OfkaYajr ksIamdok

in|;d u.ska úia:dmkh fldg OfkaYajr m%;sixialrK

Èjhsk ;=< ia:dms; lsÍfuys,d ;SrKd;aul ld¾hNdrhla

bgqlf<a ke;'

8. f,dalfha fjk;a rgj, fuka OfkaYajr úma,j" OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,j fyda cd;sl úuqla;s wr., yryd

OfkaYajr l%uh ia:dms; ùu fjkqjg Y%S ,xldfõ OfkaYajr

iudc l%uh ia:dms; jQfha ì%;dkH hg;aúð;jd§ka úiska

mej;s wdishd;sl iudc - wd¾Ól rgdj u; n,y;aldrfhka

OfkaYajr l%uh W;a;rdfrdamKh lsÍu;a iu.jk fyhska

,xldfõ Okjdoh Wm;skau miq.dó yd ÿ¾j, ,CIKj,ska

iukaú; úh'

9. 1795§ ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvl,mqj yd hdmkho 1796 fmnrjdß 16

jeksod fld<Uo hg;alr" ,kafoaiska m<jd yer ,xldfõ n,h


7

;yjqre lr .ekSfuys iu;a jQ ì%;dkHhka m%xY OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhg tfrysj cd;Hka;r uÜgfuka

l%shd;aul jQ m%;súma,jjd§ l%shdoduhl tla mshjrla jYfhka

1802 tañhkaia .súiqu yryd ,xldfõ iuia; uqyqÿnv m%foaYh

mqrd ish wdêm;H ;yjqre lr .ekSug iu;a jQ w;r Wvrg

rdcOdksfha Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq yd ro, kdhlhka w;r

;snQ m%;súfrdaO;djhka oCI f,i l<ukdlrKh lr.ksñka

1815 ud¾;= ui 2jeks Èk zWvrg .súiquZ yryd lkao Wvrg

rdcOdksho hg;alr iuia; Èjhsfkau md,k n,h w;am;a

lr.ekSug iu;a úh' Tjqka úiska ishjia tlyudrl muK

ld,hla ;siafia mj;ajdf.k .sh hg;aúð; l%shdodufha

m%;sM,hla jYfhka ,dxlSh wdishd;sl iudc - wd¾Ól rgdj

hgm;a lrñka uQ,sl jYfhka OfkaYajr ksIamdok in|;d

u; mokïjQ OfkaYajr W;a;¾ ks¾ñ;hla iys; OfkaYajr

iudc - wd¾Ól rgjla W;a;rdfrdamKh lrk ,§'

10. fï wdldrhg ta jkúg f,dalfha ìïj,ska y;frka tlla

ysñlrf.k ;snQ" f,dal f.da,h mqrdu ish hg;aúð; me;sÍ

;snQ neúka zysre fkdnisk wêrdcHhZ hehs kïlr ;snQ"

tjlg f,dj n,iïmkaku cd;sh njg m;aj isá ì%;dkH

wêrdcHjd§ka ish lsÍgh hg;g ,xldjo tlalr .ekSu;a

iuÕ l%sia;= j¾I 1215 ld<sx. ud> wdl%uKfhka miq

m<uqjrg rdcOdks lsysmhlg fn§ ;snQ ,xldj tlafiai;a

lrkq ,enqfõ ì%;dkHhka úisks'

11. 1815 ud¾;= 2 Èk w;aika lrk ,o Wvrg .súiqu u.ska

wdishd;sl ro, jxYj;=kaf.a wdêm;Hh yd n,h wdrCId

lrk njg ì%;dkH rch m%;s{d § ;snQ uq;a" .súiqfuka

wk;=rej n,h ;yjqre lr.;a ì%;dkH md,lhka Wvrg

ro,hka i;=j ;snQ n,;, l%udkql+,j lmamdÿ lrkq ,eîh'

l,ska rc f.org wh;aj ;snQ .nvd.ïj, wksjd¾h Y%uh

wfydais lr OdkH noaola y÷kajd§u jeks m%;sixialrK

yrydo 1818 fkdjeïn¾ 21 Èk wd{dmk; u.ska Wvrg


8

m%foaYj, md,k n,h ro,hkag wysñlr ta i|yd rcfha

ks,OdÍka wdfoaY lsÍu jeks l%shdud¾. yrydo ro,hkag ysñj

;snQ wd¾Ól" mßmd,kuh yd iudcuh whs;Ska fukau n,;,

yd jrm%ido o lmamdÿ lrkq ,eîh' ta w;r Wvrg we;eï

ro,hkaf.a foam< rdcika;l lrkq ,enQ w;r fï yryd

Wvrg ro,hkaf.a n,h ì| ±óu" 1797 my;rg le/,a, l=ßre

f,i u¾okh lsÍfuka wk;=rej my;rg ro,hkag tfrysj

fkd¾;a yd fuÜ,kaâ wdKavqldrjreka .;a l%shdud¾.hkag

iudka;r úh' ish n,hg yd wdêm;Hhg meñKs wNsfhda.h

bÈßfha ro, me,eka;sh" ta jkúg;a c, iïmdok moaO;sfha

ì|jeàu yd ish bvï Wÿrd .ekSu ksid l,lsÍug m;aj

isá f.dùka yd iu. tlaj 1818 le/,a,g kdhl;ajh fokq

,eîh' we;eï ro, kdhlhka >d;kh lr" weyef,afmd<

we;=¿ ro, kdhlhka ráka msgqjy,a lr ,dxlSh iudch

u; tf;la n,meje;ajQ wdishd;sl ro, n,h ;,d fmdälr

±óu;a wdishd;sl iudc l%ufha wdêm;Hh ±rE iudc mx;sfha

mrdch;a iu. ,xldfõ OfkaYajr m%;sixialrK ks¾ndê;j

bÈßhg f.khdug wjYH miqìu ks¾udKh úh'

12. ì%;dkH md,kfha wdrïNl iufha isg 1835 olajd ,xldfõ

wd¾Ólh iajdNdúl ksIamdok yd wuqøjHhka wmkhkh

lsÍfukao úYd, f,i Wmhkq ,enQ nÿ wdodhfukao Wmhd

.;a cd;sl wdodhula iys;" rdcH taldêldrh n,meje;ajQ

m%d:ñl OfkaYajr wd¾Ólhl iajrEmh w;am;a lr.;af;ah'

,xldfjka l=re÷" yqKq" uq;= ueKsla yd o< we;=ka" fn,a,ka

jeksjQ i;=kao wmkhkh l< w;r f¾.=nÿ" bvï l=,S" ud¿

f¾kaoh" ÿkq f¾kaoh" wrlal= f¾kaoh jeks wxY hgf;a

n,m;% wdodhï ,eìKs' ì%;dkH md,kfha m<uq wjqreÿ 20

;=<u wd¾Ólh rdcH taldêldÍ iajNdjfhka yd jdKscjd§

iajNdjfhka ñ§ mej;=k w;r OfkaYajr mßfNdack rgdjla

ia:dms; ùu ms<sìUq lrñka ms`.ka nvq" frÈ ms<s" ksñ we÷ï"

u;ameka yd iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav wdkhkh wLKavj by<


9

.sfhah' rg ;=< fj<\fï taldêldrh hqfrdamShhka i;=j

fukau uqia,sï cd;slhka yd bkaÈhdkqjka i;=j meje;s

uq;a fj<\ug wh lrk ,o wêl nÿ fya;=fjka m%d.aOk

iuqÉP.;lrKhg mej;sfha iSñ; bvlvls' tfy;a

,dxlShhka w;rueÈhka f,i hg;aúð;jd§ wdKavqjg

NdKav yd fiajd iemhSfï fldka;%d;a Ndr.;a w;r ,dxlSh

fldïmfodare Okm;s mx;shl wdrïNh i,l=Kq jkafkao fï

ld,fha§h'

13. ,xldj ;=< ì%;dkH md,kfha uq,a fldgfiys jdKscjdoh

m%uqL jQ w;r 1830 oYlh jkúg tx.,ka;fha jefvñka

;snQ ksoyia fj<\fï fyj;a z,efia - f*hd¾Z iïm%odfha

n,mEu;a iu. iuld,Sk jdKscjd§ mx;sh yd ke.S tk

ld¾ñl Okm;s mx;sh w;r u;fNaoh W.% úh' fufia

jdKsc Okjdoh mrhd tx.,ka;h ;=< ld¾ñl Okjdofha

ke.S tau Y%S ,xldj we;=¿ hg;aúð;j, wd¾Ólhg ±jeka;

n,mEula isÿlf<ah' hqfrdamh ;=< hg;aúð;j, ksIamdok

ñ,§ .ekSu fjkqjg ld¾ñl NdKav ksIamdokh j¾Okh

jQ w;r hg;aúð;j, wd¾Ólh wLKavj jeäjk hqfrdamd

ck.ykhg wjYH wdydr øjH;a l¾udka;j,g wjYH

wuqøjH;a imhk u¾uia:dk njg m;aúh' fï ;;ajh ;=<

ksIamdokhkaf.ka wh l< nÿj,ska muKla wh-jeh mr;rh

mshúh fkdyels jQ neúka ,xldj iajhxfmdaIs; hg;aúð;hla

yd ,dN Wmhk hg;aúð;hla njg m;a lsÍug kï rg ;=<

OfkaYajr m%;sixialrK fõ.j;a lsÍfï wjYH;djh fmrg

meñKsfhah'

14. ,xldfõ OfkaYajr l%uh ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd wjYH

jHqyd;aul m%;sixialrK fhdackd lrkq ,enQfõ ,efia -

f*hd¾jdÈfhl= jk ú,shï flda,anDDla yd fnka;ïjdÈfhl=

jk pd,aia leurka kï OfkaYajr oDIaájd§ka fofokdf.a

m%Odk;ajfhka 1829 § msysgqjk ,o rdclSh úu¾Yk fldñika

iNdj úisks' 1832 - 1833 ld,fha§ flda,anDDla - leurka


10

m%;sixialrK kñka m%p,s; m%;sixialrK yryd wdishd;sl

ksIamdok rgdjg wh;a wd¾Ól in|;d u; OfkaYajr wd¾Ól

in|;d W;a;rdfrdamKh lrkq ,eîh' flda,anDDla - leurka

fldñiu ta i|yd m%;sixialrK .Kkdjla fhdackd lrkq

,eîh'

A. iuia; Èjhsku iudc yd Y%u ixp,;djhg iudk

f,i újD; lrñka Èjhsk fld<U flaJø lr.;a kef.

kysr" ngysr" W;=r" ol=K yd uOHu hk m<d;a mylska hq;=

;ks mßmd,k l%uhla hg;g m;a lrkq ,enQfõ c¾uksh

yd b;d,sh jeks hqfrdamd cd;Ska ;ju;a tu l%shoduh

imqrd ke;s" cd;sl rdcHhka mjd ks¾udKh lr fkdisá

;;ajhla ;=<h' fufia ,dxldj OfkaYajr cd;sl rdcHhla

njg m;ajQ w;r OfkaYajr W;a;¾ ks¾ñ;sl jHQyd;aul

m%;sixialrK W;a;rdfrdamKh lrkq ,eîh'

B. cd;sl yd l=, fNaohka fkd;ld iuia; ck.ykhu

tla OfkaYajr kS;shlg hg;a lrk ffk;sl yd wêlrK

l%uhla u.ska merKs .ïiNd Widú l%uh úia:dmkh

lr uq¿ Èjhsku ;ks OfkaYajr fY%AIaGdêlrKhla jgd

uOH.; OfkaYajr kS;s moaO;shla" wêlrK moaO;shla yd

wêlrK l%shd mámdáhla hg;g m;a lrkq ,eîh' fuu

kj ffk;sl yd wêlrK moaO;sh yryd OfkaYajr foam<

in|;d ZkS;Hdkql+,Z lSÍu;a iu. ,xldfõ OfkaYajr

ixj¾Okfha kj udkhla újD; úh'

C. 1832 wfm%a,a 12 Èk rdc wd{dj u.ska tf;la ,xldfõ

OfkaYajr ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg nrm;< ndOdjlaj mej;s"

ksoyfia úlsKsh fkdyels f,i bvug ne| ;nd ;snQ

Y%uh bka uqodyer ksoyia Y%u fj<|fmd<lg tlalrkq

,eîh' fï jkúg;a reishdj jeks rgj,a m%fõksodi

l%uh wfydais lr fkd;snQ ;;ajhla hgf;a ,xldj ;=<

fõ.fhka OfkaYajr m%;sixialrK Èh;a jqfha fj<\

fï yd lDIsl¾udka;fha rdcH taldêldrh wfydais lr


11

ksoyia fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólhlg u. mE§u;a bvï fj<|

NdKavhla njg m;a lsÍu;a m%Odkfldg .ksñks'

D. ;ks wdKavqldrjrfhl= fjkqjg jHjia:dodhl yd

úOdhl iNd m;alsÍu;a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ ks,

fkdjk idudðl;ajh i|yd Èjhsfka j;=ldr m%cdfõ

yd foaYSh OfkaYajrfha ksfhdað;hka m;a lsÍu;a iu.

tf;la wdKavqldrhdg mej;s taldêldr n,h OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ ia:dms; ùu;a iu. wfydais úh' fufia

,xldj u; fjiaÜ ñksiag¾ l%uh msysgqjd OfkaYajr

mx;sfha mx;s jqjukdjka i|yd l%shd;aul ck;d wdh;k

f,i kï lrkq ,enQ OfkaYajr md¾,sfïka;=jo we;=¿

ksfhdað; wdh;k i|yd jQ moku ilia lrkq ,eîh'

E. hg;aúð; md,kfha mßmd,kuh lghq;= i|yd

wêrdcH.e;s foaYSh md,l mx;shla ks¾udKh lr .ekSfï

m<uq mshjr f,i rdcH ks,Odß OQrdj,shg ,dxlslhka

iïnkaO lr.ekSugo ta fjkqfjka bx.%Sis W.kajk mdi,a

jHdma; lsÍugo bx.%Sis NdIdj ,xldfõ rdcH NdIdj njg

m;a lsÍugo flda,anDDla - leurka fldñiu fhdackd

lrk ,§'

15. flda,anDDla - leurka fldñiu W;a;¾ ks¾ñ;h ;=<

OfkaYajr wx. ,CIK wdfrdamKh l<d muKla fkdj

wd¾Ólh ;=< o ksoyia fj<|fmd< l%shdldÍ;ajhlg mokï

ilia lrkq ,eîh' l=re÷" fldams yd .ïñßia i|yd ;snQ rch

i;= taldêldrh wfydais lr tu j;= mqoa.,sl wxYhg úl=Kd

±uQ w;r tu NdKavj,g whlrk wmkhk ;Srenÿ wvq lsÍu

yryd wmkhklrejka Èß .ekaùh' fufia rch wd¾Ólhg

lrk Rcq ueÈy;aùu w;yer mqoa.,sl jHdmdrj,g myiqlï

imhkakdf.a N+ñldjg udre jQ w;r ,xldj ;=< ksoyia

;r.fha wdlD;sh hgf;a OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh bÈßhg hdu

i|yd bvlv ilia flßKs' bvï i|yd mqoa.,sl foam<


12

whs;sfha moku ilia lsÍuo Èjhsfka m<uq nexl=j msysgqùuo

u.ska fuu l%shdj,sh ;j;a fõ.j;a lf<ah'

16. 1830 oYlfha wdrïNh;a iu." flda,anDDla - leurka

m%;sixialrKj,ska Èßu;a ù ,xldj ;=< f.dvke.=Kq wd¾Ólh

OfkaYajr ld¾ñl wd¾Ólhlska fjkia j;= jeú,s wd¾Ólhla

jQ w;r b;d wvq ñ,g .;a wdKavqfõ bvïj, úfoaY m%d.aOkh

fhdod .ksñka iy ixl%uKsl lïlrejkaf.a Y%ufhka úfoaY

fj<|fmd< i|yd wmkhk fnda. j¾. ksIamdokh lrk

j;= jeú,s wdrïN flßKs' 1840 wxl 12 ork rcfha bvï

wkjirfhka w,a,d .ekSfï wd{d mk; hgf;a f.dùka i;=

bvï rch i;= lrf.k tajd hqfrdamSh jeú,slrejkag úl=Kd

±óu u.ska fuu m%;sixialrKhka fõ.j;a lrk ,§' w¨;ska

bvï ñ,§ .kakd whg ksrjq,a Tmamq ,nd§u u.ska mqoa.,sl

foam< whs;sh ;yjqre lr OfkaYajr lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Okhg

wjYH iudc - wd¾Ól rduqj ilia lrk ,§' fuu mk;g

wkqj ish N=la;sh ;yjqre lr.; fkdyels jQ .ïno f.dùka

oyoyia .Kklf.a bvï Wÿrd.kq ,eîh'

17. fufia jeú,s wd¾Ólhla ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd ffk;sl

m%;sixialrK .Kkdjla Èh;a jQ w;r wjYH há;, myiqlïo

ks¾udKh lrk ,§' ta wkqj rcfha fiajlhkag bvï ñ,§

.ekSu ;ykï lr mkjd ;snQ fr.=,dis wj,x.= lrk ,o

w;r lDIsld¾ñl WmlrK wdkhkh i|yd mkjd ;snQ ;Sre

noaoo wfydais lr j;= j.djg myiqlï ie,iSug ì%;dkH

md,lfhda l%shd l<y' fï i|yd wjYH há;, myiqlï ilia

lsÍu ndkaia wdKavqldrhdf.a ld,fha§ fld<U-uykqjr uyd

ud¾.h bÈlsÍu u.ska werUqKq w;r ÿïßh fiajh" ;eme,a

fiajh" úÿ,s mKsjqv fiajh wdrïN lsÍu yryd ;jÿrg;a

mq¿,a úh' fufia j;= j.dj fjkqfjka isÿl< há;,

myiqlï mq¿,a lsÍu ,xldfõ OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh i|yd

W;afm%arlhla njg m;aúh'


13

18. l%sia;= j¾I 1832§ fcd¾Ê n¾â kï hqfrdamSh cd;slhd b;d

iq¿ uqo,lg wdKavqfjka ñ,§ .;a wlalr 400l bvul

uykqjr§ m%:u uyd mßudK fldams j;a; weröu;a iu.

,xldfõ jeú,s wd¾Ólh werUqKq w;r th rfÜ OfkaYajr

ixj¾Okfha ;SrKd;aul ixêia:dkhla úh' bvï mk;

yd uqvqìï mk; yryd iajfoaYslhkaf.ka Wÿrd.kakd ,o

bvïj,g" bkaÈhdfjka f.k tkq ,enQ wvq l=,S Y%ñlhkaf.a

Y%uh w;sYh wudkqIsl yd jy,a iajrEmfhka fhoùu yryd

m%d.aOk iuqÉP.;lrKfha m%:u mshjrhka ;nk ,§' 1833

iy 1843 w;r oi jir ;=< bvï wlalr 258"000la j;=

j.dj i|yd wlalrh is,sï 5l ;rï iq¿ uqo,lg úlsKQ

w;r 1889 jkúg Èjhsfka uq¿ j¾. m%udKfhka 10]la muK

j;= j.dj fjkqfjka úl=Kd oud ;sìKs' ,xldfõ l÷rg

fmfoiaj, bvï wysñ" ksoyia Y%ñl mx;shla fkdisá w;r

È<s÷u Y%ñlfhda mjd wju jYfhka ù j.d lrkafkda jQy' fï

;;ajh ;=< j;= j.dj i|yd ,dxlslhkaf.ka Y%u n,ldhla

ks¾udKh lsÍu wmyiq úh' tneúka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ

rdu.dâ" uÿrdis" u,nd¾ yd lkafcda¾ jeks úl,am /lshd

ke;s" È<s÷ lDIsld¾ñl ;;ajhka mej;s Èia;%slalj,ska

lïlrejka ,xldjg f.k tkq ,eîh' w¾O jy¨ka f,i

fiajh l<" mqoa.,sl ksoyi jeks OfkaYajr whs;Ska mjd

wysñ lsÍug ,lajQ j;= lïlre ck;dj lxldkï l%uh yd

w;a;sldrï yryd f.dÿre lr.kakd Kh nkaOkh wd§ mQ¾j

OfkaYajr ,CIK iys; Y%u l%shdj,shlg ne| ouk ,§'

19. fufia ,dxlSh f.dùkaf.a bvï yd bka§h lïlrejkaf.a

Y%uh rdcH n,h Ndú;d lr widOdrK f,i uxfld,a, lñka

j¾Okh lrk ,o fldams j.dj Y%S ,xldj ;=< OfkaYajr m%d.aOk

ixprKhla i|yd jQ wdrïNl mshjr ;nkq ,enQfõh' ngysr

bka§h fldfoõj, yd .hkdj, jy,a fiajh 1833§ ;ykï

lsÍu ksid ta rgj, fldams j.dj ì|jeàu;a ,xld fldamsj,g

ì%;dkHh whl< wdkhk nÿ bj;a lsÍu;a hqfrdamd rgj,


14

fldams mßfNdackh by< hdu;a ksid ,xldfõ fldams j.dj

fnfyúka ,dNodhl jQ w;r ì%;dkH Okj;=ka fldams j.dj

i|yd ,xldfõ uqo,a wdfhdackh lsÍu by< .sfhah' jd¾Isl

fldams ksIamdokh 1834§ nqi,a 138"000 isg 1842 § nqi,a

1"234"236 olajd by< hdug iudka;rj fldams nqi,l ñ,o

1834§ is,sx 15 mekai 3 isg 1842 § is,sx 45 olajd by< .sfhah'

fï iu. ,xldfõ wmkhk fnda. lDIsl¾uh fyj;a jeú,s

j.dj u; mokï jQ wd¾Ólhla ìys úh'

20. fldams j.dj;a iu. ,xldfõ iïm%odhsl lDIsld¾ñl

iudch u; kj wd¾Ól in|;djhla ks¾udKh jQ w;r

úfoaY wdfhdaclhska yd úfoaYfhka f.kajk ,o lïlrejka

u; mokï jQ Okm;s-ks¾Ok" m%d.aOk - Y%u iïnkaO;d

ìysùu werUqKs' j;=lrh ;=< jegqma ,nk yd w¾O jegqma

,nk lïlre mx;shl ìysùu;a ,dxlSlhka flfrka fj<|

Okm;s ia:rhla ìysj tau;a úiska ,dxlSh iudcfha mx;s

ia:drdhkh ;=< OfkaYajr wx. ,CIK fudarkakg jQfha

fldams j.dj;a iu.h' j;= jeú,s i|yd fiajdjka iemhSu"

WmlrK ksIamdokh lsÍu" bkaÈhdkq j;= lïlrejka w;r

fj<| lghq;= wdÈh i|yd ,dxlslhka ueÈy;a ùu;a iu.

,dxlSh OfkaYajrfha wdrïNh iksgqyka úh' tfy;a 1850

wdikakfha we;sjQ ì%;dkH wd¾Ól w¾nqoh;a fyó,shd

jeiageá%laia È,Srh me;sÍfï jix.;h;a ksid 1880 oYlh

w.Nd.fha§ ,xldfõ fldams j.dj úkdYhg m;aúh'

21. fufia fldams j.dj wd¾Ólfha lr,sfhka nei.sfha f;a

j.dj ta fjkqjg m%;sIaGdmkh lrñks' uOHu l÷lrfha yd

my; rg we;eï fmfoiaj, mi iy foaY.=Kh f;a j.djg

WÑ; ùu ksid ,xldfõ f;a .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< jQ

w;r ta fya;=fjka ,xldfõ f;a i|yd f,dal fj<|fmdf<a

b,a¨u by< .sfhah' óg iudka;rj fldams j;= j.d l<

jeú,slrejka f;a j.djg udre jQ w;r 1883 § wlalr

20"000laj ;snQ f;a j.d l< bvï m%udKh jir folla ;=<"


15

tkï 1885§ wlalr 150"000la olajd by< .sfhah' fldams fuka

fkdj f;a j.dj i|yd ±jeka; m%d.aOkhla wjYH jQ neúka

mqoa.,sl j;=ysñhd ±rE ia:dkh ì%;dkH iag¾,sx iud.ï

yd fld<U remsh,a iud.ï jeks uyd taldêldÍ iud.ï

úiska w;am;a lr .;af;ah' ol=Kq bka§hdfjka f.kajk

,o lïlrejka l%ufhka f;a j;= i|yd fhdod .;a w;r

wh¾,ka; lïlrejkaf.a Y%uh iy ´,kao m%d.aOkh úiska

ì%;dkHfha OfkaYajrlrKh isÿlrk ,±hs lshk whqßkau"

bka§h lïlrejkaf.a Y%uh yd ì%;dkH m%d.aOkh úiska

,xldfõ OfkaYajrlrKh isÿlrk ,§'

22. fufia ,xldj ;=< OfkaYajr l%uh W;a;rdfrdamKh ùug

iudka;rj ,dxlslhka w;ßka l%udkql+,j ks¾Ok mx;shla

ìysúh' jeú,s fnda. j.dj ;=< uQ,sl jYfhka bka§h

lïlrejka lghq;= l< w;r tjlg ,dxlslhka w;ßka uq,ska

ìysjQfha kd.ßl ks¾Ok mx;shls' ì%;dkHhka úiska fld<U"

,xldfõ w.k.rh f,i kï lsÍu;a iu." uq,a ld,Skj

fld<U wdY%s; m%foaYfha OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a jQ

w;r uQ,sl jYfhka fld<U mokï lrf.k ks¾Ok mx;sfha

jHdma;sh isÿúh' 1824§ 30"000la jQ fld<U k.rfha ck.ykh

1871§ 95"000la olajdo 1901§ 154"000la olajdo by< .sfhah'

fufia fld<U ck>k;ajh jeäùug fya;= jQfha fld<U

wdY%s; l¾udka; Yd,dj," rdcH fiajdj," jrdfha yd m%jdyk

fiajdj, fiajh l< lïlrejka o" úáka úg fjkia jk

úúO /lshdj, kshq;= jQ kqmqyqKq lïlrejkao fï jevlrk

ckhdg fiajdjka imhk iq¿ fj<| ;Ügqjla o j¾Okh

ùuhs' 1880 oYlh jkúg;a lïlrejka 20"000la muK fiajh

l< uyd mßudK fldams lïy,a 38la fld<U msysgd ;snQ w;r

fld<U jrdh ;=<o ld¾ñlhka" nvqmgjkakka" nvqndkakka"

w`.=re mgjk lïlrejka yd n;a;,alrejka wd§ f,i úYd,

lïlrejka m%udKhla fiajh lf<ah' fï mqyqKq yd kqmqyqKq

lïlrejka w;ßka m<uq kd.ßl ks¾Ok mx;sh ìysúh'


16

23. óg wu;rj 19jk ishji w. Nd.h jk úg j;= lïlrejka

400"000g wu;rj uyd ud¾. yd ÿïßh ud¾. bÈlsÍfï

lghq;=j, lïlrejka 3"000la muKo" ñksrka m;,aj, fiajh

l< m;,a lïlrejka 15"000la jYfhka iuia; lïlre

mx;sha j¾Okh isÿúh' 20jk ishji uq,a Nd.h jkúg fuh

b;d is>%fhka jeä jQ w;r ñksrka l¾udka;h yd ueKsla

l¾udka;hkayso wNHka;r m%jdykh" jrdh wd§ fiajdjkayso

kshq;= lïlre ck.ykh úiska ,xldfõ mx;s ia:rdhkh

;=< ;SrKd;aul fjkialula we;s lrk ,§'

24. ì%;dkH fj<| Okm;shka úiska mj;ajdf.k .sh NdKav

wmkhkh;a jeú,s wd¾Ólh;a ñksrka we;=¿ l¾udka;;a

i|yd w;rueÈhka f,iskao fiajd imhkakka f,iskao

iïnkaO ùug ,dxlslhkag bv ie,iqKq w;r m%:u ,dxlsl

Okm;shkaf.a ìysùu werfUkafka fï fldka;%d;aldr

ia:rh w;ßks' uq,ska rcfha bÈlsÍï i|yd ±j" f.dvke.s,s

øjH wdÈh iemhSu" flda,anDDla-leurka m%;sixialrK

u.ska wdishd;sl l%uhg wkqrEmS wksjd¾h Y%uh wfydaisùu

u.ska ks¾ñ; Y%u fj<|fmd< ;=<ska lïlrejka iemhSfï

fldka;%d;a ,nd.ekSu" lr;a;j,ska m%jdyk fiajd iemhSu"

ì%;dkH ksIamdokhka i|yd há;, myiqlï iemhSu jeks

fCIa;%hka ,xldj ;=< m%d.aOk iuqÉP.;lrKh i|yd

wjia:djka ie,iQ w;r jeämqru Okh tla/ia l< l%uh

jQfha ud¾." md,ï" f;dgqm<j,a i|yd f¾kao nÿ wh

lsÍuhs' flfia fj;;a ,dxlSh Okm;s mx;sh ìyslsÍu i|yd

m%d.aOkh talrdYS jQ m%Odk;u l%uh jQfha wrlal= f¾kaohhs'

fuu.ska isÿjQfha hï ksYaÑ; m%foaYhl wrlal= is,a,r fj<\u

i|yd jk whs;sh wdKavqjg ksYaÑ; f¾kao noaola f.jd tla

mqoa.,fhl=g ysñlr .; yels ùuhs' wrlal= fj<\u jißka

jir j¾Okh ùu ksid fï wrlal= f¾kao ysñlrejkag w;s

úYd, ,dN m%udKhla ;uka w; ixflakaøKh lr.; yels

úh' ksoiqkla f,i fld<U wrlal= fj<\u 1818 § .e¨ï


17

23"250la jQ w;r th 1823 § .e¨ï 120"000la olajdo 1828 §

.e¨ï 144"000la olajdo jeä úh' fufia wrlal= f¾kao ysñhka

fj;ska Y%S ,xldfõ Okm;s mx;shg idudðlhka ks¾udKh

ùu fõ.j;a úh'

25. fufia wrlal= ksIamdokh yd wrlal= f¾kao yrydo ud¾."

f;dgqfmd<" md,ï f¾kao yrydo tla lr.;a Okh fï kj

mx;sfha idudðlhka úiska miqld,Skj bvï ñ,§ .ekSug

fhojQ w;r Tjqka l%udkql+,j wrlal= l¾udka;fhka wE;aù

bvï ysñhka njg m;aúh' 1890 oYlh jkúg fufia bvï

ñ,§ .;a m%uqL;u mqoa.,hka wrlal= fj<\fuka uqo,a

Wmhd.;a wh jQ w;r ,xldfõ úYd,;u bvï ysñhka 13

fokdu wrlal= f¾kaolrefjda jQy' uq,a ld,Sk Okm;shka

fldams j.djg fhduq jQ w;r 1872 jkúg pd,aia o fidhsidg

wlalr 2"500lo iqfihs fidhsidg wlalr 930l fldams j;=o

;sìKs' fldams l¾udka;h ì| jeàfuka miq foaYSh OfkaYajr

mx;sh f;a" fmd,a" rn¾" j.djkag fhduq úh' wlalr 100 lg

jeä foaYSh fmd,a ysñhka .Kk 1881 § 76 isg 1917 jkúg

412 olajdo 1928 jkúg 546 olajdo by< .sfhah' foaYSh

Okm;shka f;a j.djgo we;=¿ jQ w;r 1917 jkúg wlalr

300 g jeä f;a j;= ysñ ,dxlslhka 29 fofkl= isáfhah'

1917 jkúg wlalr 100 g jeä foaYSh rn¾ j;= ysñfhda 65

fofkl= isáhy' úisjk ishji uq, jkúg foaYSh Okm;shka

ñksrka l¾udka;hgo msúiqkq w;r ol=Kq wm%sldfõ nqj¾

hqoaOh;a m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOh;a ksid ñksrka ñ, by< hdu

fya;=fjka Tjqkag wêl ,dN ,eìh yelsúh' 19 jk ishji

w.Nd.h jkúg kS;s{hska" ffjµjreka" ñkskafodarejka"

.KldêldÍka" bxðfkarejka wd§ úoaj;a jD;a;Skays fhÿKq wh

fï kj Okm;s mx;sh iu. újdy in|;d we;s lr .ekSu;a

iu. ,dxlSh Okm;s mx;sfha ixialD;sl uÜgfï fjkialï

iksgqyka úh' m%:u Okm;shkaf.a orejka tx.,ka;fha Wiia

wOHdmkh ,enQ w;r Tjqka jeämqru fhduq jQfha kS;s{ yd


18

ffjµ jD;a;Skagh' kS;S{ jD;a;Skays fhÿKq m%udKh 1881 §

268 isg 1921 § 800 olajd jeä úh' kS;S{ jD;a;sfha fhÿKq

wh foaYmd,khg msúiSuo iq,n m%jK;djhla njg m;aúh'

26. fufia l=,h yd wd¾Ólh w;r we;s iïnkaOh l%udkql+,j

ÿ¾j, ù wdishd;sl mx;s in|;d fjkqjg úúO l=,j,g

wh;a msßia tlu wd¾Ól l%shdj,shl ksr; jk OfkaYajr

mx;s in|;d ks¾udKh úh' tfukau isxy,-fou<-uqia,sï

wd§ úúO cd;sl;ajhka wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh ;=< talrdYS

ùuo 20 jk ishji wdrïNh jkúg ±lsh yelsh' tfy;a

fuu l%shdj,sh isÿjQfha OfkaYajr ksIamdok l%uh mokï

lr.;a hg;aúð; j.djka yd ta wdY%s; wfkl=;a fCIa;%j,;a

isÿflreKq j¾Okhka ;=< jk w;r hg;aúð; md,k iuh

;=< fkdi,ld yeÍug ,lajQ .ïno wdishd;sl ksIamdokh

u; mokï jQ iq¿ mßudK lDIsl¾udka;h tl ;ek m,a

fjñka mej;sks' fï wkqj hg;aúð; md,k iuh ;=< tla

me;a;lska OfkaYajr wd¾Ól ,CIK;a ;j;a me;a;lska

wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdfõ ,CIK;a iudka;rj mj;sk

;;ajhla Woa.; jQ w;r fï wkqj ,xldj u; wêrdcHjd§ka

úiska W;a;rdfrdamKh lrk ,o Okjdoh miq.dó ,CIK

iys; tlla úh' tksidu l=,h jeks mQ¾j fM;sydisl ,CIK

wNdjhg hEfï;a úúO cd;sl;ajhka iaùlrKh ù OfkaYajr

cd;sh ìysùfï;a l%shdoduhka iïmQ¾K fkdjQ w;r ksu fkdjQ

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhka .Kkdjla ,dxlSh

iudch ;=< b;sß úh' ,xldj hg;aúð;hla njg m;alr

foaYmd,k n,h ysñlr.;a hg;aúð;jd§ Okm;s mx;sh ish

mx;s wjYH;djhka bgq lsÍfï w;=re M,hla f,i fyj;a

zb;sydifha wfÉ;ksl w;fld¿jla f,iZ lghq;= lsÍu ksid

fï whqßka merKs wdishd;sl iudc-wd¾Ól yev.eiau u;

kj OfkaYajr iudc-wd¾Ól in|;d W;a;rdfrdamKh jqjo

iuia;hla f,i .;aúg ,dxlSh Okjdoh miq.dó tlla úh'

27. flfia fj;;a fuu l%shdj,sh ;=<" merKs wdishd;sl iudc


19

wd¾Ól rgdjg wkqrEmS l=,h yd cd;sl;ajh;a" OfkaYajr

l%uh u.ska meje;aug f.k wd iudc mx;Skq;a" ,dxlSh iudc

ia:rdhkfha uQ,sl wdldrhka jYfhka tlúg mj;sk ,o w;r

l=,fNaofha yd cd;s fNaofha ;jÿr meje;auo ;yjqre lrk

,§' ,xldfõ md,l m%N+ me,eka;sh ìysùfï§ Okh muKla

fkdj l=,ho ie,lsh hq;= ld¾h fldgila bgq l< w;r

cd;sl;aj m%;súfrdaO;d úiskao úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgqlrk

,§' tfy;a fmdÿfõ .;al< cd;sl;aj-l=, fNaohkaf.

ka f;dr mx;suh l%shdldÍ;ajhlao bÈßhg wd w;r úisjk

ishji wdrïNfha foaYmd,k lghq;=j, wdrïNh;a iu.

,dxlSh Okm;s mx;sh cd;s-l=, fNao hgm;a lrf.k mx;shla

f,i lghq;= lsÍu werUqkq njg i,l=Kq fmfkkakg we;'

1893 § fld<U uqøK lïlrejka jevj¾ckhl fh§ jD;a;Sh

iñ;shla msysgqjd .ekSfï isÿùfuka wdrïNj 1920 oYlh

jkúg igkaldó lïlre jHdmdrhl ke.Su;a 1930 oYlfha

isg jdudxYsl jHdmdrfha j¾Okh;a úiska ks¾Ok mx;sho

cd;s-l=, fNaohkaf.ka f;drj mx;shla f,i lghq;= lsÍu

wdrïN úh' flfia fj;;a wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdfõ

kIaGdjfYaIhkao iys;j ksu fkdjQ OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

l¾;jHhkao iys;j j¾Okh jQ ,dxlSh W;a;rdfrdams;

miq.dó OfkaYajrh ;=< fuu iudc-wd¾Ól ieliqï oaú;ajh

w;r w;sYh ixlS¾K iïnkaO;djhla b;sß úh'

28. fuf,i f,dj uq,au ld¾ñl OfkaYajr mx;sh yd tjlg

f,dj n,.;=u OfkaYajr mx;sh jQ ì%;dkH OfkaYajr

mx;sfha jqjukdj yd uQ,H m%d.aOkfha ueÈy;aùu u; zysre

fkdnisk wêrdcHfhaZ fldgila f,i zhqkshka celaZ OPh

hgf;a wdishdfõ m%:u OfkaYajr cd;sh njg m;ajQ ,xldj"

fojk f,dal hqoaOh wjidk jk fudfyd; jkúg ishjil

OfkaYajr ixj¾Okfhka wk;=rej ksIamdok l%shdldÍ;ajh ;=<

OfkaYajrlrKhg ,laj isáfha h' Bg idfmaCIj OfkaYajr

W;a;¾ ks¾ñ;hla o ixj¾Okh úh' 1931 § we;sl< rdcH


20

uka;%K iNdj;a wfkl=;a foaYmd,k ixúOdk;a OfkaYajr

oDIaájdoh fmdaIKh l< w;r wd¾Ólh yd W;a;¾ ks¾ñ;h

;=< wdishd;sl ,CIK b;sß ù ;snQ miq.dó;ajh hgf;au jqj

,xldj OfkaYajr rdcHhla njg m;aj ;sìKs'

we& kj hg;a õð; iuh

29. fojk f,dal uyd hqoaOh wêrdcHjdohg cd;Hka;r

jYfhka ±jeka; mrdchla Wreu lr foñka" th øjHuh"

foaYmd,kuh yd u;jd§uh jYfhka ÿn, lrñka ksudjg

m;a jQ w;r c¾udkq" b;d,s yd cmka *eisiaÜ rdcHhkaf.a

mrdch;a wfkla w;ska hqoaOh ksid isÿjQ nrm;< úkdYfhka

*eisiaÜ úfrdaë wêrdcHjd§ rgj, isÿjQ ÿ¾j, ùu;a úiska

f,dal n,;=,kh iudcjdohg jdisodhl jk whqßka fjkia

lf<ah' ysÜ,¾f.a wdl%uKhg tfrysj ke.S isg *eisiaÜ

n,h úkdY lrñka kef.kysr foig .uka.;a fidaúhÜ r;=

yuqodjka kef.kysr hqfrdamfha rgj,a .Kkdjl mdáidka

yuqodjkag iyh foñka tu rgj, iudcjdofha Och TijdÆ

w;r iudcjd§ l|jqr c¾uksfha foaYiSudjkao blaujd hñka

kef.kysr c¾uksh olajd jHdma; úh' wêrdcHjdofha fï

ÿn,ùu;a iu. hg;aúð;j, mSä; cd;Ska ish ksoyi yd

úuqla;sh fjkqfjka jQ wr.,j,g ch.%dyS miqìula ks¾udKh

ù wdishdkq hg;aúð; .Kkdjl mSä; cd;Syq wêrdcHjdofha

mjqre mokï foorjñka ish ksoyi Èkd.ekSug iu;a úh'

Ökh" úhÜkduh" W;=re fldßhdj jeks wdishdkq rgj,

fldñhqksiaÜ mCI tu ksoyia wr., iudcjdofhka wjika

lsÍug iu;a ùu;a iu. f,dj mqrd úuqla;s wNs,dIS" m%.;sYS,S

ck n,fõ.hkag kj wdYajdohla ,nd foñka f,dal

ck.yKfhka y;frka tlla muK hg;aúð;jd§ úh.fika

ñ§ iudcjdoh fj; m%úYaG úh' fï isÿùïj,ska W;af;ackh

,enQ bkaÈhdfõ" u,hdfõ" nqreufha" bkaÿkSishdfõ yd

ms,smSkfha jeks wdishdkq rgj, ksoyia wr., uyd r< fõ.hla


21

fia mekke.=Kq w;r wm%sldkq uyoaùmfha;a ,;ska weußldkq

uyoaùmfha;a hg;aúð; cd;Syq jy,a njg;a wjudk iy.;

njg;a tfrysj ksoyi yd úuqla;sh fjkqfjka wr., wdrïN

l<y' fufia f.da,Sh wêrdcHjdofha ÿn,ùu;a iudcjd§

l|jqr Yla;su;a ùu;a hg;aúð; fndfyduhl úuqla;s wr.,

mekke.Su;a úiska wêrdcHjdohg ish hg;aúð; moaO;shu

wysñ ù hdfï wjodkula Woa.; úh'

30. hg;aúð;jdohg tfrysj mekk.sk wr., ks¾Ok mx;s

jHdmdrfha kdhl;ajfhka wêrdcHjd§ hg;aúð;lrKhg

tfrysj muKla fkdj OfkaYajr foam< l%uhg yd iQrd lEug

tfrysj;a mx;s n,fõ.hka m%uqL m%.;sYS,Ska fm<.iajd tu

rgj,a hg;aúð; wêrdcHjd§ hg;aúð;lrKfhka fukau

OfkaYajr l%ufhkao ksoyia lr.kakd nj ÿgq wêrdcHjd§yq

zkj hg;aúð;jdohZ kï kj Wmdh ud¾.hlg m%úYaG jQy'

wuqøjH ,nd.ekSfï W,am;a f,io m%d.aOkh wdfhdackh

lsÍfï fmfoia f,io ish NdKav úl=Kk fj<|fmd<j,a

f,io hqo Wmdhud¾.sl jYfhka jeo.;a uOHia:dk f,io

mßêfha rgj,a ;jÿrg;a Ndú; lsÍug yd iQrd lEugo tu

rgj,a f,dal OfkaYajr l|jqr ;=< mj;ajd .ekSug o f,dal

wêrdcHjdohg ;jÿrg;a ydks isÿùu j<lajd .ekSugo we;s

jQ wjYH;djh u; wêrdcHjd§yq fuu kj Wmdhud¾.h

wdfoaY l<y'

31. ta wkqj hg;aúð; cd;Skag ksoyi m%odkh lsÍfï jHdcfhka

tu rgj, ish ióm i.hka yd ;e/õlrejka jk foaYSh

OfkaYajr mx;shg foaYmd,k n,h mjrd iQrdlEu i|yd

fjk;a udj;la újD; lr .ekSug wêrdcHjd§yq iu;a jQy'

foaYSh OfkaYajrhg rdcH n,h mjrd§u yryd hg;aúð;

rgj,a iudcjdohg hEu je<elajQ wêrdcHjd§yq f,dal nexl=j"

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, jeks wêrdcHjd§ uQ,H ixúOdko

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh jeks ish rElv foaYmd,k

ixúOdko f,dal fj<| ixúOdkh jeks fj<| ixúOdko


22

muKla fkdj wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k-iudchSh-ixialD;sl

iEu fCIa;%hlu ish wdêm;H ;yjqre flfrk wêrdcHjd§

cd,hla Ndú; lr tu rgj,a ;jÿrg;a jl%j hg;alr ;nd

.ekSug yd iQrdlEu wLKavj l%shd;aul lsÍug iu;a jQy'

ndysr jYfhka iajdëk;ajh ,nd we;s" wdishdfõ-wm%sldfõ-

,;ska weußldfõ wd¾Ól jYfhka wjixj¾ê; merKs

hg;aúð; yd w¾O hg;aúð; rgj,a wkshï f,i md,kh

lsÍu yd iQrdlEfï l%uh jQ l,S kj hg;aúð;jdohhs' merKs

hg;aúð; rgj,a wêrdcH .e;s wd¾Ólhlao h,amek.sh

iudc in|;djhkaf.a jHdma;sho iudchSh yd wd¾Ól

jHqyhkaf.a miq.dó;ajho wêl Kh.e;sNdjh yd foaYmd,k

mrdëk;ajh o iys;j wêrdcHjdofha foaYmd,k n,mEu

wd¾Ól wKil msysgqjd,kq ,enQ kj hg;aúð; rgj,a njg

m;aúh' fï wdldrhg 1940 oYlfhka wk;=rej f,dalh ;=<

wêrdcjdofha m%Odk Wmdhud¾.h njg kj hg;aúð;jdoh

m;a jQ w;r ,xldjo ysre fkdnisk wêrdcHjdofha

hg;aúð;hl ;;ajfha isg kj hg;aúð;hla njg m;a úh'

32. wi,ajeis bkaÈhdfõ mekke.=Kq ksoyia wr.,j, n,mEu

hgf;a ,xldfõo tjeks ke.sàula isÿùug we;s bvlvo rfÜ

md,k n,h b,a,d isàu mjd isÿfkdl< - cd;sl jHdmdrhla

ks¾udKh lr .ekSug mjd wiu;a jQ miq.dó OfkaYajr

mx;shl meje;au ;=< jfï jHdmdrhg tu ke.sàfï

kdhl;ajh .ekSu i|yd we;s wjldYho ie,ls,a,g .;a

ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§yq 1948 fmnrjdß 04 jeksod wêrdcHjdofha

úYajdih Èkd.;a foaYSh OfkaYajrhg rdcH n,h udre l<y'

ta wkqj ì%;dkH wêrdcHfha zhqkshka celaZ fldäh my;a

lr zlvqjla iqr;ska .;a isxyhdZ iys; ,dxlSh OfkaYajr

mx;sfha fldäh Tijd" ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ ksfhdað;hska

úiska ilia l< OfkaYajr wdKavql%u jHjia:djla ck;djf.a

leue;a; úuiSulska f;drju ,dxlSh ck;dj u; mgjd"

wêrdcHjd§kaf.a tacka;hka f,i ,dxlSh OfkaYajr mx;sh


23

fj; rdcH n,h mjrd ,xldjo kj hg;aúð;hla njg

m;alrk ,§' bka wk;=rej f.jqKq uq¿ ld,h mqrdu foaYSh

OfkaYajr mx;sh" ks¾Ok mx;sh m%uqL mSä; n,fõ. fj;

l=i.skak" oßø;djh" kQ.;alu yd urKh Wreu lrñkao

wêrdcHjd§ n, wjYH;djhka ukd f,i bgqlrñkao ,xldj

keu;s W;a;rdfrdams; miq.dó OfkaYajr rdcHh ;=< md,k

n,h fynjQy'

33. kj hg;aúð; iuh ;=< ,xldfõ md,k n,h tlai;a

cd;sl mCIh yd Y%S ,xld ksoyia mCIh kï OfkaYajr

mCI folg ;Ügq udre l%uhg yqjudre jQ w;r f.jqKq

uq¿ ld,h ;=< ,xldj md,kh lrkq ,enQfõ foaYmd,k

mCI folla f,i fmkS isá miq.dó OfkaYajr mx;shhs'

miq.dó OfkaYajr rgl cd;s ,CIKh úoyd fmkajñka fuu

OfkaYajr mx;s lKavdhï folu ish kdhlhka ks¾udKh

lrkq ,enqfõ m%N+ mjq,aj, fm<m;a Wreuhg wkqjh'

ñksrka m;,a l¾udka;fhka Wmhd .;a Okh wrlal= f¾kao

yryd;a j;=j.dj yryd;a j¾Okh lr.;a ã'iS'Ô' wdá.,f.a

¥jreka ;sfokd újdy jQ à' Ô' chj¾Ok" fcdaka fld;,dj,

^fcHaIaG& yd t*a'wd¾' fiakdkdhl hk ;sfokdf.a mjq,aj,ska

ã'tia' fiakdkdhl" vâ,s fiakdkdhl" fcdaka fld;,dj,

^lKsIaG&" fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok" rks,a úl%uisxy hk tlai;a

cd;sl mCI kdhlhka ìysúh' j;=j.dj yryd m%d.aOkh

talrdYS lr.;a hg;aúð;jd§kaf.a lSlre fiajlfhl= f,i

fiajh l< ksid ì%;dkH rcfha kïnqkduj,g ysñlï lshQ"

uyuqo,s fodka fid,uka vhia nKavdrkdhlf.a mjqf,a

tia'ví,sõ' wd¾'ã' nKavdrkdhl" isßud nKavdrkdhl"

pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl wd§ kdhl kdhsldjka Y%S ,xld ksoyia

mCIfhka ìys úh' fufia Okh" bvï ysñldÍ;ajh" iudc

;;ajh yd l=,h u.ska m%N+;ajh olajd Tijd ;enqKq OfkaYajr

mjq,a w;f,diail kdhl;ajh hgf;a ,xldj" tu Okm;s

mx;sfha cd;s ,CIKhlaj mej;s wêrdcH.e;s" mrdëk;ajhg


24

weo jeáKs' Yla;su;a cd;sl OfkaYajr mx;shla ks¾udKh

fkdjQ miq.dó ,xldj ;=< kj hg;aúð; md,kh jkdyS

wêrdcHjdofha .%yKhg rg ;j ;j;a k;=lrk ,o" mQ¾j

OfkaYajr wdishd;sl kIaGdjfYaIhka uq¿ukska msiod yeÍug

wiu;a jQ" OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhka ie,lsh hq;=

m%udKhla mjd bgqlsÍug wiu;a jQ nxfldf,d;a OfkaYajr

md,khla úh'

34. 1948 § foaYSh md,l mx;sh w;g rdcH n,h yqjudre lrkq

,enqjo wêrdcHjd§ka OfkaYajr foaYmd,kh i|yd fyda

iïmQ¾K ksoyila m%odkh fkdlrk ,o w;r ;j;a oYl

.Kkdjla hk;=re w¾O hg;aúð; ;;ajhla mj;ajdf.k

hdfuys,d iu;a úh' 1972 jk;=reu ,xldj mej;sfha

fmdÿ rdcH uKav,fha idudðl;ajh orñka ì%;dkHfha

foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh ms<s.kakd ì%;dkH /ðKf.a

ksfhdað;fhl= jk w.%dKavqldrhdg úOdhl n,;,j,ska

fldgila ysñ" zfvdókshkaZ ;;ajfhah' wêlrK l%uh ;=<

,xldfõ fYa%IaGdêlrKhg by<ska" tys ;Skaÿ wNsfhda.hg

,la l< yels whs;shla iys;j tx.,ka; ms%ú ljqkais,h

mej;=kq w;r foaYmd,k fCIa;%h i|yd ì%;dkHfha Rcq

ueÈy;aùïj,g bvlv újD; ù ;sìKs' 1956 olajd lgqkdhl

.=jkaf;dgqfmdf<a ì%;dkH yuqod r|jd ;snQ w;r 1972

jk;=re ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfha úYd, fldgila ksfhdackh l<

j;=j.dj mej;sfha ì%;dkH rka mjqï iud.ï i;=jh' fï

wkqj ì%;dkHhka ks, jYfhka md,k n,h muKla foaYSh

Okm;s mx;shg mjrd jir .Kkdjla .;jk;=re rdcHfha

úúO wxYj, n,h ;uka fj; mjrd .ekSug ,dxlSh

Okm;s mx;sh l%shd fkdlf<a Tjqkagu wdfõKsl miq.dó"

wêrdcH.e;s iajNdjh fya;=fjks'

35. bka wk;=rej f.jqKq ld,h ;=< rg wju jYfhka

OfkaYajr ixj¾Ok udjf;a idfmalaI by< wÈhrhka fj;

fyda /f.k hdug ,dxlSh Okm;s mx;sh wiu;a jQ w;r


25

OfkaYajr ixj¾Okh i|yd bjy,a jk ner l¾udka;fha

øjHuh-;dCIKsl mokuj;a" úYd, m%d.aOk rdYSN+;lrKhla

i|yd yelshdjlaj;a foaYSh Okm;s mx;sh fj; fkd;sìKs'

Tjqka wêrdcHjd§ka y÷kajdÿka fj<| fnda. j.dj u;

mokï jQ ÿ¾j, lDIsl¾udka;hla mj;ajdf.k .sh w;r

ld¾ñl fCIa;%h ixj¾Okh lsÍfuys,d wiu;a úh' rg ;=<

l%ufhka f.dvke.=fka ksIamdokh u; mokï jQ Okm;s

mx;shla fjkqjg wêrdcHjd§ rgj, ksIamdokhg wuqøjH

imhk" kej; tu ksIamdok i|yd ,xlSh fj<|fmd< ilid

fok mrdëk Okm;s mx;shla jQ w;r iajdëk OfkaYajr

wd¾Ól jevms<sfj<la Tjqka i;= fkdùh' rfÜ ck;djf.a

Y%ufha M,h w;am;a lrf.k th ish mgq m%d.aOk wruqKq

fjkqfjkao f.da,Sh wêrdcHjdofha wruqKq fjkqfjkao

ì,s§u yer OfkaYajr md,khg fjk;a brKula ,dxlSh

iudch fj; w;am;a lr§fï yelshdjla fkdùh'

36. ,xldj wêrdcHjd§kaf.a taldêldÍ iud.ï i|yd wuqøjH

ksIamdokh lrk" ,dN Y%uh ,ndfok" wêrdcHjd§ rgj,

ksIamdÈ; NdKav i|yd fj<|fmd<la ilialr fok

;;ajhg iSud ùu ksido foaYSh OfkaYajrfha mgq jqjukdjka

fjkqfjka rdcH n,h fhdojd uyck Okh fld,a,lEu yd

kdia;s lsÍu u.skao iuia; iudcuh Y%u M,hka úkdY lsÍu

kj hg;aúð; iuh ;=< wLKavj isÿjQ w;r ish¨ Okm;s

wdKavqj, wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s" uQ,H m%;sm;a;s" wh-jeh f,aLk"

wdÈh ;SrKh jQfha tu wjYH;d imqrkq msKsih' fuu.ska

ck;djg by< hk Ôjk úhou;a WoaOukh;a Khnr;a ú/

lshdj;a mSvdj;a Wreu lrkq ,enQ w;r mqoa.,sl Okm;shka

w;r rdYsN+; jQ m%d.aOkh f.dv.ik ,§'

37. foaYSh Okm;s mx;shg md,k n,h ysñjQ wdrïNl jljdkqfõ§

rg;=< mj;ajdf.k .sh wd¾Ól rgdj jQfha rdcH taldêldÍ

Okjd§ wdlD;shhs' fuhg ta jkúg;a f,dalfha wdêm;Hh

±rE OfkaYajr wd¾Ól kHdh jk fcdaka fukdâ flakaiaf.a


26

flakaishdkq wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sho hï n,mEula l<uq;a

m%uqL;u fya;=j jQfha ,dxlSh Okm;s mx;sfha ÿn,;d iy

fkdyelshdjhs' rdcH taldêldÍ Okjdoh ìysùug m%Odk;u

fya;=j jQfha wêrdcHjd§kaf.a l¾udka;j,g fldka;%d;a

iemhSfuka" Tjqkaf.a NdKav úlsKSfuka yd úúO cdjdrïj,

ksr; ùfuka Okh Wmhd.;a fldñialdr Okm;s mx;shla

ñi cd;sl wd¾Ólhla j¾Okh lr.; yels Yla;su;a Okm;s

mx;shla ,xldfõ fkdisàuhs' fuu fldñialdr" miq.dó

Okm;s mx;sh i;=j uyd mßudK m%d.aOkh fkd;snQ w;r

iuia; Èjhsku wdjrKh jk úYd, l¾udka; fyda fiajd

mj;ajdf.k hdfï yelshdjla Tjqkag fkd;snQ neúka jeäjk

ck.ykhg yd mq¿,ajk wjYH;djhkag iß,k l¾udka; yd

fiajdjkays j¾Okfha wjYH;djh bgqlsÍfï iu;a mqoa.,sl

Okm;shka rg ;=< fkdùh' tneúka uyd mßudK l¾udka;

i|ydo wOHdmkh - fi!LH - m%jdykh jeks fiajdjka

i|ydo rchg ueÈy;aùug isÿúh' fuf,i fm!oa.,sl wxYh

ÿ¾j, lafIa;%j,g rch ueÈy;a ù" rcfha uqo,ska Okjdoh

mj;ajdf.k hk" rdcH taldêldÍ Okjdofha wdlD;sh ,xldj

;=< ia:dmkh flßKs'

38. fidaúhÜ foaYh m%uqL f,dal iudcjd§ l|jqf¾ rgj,a úiska

isÿl< n,mEu;a jfï wr.,ldÍ;ajh fudg lsÍfï wruqK;a

u; foaYSh OfkaYajr mx;sh jdu igka mdGj, wdjrKh

hgf;a zcki;= jHdmdrZ wdrïN lrk ,§' ;ks Okm;shkag

mj;ajdf.k hd fkdyels nia m%jdykh" jrdh" f;,a

fnodyeßu" mdi,a wOHdmkh yd Wiia wOHdmkh" fi!LH

fiajh jeks NdKav yd fiajdjkao f;d. yd is,a,r fj<\uo

rdcH taldêldrhg k;=lrkq ,enQ w;r nexl= moaO;shg rdcH

ueÈy;aùu yryd uQ,H fCIa;%fha taldêldrhlao rch i;=lr

.kq ,eîh' .=jkaf;dgqfmd< jeks ;ekaj, whs;sh iud.ï

i;=j ;sìh§ mßmd,kh muKla rchg mjrd .kq ,eîh'

fuf,i f,dj mqrd tl, n,mj;ajk ,o rdcH iqnidOkh"


27

mdßfNda.slhdf.a l%hYla;sh by< ±óu" w;HjYH NdKav

ksIamdokh yd fiajdjka mj;ajdf.k hdu hk fCIa;%hkag

rch jeä ueÈy;aùula lrk wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;shla ,xldj

;=<o foaYSh OfkaYajr md,kfha uq,a oYl 3 ;=< ls%hd;aul

úh'

39. rdcH taldêldÍ Okjd§ wdlD;shg fmdÿfõ Okjdofha

w¾nqohg ms<s;=re fkdue;s jQ w;r ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfha

miq.dó;ajh yd wrdðl;ajh úiska we;s lrk ,o úfYaI

,CIKhkao fuu w¾nqoh jvd;a W.% lf<ah' rdcH jHjidhka

md,kh lsÍug ueÈy;a jQ OfkaYajr ks,Odß ;ka;%hg tajd

wd¾Óluh jYfhka m%idrKh lsÍfï wruqKla fkd;snQ

fyhska Tjqka tu wdh;khka fufyhjkq ,enqfõ fm!oa.,sl

wd¾Ól jdis b,lal lr .ksñks' uyd mßudK fldñia" w,a,ia"

jxpdj" ¥IKh yd kdia;sh yryd uyck uqo,a úkdY lrk

w;ru nrm;< f,i wld¾hCIu" ks,Odßjdoh u.ska ck;dj

mSvdjg m;a lrk rdcH fiajhla ìysjQfha tys m%;sM,hla

f,ih' ,xldfõ Okjdohg wdfõKsl miq.dó;ajh úiska

wd¾Ól m%;sixialrKj,§ fm!oa.,sl n, kHdh m;%hka

l%shd;aul ùu fõ.j;a jQ w;r fï i|yd jk fyd|u ksoiqk

jkqfha ish foaYmd,k úreoaOjd§kaf.a jHjidhka rchg

mjrd .ekSug;a ish foaYmd,k ys;j;=kag rdcH fiajfha

uq,a mqgq ysñlr §ug;a OfkaYajr md,lhka lghq;= lsÍuhs'

fulS wld¾hCIu;djfha" jxpdfõ yd ks,Odßjd§ jHqyfha

iuia; nr ck;dj u; mgjkq ,enQ w;r 1948 isg 1978

olajd n,hg m;ajQ yeu wdKavqjlau .uka lf<a ta ck;d

úfrdaë ud¾.fhah' 1953 wh-jefhka iy,a ñ, yd uqoaor

.dia;= by< oud mdi,a isiqkaf.a Èjd wdydrh lmd ±óu"

1964 wh-jefha§ f.dùkaf.a iy,a i,dlh lemSug fhdackd

lsÍu" 1966 iy,a i,dlh wvlska lmd ±óu" 1975 § tu iy,a

i,dlh h<s wvlska wvqlsÍu wdÈh ta i|yd WodyrK fõ'

1947 § 66"000la jQ /lshd úhqla;sh 1972 jkúg 2"463"000la


28

olajd by< .sfhah' fuu wd¾Ól w¾nqoh b;sydih ;=< lsysm

wjia:djl§u foaYmd,k w¾nqo olajdo j¾Okh úh' ,xldj

;=< rdcH taldêldÍ Okjdofha wid¾:l;ajh fyd¢kau

lemSfmkSu wdrïN jQfha 1973 f,dal wd¾Ól wjmd;h;a

iu.sks' 1970 - 1977 iu.s fmruqKq wdKavqfõ md,k iuh

;=< úYd, NdKav ys`.hla we;sù" fj<|fmdf<a iSud iys;j

mej;s NdKavj,o m%ñ;sh nd, ùfï m%;sM,h f,i fmda,sï

hq.hla ks¾udKh úh' tla mqoa.,hl= i;=j ;nd .; yels

yd,a" ñßia jeks w;HjYH NdKavj,o iSudjka mekjQ w;r

fï fya;=fjka ck;djg úYd, mSvdjlg f.dÿre ùug isÿ

úh' fulS w¾nqoh úiska rdcH taldêldÍ Okjdofha wdlD;sh

ms<sn| úYajdih uq¿ukskau ì|jegqKq w;r ,dxflah Okm;s

mx;sh kj wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾.hla fj; m%úYaGjkafka fuu

;;ajh ;=<h'

40. fojk f,dal hqoaOhg fmr ld,fha§ ;uka i;=j mej;s

úYd, N+ñNd.hka iy fj<|fmd< ;jÿrg;a iQrdlEug

fkdyels jk mßÈ iudcjd§ l|jqr úiska l< n,mEu;a"

Okjdofha wdfõKsl w¾nqoh;a úiska 1970 oYlh wdrïNh

jk úg f.da,Sh m%d.aOk m%idrKh iSud ù ;sìKs' fuh

wd¾Ól wjmd;hlg u. újr l< w;r 1973 w.Nd.fha we;s

jQ f,dal wd¾Ól w¾nqoh;a iu. wêrdcHjd§ rgj, wd¾Ólh

nrm;< ì|jeàulg ,la úh' fuu ;;ajfhka ñ§u i|yd

;ukag wysñlr fyda iSudldÍ ù we;s fj<|fmd< h<s w;am;a

lr.ekSfï wjYH;djla wêrdcHjd§kag we;s jQ w;r 1973

iema;eïn¾ 24 jeksod ish iqm%lg khsfrdaì foaYkfha§"

tjlg f,dal nexl=fõ iNdm;sjrhd jQ frdnÜ uelakudrd

m%d.aOkfha m%idrKh i|yd ksoyi ;yjqre lrk zkj

,snr,aZ Okjdohla ms<sn| woyi bÈßm;a lsÍu;a iu.

f.da,Sh Okjdoh kj Wmdh ud¾.hlg m%úYaG úh' 1979 §

ì%;dkHh ;=< z;ep¾jdohZ kñkq;a" 1980 § weußld tlai;a

ckmoh ;=< zf¾.kajdohZ kñkq;a W;al¾Ihg k.k ,o


29

kj ,snr,a Okjdofha uQ,sldx. 1977 cQ,s uy ue;sjrKfhka

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh n,hg meñKSu;a iu. ,xldj ;=<o

l%shd;aul lsÍug n, flreks' fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok úiska th

zújD; wd¾ÓlhZ kñka l%shdjg kexùu;a iu. ,xldj kj

,snr,a Okjdofha hq.hg wj;S¾K úh'

41. kj ,snr,ajdoh úiska f.da,Sh m%d.aOkhg f,dj iEu

rglgu .uka lsÍug yd iEu rglu mÈxÑ ùug wjYH

wjldYh ilia lrk w;r th fj<|fmd< Okjdofha

;¾lkhg wNsfhda. lrk ish¨ iudc n, ia:rhka úkdY

lsÍfï wruqfKka f.dvke.+ jevms<sfj<ls' kj ,snr,a

Okjdofha uQ,sl ,laIKhka jkqfha rdcHh u.ska isÿ lrk

wd¾Ól iSud mekùï yd ñ, iSud wdÈh bj;a lr úfoaY

m%d.aOkhg fodrgq újr lsÍu" wd¾Ólfha rdcH ueÈy;aùï

wju lr th fm!oa.,sl Okm;shka i|yd újr lsÍu" rdcH

jHjidhka fm!oa.,SlrKh lsÍu" uyck fiajdjka fj<|

NdKav njg m;a lsÍu" ksIamdok lafIa;%h iu. we;s ;=,kh

ì£ hk mßÈ fiajd lafIa;%h mq¿,a lsÍu yd nÿ l%u fjkia

lsÍu jeks ffk;sl m%;sixialrK yryd m%d.aOk ixprKhg

we;s ndOd bj;a lsÍu wd§ ,laIKhkah' fufia wêrdcHjd§

m%d.aOkhg f,dj mqrd.uka lsÍug we;s ndOd bj;a lsÍu

i|yd f,dal nexl=j" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo," f,dal fj<|

ixúOdkh jeks wêrdcHjd§ uQ,H ixúOdk mßêfha rgj,g

úúO n,mEï isÿ lrkq ,nhs' 1977ka miq Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿ

jQ wd¾Óluh jHQyd;aul fjkialï ú.%y lr .; hq;af;ao

fuu ikao¾Nh ;=<h'

42. ,xldj ;=< kj ,snr,a m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍfï§

u;=jk m%n, ck;d úfrdaOh hgm;a lsÍu i|yd OfkaYajr

rdcHh i;= n,h jvd;a ld¾hCIu f,i l<ukdlrKh

lsÍfï wjYH;djhla mekke.=Kq w;r 1978 wdKavql%u

jHjia:dj yryd úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh y÷kajd fokafka;a"

tu.ska ;ks mqoa.,hl= w; úYd, n,hla ixflakaøKh lr


30

.kafka;a tu wjYH;djh fjkqfjks' 1977 uy ue;sjrKfhka

,enQ 5$6l md¾,sfïka;= n,h fm%davdldÍ ck u; úpdrKhla

yryd uyck u;hg mgyeks f,i §¾> lr .kq ,enQ w;r

úreoaO mlaI kdhsldjf.a m%cd whs;sh wfydais lsÍu" jdudxYsl

foaYmd,k mlaI ;ykï lsÍu wd§ u¾okldÍ l%shdud¾.

yryd úmlaIh ÿ¾j, lsÍug mshjr .eksKs' fufia wdKavqfõ

ia:djrNdjh iy;sl lsÍu" kj ,snr,a m%;sixialrKj,g

tfrysj mekk.sk wr., uev,Sug fukau jir .Kkdjla

hk ;=re foaYmd,k mßj¾;khla fkdjk nj úfoaY

wdfhdaclhkag ;yjqre lsÍuo Wmfhda.S lr .eKsks'

43. kj ,snr,a Okjdoh ;=< cx.u .sKqu újD; lsÍu" remshf,a

w.h mdùug bvyeÍu" wdhkhk i|yd nÿ m%;sm;a;sh

,sys,a lsÍu wd§ jYfhka uQ,H kS;s ,sys,a lrkq ,enQ w;r

wdfhdaclhska Èß .ekaùu i|yd mshjr .Kkdjla .kq ,eîh'

ta wkqj úYd, jYfhka Kh ,nd.ksñka há;, myiqlï

ix¾Okh lsÍug mshjr .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i rfÜ

Kh .e;sNdjh úYd, f,i by< .sfhah' 1977 kj ,snr,a

Okjdoh ia:dms; lrk fudfyd; jk úg remsh,a 2181'18la

jQ tal mqoa., Kh m%udKh 2011 Tlaf;dan¾ jkúg remsh,a

253"520 olajd by< kexù ;sìKs' 1980 jk úg o< foaYSh

ksIamdÈ;fhka 7'2]la jQ iuia; rdcH Kh m%udKh 2010 jk

úg 81'9]la olajd by< f.dia ;sìKs' fufia Kh.e;s Ndjh

by< hdfï tla m%;sM,hla jQfha Kh i|yd cd;Hka;r uQ,H

wruqo," f,dal nexl=j jeks wêrdcHjd§ uQ,H wdh;kj,

fldkafoaisj,g hg;a ù wêrdcHjd§ kHdh m;%hg k;=ùug

isÿùuhs' wfkla m%;sM,h jQfha Kh fkdue;sj hemSug mjd

fkdyels" ,nd .;a Khj,g fmd,S yd Kh jdßl f.ùu i|yd

h<s;a Kh .; hq;=" wd¾Óluh jYfhka mrdëk ;;ajhlg

weo jeàuhs' t;rï wjdisiy.; l%shdud¾.j,ska miqj mjd

úfoaY wdfhdack wfmalaIs; mßÈ ,xldjg we§ fkdwd w;r

OfkaYajr kS;sh ;=< ;yjqre lr we;s lïlre kS;s mjd


31

W,a,x>kh lrk úfYaI wd¾Ól l,dm msysgqùfuka jqjo

tu ;;ajh fjkia lsÍug iu;a fkdùh' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha

,xldfõ m%d.aOk fhojqï i|yd úfoaYSh m%d.aOkh Wmfhda.S

lr .ekSfï ie,iqï jH¾: ùu yd rfÜ ksIamdokh mq¿,a

fkdùu fya;=fjka fmdÿfõ m%d.aOk m%idrKfha w¾nqohla

Woa.; ùuhs'

44. kj ,snr,a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh ;=< rdcH wdh;k .Kkdjla

l=Kq fld,a,hg úl=Kd oeuQ w;r 1977 isg 2003 olajd

f.jqKq úismia jir ;=< rdcH jHjidhka 83la úl=Kd ouk

,§' fï .kq fokq miq mi úúO ¥IK yd wl%ñl;do ;snQ

w;r tys jdis w;am;a lr .;a fm!oa.,sl Okm;shka w;ßka

kj cd;sl OfkaYajr ia:rhlao ìys úh' tfy;a úl=Kd oukq

,enQ rdcH wdh;k w;ßka jeä m%udKhla w;am;a lr.kq

,enqfõ úfoaYSh iud.ï úisks' ,xldfõ miq.dó fldïm%fodare

OfkaYajrhg ta i|yd wjYH m%d.aOkh fkd;sìKs' hg;a úð;

iufha§ fukau kj ,snr,a Okjdoh ;=<o foaYSh Okm;shka

ksIamdokSh lafIa;%hg fkdj fiajdjka iemhSu flfrys fhduq

jQ w;r kj ,snr,a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh úiskao fiajd wd¾Ólh

m%idrKh lsÍu Èß.ekaúKs' kj ,snr,ajdoh;a iu. nexl="

rlaIK iud.ï" yd uQ,H iud.ïj, lghq;= mq¿,a jQ w;r

fldgia fj<|fmd< .kq fokqo m%idrKh úh' fuh tla;rd

wdldrhl iufmalaIK l%shdj,shlg Wm; ÿka w;r tu.ska

kj w;sßla; jákdlï ks¾udKh fkdjk neúka m%d.aOkh

w;;H m%d.aOkfha iajrEmhgu m;a úh' 2010 jkúg iuia;

Y%u n,ldfhka 32'7]la lDIsl¾udka;fhao" 22'2]la l¾udka;

wxYfhao" 45'1]la fiajd wxYfhao kshq;=j isáfhah' fufia

wd¾Ólh ;=< fiajd wxYh mq¿,a ùu lïlre mx;sfha iajrEmh

fjkia lsÍu flfrys ie,lshhq;= n,mEula lf<ah'

45. fufia kj ,snr,a Okjd§ m%;sm;a;sh ;=< Y%S ,xldj ;=<

m%d.aOk iuqÉP.;lrKh i|yd úfYaI jdisodhl jgmsgdjla

ìys fkdjQ w;r ienúkau isÿjQfha wd¾Ólfha újD;lrKh


32

úiska Yla;su;a f.da,Sh m%d.aOkh yuqfõ cd;sl iq¿

m%d.aOkh úkdY ù hduhs' b;d iq¿ Okm;shka msßila muKla

fldka;%d;a l%u yd úúO jxpksl l%u yryd Okh tla /ialr

.;a uq;a fmdÿfõ wd¾Ólfha isÿ jQ ì| jeàfï ÿ¾úmdl" Ôjk

úhou by< hdu" ú/lshdj" iqnidOk lmamdÿj wd§ lafIa;%

yryd ú£ug isÿjQfha mSä; mx;shgh' kj ,snr,a Wmdhud¾.h

;=< ksIamdokh flfrys m%udKj;a nrla fkd;eîu;a wêl

f,i NdKav wdkhkhg fhduq ùu;a ksid fj<| ysÕh

by< .sfhah' 2011 wf.daia;= jk úg 2010 jif¾ m%:u udi

8 iu. ii|k úg fj<| ysÕh weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk

5"960la olajd 53]lska by< f.dia ;sìKs' tneúka ienúkau

isÿj we;af;a cd;sl Okh rfgka msg;g we§hdu ñi cd;sl

m%d.aOkh Yla;su;a ùu fkdfõ'

46. ,xldj ;=< kj ,snr,a Okjdofha m%;sixialrK Èh;a

lsÍug iu.dój Bg .e,fmk iudc ú{dkhla iy

ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|ydo ,dxlSh md,l mx;sh

iú{dksl jevms<sfj<la l%shd;aul l< w;r" iudc wd¾Ól

mokug isÿlrk fjkialï j,g iudkqmd;sl f,i iudc

ú{dkfha fjkia ,laIK wfÉ;ksl f,i ms<sìUqjkakgo

úh' tys m%;sM,h jQfha tf;la wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdjg

wh;a ,laIK nyq,j ;snQ ,dxlSh iudc ú{dkh u; jeä

jeäfhka kj ,snr,a Okjd§ wx. ,laIK ks¾udKh

ùuhs' kj ,snr,a Wmdh ud¾.hg wkqj tys m<uq wjêfha

isgu yqjudre NdKav wê jkaokdfõ iy mßfNdackjdofha

ixialD;shla iudch u; ia:dms; jQ w;r fï jk úg udOH

ixialD;sfha mq¿,aùu úiska tu ;;ajh ;jÿrg;a ixlS¾K

lr we;' kj ,snr,a Okjdoh ta jk úg;a rdcH taldêldÍ

OfkaYajr l%uh ;=< iïmQ¾Kfhkau ;=rkaj fkd.sh

wdishd;sl iodpdrhka úkdYlr Ôú;h uqo,a fiùfï

;r.hla nj;a" ta ;r.h ;=< wdrlaId lsÍug iodpdrhka

fyda mrudo¾Yhka fkdue;s nj;a iudchg ta;a;= .ekaùug


33

n,mEï iy.; m%pdrK l%shdj,shla Èh;a lrk ,§' fufia

Ôú;fha ukqIH idrh wysñlr" kreujdohg weo ±uQ iudch

;=< wd;aud¾:ldó;ajho" fnd,a ixo¾Ykjdoho" jxpdj iy

iajhx /jàuo fõ.fhka jHdma;fjñka ;sfí' fuu ;;ajh

;=< ,dxlSh iudcfha iudcjdoh f.dvke.Su i|yd wjYH

iduQysl;ajh we;=¿ iudcuh .=Kdx. j¾Okh lsÍu nrm;<

wNsfhda.hlaj mj;sk w;r kj ,snr,a Okjdoh ;=< isÿjQ

Bkshd ueo mx;sfha mq¿,aùu;a th fmdÿfõ iudc ú{dkh

ieliSug iy iudc jHdmdrhkays foaYmd,k ixialD;sh

ieliSug isÿlrkq ,nk n,mEu;a úiska tu wNsfhda.h

;j;a ixlS¾K lr ;sfí'

47. 1948 isg 1978 olajd oYl ;=kla ;=< l%shd;aul l< rdcH

taldêldÍ Okjdofha ld, mßÉfþoh ;=<o t;eka isg oYl

;=klg wêl kj ,snr,a Okjdofha ld, mßÉfþoh ;=<o

,dxflah Okm;s mx;sh foaYSh jYfhka m%d.aOkh j¾Okh

lr .ekSfuys iy iajdëk ixj¾Ok ud¾.hla fj; wd¾Ólh

fhduq lsÍfuys,d olajd we;af;a n,j;a wiu¾: Ndjhls'

Okjdofha fulS wdlD;s folu h,amek f.dia yd wid¾:l

ù we;s nj b;du meyeÈ,s jqjo OfkaYajr mx;shg f;dard

.ekSu i|yd fjk;a úl,am ke;s neúka ;jÿrg;a tu

wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾.fhka u;u /£isàug isÿj ;sfí' f,dal

iudcjd§ l|jqrl meje;au;a" ck n,fõ.hkaf.ka t,a, jQ

m%;s úfrdaOh;a ksid iïmQ¾Kfhka l%shd;aul l< fkdyels

jQ kj ,snr,ajd§ jHQyd;aul m%;sixialrKhka 1990ka miq

fõ.fhka l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%jK;d;a mekke.=Kq w;r th

kj ,snr,ajdofha fojeks bksu f,i kdulrKh lr we;'

Y%S ,xldj ;=< kj ,snr,a Okjdofha fojk bksu l%shd;aul

lsÍu i|yd 1994 § n,hg meñKs pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl

wdKavqjo" 2001 § n,hg meñKs rks,a úl%uisxy wdKavqjo

W;aidy lrk ,o kuq;a tu W;aidyhka uq¿ukskau id¾:l

lr .; fkdyels úh' 2009 uehs 18 jeksod hqoaOh wjika


34

ùfuka miqj ta i|yd we;s wjia:djka mq¿,a ùu;a iu.

uyskao rdcmlaI wdKavqj kj fõ.hlska yd kj cjhlska

hq;=j kj ,snr,ajdofha fkdksñ l¾;jHhka iïmQ¾K lsÍfï

ld¾hh wdrïN lf<ah' fï wkqj ,xldfõ md,l mx;shg

kj ,snr,a .uka ud¾.fhau .uka lsÍu;a" wêrdcHjd§ kHdh

m;%hg wkq.;ùu;a yer wka úl,aamhla fkdue;snj meyeÈ,s

ù ;sfí' hqfrdamSh hg;a úð;jd§ka úiska ,xldj hg;a lr

f.k" th iQrdlEu i|yd l%shd;aul lrkq ,enQ l%shdodufha

m%;sM,hla f,i" tf;la mej;s wdishd;sl iudc wd¾Ól

yev.eiau u; n,y;aldrfhka W;a;rdfrdamKh lrk

,o OfkaYajr iudc wd¾Ól ieleiau" hg;a úð; iufha

isg wdrïNj foaYSh Okm;s mx;sh úiska rg md,kh l<

ld,jljdkqj ;=< jvd;a W.% jQ" ;shqKq yd .eUqre w¾nqohlg

,laj we;' fulS w¾nqoh iuia; iudc foayhu fj,d .;a

;shqKq w¾nqohla njgm;aj we;s w;r th by<ska w¾nqohla

f,i fukau my<ska w¾nqohla f,io Okm;s mx;sh ;=<

fukau ks¾Ok mx;sh ;=<o mrdj¾;kh fõ'

48. j;auka ,dxlSh iudch fj,d f.k we;s iudc-wd¾Ól-

foaYmd,k-ixialD;sl w¾nqohg fya;= ldrlh yd tys

ksOdkh ù we;af;a hg;a úð;jd§ka úiska n,y;aldrh

yryd W;a;rdfrdamKh lrkq ,enQ ,dxlSh miq.dó OfkaYajr

l%ufha w¾nqohhs' tys§ ,xldj hg;a lr th iQrdlEug yd

fld,a,lEug f.dÿre lsÍfuka fkdkej;S" wo olajdu úúO

foaYmd,kuh yd wd¾Óluh n,mEï yryd tu iQrdlEu

wLKavj isÿ lrk wêrdcHjd§ka muKla fkdj" tu

wêrdcHjd§ ie,eiau rg ;=< l%shd;aul lrk wêrdcH .e;s

yd mrdëk foaYSh OfkaYajr mx;sh yd tu mx;s jqjukdjkag

wkqj lghq;= l< OfkaYajr yd iq¿ OfkaYajr foaYmd,k

mlaIo j.W;a;rlrefjda fj;s' tneúka fuu w¾nqoh úi¢h

yelafla f,dal mßudKfhka wêrdcjdoh;a Okjdoh;a

mrdch lrk cd;ka;r l¾;jHhl ,dxlSh wkqLKavh f,i"


35

,dxlSh ks¾Ok mx;sfha yd wfkl=;a mSä; n,fõ.hkaf.a

ixúOdkd;aul igkaldó l%shdldÍ;ajh yryd ,xldfõ

Okm;s iudc w¾Ól yev.eiau kj iudcjd§ ksIamdok

rgdjla yd iudcjd§ iudc wd¾Ól ieleiaula u.ska m<jd

yeÍfuka muKls' ta yer wka úi÷ula ke;'

02

ks¾Ok mx;shg rdcH n,h ,nd .ekSu

49. ,dxlSh iudcjd§ úma,jfha .dul n,fõ.h jkafka lïlre

mx;sh m%uqL mSä; mx;shhs' f.dùka" YsIHhska" ;reKhska"

ëjrhska" l,dlrejka" m%.;sYS,S nqoaêu;=ka wd§ Okjdoh

hgf;a mSvdjg m;a úúO n,fõ.hkao" cd;sl mSvdjg m;a

ks¾Ok mx;sl fldgiao" kd.ßlj" w¾O kd.ßlj" .%dóhj

fjfik iq¿ Okm;s mx;sfha ueo iy my< fldgiao"

iïnkaO lr.;a §¾> ld,Sk wêrdcH úfrdaë - l%u úfrdaë

mx;s wr.,hlska ,dxlSh ks¾Ok mx;sh w;g rdcH n,h

,nd.; yelsh'

50. Okm;s l%uhg tfrys ks¾Ok mx;sfha mx;s wr.,h u;jd§uh

^ixúOdkuh&" foaYmd,kuh iy wd¾Óluh jYfhka ;%súO

wdldrhla .kakd w;r ks¾Ok mx;shg rdcH n,h ,nd

.ekSfï§ lsisÿ úfYaI wr., udÈ,shlg ne§ fkdisáñka

cd;slj yd cd;Hka;rj t,fUk jdia;úl ;;ajhkag

wkqrEmSj wr.,fha udÈ,skao .,md .ksñka ,dxlSh ks¾Ok

mx;sh w;g rdcH n,h ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lrkq we;'

51. ks¾Ok mx;shg rdcH n,h Èkd.ekSfï§ Okm;s mx;sfha

lsisÿ lKavdhul iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSfuka th isÿl<

fkdyels w;r tu wr.,h cd;sljdoh" iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoh


36

b,lal lr.;a;la fkdj iudcjd§ úma,jh b,lal lr.;a

§¾.ld,Sk mx;s wr.,hls'

03

OfkaYajr mx;s md,kh hgf;a

ck;dj uqyqK § we;s ;;ajh

52. foaYSh OfkaYajr mx;sfha;a wêrdcHjd§kaf.a;a wjYH;djka

iemsÍu fjkqfjka mj;ajdf.k hk nxfldf<d;a OfkaYajr

iudc wd¾Ól ieleiau ;=< fodf,dia ,laIhla jk

rdcHwxYfha lïlrejkao" wg ,laIhla jk j;= lïlrejkao"

yeg ,laIhla muK jk fm!oa.,sl wxYfha lïlrejkao

ixhqla; lr .;a ,dxlSh lïlre mx;sh nrm;< fÄockl

;;ajhlg uqyqK § isà' lïlrejka ish b;sydih ;=<

lem lsÍï isÿlr w;sYh wiSrefjka Èkd.;a jD;a;sh iñ;s

;=< ixúOdkh ùfï whs;sh mjd meyer.ekSug OfkaYajr

md,lfhda lghq;= lrñka isà' úfYaIfhka kj ,snr,a wd¾Ól

Wmdh ud¾.h ;=< y÷kajd fokq ,enQ ksoyia fj<| l,dm

jeks úfYaI wd¾Ól l,dmhka ;=< wju lïlre whs;Ska

fyda iqrlaIs; lr ke;' fndfyda wdh;kj, jD;a;sh iñ;s

msysgqùfï whs;sh mjd fkdue;s wmkhk ieliqï l,dm fï

i|yd jk fyd|u ksoiqkls' rfÜ wmkhk ieliqï l,dm

14l we;s l¾udka; Yd,d 259ka jD;a;sh iñ;s we;af;a wdh;k

22l muKla jk w;r tu jD;a;sh iñ;sj,ska fiajHhka

úiska ms<sf.k we;af;a jD;a;sh iñ;s 12la muKs' wdfhdack

uKav,fha wkq±kqu hgf;a msysgqjd we;s wdh;kj, jD;a;sh

iñ;s fjkqjg fiajl iNd jHQyhla ilia lr we;s w;r tu

fiajl iNd wdh;k ysñlrejkaf.a wjYH;djka ;Dma; jk

fia jev mÍlaIljrekaf.ka" ld¾hd, fiajlhskaf.ka yd


37

fjk;a iqÿ lrmá /lshdj, kshef,kakkaf.ka mqrjd we;'

fulS fiajl iNd /iaùï mj;ajk Èkh yd tys kHdh m;%h

mjd wdh;k ysñlrejka úiska ;SrKh lrk ksid ta ;=<

jegqma fyda wfkl=;a fiajd fldkafoais ms<sn| m%Yak idlÉPd

flfrkafka ke;' wfkl=;a wdh;kj, jqjo f.dvk.k

jD;a;sh iñ;shla ms<s.ekSug kï tu wdh;kfhka

fiajlhskaaf.ka 40]la wjYH njg mkjd we;s kS;sh u.skao

lïlrejka ixúOdkh ùu je<elaùug Okm;sfhda l%shd

lr;s' fmdÿfõ jD;a;sh iñ;s ks¾udKh l< ;ekaj, mjd

thg tfrys úúO l%shdldÍ;ajfha iSudjka" jD;a;sh iñ;s

kdhlhskag yd l%shdldÍkag isÿ lrk ysxidjka yd jD;a;sh

iñ;sj,g wiudk f,i ie,lSu yryd jD;a;sh iñ;s

l%shdldß;ajh wffO¾hj;a lsÍug Okm;sfhda l%shd;aul

fj;s' jD;a;sh iñ;s ks¾udKh lsÍfï whs;sh muKla fkdj

lïlrejka i;= uQ,sl whs;shla jk jev j¾ckh lsÍfï

whs;sh mjd lmamdÿ lsÍug Okm;shka bÈßm;aj isà' 1948

uyck wdrlaIl mk; u.ska ,dxlSh Okm;s mx;sh jev

j¾ckh lsÍfï whs;sh Wÿrd .ekSug uq,a mshjr ;enQ w;r

2006 wxl 1 ork yÈis wjia:d ^ixfYdaOk& mk; u.ska

zw;HjYH fiajdZ hkafkys ks¾jpkh mq¿,a lr nexl="

j;=lrh" rEmjdyskS" .=jkaúÿ,s fiajdjka wd§ ish,a, w;HjYH

fiajdjka njgm;a lr we;' fuh wd¾Ólfha iEu fCIa;%hlu

l%shd;aul jk lïlrejkaf.a idOdrK whs;Ska yd wr.,

lsÍfï ksoyi w;HjYH fiajd fr.=,disj, kdulrKh

hgf;a iudcfhka Wÿrd .ekSfï W;aidyhls' óg wu;rj

lïlre wr., u¾okh lsÍu i|yd wêlrK ueÈy;aùïo isÿ

lrk ,o w;r 2006 jrdh lïlre wr.,fha§ yd 2007 .=re

Woaf>daIKfha§ kS;sh Ndú;d lr tajd ÿ¾j, lsÍug ,xldfõ

Okm;s mx;sh lghq;= lf<ah' jD;a;sh iñ;s wr., rdcH

úfrdaë l=uka;%K f,i iïmQ¾Kfhka úlD;s lr m%pdrh

lrùuo" úúO OfkaYajr u¾ok kS;s mekùu yd Ndú;ho

yryd jD;a;sh iñ;sj,g nef|kakg iQodkï lïlrejkago


38

wk;=re weÕùula lrñka jD;a;sh iñ;s l%shdldß;ajh i|yd

jk fiajd iqrlaIs;Ndjh wfydais lr ;sfí' fiajd ia:dkfha§

fjkia fldg ie,lSu j<lajd .ekSu i|yd ;ju;a kS;s

ks¾udKh lr we;af;a rdcH wxYfha lïlrejkag muKla

jk w;r fm!oa.,sl wxYfha lïlrejkag wod<j kS;s

Í;s ieliSug mjd ,dxlSh Okm;s mx;sh lghq;= lr

ke;' úfoaY.; Y%S ,dxlsl Y%ñlhska jeä Y%u ld,hlg

f.dÿreùu" wys;lr fiajd fldkafoaisj,g hg;aùug isÿùu"

,sx.sl wmpdr yd ldhsl-udkisl ysxikhkag hg;aùu jeks

ÿIalr;d úYd, m%udKhlg ,la ù isák w;r ta fjkqfjka

wju iqrlaIs;;djhla fyda iykhla ie,iSug mjd md,l

mx;sh wiu;aj isà' ixl%uKsl .Dyia; fiajlhska tu rgj,

lïlre kS;sj,ska mjd wdjrKh fkdjk w;r Tjqka ïf,aÉP

iQrdlEulg yd jy,a fufyhlg iudk ;;ajhlg weo

oud we;' j;= lïlrejkag ;ju;a udisl jegqmla fjkqjg

ffoksl jegqma l%uhla l%shd;aul jk w;r Kh w;a;sldrï

l%uh" lxldks l%uh jeks mQ¾j OfkaYajr Y%u in|;djkays

isr.; lrkq ,enQ j;= lïlrefjda ±ä mSvkhlg f.dÿre

lr isá;s' Y%u n,ldfhka úYd, msßila /lshd úrys;hka

f,i isák w;r ,dN Y%uh yd wvq flaj,a lsÍu fjkqfjka

<ud Y%uh Ndú;d lsÍug iq,N fjñka mj;S' 2011 j¾Ih

jk úg jhi wjqreÿ 15-19 w;r jhia ldKavfha <uqkaf.ka

19'2]la Y%u n,ldhg we;=¿ù isá w;r jhi wjqreÿ 10-14

jhia ldKavfha <uqka wju jYfhka 30"000laj;a .Dyfiajh"

lvidmamq fiajh yd .Ksld jD;a;sh ;=< fhdod .ksñka isá;s'

jeä jk Ôjk úhoug idfmalaIj lïlrejkag ,efnk

jegqm Ôj;a ùu i|yd lsisfia;a m%udKj;a ke;' wr., yryd

Èkd .kakd b;d iq¿ jegqma jeäùu mjd jeäjk Ôjk úhou

yuqfõ ksr¾:l ù hhs' rcfha fiajlhkaf.a uQ,sl jegqma jir

.Kkdjlska by< oud ke;s w;r fm!oa.,sl wxYh i|yd

we;s mßmd,k iNdj, wju jegqm yd wfkl=;a jegqma ;,

jydu by< kexúh hq;=j ;sfí' ;ju;a mämd,l iNdj,g


39

wdjrKh fkdjk Y%u fCIa;%hka mj;sk w;r tu fCIa;%hkays

fiajfha kshq;= lïlrejkag ish whs;Ska wysñ ù we;' 1961

wxl 70 ork wksjd¾h fiajd mk; yryd n,y;aldrfhka

jefvys fhdojd .ekSug mjd bv ie,fik w;r th OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jdofha wju iSudjg mjd meñKSug ,xldfõ miq.

dó Okm;s mx;shg we;s fkdyelshdj ms<sn| idlaIs imhhs'

jhia.; jQ miqj lïlrejkag Ôjk iqrlaIs;Ndjhla

fkdue;af;a fndfyda fCIaa;%j,g úY%du jegqma fkd,efnk

fyhska iy fm!oa.,sl wxYfha lïlrejkaf.a w¾:idOl

wruqo, mjd fld,a,lEug md,lhska ork wLKav W;aidyh

fya;=fjkah' fiajd ia:dkfha § jk wk;=re i|yd rlaIK

wdjrK iemhSu mjd fndfyda fCIa;%j, úêu;a jevms<sfj<la

u; isÿ fkdjk neúka lïlrejkaf.a Ôjk iqrlaIs;;djh

ms<sn| úYajdih;a ì| jeà we;' lïlrejka iu. flaj,a

lsÍu i|yd ±jeka; /lshd úrys; Y%u yuqodjlao kv;a;=

lrk Okm;sfhda j¾;udkfha§ uEka mj¾ iud.ï" fldka;%d;a

.súiqï wdÈh yryd uQ,sl lïlre whs;Ska mjd ,xldfõ

lïlre mx;shg wysñ lr we;' fuf;la l,a rg md,kh l<

OfkaIajr mx;sh fukau lïlre jHdmdrfha kdhl;ajh ysñ

lr .;a iq¿ OfkaYajr fldgia ,dxlSh lïlre mx;sfha ienE

mx;s wruqKq hgm;a lr" úkdY lr Tjqka jvjvd;a mSvdjg"

oßø;djhg" wjudkhg" wiudk;djhg yd iQrdlEug ,la

lrñka isá;s' iEu fudfyd;la mdidu W.% jk mSvdj yuqfõ

lïlrejdg igka lsÍu yer wka lsisÿ úl,amhla wysñ lr

we;'

53. .ïno m%foaYj,g hkúg ;ju;a wdishd;sl ksIamdok

rgdfõ kIaGdjfYaI b;sßù ;sfnk ;;ajhla hgf;a jqjo jeä

jYfhka OfkaYajrlrKhg yiqù we;s ,dxlSh lDIsld¾ñl

fCIa;%h ;=< Okm;shkaf.a isg .%dóh ks¾OkSka olajd

mq¿,a iudc-wd¾Ól ia:rdhkhla ìysfjñka ;sfí' ñ,shk

2'5la jk lDIsl¾udka;h weiqßka Ôúldj imhd .kakd


40

ck.ykfhka jeäu m%;sY;hla l=vd bvï len,s iys;

f.dùka" wkqkaf.a bvï j.d lrk bvï wysñ f.dùka yd

lDIsl¾udka;h ;=< jegqma Y%ñlhka hk ia:r j,g wh;a

fõ' f;;a l,dmfha .xj;=r jHikh;a" úh,s l,dmfha

kshÕh;a" uOHu l÷lrfha fidaodmd¿j yd kdhhdu;a úiska

f.dúhdf.a ;;ajh ;jÿrg;a my<g weo oud we;s w;r

tu jHikhka miq.dó OfkaYajr ixj¾Okfha wksjd¾h

m%;sM,hka fõ' OfkaYajr fj<fmd<;a" w;rueÈ iQrdlkakd;a

f.dúhd nrm;< iQrdlEulg yiqlrk w;r OfkaYajr l%ufha

wiudk ixj¾Okh yd ie,iqï úrys; wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh

jvd;a nrm;< bvï ysÕhlao ks¾udKh lr we;' 1980 oYlh

ueoNd.fha§ uq,ska fkdñf,a ,nd§ f.dùkag mqreÿ lrjkq

,enQ m<sfndaOkdYl fï jkúg lDIsl¾udka;hg ke;sju

neß ;;ajhla Woa.; lr we;s w;r ,xldjg m<sfndaOkdYl

f.kajk iud.ï 30la w;ßka isfmÜflda iud.u yer b;sß

ish¨u iud.ï tlaflda iDcqju nyqcd;sl iud.ïjk w;r

ke;skï nyqcd;sl iud.ï iu. iïnkaO foaYSh OfkaYajrh

i;= iud.ïh' fuu iud.ï tlu ridhkslh úúO kïj,ska"

úúO ñ,g f.dùkag úl=Kd wêl ,dN ,nk w;r w;HjYH

fkdjk ridhksl j¾.o /já,s iy.; m%pdrKh yryd

f.dúhd u; mgjhs' kj ,snr,a Okjd§ m%;sm;a;shg wkqj îc

fj<|fmd< uq¿ukskau mdfya nyq cd;sl iud.ïj, .%yKhg

yiqù ;sfnk w;r fudkafikafgda" äfhdafmdkaÜ" fkdjdßia"

fiksgd yd f*dhsiaÜ hk f,dj t<j¿ îc ksIamdokfhka

75]lgu ysñlï lshk ±jeka; iud.ï 5 u.ska ksl=;alrk

îc j,ska yg.kakd Ydl i;=j kj mrïmrdjla ìys lsÍfï

yelshdjla ke;' tneúka f.dúhdg iodld,slj nyqcd;sl

iud.ïj,ska îc ,nd.ekSug isÿjk w;ru f.dùka i;=

idïm%odhsl îc ksIamdok l%ufõohka yd ±kqu wNdjhg

hjñka ;sfí' zz1998 îc yd frdamK øjH ms<sn| Y%S ,xldfõ

rdcH m%;sm;a;shZZ kñka ksl=;a lrk ,o m%;sm;a;suh rduqj;a

iu. ,xldfõ OfkaYajr mx;sh foaYSh f.dúhdj uq¿ukskau


41

mdfya wêrdcHjd§ iQrdlEulg ksrdjrKh lr we;' îc ñ,

.Kka fõ.fhka by< hk w;ru" kj îc j¾. iu. kj

f,v frda.o ks¾udKh flfrk neúka ta i|yd wjYH kj

m<sfndaOkdYl j¾. tu iud.ïjj,skau ñ,§ .ekSug isÿfõ'

fï wdldrhg f.dúhd iud.ïj,g ,dN imhd§u fjkqfjka

ish Ôjk meje;au wysñ lr .kakd W.=,llg yiqù ;sfí'

fmdfydr j¾.j, yd wfkl=;a lDIs WmlrK j, ñ, wLKavj

by< hk uq;a wiajekak i|yd iy;sl ñ,la ke;' rcfha ù

.nvd j,ska jeä fldgila kj ,snr,a Okjd§ m%;sm;a;sh

hgf;a fm!oa.,sl ysñldÍ;ajhkag mjrd we;s neúka rch

ñ,§ .kafka ù wiajekafkka 5]l muK m%;sY;hls' t,j¿"

w," ¿Ekq wdÈh ñ,§ .ekSug rcfha ueÈy;aùula we;af;au

ke;' fï ;;ajh ;=< rch úiska bÈßm;a lrk iy;sl ñ,

h:d¾:hla fkdjk w;r f.dùkag ish wiajekak b;d wvq

uqo,lg w;rueÈ fjf<kaokag úlsKSug isÿfõ' rch u.ska

,ndfok iy;sl ñ,o tl;ek m,ajk w;r WodyrKhla

f,i 2008-2012 jljdkqj ;=< Ôjk úhou 60]lskao" lDIs

WmlrK yd fmdfydr ñ, 80]lskao by< f.dia we;s uq;a

ù i|yd jk wdKavqfõ iy;sl ñ, by< kxjd ke;' f.dú

ck;dj kQ.;alfï" wúµdfõ yd .;dkq.;sl uq.aO;ajfha

.s,ajd ;eîug tfrysj wju OfkaYajr m%;sixialrKhka

mjd ;yjqre lsÍug Okm;s mx;sh wiu;ajQ ;;ajhla

;=< ukaofmdaIKh" ixialD;sl .eg¨" Kh.e;sNdjh yd

wirKlu W.%ù f.dúhd ji î ishÈú kid .kakd ;;ajhg

weo oud we;' fufia ,xldfõ miq.dó OfkaYajr l%uh úiska

f.dúhd wêrdcHjdofha;a" Okjdofha;a iQrdlEug f.dÿre lr

úkdYuqLh fj; .uka lrjd we;s w;r f.dùkag OfkaYajr

l%uhg tfrys wr.,hlg noaOùfuka yer úuqla;sh i,id

.; yels wka u.la fkdue;'

54. iuia; ck.ykfhka 25]la muK tkï ñ,shk 5lg

wdikak YsIH m%cdjo OfkaYajr l%uh ;=< nrm;< w¾nqohlg


42

,laj isà' wOHdmkh i|yd rcfhka fjka lrkq ,nk

m%;smdok nrm;< lmamdÿjlg yiqlr we;s w;r 1978§ o<

foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka 2'95]la jQ wOHdmkh i|yd fjkalrk

uqo, 2010 jk úg 1'86] olajd 38]lska lmamdÿlr we;' úYd,

uqo,la fjkalrk njg Okm;s md,lhka Woï wekqjo ol=Kq

wdishdfõ wOHdmkh fjkqfjka wvqu uqo,la fjkalrk

rg njg Y%S ,xldj m;aj we;' bkaÈhdj wOHdmkh i|yd

ish o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka 4]lao" nx.,dfoaYh 2'4]lao"

fkamd,h 3'4]lao" ud,Èjhsk 8'5]lao" fjkalrk úg ,xldj

fjka lrkafka 1'86]la muKs' wOHdmkh i|yd fjkalrk

m%d.aOk úhoï 2008-2010 ld,h ;=< 42]lska lmamdÿlr we;'

fï ;;ajh ;=< mdi,a moaO;sh fukau úYajúoHd, moaO;sho

nrm;< wjodkulg uqyqK § we;' 1998 isg 2011 olajd rgmqrd

mdi,a 948la jid oud ;sfnk w;r fufia mdi,a jeiShdug

m%Odk;u fya;=j jkqfha m%;smdok lmamdÿj ksid mdi,a j,g

.=Kd;aul uÜgu mj;ajd .ekSug wiu;aùuhs' 2006 jif¾

wOHdmk wud;HxY jd¾;dj,g wkqj mdi,a 124lu isákafka

tla .=rejrhl= muKlajk w;r mdi,a 3480l fyj;a uq¿

mdi,a ixLHdfjka 35'82]lu isákafka .=rejre mia fofkl=g

jvd wvq ixLHdjls' fuf,i Woa.; ù ;sfnk ±ä úIu;djh

yuqfõ m<uq jirg isiqka we;=<;a lsÍu i|yd myiqlï iys;

mdi,aj,g jeä ;r.hlao" myiqlï wvq mdi,aj,g YsIH

W!k;djhlao ks¾udKh ù we;' 2005 - 2010 jljdkqj ;=<

iuia; mdi,a ixLHdfjka 25]lg muK m<uq jirg we;=¿jQ

isiqka ixLHdj 10g jvd wvqjk w;r iqmsß mdi,a 36l isiqka

6000la i|yd we;s bvlv fjkqfjka whÿïm;a ,laIhla

muK bÈßm;afõ' 2010 jif¾ m<uq udi yh f.fjk

úgo isiqka 2000la i|yd rcfha mdi,a ,eî fkd;sìKs' fï

fya;=fjka idlaIr;djh yd uQ,sl .Ks; ±kqu mjd wysñ

úYd, msßila ìysfjñka ;sfí' 2006 jif¾§ wdKavqj úiska

l< iólaIKhlg wkqj 6jk fY%aKsfha isiqkaf.ka 62]lgo"

10jk fY%aKsfha isiqka 52]lgo uõ niska ksrjq,aj jdlH


43

,shd.; fkdyel' mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< wjYH wju myiqlï

mjd ke;s w;r rfÜ mdi,a j,ska 24]lg úÿ,s n,ho" 28'1 ]

lg mqia;ld,o ke;' mdi,a j,ska 83]lgu mß>klhla ke;'

fï ;;ajh ;=< wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul uÜgu my; jefgk

w;r j;= mdi,aj, fuu ;;ajh jvd;a W.%h' j;=lrfha

mdi,a ;=< 5jk fY%aKsfhka miqj mdi,a yerhdfï m%;sY;h

8'4]la ;rï by< w.hl mj;S' jeäjk YsIH ck.ykhg

idfmalaIj úYajúµd, myiqlï mq¿,a fkdùu ksid úYd,

msßilg úYajúµd, jrï wysñ fõ' 2008 yd 2009 jirj,

Wiia fm< úNd.h i|yd fmkS issá isiqkaf.ka úYajúµd,

i|yd we;=<;a lr.kq ,eîug iqÿiqlï ,nQ YsIH m%;sY;

ms<sfj,ska 61'28] yd 62'78] jqjo úYajúoHd,j,g we;=¿

lr.kq ,enqfõ ms<sfj<ska 16'53] yd 16'01]ls' úYd, YsIH

m%udKhla úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh i|yd iqÿiqlï ,enQjo ta

i|yd wjia:dj ,efnkqfha b;d iq¿ msßilgh' ±kg ,xldfõ

úYajúµd, 15 la we;s w;r 2010 jif¾§ úYajúoHd, YsIH

ixLHdj 66305ls' tu YsIHhka i|yd wjYH myiqlïj,

nrm;< ysÕhla mj;sk w;r fkajdisld.dr" foaYk Yd,d"

mqia;ld," úµd.dr" wdmk Yd,d" lshùï Yd,d jeks fN!;sl

iïm;aj, ysÕh fukau wdpd¾h ysÕho nrm;, .eg¿jlaj

mj;S' 2006 jifrka miqj uyfmd< jdßlh jeäù ke;s w;r

uyfmd, yd YsIHdOdr jdßl f.ùu l%uj;a ke;' isiqka

31'250la bf.kqu ,nk Èjhsk mqrd msysá ld¾ñl yd ;dlaIK

úoHd, 38 b;du nrm;, iïm;a ysÕhlg ,laj úkdYuqLhg

hñka ;sfí'

fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh i|yd iqÿiqlï fkdue;s .=rejreka

lghq;= lsÍu" fmr mdi,a ,dn ,nk jHdmdrhla njg

m;a lsÍu ksid tajdfha fiajlhka iQrdlEug ,laùu" fmr

mdi,aj, m%ñ;sh iïnkaO rdcH ueÈy;aùula fkdùu wd§

fya;= u; mQ¾j <ud úh ixj¾Okho wNsfhda.hlg ,laj

we;' wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ;;ajh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd


44

fhduqlr we;s wjOdkh b;d wvqùu;a" fmdÿfõ rdcH fiajfha

.=Kd;aul nj msßySu;a" wêrdcHjd§ ixúOdkj, ksfhda. yd

fldkafoaisj,g wkqj wOHdmkh ;=< fjkialï isÿlsÍu;a

úiska wOHdmkh ;=< .=Kd;aul nj my; jeà ;sfí' ld,hla

;siafia úIh ks¾foaY ieliSfï we;s wúµd;aul iajNdjh

ms<sn| úfõpk mj;sk w;r fm<fmd;aj, jerÈ lreKq

wvx.=ùu" úNd. m%Yak m;%j, nrm;< msßySï jd¾;dùu"

úNd. m%;sM, ksl=;a lsÍfï§ isÿj we;s wl%ñl;d wdÈh

fya;=fjka wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn| úYajdih ì|

jeà ;sfí' ta w;r Okm;s md,lhka wOHdmkfha il,úO

w¾nqohkag ms<shu f,i wOHdmk fm!oa.,SlrKh fhdackd

lrñka" cd;Hka;r mdi,a yd fm!oa.,sl mdi,a moaO;sh

jHdma; lsÍu" fm!oa.,sl úYajúµd, wdrïN lsÍug wjir§u"

úYajúµd, mdGud,d uqo,g ,nd§u" jD;a;Sh mdGud,d i|yd

rcfha ueÈy;aùu wju lsÍu wd§ mshjr yryd wOHdmkh

fm!oa.,SlrKh lsÍug;a" wOHdmkfha iuia; nr ck;dj

u; megùug;a msUqrem;a iliñka isà' Bg tfrysj igka

jÈk YsIH m%cdjg tfrys ±jeka; u¾okhla Èh;alrñka

we;s w;r foaYSh OfkaYajr mx;sh úiska rdcH n,h ,nd.;a

Èk isg fï olajdu YsIHhkag wOHdmk whs;Ska /l .ekSu

fjkqfjka mx;s ;ykug ,laùug" YsIHNdjh wfydaislsÍug

,laùug" YdÍßl ysxikhg f.dÿreùug" wdndê; ùug" w;a

wvx.=jg m;aùug yd >d;khg ,laùug mjd isÿ úh' 1980

oYlh ;=< wOHdmk whs;sh Wfoid wr., l< mdi,aj,

;dlaIKsl wdh;kj, yd úYajúµd,j, YsIHhka oyia

.Kkla wdKavqj úiska urd ±uqkq w;r 2011 jir ;=< muKla

YsIH ix.ï 38la ;ykï lr YsIHhka 300lg jeä .Kklf.a

YsIHNdjh wfydais flßks' wOHdmkfha whs;sh fjkqfjka

YsIHhka lrk igk OfkaYajr l%uh fjkia lsÍfï igk

iu. ixhqla; l< hq;=j ;sfnkafka Woa.;j we;s w¾nqoh

OfkaYajr l%ufha wdfõksl w¾nqohla jk ksidh'


45

55. ck.ykfhka 52]la jk ldka;djka OfkaYajr l%uh

;=< jy,shlf.a yd fojk fm< mqrjeisfhl=f.a ;;ajhg

msßfy<d ia;%S whs;sjdislï wysñlr we;' ,xldfõ OfkaYajr

kS;s moaO;sh ;=< mjd ldka;djg ysñ iudk;ajh ;yjqre

lr fkdue;' 1995 bvï ixj¾Ok wd{d mk;g wkqj rcfha

n,m;%,dNs bvï ysñfhl= ñh.sh miq tys whs;sh mejeÍfï§

ia;%Skag we;s ysñldÍ;ajh ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu;a"

újdylhkaf.a foam< whs;sh ms<sno ms<s.;a fm!oa.,sl kS;s

rgd ;=k jk Wvrg kS;sh" f;aij,dï kS;sh yd uqia,sï kS;sh

;=< ia;%S-mqreI úIu;djhka mj;ajdf.k hdu;a" ia;%Skag yd

.eyeKq <uqka kshñ; jhia iSudjg m%:u yd n,y;aldrfhka

isÿlrk újdyhkaf.ka wdrCId lsÍug mj;sk kS;s ndOdldÍ

ùu;a 2005 .Dyia; m%pKav;ajh je<elaùfï mk; u.ska

jerÈlrejkag o~qjï§u /ljrK ksfhda. W,a,x>kh

lsÍfï iSudjg muKla mgq lsÍu;a" .Dyia; m%pKav;ajh

w¾:l:kh lsÍfï§ oKav kS;s ix.%yfha ;sfnk iSudjka

blaujd .sh ia;%S-mqreI iudcuh udkhka ie,ls,a,g

fkd.ekSu;a" újdyl ieñhd úiska isÿlrk ,sx.sl

n,y;aldrhka ms<sn|j jk kS;suh iSudjka ÿ¾j, ùu;a wd§

jYfhka OfkaYajr kS;sh ;=<u ia;%Ska ms<sn| fkdie,lSu;a

olakg we;' ia;%Ska jehlrk iudk Y%uhg wvqjegqma f.jk

w;r f;a j.dfõ§ 2010 jir ;=< tlu Y%u iyNd.S;ajh i|yd

msßñkag remsh,a 543la f.joa§ ia;%Skag th remsh,a 391ls'

rn¾ j.dfõ§ msßñkag remsh,a 588la f.jk Y%u m%udKh

i|yd ia;%Skag f.jkafka remsh,a 463ls' fï wdldrhg Y%u

l%shdj,sh ;=< ia;%Skag tfrys nrm;< wiudk;djhla Èh;a

jk w;r ia;%Ska Y%u lghq;=j,ska neyer lsÍu ms<sn| .eg¨j

iïmQ¾Kfhka úi£ug ,xldfõ OfkaYajr md,kh wiu;a

ù we;' Y%u n,ld iyNd.S;ajh msßñ iuia; ck.ykfhka

66'9]la fjoa§ ia;%Skag wod,j th 32'6]ls' iudc ksIamdok

l%shdj,shg odhljk ia;%Ska jqjo .Dyfiajh" j;=lrfha

fiajdjka" id;a;= fiajh" weÕ¨ï ksIamdokh wd§ fCIa;%


46

lsysmhlg mgqlr we;' rdcH fiajfha l<ukdlrK ;k;=re

;=< ia;%S ksfhdackh my< uÜgul mj;sk w;r ;ju;a

jeä ia;%S Y%uhla odhl jkqfha wvq jegqma iys; kqmqyqKq Y%u

fCIaa;%fhah' 1931 isg ia;%Skago msßñkag iudk f,i Pkao

n,h ysñjQ kuq;a 2010 ue;sjrKfha§o ia;%S md¾,sfïka;=

ksfhdackh 5'7]ls' ck.yKfhka 52]la ia;%Ska jqjo m<d;a

iNd uka;%Sjreka w;r ia;%S m%;sY;h 2] blaujd hkafka ke;'

fï wdldrhg ia;%Ska iudc ksIamdok l%shdj,sfhka fukau

foaYmd,k l%shdj,sfhkao ÿria lr l=gqïNhg iSudlr we;'

úfoaY .; fiajfha fhfok ia;%Skaf.ka jeäu m%;sY;hla

ueo fmrÈ. rgj, .Dy fiajh i|yd úfoia .;jk w;r

2009 jir ;=< >d;k 7lao" ishÈú kid.ekSï 14lao" wdndê;

úï 1055lao" ldhsl yd udkisl ysxikhg ,lalsÍfï isÿùï

1539lao" fmdÿfõ /lshd .súiqï lvlsÍfï isÿùï 2926lao

jd¾;dù we;s ;;ajh ;=< ueofmrÈ. rgj, fiajh lrk

ia;%Ska uqyqK§ we;s fÄojdplh meyeÈ,s fõ' úfoaY .; ùug

fmr fuu ia;%Skag m%udKj;a oekqula ,ndfkd§uo" lïlre

whs;Ska wdrCId lsÍug ,xldfõ ;dkdm;s wxY m%udKj;a

ueÈy;aùula fkdlsÍuo úiska ;;ajh jvd;a nrm;< ù

we;' l=gqïNh ;=<o ia;%Ska iqrlaIs; fkdjk w;r 2005-2009

ld,h ;=< .Dyia; m%pKav;ajhg wod, meñKs,s 219825la

,eî we;' fuh ieneúka isÿjk ysxikhka m%udKhg

jvd fndfyda wvq w.hla jkafka fndfyda fokd meñKs,s

lsÍug bÈßm;a fkdjk neúks' ud;DNdjh i|yd ,ndfok

myiqlïj, rdcH-fm!oa.,sl fowxYh f,i nrm;<

úIu;djhla mj;S' fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiaúldjkag m%iq;

ksjdvq Èk 84 ,efnkafka m%:u ore Wm;a fol i|yd muKs'

;=kajk oreWm; i|yd ksjdvq ,efnkafka Èk 42ls' tfukau

.íidjla isÿ jqjfyd;a ta i|yd ish¨ f.ùï iys; ksjdvq

fkd,efnk w;r rdcH wxYh fuka w¾O jegqma fyda jegqma

fkd,nk moku u; wu;r ksjdvq ,nd.ekSfï myiqlula

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ke;' ,xldfõ ia;%Skaf.ka y;frka


47

tlla muK fmdaIKfha úúO W!k;dj,ska fmf<k w;r

.¾NkS uõjrekaf.ka y;frka tllg muK wju nr ke;'

j;=lrfha wvqnr .eìKs uõjrekaf.ka m%;sY;h 41'8] ;rï

nrm;< w.hla .kS' .íidjka kS;súfrdaë lr we;s ;;ajhla

;=< ia;%Ska frda.SNdjhg yd urKhg m;aùfï wjodku iys;

wvq fi!LH myiqlï iys; .íidjka Èklg 1000la muK

ne.ska isÿjk nj 2010 jif¾ ióCIK jd¾;d fmkajd

fok w;r jd¾;d.; ud;D urK m%;sYhkaf.ka 10]lgu

fya;=j ryfia isÿlrk wkdrCIs; .íidjkah' ia;%Skag tfrys

,sx.sl ysxikhka nrm;< f,i by<hk njg fyd|u

ksoiqk jkafka 2011 jir ;=< tjeks isÿùï 1775la jd¾;dùu

jk w;r idudkHfhka Èklg ia;%Ska 4-5la muK ,sx.sl

ysxikhg f.dÿre fõ' fj<| oekaùïlrKh we;=¿ OfkaYajr

wd¾Óluh fCIa;%fha§ ia;%Ska fl,snvqj, ;;ajhg m;alr ia;%S

YÍrh yd ia;%SNdjh wjudkhg m;alrjk w;r ia;%Ska nrm;<

iudcuh mSvkhlg yiqlr we;' fï wdldrhg OfkaYajr

l%uh ia;%Skag iudc-wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k-ixialD;sl whs;Ska

wysñlr Tjqka mSvdjg m;alrk w;r ia;%Skaf.a úuqla;sh

i|ydjk ud¾.h" OfkaYajr l%uh fmr<d oeófï wr.,h

iu. fjkal< fkdyels fia ne£ mj;S'

56. ,xldfõ ck.ykfhka 22]la jk fou<-uqia,sï-n¾.¾-uef,a

we;=¿ cd;sl m%cdjka yg cd;sl mSvkhla oefkk wdldrhg

Tjqkaf.a uQ,sl foaYmd,k-wd¾Ól-iudcuh-ixialD;sl

whs;Ska fulS wjj¾ê;" miq.dó Okjdoh ;=< Wÿrd .ekSug

,laj we;' 1948 mqrjeis mk;" 1956 isxy, NdIdj muKla

rdcH NdIdj lsÍu" 1958§ jdyk ,shdmÈxÑh i|yd isxy,

zY%SZ wl=r y÷kajd§u" 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ;=< isxy,

NdIdjg yd fn!oaO wd.ug úfYaI jrm%ido ,nd§u" 1972

wOHdmk m%ñ;slrKh wd§ OfkaYajr wdKavqj, l%shdud¾.

yryd we;eï cd;sl m%cdjka u; cd;sl mSvkhla mgjk ,o

w;r" tu cd;sl mSvkh fya;=fjka mek ke.=kq cd;sjdoh"


48

fnÿïjdoh yd cd;sl yqfol,djdoh úiska ;sia wjqreÿ isú,a

hqoaOhla fj; u. fy<s lf<ah' 2009 uehs udifha§ hqoaOfha

wjika fudfydf;a§ wju jYfhka oi oyia .Kkla >d;khg

,laù ;j;a fndfyda msßila wdndê; ùug yd wj;eka ùug

,laúh' hqoaOh fya;=fjka 529"500la wNHka;r wj;eka ùug

,lajQ w;r ;ju;a wj;eka l|jqrej, jdih lrk msßi

65"000la muK fõ' h<s mÈxÑ lrkq ,enQ ck;djgo myiqlï

iïmQ¾K ù ke;s neúka Tjqkaf.a Ôú; ia:djrNdjhlg ,laj

ke;' w;=reoyka jQjka ms<sn| m%Yakh fukau foaYmd,k

isrlrejkaf.a m%Yakho úi£ ke;s w;r W;=f¾ mj;sk ñ,sgß

mkakfha md,kh ;=< meyerf.khdï yd >d;kh lsÍï È.ska

È.gu isÿfõ' wdÈjdis ck;djg Tjqkaf.a ft;sydisl jdiN+ñ

;=< ießieÍfï whs;sh wysñlr" rdcH mßmd,k jHqyhla

u.ska hdka;%slj yiqrejkq ,nk ;;ajhla Woa.; lr we;s

w;r Tjqka iudcfhka fldka lsÍug" .¾ydjg yd wjudkhg

md;% lr we;' 1988 isg fou< NdIdj ks, rdcHNdIdjla f,i

ks, f,i ms<s.kq ,enQjo th W;=r yd kef.kysr m<d;aj,

yer wka m<d;aj, m%dfhda.sl jYfhka l%shd;aul fkdfõ'

2008 wxl 3 yd 7 ork rdcH fiajh oaúNdIdlrKh lsÍfï

pl%f,aLhkao m%dfhda.sl;ajhg ke.S ke;' n¾.¾" uef,a"

f;,sÕ=" u,hd,s" l*s¾" jeÈ hk ckfldgiaj, NdIduh yd

ixialD;sl wkkH;djhka i|yd rcfha ms<s.ekSula ,eî

ke;' 1990 Tlaf;danrfha§ t,a'à'à'B'h úiska W;=re m<df;ka

t,jd oud wj;eka lrjkq ,enQ 90"000la jk uqia,sï ck;djg

h<s mÈxÑ ùu i|yd wjYH m%;smdok rch u.ska i,id ke;'

tfukau Tjqkaf.a iqrCIs;;djh ms<sn|jo nrm;< .eg¨

mj;S' mdif,ka msg; wd.ñl wOHdmkh ^oyï mdi,a& i|yd

rdcH wkq.%yh ,efnkafka fn!oaOd.ñlhkag muKla jk

w;r l%sia;shdks" bia,dï" yskaÿ wd.ï j,g tu wkq.%yh ,nd

fkd§u ksid úIu;djhla mek ke.S ;sfí' OfkaYajr wdKavq

iu.o iïnkaO cd;sjd§-uQ,O¾ujd§ msßia úiska l%sia;shdks

wd.ñl we|ySï uOHia:dkj,g myr§ï" .sks;eîï yd úkdY


49

lsÍï .Kkdjla 2009-2011 ld,h ;=< isÿù we;s uq;a ta ms<sn|

kS;sh l%shdfõ fhdojd ke;' fuf,i Okjdoh cd;slNdjh

yd wd.ñlNdjh u; úúO ck m%cdjka fj; fjkia f,i

i,lk w;r ta fya;=fjka f.dvkef.k cd;sjdoh yd

wd.ñljdoh h<s OfkaYajr l%ufha meje;au fjkqfjka

l<ukdlrKh lrkq ,efí' fuu ;;ajh fjkia lr ish¨

cd;sl m%cdjkag whs;Ska ,nd§ iudkd;au;djh f.dvke.sh

yelafla iudcjdoh u.ska muKla jk ksid ,xldfõ cd;sl

.eg¨j úi§u Okjdofhka ksoyia ùfï l%shdj,sh iu. ne£

mj;S'

57. ì%;dkH md,kh ;=< j;=j.dj i|yd furgg bkaÈhdfjka

f.k tkq ,en" jy,a fiajhg iudk ;;ajhka ;=< Y%u

iQrd lEug yiqlr ;sfnk j;=lïlrejkaf.a ;;ajh úYd,

fÄojdplhlaj mj;S' tla me;a;lska Tjqka udisl jegqm

fjkqjg ffoksl jegqmg iSud lr jev lrk Èkj,g

muKla jegqma f.ùfï ;;ajh ;=< ksjdvq i|yd jk whs;sh

wysñ lsÍfï;a" wfkla me;af;ka Kh w;a;sldrï l%uh

yryd úYd, Kh nrlg f.dÿre lr" bvug ne| ;nd Y%u

ixprKfha ksoyi wysñlsÍfï;a" mQ¾j OfkaYajr ,laIK

iys; Y%u l%shdj,shl isrlr ;nd we;' j;= lïlrejka

i|ydjk wOHdmkh" fi!LH fiajh" m%jdykh" ksjdi wd§

uQ,sl myiqlï b;d ÿ¾j, uÜgul mj;sk neúka Tjqkaf.a

Ôjk uÜgu rfÜ fmdÿ ck;djf.a idudkH Ôjk uÜgug;a

jvd my;a ia:dkhlg weo jeà we;' Ôj;aùug kqiqÿiq

yd ikSmdrlaIl jYfhka wjodkï iy.; jk w;ru"

ixialD;sh iy Ôjk rgdj muKla fkdj mjq,a in|;d

mjd w¾nqohg hjk zz,hska ldurZZ kï wvq ÈhqKq ksjdi

l%ufhka j;=lïlrejd uqojd .ekSug Okjdoh wiu;aù

we;' tla mqoa.,hl= i|yd jk ksok ldur m%udKh rfÜ

idudkH w.h 1'1la jk kuqÿ j;=lïlrejkag wod,j th

0'6ls' j;=lïlrejka w;r È<sÿNdjfha m%;sY;h 32]la jk


50

w;r th iuia; Èjhsfkau oßø;d m%;sY;h jk 15'2] fuka

fo.=Khlg;a wêlh' j;=lrfha ck.ykfhka 49'2]lgu

ffoksl le,ß wjYH;djh iïmQ¾K fkdjk w;r tys

m%;sM,hla f,i j;=lrfha ldka;djkaf.ka wvlf.au YÍr

ialkaO o¾Ylh rfÜ idudkH YÍr ialkaO o¾Ylhg jvd yß

wvlg;a jvd wvqh' bm§ Èk 28la ;=< ñh hk <orejkaf.a

m%;sY;h rfÜ idudkH w.h oyilg 13'9 la jk úg

j;=lrfha th 31la jk w;r jhi wjqreÿ 5g wvq orejkaf.a

urK wkqmd;h oyilg 51'6 ls' j;=lrh ;=< Wm; ,nk

orejl= l=reùfï iïNdú;dj kd.ßl orejl= i|yd jk w.h

fuka ;=ka .=Khls' 934"313la jk j;=lrfha ck;djg fiajd

iemhsu i|yd we;af;a frday,a 50la iy .¾NkS jdÜgq 179la

muKs' tu frday,aj,o ld¾h uKav, ysÕh iy iïm;a ysÕh

nrm;< ;;ajhl mj;sk w;r §¾> ld,hla mqrd j;=lrh

fi!LH ffjµ ks,OdÍ l,dmhkag we;=<;a lr fkd.ekSu

fya;=fjka uyck fi!LH mÍlaIl fiajdj" mjq,a fi!LH

fiajdj we;=¿ m%cd fi!LH fiajdjka j;= lïlre ck;djg

<.d ù we;af;a wju jYfhks' 1970ka miq l%udkql+,j rchg

mjrd.;a j;= mdi,aj, wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul uÜgu yd

iïm;a iemhSu rfÜ cd;sl uÜgug wju jYfhka fyda ióm

fkdjk w;r j;=lrfha ck;dj kQ.;a lfï wkaOldrh

;=< .s,ajd we;' miajk fY%aKsfhka miqj mdi,a yerhdfï

m%;sY;h j;=lrh ;=< 8'4]la ;rï by< w.hla .ekSu

óg fydo ksoiqkls' ,xldfõ OfkaYajr m%d.aOk m%idrKh

fjkqfjka úYd, odhl;ajhla ±lajQ j;= lïlre ck;dj

,xldfõ OfkaYajr l%uh ish fojk ishjig wj;S¾Kù

we;s fï fudfydf;a;a wvq fi!LH myiqlïj," kQ.;a lfï

yd oßø;djfha .s,ajd ;nd we;s w;r j;=lïlre ck;dj

fjkqfjka wju jYfhka OfkaYajr ixj¾Ok m%;s,dN mjd

ysñlr §ug ,dxlSh miq.dó Okm;s mx;sh wiu;aù we;'

58. kj hg;a úð;jdoh ;=< f.ú.sh foaYSh OfkaYajr mx;s


51

md,k iufha§ ks¾OkSka m%uqL mSä;hska iudc-wd¾Ól-

foaYmd,k jYfhka m%md;fhka m%md;hgu ;,a¨lr oukq

,enQ w;r úfoaYSh wêrdcHjd§ taldêldrhkq;a" Tjqkaf.a

foaYSh ksfhdað;hskq;a tkï ,dxlSh OfkaYajr mx;sh;a"

Tjqka miqmi ÿjk Tjqkaf.a ;e/õlrejka jk iq¿ OfkaYajr

mx;sfha by< ia:rh;a oY,CI .Kka ks¾OkSka m%uqL mSä;hska

;srYaÖk f,i bjla njla ke;sj fld,a,lEfuka" iQrdlEfuka

;r ù" mDIaÀu;a ù úYd, Ok iïNdrhla tlalr f.dv.id

.ksñka isà' iudcfha tla fl<jrl t'cd'm yd Y%S','ks'm'

Okm;s wdKavqj, nxfldf,d;a m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a by< hk

Ôjk nr;a" by< k.sk nÿ nr;a" idyisl WoaOukh;a úiska

mSä; mx;Ska wkqlïmd úrys;j .idlk w;r iudcfhys

wfkla fl<jfrys w;f,diaila iQrdlkakka ks¾OkSka m%uqL

mSä;hska iQrdlñka ;r fjhs' iudcfha tla fl<jrl oY ,CI

.Kka ks¾OkSka m%uqL mSä;hska È<sÿlñka yd wirK núka

mSvdjg m;aj we;s w;r wfkla fl<jfrys iQrdlk mx;Ska

ks¾OkSka m%uqL mSä;hskaf.a w;sßla; Y%uh iQrdlEu;a iudch

i;= úh hq;= cd;sl iïm;a bjla njla ke;sj fld,a,lEu;a

u.ska w¨;ska ks;sm;d f.dv.id .kakd" tla/ia lr .kakd

OkialkaOfhka w;s iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú; .; lr;s' fuf,i

jevlrk ck;djf.a Y%u Yla;sfha úhou u; w;f,diaila

iQrdlkakka yg nen,Sug OfkaYajr yd iq¿ OfkaYajr

md,lhska ish¨ jdisodhl ;;ajhka ks¾udKh lrÿks' fmdÿ

ck;dj Èfkka Èku È<s÷ núka ;jÿr È<s÷ njg;a" mSvkfhka

mSvkhg;a m;ajQ w;r w;f,diaila iQrdlkakka w;r cd;sl

Ok iïm;a ixflakaøKh jqKs' taldêldrhka ;r jQ w;r

mjq,a lsysmhla ;rjQ w;r lïlre mx;sh;a" f.dú ck;dj;a

Ys,amSkq;a" ;reK mrmqr;a" úúO cd;sl m%cdjkag wh;a nyq;r

mSv;hskq;a fï Okm;s wdKavqj, ck;d fødays m%;sm;a;sfhka

;Èkau neg lEy' ;j ÿrg;a ú| ord.; fkdyels iudc-

wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k mSvkhg tfrysj mSä; mx;Ska oeä

ÿIalr;djhka ueoafoa igka jeÿk úg md,l OfkaYajr


52

mx;sh;a Tjqkaf.a ;e/õlrejka jk iq¿ OfkaYajr mx;sh;a

wêrdcHjd§ taldêldrhkaf.a iïmQ¾K wdOdrh wkqn,h

yd wkq.%yh;a wdYs¾jdoh;a fkduiqrej ,en ck;d wr.,

u¾okh lsÍug ish u¾ol hka;%h oDV f,i fufyhjk ,§'

,xldj ;=< iudcjdoh f.dvke.Su fjkqfjka ish¨ mSä;

n,fõ. iu.s l< hq;=j we;af;a fun÷ jgmsgdjlh'

04

,xldfõ iudcjd§ úma,jfha j;auka l¾;jHfhda

w& OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha ksu fkdjQ fYaIfhda

59. ,xldfõ OfkaYajr l%uh ìysjQfha;a th j¾Okh jQfha;a

hqfrdamfha iy fjk;a ÈhqKq Okm;s rgj, OfkaYajr l%uh

ìysù ixj¾Okh jQ wdldrhg fkdfõ' mQ¾j OfkaYajr

iudc" wd¾Ól rgdfõ" tkï wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdfõ

uQ,sl yd wNHka;r m%;súfrdaOhkaf.a ;SrKd;aul j¾Okh

fya;=fjka iudc" wd¾Ól rgdjla f,i ;jÿrg;a b;sydih

;=< ;u meje;au ;yjqre lr .; fkdyels ;rï jQ w¾nqofha

;¾ldkql+, m%;sM,h f,i kj .;sl iudc ikao¾Nhla f,i

Okjdoh ìys ù j¾Okh ùfuka fkdj ,xldfõ OfkaYajr

l%uh cks; jQfha ì%;dkH wêrdcH OfkaYajr md,kh u.ska

mej;s wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdj u; OfkaYajr ksIamdok

in|;djka n,y;aldÍ f,i W;a;rdfmdamKh lsÍu u.sks'

tneúka ,xldfõ Okjdoh th Wmf;a iajNdjh úiskau

miq.dó" wjj¾ê;" fn,ySk Okjdohls'

mQ¾j OfkaYajr iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl

wx. ,laIK ;jula ie,lsh hq;= muKlska ;uka ;=< leá fldg

f.k isák ,dxflah miq.dó Okjdoh tksidu mq¿,a yd mQ¾K

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhka imqrd.; fkdyels


53

w¾nqohl .s,S mj;S' OfkaYajr l%ufha ksoyia ixj¾Okh i|yd

w;HjYH jkakd jQ mQ¾j OfkaYajr w.;Ska msi ±óu yd ,xldj

;=< ksu fkdù" fYaI ù we;s OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh

l¾;jHhka idlaId;a lsÍu" hg;a úð;jd§ OfkaYajr md,kh

yd tys wêrdcH OfkaYajr mx;sh úiska ish fkdyelshdj ksidu

±kqj;aj yd ie,iqï iy.; f,i u.yer .sh w;r bka miq mqrd

oYl yhlg wêl ld,hla fï olajdu furg md,kh lrk

mrdëk" wêrdcH .e;s ,xldfõ OfkaYajr mx;sh yd Tjqkaf.a

;e/õldr n,weKsh jQ iq¿ Okm;s mx;sh ta i|yd ;uka wiu;a

nj ´kEjg;a jvd jeäfhka ;yjqre fldg ;sfí' f.jqKq yeg

jirlg wêl ld,h ;=< ,xldfõ Okjdoh ̂yeg mekmq ,xldfõ

Okjdoh& wm fj; lshd mdk l;dka;rh thhs'

60. OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhl foaYmd,kuh yd iudc

wd¾Óluh uQ,sl l¾;jHhka folla fõ' ñka foaYmd,k

l¾;jH jkqfha ft;sydisl jYfhka .;a l< mQ¾j OfkaYajr

rdcH Okm;s rdcH u.ska m,jd yeÍuhs' fuys§ hg;a úð;

rgj, m%Odk foaYmd,k .eg¨j jkafka wêrdcHfhka"

wêrdcHjdofhka iajdêm;H Èkd .ekSuhs' iudc" wd¾Óluh

l¾;jHh jkafka mQ¾j OfkaYajr foafmd< in|;djka

OfkaYajr foafmd< in|;djhka u.ska m<jd yeÍuhs' hg;a

úð; rgj, m%d:ñl jYfhka ñka woyia jkqfha bvï

ms<sn| mQ¾j OfkaYajr in|;djka wfydais fldg ta i|yd

OfkaYajr in|;djka ia:dms; lssÍuhs' bvï fj<| NdKav

njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu yd lDIs l¾udka;fha OfkaYajr

ixj¾Okhg udj; újD; lsÍuhs'

,xldj ;=< wdishd;sl rdcHh OfkaYajr rdcHh u.ska

m<jd yer ;sfí' mqrd ishjia follg uola wvq ld,hla ^jir

180l muK ld,hla& ;siafia f.dvke.S ;yjqre ù we;af;a

OfkaYajr rdcH n,hhs' bka f.jqKq oYl yhlg wêl ld,h

uq¿,af,au rdcH n,h fydnjd we;af;a ,xldfõ OfkaYajr

mx;shhs' ta ms<sn| u;=msg ksÍlaaIKdlaIhlska úuid n,k úg


54

fmkS hkafka ,xldj ;=< OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha

foaYmd,k l¾;jH idlaId;a ù we;s njhs' tfy;a ,xldj

OfkaYajrlrKhg ,la lsÍfï W;a;rdfrdams; iajNdjh;a" hg;a

úð;jd§ ì%;dkH wêrdcH OfkaYajr md,kfha wd¾Ól foaYmd,k

Wmdh ud¾.sl wruqKq;a" wêrdcH .e;s ,dxflah Okm;s mx;sfha

wdfõKsl miq.dó cd;s ,laIK;a úiska ,xldj ;=< OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh foaYmd,k l¾;jHhka mq¿,a yd mQ¾K

jYfhka idlaId;a lr .ekSuo .eg¨ iy.; ù ;sfí'

1832 § rdcH bvï ms<sn| rdcldÍ l%uh wfydais lsÍu;a"

bvï fj<| NdKavhla njg fmr<Su;a OfkaYajr ksIamdok

in|;djka u; j;= j.djka weröu;a cd;Hka;r OfkaYajr

fj<| fmd<g rfÜ wd¾Ólh .eg .eiSu;a" foaYSh jYfhka

mq¿,a fj<| fmd< wd¾Ólhla f.dvke.Su;a j;= wd¾Ólh wdY%s;

w;=re l¾udka; .Kkdjla OfkaYajr ksIamdok in|;djhka

u; f.dvke.Su;a miq lf,l rdcH taldêldÍ Okjdoh úiska

fukau kj ,snr,a Okjdoh úiska isÿ lrk ,o jHqyd;aul

fjkialïo wd§ fï ish,a, úiska f.jqKq jir 180l ld,h

;=< wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdj hgm;a lr OfkaYajr ksIamdok

rgdj ,dxflah iudcfha uQ,sl yd ;SrKd;aul ksIamdok n,

rgdj njg m;a fldg we;' tfy;a wd¾Ól fCIa;%fha we;eï

wxYj," we;eï m%foaYj, ;jÿrg;a m,ska m, merKs wdishd;sl

ksIamdok in|;djhka fYaI ù mj;S' ñka fmkS hkafka ,xldj

;=< OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh iudc" wd¾Ól l¾;jHhka

uQ,sl jYfhka yd ie,lsh hq;= jHdma;shla iys;j idlaId;a ù

we;s uq;a ;ju;a th mßmQ¾K;ajhg m;aj fkdue;s njhs'

61. .ïno idïm%odhsl lDIsl¾udka; fCIa;%h ;=< miq.sh

jljdkqfõ§ isÿ jQfha l=ulao@ m%:ufhkau fuu fCIa;%h

wêrdcH OfkaYajrh úiska fkdi,ld yßk ,§' tfy;a

ta iu.u jvd;a .;sl jQ;a jHdma; jkakd jQ;a OfkaYajr

ksIamdok in|;djka u; jQ wêrdcH OfkaYajr mx;sfha

wdhd; ks¾hd; fj<| jeú,s wd¾Ólfha n,mEug th f.dÿre


55

jkakg úh' fj<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha wLKav fldgila njg

m;aùu;a iu. tys n,mEfuka w;añ§ isàu fuu .ïno

idïm%odhsl lDIs wd¾Ólhg lsisfia;a l< fkdyels fohla

úh' fj<| fmd< wd¾Ólfha n,mEu;a iu.ska uq,§ ir,

fj<| NdKav ksIamdokh .ïno idïm%odhsl lDIsl¾udka;

fCIa;%h ;=< jHdma; ù .sh w;r wo th ;jÿrg;a ir,

fj<| NdKav ksIamdokhg iSud ù ke;' ck.yk jHma;sh

yd wfkl=;a iudc" wd¾Ól fya;+ka Wv bvï len,s ù hdu

yd bvï ysÕh;a fjk;a idOl;a úiska .ïno lDIsld¾ñl

Y%ñlhska ìys lsÍu;a" Tjqkaf.a Y%u Yla;sh ñ,hg .kakd iQrd

lk .%dóh OfkaIajr ksIamdok rgdjl jHdma;sh;a olakg

we;'

62. wo ,xldfõ .ïno merKs f;areñka .sksh yels f.dú

ck;djla fkdue;' tkï" wdishd;sl iudc' wd¾Ól rgdj

;=< úµudk jQ cd;s ,laIK iys; f.dú mx;shla y÷kd.;

fkdyel' j;auka ,xldfõ f.dú ckhd mq¿,a iudc ia:rhla

ñi Tjqka iudc mx;shla fkdfõ' tlS mq¿,a iudc ia:rh

;=< wo Okm;s iudcfha mx;s fn§u olakg ,efí' merKs

wdishd;sl iudcfha isá f.dú mx;sh wo OfkaYajr l%uh

;=< ì£ úisÍ f.dia OfkaYajr iudc" wd¾Ól yev.eiaug

wdfõKsl kj mx;Ska yd mx;s lKvdhï njg ks¾udKh

fjñka" mßj¾;kh fjñka mj;S' tla me;a;lska .%dóh

ks¾Ok mx;shla lDIsld¾ñl lïlrejkaf.ka yd b;d È<s÷

f.dùkaf.ka ixhqla;j ìysù we;s w;r wfkla me;af;ka

.%dóh Okm;s mx;sh Okj;a iQrdlk bvï ysñ Okm;s

f.dùkaf.ka ixhqla;j ìys ù we;'

l=Uqre mk;" ckmo fhdackd l%u" uOHu mx;sl bvï

lÜá fnod§u" 1965 § j.d jHdmdrfha uqjdfjka úYd, OfkaYajr

iud.ïj,g bvï wlalr ish oyia .Kkska fnod§fï isg

nyqcd;sl yd mdrcd;sl iud.ïj,g uyd mßudKfhka bvï

nÿ§u" hdka;%sl k.=, yd g%elagrh" úµd;aul lDIsl¾uh yd


56

kùk Ys,amSh l%u" ridhk fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk Ndú;h"

îc taldêldrh wd§ idOl úiska .ïno OfkaYajrlrKhg

wjYH W;afma%rl imhd we;' fï wkqj wo .ïno .%dóh ks¾Ok

mx;shl mgka .%dóh w¾O ks¾O; mx;shla" .%dóh iq¿ OfkaYajr

mx;shla yd .%dóh OfkaYajr mx;shla olajd mx;s fn§ula olakg

,efí'

1970 oYlfha w.Nd.fha ke;skï 1980 oYlfha wdrïNfha

mgka ,xldfõ Okjdoh tf;la wkq.ukh l< rdcH taldêldÍ

Okjd§ fudv,fhka ú;ekaj kj ,snr,a Okjd§ wd¾Ól

uQf,damdh iu. .eg .eiSfï úmdl M,hla f,i .%dóh f.dú

ia:rfha ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hla ;u wd¾Ól Ôú;h i|yd k.r

lrd ixl%uKh ùu isÿ jQ w;r th ;ju;a wLKav l%shdj,shla

f,i isÿfjñka mj;S' tys fkdje<elaúh yels m%;sM,h jQfha

ish merKs wdishd;sl wlauq,a is|.;a tfy;a tla;rd wdldrhl

ixialD;sluh jYfhka .kaOínlrKhg ,lajQ iy kj ,snr,a

Okjdohg wkq.; jQ mx;s yd mx;suh lKavdhïo ia:rhkao

ìysù meje;aug tauhs'

63. .ïno idïm%odhsl lDIs l¾udka; fCIa;%h ;=< ;jÿrg;a

wxY lsysmhlu merKs wdishd;sl ksIamdok in|;djhka

fYaIù mj;S' ì%;dkH hg;a úð;jd§ wdKavqfõ ksfhda.

msg 1832 wfm%a,a 12 jk Èk mgka ,xldfõ tjlg ;snQ Y%u

l=,sfha wdldrh jQ rdcldÍ l%uh rcfha bvï iïnkaOfhka

wfydais lr ksoyia Y%u fjf<|fmd<la ìys l<uq;a úydr.ï"

foajd,.ï" .nvd.ï yd kskao.ï flfrys tu m%;sixialrK

tjlg n,mEfõ ke;' fn!oaO mkai,aj,g;a" foajd, iy

yskaÿ fldaú,aj,g;a" Wvrg ro, zjxYj;=kag;aZ ;jÿrg;a

nÿldrhkaf.ka n,y;aldrfhka Y%u l=,sh rdcldßh" ,nd

.ekSug bvlv ;sìKs' jeäl,a fkdhdu .nvd.ïj, meje;s

rdcldßh o wfydais ù .sh nj fmfka' úydr.ï yd foajd,.

ïj, Y%u l=,sh f.jQ Y%ñlhska tkï zks,ldrhkaZ bka uqojd

Tjqkaf.a ìï l=,sh rch úiska ksYaÑ; lrk ,o m%udKhg


57

jd¾Islj uqo,ska f.úh hq;= njg 1870 wxl 69 orK wd{dmk;

u.ska ;Skaÿ l< kuq;a tu.ska ksoyia jQfha ks,ldrhka

iaj,am fofkl= muKs' b;sß ks,ldrhka yg fkdlvjdu

Y%u l=,S f.jkakg isÿúh' úydr.ï foajd,.ï md,kfhys

mej;s fkdfhl=;a wl%ñl;d ÿIK yd jxpd È.gu mej;Su

fya;=fldgf.k tjlg meje;s 376000 la muK jk úydr yd

foajd,.ï md,kh ms<sn| úNd. lrkq msKsi tl, ì%;dkH

hg;a úð;jd§ wdKavqldrjrhd jQ ú,shï fykaß f.%.ß 1876§

m;a lrk ,o úfYaI fldñIka iNdj ks,ldrhka úiska

N=la;s úÈñka isák fiajd bvï nÿj,g hg;a zksoyiaZ bvï

njg mßj¾;kh l< hq;= njg ks¾foaY l<;a tlS ks¾foaY

l%shd;aul fkdlrk ,§'

hg;a úð;jdÈ md,lhka úiska tu fldñIka iNd

j¾;djg wkqj ta jk úg;a úydr foajd,.ï kskao.ïj,

ks,ldr fiajh uq¿ukskau wfydais l< hq;=j ;snqKs' tfia jqjo

fï olajdu úydr foajd,.ï weiqfrys ;ju;a fkdfhla ;ekaj,

ks,ldr fiajh - Y%u l=,sh" hï;dla ÿrg mj;skq fmfka' fulS

ks,ldrhka yg uqyqK mdkakg isÿù we;s lgql ÿIalr;djh;a"

Tjqkg bka ñ§ug we;s leue;a;;a ms<sn| Wvrg .eñ fldñIka

iNd jd¾;djo lreKq meyeÈ,s lrhs' flfia fj;;a uq¿uy;a

úydr.ï-foajd,.ï ish,af,ysu wo jkúg uq¿ukskau ;jÿrg;a

merKs Y%u l=,sh ks,ldr fiajh" l%shdjg fkdkef.a' we;eï

úydr-foajd,.ï wêm;Ska ìï l=,sh ,nd .ekSu Y%u l=,sfha

ks,ldr fiajfha isg øjH l=,sh olajd fukau uqo,a l=,sh olajd

mßj¾:kh lr ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,sj ±l.; yel' we;eï ;kays

úydr foajd,.ïj, wêm;Ska fndfyda fofkla tu bvï jegqma

Y%ñlhka-lDIsld¾ñl lïlrejka fhdod ;=uqu j.d lrùu ;=<ska

OfkaYajr lDIsld¾ñl jHdmdßlhka njgo m;aj ;sfí' we;eï

úydr foajd, .ï wêm;shka úiska ;u úydr foajd,j,g whs;s

bvï foaYSh yd úfoaYSh taldêldÍ j;= iud.ïj,g nÿ § ;snqKq

w;r wfkla w;g kj ;;ajh hgf;a úydr foajd,.ï wêm;shka

úiska we;eï ;kays merKs wdldrfha iQrdlEu fjkqjg kj


58

Okjd§ iQrdlEu fj; keUqre ù ;sìKs'

ta wkqj fulS wxYfhys mej;s merKs iudc neñ tla;rd"

ÿrlg mqmqrejd yer ;sfí' tfy;a" iyuq,skau fkdfõ' ;ju;a

ks,ldrhka Y%u l=,sh jYfhka kqjr fmryef¾ rka foda,sh

uykqjr ùÈ Èf.a Tijdf.k hEu;a ú,lal= mkaoï Tijdf.k

hEu;a j;auka kj ,snr,a Okjdoh ;=<o wmg ±l .; yel'

64. by; i|yka l< ks,ldr fiajh - Y%u l=,sh w| l%uh

- øjH l=,sh" merKs ìï l=,sfhau wdldrhls' w| l%uh

wo olajdu lDIs l¾udka; fCIa;%fha ;jÿrg;a wLKavj

mj;shs' bvï fn§hdu;a" .eñ Kh.e;sNdjh;a bvï ksire

ù M,odj wvqùu;a wd§ fkdfhl=;a fya;+ka u; ;jÿrg;a w|

l%uh ù j.d lrk uv bvï weiqfrys lemS fmfkk f,i

n,mj;ajhs' fï wkqj w| bvï len,sj, ixLHdjo wfkla

w;r merKs iudch tkï wdishd;sl iudch olajd wlauq,a

úysÿkq f.dú ck;dj -fuu iudc ia:rh-kj OfkaYajr

iudc in|;djhkg wkqj kj mx;Skag ì£ hdfï l%shdodufha

W;aikak ùu wkqj .ïnoj úYd, jYfhka ks¾OkSlrKhg

,lajk .%dóh ks¾Ok mx;sfha fldgilf.ka ixhqla; jQ w|

f.dú ixLHdjo jeä fjñka mj;skq olakg we;'

fuf,i w| f.dú ixLHdfõ j¾Okh úiska fmkakqï

lrkqfha iq¿ f.dú ksIamdolhd úkdY fjñka mj;sk njhs'

.ïno l=Uqre f.dú;eka lr we;s bvïj,ska 40]la muK

w| l%uh hgf;a j.dlr we;s nj ms<s.kq ,efí' fuu w|

f.dùkaf.ka id;sYh nyq;rh yqÿ w| f.dú;ekska muKla

Ôúldj mj;ajd.kafkda fkdfj;s' ulaksido" Ôú;fha úúO jQ

wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSug ;rï m%udKj;a wdodhula bka Tjqka

fldfy;au fkd,nk neúKs' tneúka w| f.dùka nyq;rhla

fokd tl úgu lDIsld¾ñl lïlrejkao jk w;r ;j;a msßila

w| f.dú;efkys kshef,kaafka ;ukaf.au l=vd bvï len,s j.d

lsÍug wu;r jYfhks' .ïnoj wo w| f.dúhd;a lDIsld¾ñl

lïlrejd;a fndfyda úg tlsfkldg wka;¾ m%j¾;s;h' tfiau


59

w| ysñhd;a-bvï ysñhd;a- .%dóh Okm;shd;a fndfyda úg

tlsfklg wka;¾ m%j¾;s;h'

65. ,xldfõ cd;sl .eg¨j úi£u;a" ck;djg m%cd whs;Ska

idlaId;a lr §u;a" ldka;djkag úuqla;sh w;am;a lr §u;a

OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jfha w;HjYH ld¾hNdrhka

jqj;a W;a;rdfrdams; OfkaYajr ixj¾Okhla iys; ,xldfõ

ÿn, miq.dó Okjdoho tu OfkaYajr md,kho tlS md,l

mx;sho fï tlÿ OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ l¾;jHhla fyda bgq

lr,Sug ;uka lsisfia;a iu;a fkdue;s nj f.jqKq b;sydih

mqrdu fudkjg ;yjqre fldg we;' ;jÿrg;a tfia ;yjqre

lrñka mj;S' wfkla w;g ,xldfõ OfkaYajr mx;sfha

yd tlS md,kfha miq.dñ iajNdjh yd tys fn,ySk;ajh

fya;=fldgf.k iudc - ixialD;sl - foaYmd,k - u;jd§"

iudc-ufkdaúµd;aul mßuKav,fhys ;ju;a uq¿ukska

msioud wjika l< hq;= merKs iudcfha ksIaGdjfYaI w;ßka

we;eï fldgia wNdjhg hjñka jqj;a ;j;a foaj,a ie,lsh

hq;= muKlska /£ mj;skafka fjhs' cd;sfNaoh;a" l=,fNaohka"

mjq,ajdoh;a m%dfoaYshjdoh;a" óg ksoiqka imhhs'

66. ,xldj ;=< OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhka

w;=frka ksufkdù fYaI ù mj;sk ish¨u l¾;jHhka

j;auka ft;sydisl ;;ajhka hgf;a imqrd,Sfï j.lSu

,xldfõ iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh úiska ;uka fj; mjrd

.; hq;= w;r tlS j.lSu imqrd,sh yelafla thg muKs' ta

i|yd kdhl;ajh fok fï hq.fha ienE f,iskau úma,jldÍ

jkakd jQ;a .;sl jQ;a ;SrKd;aul bÈß.dó n,fõ.h jkakd

jQ ks¾Ok mx;sh Okjdoh ;=< úúOdldrfha mßmSvkhkag

f.dÿre jkakd jQ mx;s lKavdhï iudc lKavdhï yd

ia:rhka wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ iudcfha udkqIsh yrhka

leá fldg .;a tys j¾;udk iqiudo¾Yh jQ ;u mx;sfha

ixúOdkh tkï ks¾Ok mx;s mCIh jgd talrdYs fldg

ixúOdkh fldg n,uq¿ .kajd iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha


60

w;HjYH mQ¾j fldkafoaish imqrd .kq jia OfkaYajr

mx;sfha rdcH n,h wfydais lr ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH n,h

ia:dms; lr,kq we;' t;eka isg iudch ;=< iudc wd¾Ól

foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl wd§ iEu ish¨ fCIa;%hla ;=<u Wia

udkqIsl wruqKq fmroeßj iudcjd§ úma,ùh mßj¾:khka

w;sYh ks¾udKYS,S yd mq¿,a ck;d iyNd.s;ajh iys;j isÿ

lsÍfï§ tysu fkdje<elaúh yels w;=re M, f,i fYaI ù

we;s OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhka idlaId;a

lr,kq we;'

wd& iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha l¾;jHfhda

67. mQ¾j iudcjd§ iudc úma,hka ñksil= úiska ñksil= iQrd

lEu wfydais lsÍu wruqKq lr.;a iudc úma,jhka fkdùh'

ta iEu úma,jhlskau isÿjQfha iQrdlEfï tla wdldrhla

fjkqjg ;j;a wdldrhla wdfoaY lsÍuhs' tla iQrdlk foam<

ysñ mx;shla m<jdyer fjk;a foam< ysñ mx;shl n,

wdêm;H ;yjqrelr foam< wysñ jevlrk mx;sh tlS foam<

ysñ wêm;s mx;sfha .%yKh hg;g m;alsÍuhs' fm!oa.,sl

foam< l%uh yd ta u; mokï jQ mx;s fn§u wfydais fkdlr

tla wdldrhl fm!oa.,sl foam< fjkqjg fjk;a wdldrhl

fm!oa.,sl foam< meje;aug f.k wd mQ¾j iudcjd§ iudc

úma,jhka fuka fkdj iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh fm!oa.,sl

foam< l%uh;a ta u; mokï jQ mx;suh fn§u;a iQrdlEu;a

uq¿ukskau wfydais lr,hs' th ´kEu wdldrhl" ñksil=

úiska ;j;a ñksil= iQrdlEu wfydais lr,hs'

68. mQ¾j iudcjd§ iudc úma,jhka tkï Okjdoh olajd jQ

iudc úma,jhka úiska ta jkúg;a merKs iudc .¾NdIh ;=<

cks;j ;snQ kj wd¾Ól in|;djkag wkqrEmS kj foaYmd,k

n, wdêm;Hhla ia:dms; lsÍu muKla isÿlrhs' tfy;a

iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh yd;amiskau Bg jvd fjkia fõ'


61

OfkaYajr iudc wd¾Ól yev.eiafï .¾NdIh ;=< iudcjd§

wd¾Ól in|;djka lsis f,ilska fyda mekke.Sfï bvlvla

fkdmj;S' tneúka Okjd§ wd¾Ól in|;djka ì| oud kj

iudcjd§ wd¾Ólhla f.dvke.Sfï l¾;jH iudcjd§ iudc

úma,jfha m%Odk;u ld¾hNdrhls'

69. jevjiï iudc-wd¾Ól rgdfõ .¾NdIh ;=< OfkaYajr

ksIamdok in|;djka ksrdhdifhka cks; jQjdla fuka

OfkaYajr iudc-wd¾Ól yev.eiau ;=< iudcjd§ ksIamdok

in|;djka ksrdhdifhka cks; fkdfõ' ta wkqj OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jh jevjiï iudc-wd¾Ól rgdfõ

.¾NdIh ;=< OfkaYajr ksIamdok in|;djkaf.a ckauh

fmrgq fldgf.k isÿjk w;r iudcjd§ ksIamdok rgdj

iudcjd§ úma,jh fmrgq fldgf.k tkï ks¾Ok mx;sh

fj; foaYmd,k n,h-rdcH n,h w;am;a lr .ekSfuka

wk;=rej wNskjfhka f.dvk.kq ,nhs'

70. iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha§ ch.%yKh w;am;a lr .kakd

ks¾Ok mx;sh yuqfõ we;af;a OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jfha§ n,hg meñKs OfkaYajr mx;sh yuqfõ jk

idfmaCI iSñ; ld¾hNdrh fkdfõ' OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

úma,jh Okm;s mx;sh w;g foaYmd,k n,h tkï rdcH n,h

,nd§u;a iu. uQ,sl jYfhka ksudjg m;ajk w;r iudcjd§

iudc úma,jfha§ tys jvd;a ne?reï iy mq¿,a ld¾h Ndrh

ks¾Ok mx;sh w;g foaYmd,k n,h w;am;a lr .ekSu;a

iu. werfò' tys§ kj wd¾Ól l%uhla tkï lsisfjl=f.a

fyda lsysm fofkl=f.a fm!oa.,sl ,dNh u; fkdj uq¿uy;a

iudchSh mßyrK wjYH;dj u; ksIamdokh kS¾Kh lrk

udkqIjd§ kj iudcjd§ ksIamdok rgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍu;a"

fm!oa.,sl foam< l%uh wfydais fldg foam<j, iudcuh

whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍu;a" tu.ska m%;súreoaO iudcuh mx;Skaf.a

meje;au iy ñksil= úiska ;j;a ñksil= iQrdlEfï moku

wfydais lsÍu;a wd§ jYfhka jQ kj iudcjd§ iudc-wd¾Ól


62

rgdj ks¾udKYS,S f,i f.dvkexùfï ft;sydisl ld¾hNdrh

idlaId;a l< hq;= fõ'

71. iudcjdoh hkq ixl%uKSh iudcuh wjêhla jk w;r

tys ch.%yK È.=ld,Sk jYfhka /l.ekSug;a" ;yjqrelr

.ekSug;a yelsjkafka cd;Hka;r jYfhka thg ,efnk

ifydaord;aul iyfhda.h u;h' f.jqKq jljdkqj ;=<

cd;Hka;r fldñhqksiaÜ jHdmdrfha wNdjdpl w;a±lSï úiska

ksiel f,iu fmkajd isákafkao ;ks rgl iudcjdoh hkq

lsisfia;a h:d¾:hla njg m;al< fkdyels fohla jk w;r

thg Wmßu jYfhka l< yelafla hï cd;sl rdcH iSudjla

;=< blaukska fyda miqj ì| jeàfï wjodku iys;j fyda

l%ufhka ;j;a tla OfkaYajr rdcHhla njg rEmdka;rKh

ùfï úNjh iys;j foaYmd,k n,h muKla w;am;a fldg

f.k mj;ajdf.khdu muKs' Okjdofha cd;Hka;r m%;srdaOhg

uqyqK foñka iudcjd§ úma,ùh m%;sixialrK isÿ lsÍu;a"

tajd /l .ekSu;a" ;yjqre lsÍu;a" tajd wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ

iudch ks¾udKh lsÍfï ÈYdj olajd ;jÿr j¾Okh lsÍu;a

h:d¾:j;a l< yelafla f,dal iudcjd§ úma,jfha ch.%yK

fjkqfjka wk,iaj lemfjñka cd;Hka;r ifydaord;aul

iyfhda.h wfkHdakH jYfhka ,nd §u;a-,nd .ekSu;a

u;h' ta u; muKh'

72. iudcjd§ ixl%uKSh wjêh ;=< ksIamdok udOHhkaf.a

fm!oa.,sl whs;sh wfydais lr tajd iudc foam< njg

mßj¾;kh lrk w;r fuf;la Okjdoh ;=< isÿ jQ wdldrfha

Okm;shdf.a fm!oa.,sl ,dNh uqLH yd wjika wruqK njg

m;a jQ fj<| NdKav ksIamdokh m<jd yer ta fjkqjg iudc

ufkdaúµd;aul idOl ms<sn| lrkq ,nk ksis we.ehqul

m%;sM, ks¾udKYS,s f,i Wmfhda.S fldg f.k iudchSh

mßyrK wjYH;djka m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul f,i ;Dma;

l< yels NdKav ksIamdok l%shdj,shla iudcuh ksIamdokh

u; iaÓridr f,i ;yjqre lr,kq we;'


63

73. ft;sydisl ixl%uKSh wjêhla mqrd isÿ jkakd jQ iudcjdofha

úma,ùh ixj¾Ok l%shdoduh tlsfkl wkqhd; l%ñl msñj,ska

iukaú; .;sl i¾ms,dldr .uka u.la .kS' tlS .uka u.

;=< wkql%ñl iEu ksYaÑ; j¾Ok ksfïIhl§u Bg wkqrEmS

.=Kd;aul mßj¾;khka iudc in|;d lafIa;%h ;=<o Bg

iu.dó f,i iudchSh Wmß jHQyh ;=<o isÿ flf¾' tys

m%;sM, f,i iudc Y%u úNckh ;=< jk úúo Y%u ld¾hhka

w;r m%;s úfrdaOh wfydaisùuo mQ¾j OfkaYajr úúO l=,-u,

w;r jk m%;s úfrdaOh wfydaisùu yd tlS l=,-u, w;=reoyka

ù hduo mqreIhd yd ldka;dj w;r jk m%;súfrdaOh wfydaisù

hduo úúO cd;sl m%cdjka w;r jk cd;sfNaojdoh wfydais

ùuo .u yd k.rh w;r jk m%;s úfrdaOh wfydais ù hduo

isÿ jk w;r tlS j¾OkSh .=Kd;aul mßj¾;khkaf.a

;¾ldkql+, È.=j wjidkfha fldñhqksiaÜ iudc-wd¾Ól

yev.eiaula ia:dms; lsÍu lrd ÈYd.; fõ'

74. iudcjd§ iudc úma,jh úiska lr<shg f.k tkq ,nk

kj iudcjd§ iudc" wd¾Ól rgdj ;=< ksIamdokh yd fnod

yeÍu zieuf.ka Tjqkf.a yelshdjg wkqj iy ieug Tjqka

l< jevg wkqjZ hk m%;sm;a;sh wkqj isÿ flfrkq we;s w;r

th f,dal iudcjd§ iudc úma,jfha j¾ê; wjidkh jk

ke;skï tys mru ksYaGdj jk fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ;=<

zieuf.ka Tjqkf.a yelshdj wkqj" ieug Tjqkaf.a wjYH;dj

wkqjZ hk W;a;Í;r m%;sm;a;sh h:d¾:j;a lsÍu i|yd wjeis

w;HjYH mQ¾j fldkafoaish fõ'

75. OfkaYajr fm!oa.,sl foam< l%uh tlsfklg uQ,sl jYfhka

yrfhkau fjkia jQ iudcjd§ fmdÿ foam< l%uhlg fmr<Sfï

l¾;jHhka i|yd foaYmd,k úma,jhla wksjd¾h f,iu

w;HjYH fõ' iudcjd§ ixl%uKSh wjêh f.dvke.Sfï§

u.yer hd fkdyels w;HjYHu jQ uQ,sl ld¾hh kï OfkaIajr

mx;s md,kh wfydais lr ks¾Ok mx;s md,khla ìys lsÍuhs'

ks¾Ok mx;sh w;g rdcH n,h Èkd .kafka ke;sj ks¾Ok


64

mx;s rdcH n,h f.dvkÕkafka ke;sj iy th ;yjqre

lrkafka ke;sj iudcjd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhka idlaId;a lr

.; fkdyel' tneúka iudcjd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhka bgq lr

.ekSfï,d w;sYh jeo.;a iy ;SrKd;aul uQ,sl idOlhla

f,i ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH n,h f.dvke.sh hq;=h' th ;yjqre

l< hq;=h' ta" fuf;la b;sydih ;=< rch ienE f,iu udkj

iudcfha ksfhdað;hd jYfhka isÿlrkq ,nk m<uq ld¾hh

tkï" mgq-fm!oa.,sl whs;sfha .%yKhg k;= fldg ;snQ

iudcuh ksIamdok udOHhka tys kshu ysñlrejd jQ iudch

i;= lsÍfï mD:q, udkqIjd§ ld¾hNdrh bgqlr,Su i|ydh'

th uq¿uy;a udkj iudch ;=< rch" rchla f,i lrkq

,nk wjidk iajdëk ld¾hNdrh jk w;r tlS l¾;jHh

f,dal mßudKfhka idlaId;a lr,Su wjika l< odg - tod

isg rch ;jÿrg;a wkjYH m%mxphla njg m;ajkq we;s w;r

th b;sydifhka uelS hkq we;'

76. OfkaYajr ksIamdok rgdj wdêm;Hh orkq ,nk yd wêrdcH

.e;s miq.dó OfkaYajrh úiska rdcH n,h fydnjkq ,nk

fï kj hg;a úð; rdcHfha ks¾Ok mx;sh wìuqfõ we;s

m%uqL;u l¾;jHh jkafka tlS iudcjd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhka

iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd iQodkï ùu;a" tu l¾;jHhka idlaId;a

lsÍu;ah' tu ld¾h idOkfhys ,d ,dxflah ks¾Ok mx;sh

my; m%;sm;a;suh rduqj bÈßm;a lr isà'


úma,ùhm%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh


66


67

rdcH jHqyh

úma,jjd§ mCIhl rdcH jHQyh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh idlÉPd

lsÍfï§ zrdcHZ ms<sn|j jk mx;s ú.%yh m%:ufhkau ksjerÈj

y÷kd .ekSu jeo.;a h'

rdcH hkq tla mx;shla wìnjd ;j;a mx;shl md,kh

mj;ajd .ekSu msKsi jk hdka;%Khls' ta wkqj th lsishï

mx;shl wdêm;H n,y;aldß f,i ;j;a mx;shla u;

mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd ksujqKq mx;s mSvl WmlrKhls'

rch uq¿uy;a udkj YsIagdpdrfha b;sydih mqrd mejf;kakla

fkdjk w;r tys wdrïNh yuqjkafka udkj iudch mx;Skaj,g

fn§fuka wk;=rejh' mx;Ska jYfhka fkdfnÿKq ñksiqkaf.a

uq,au iudcl%uh jQ m%d:ñl iduQysl iudcl%uh ;=< rdcH

fkdmej;=Kq w;r .K iy f.da;% ;=< ixúOdkh jQ ñksiqka

w;a±lSï" fcHaIaG;ajh iy jeäysá njg uq,a;ek foñka iduQysl

;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSfï l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lsÍu y÷kd.;

yelsh' kuq;a w;suy;a nyq;r ck;dj iQrdlñka lsysmfokl=

w; foam< f.dv.id .kakd mx;s iudch ìysùfuka wk;=rej

tu fm!oa.,sl foam< whs;sh wdrlaId lsÍu Wfoid foam< ysñ

mx;sfha fuj,ula f,i rch ìys úh'

rch tys wdrïNfha isgu foam< ysñ mx;sfha fuj,ula jQ

w;r bka iajdëk lsisÿ ld¾hhla th i;= jQfha ke;' fm!oa.,sl

foam< whs;sh wdrCId lsÍu;a j¾Okh lsÍu;a Wfoid foam< ysñ

mx;sh b;sydih mqrd th fhdod.;a nj meyeÈ,sh'

ks¾Ok mx;sfha wruqK fuu fm!oa.,sl foam< whs;sh

wfydais lr iu.sh" ifydaor;ajh iy ÈhqKq udkj ne£ïj,ska


68

msß fmdÿ foam< iys; iduQysl iudc l%uhla ks¾udKh lsÍuh'

fuh bfí isÿ jkakla fkdfõ' ta i|yd fm!oa.,sl foam< whs;sh

wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ìys jQ" foam< ysñ w;f,diaila jQ mx;sh

úiska fufyjk rdcH n,h ks¾Ok mx;sh ;u oE;g .; hq;=h'

wk;=rej tu rdcH n,h nyq;rhla jQ ks¾Ok mx;sfha wruqK

idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd fhoúh hq;=h' fm!oa.,sl foam<

whs;sh;a" iQrdlEu;a wfydais lr wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ iudch

ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd tu ÈYdjg ks¾Ok mx;sh rdcH n,h

yeisrúh hq;=h' iudcjdoh hgf;a isÿ jkafka fuu ixl%uKSh

ld¾hNdrh ks¾Ok mx;sfha kdhl;ajh hgf;a isÿ lsÍuhs'

iQrd lEu;a" fm!oa.,sl foam< whs;sh;a wfydais ù mx;Ska

wfydais ù .sh Èkg md.d hg;a fldg ;nd .ekSu i|yd jqjukd

iudcuh mx;shla fkdmj;sk w;r tÈkg ta i|yd jQ úfYaI

u¾ok WmlrKhla wjYH fkdjkafkah' tkï" zrdcHZ wkjYH

wx.hla jk w;r th wNdjhg hkafkah' tfia ks¾udKh jk

fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ;=< iduQysl iafõÉPd ck iyNd.S;ajfhka

iudcfha bÈß .uk isÿ jkq we;'

—rch wkdÈu;a ld,hl isg mej;

tkakla fkdfõ' rch .ek fyda rdcH

n,h .ek fyda fkdo;a rch rys; iudc

;snqfKah' iudch mx;sj,g fn§fï

wjYH;djh wksjd¾hfhkau mek ke.=Kq

wd¾Ól j¾Okhla we;s jQ wjêhl§" ta

fn§u fya;=N+;j rch mek ke.=Ks' ±ka wm

b;du;a blaukska ksIamdokfha fld;rï

ixj¾Okd;aul ;;ajhlg meñK isákafkao

tu mx;sj, meje;au wjYH;djhla fkdù

;sfnkjd muKla fkdj" th ksIamdokhg

fl<skau ndOd lrk ;;ajhlg m;alr ;sfí'

w;S;fha§ mek ke.S wdldrhg ta mx;s wfydais

ù hdu;a iu.u je<elaúh fkdyels fia rcho


69

wfydais ù hkq we;' ksoyi yd iu whs;sh we;s

ksIamdok in|;djhla u; ksmoùu ixúOdkh

lrk iudch uq¿uy;a rdcH hka;%hu Bg iqÿiq

;ekg oukq we;' th ;U fmdrj yd lmq lák

hka;%h jeks merKs jia;+ka iu. ta wi,ska

fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lrkq we;'˜

f,kska - rdcH

mQ¾j OfkaYajr l%uh ;=< ,xldfõ meje;s iudc wd¾Ól

yev.eiau jQ wdishd;sl ksIamdok rgdjg wkqrEmS f,i rcq

iy hg;a jeishkaf.ka ixhqla; jQ rdcdKavq md,k rgdjla

meje;s w;r mD;=.SiSka ,kafoaiSka iy úfYaIfhka ì%;dkH

hg;aúð;jd§kaf.a ueÈy;aùfuka isÿjQ OfkaYajr l%ufha

W;a;rdfrdamKh;a iu. j;auka OfkaYajr rdcHfha ìysùu

isÿúh'

rdcH jHQyh ms<sn| wmf.a m%;sm;a;Ska by;ska i|yka l<

rch ms<sn|j jk mx;s ú.%yhg wkqj ks¾Ok mx;sh w;g rdcH

n,h Èkd .ekSfuka wk;=rej l%shd;aul lsÍu wruqKq lr .;a

tajdh' ta wkqj iQrdlEu;a" fm!oa,sl foam< whs;sh;a wfydais lr

mx;Ska wfydais lsÍfï ÈYdjg rdcH n,h ks¾Ok mx;sh úiska

yeisrùu wruqKq lr .ksñka fuu m%;sm;a;s ilia lr we;'

1. i. ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH n,h ia:dms; lrkq ,efí'

ii. rfÜ uQ,sl kS;sh njg m;ajk" kj iudcjd§ wdKavql%u

jHjia:djla ilia lrkq ,efí'

iii. iudcjd§ ckrchla msysgqjkq ,efí'

iv. fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:dj wkqu; lsÍu i|yd cku;

úuiqula mj;ajkq ,efí'

2. ck;djf.a iajdêm;H ms<s.kakjd we;' rdcH n,fha ish¨u


70

wdh;khka ck;djg uq¿ukskau j. lshkq we;'

3. OfkaYajr l%ufha wdrCIdj i|yd fhdod .efkk hg;aúð;

md,kfhka Wreu ù we;s frdau ,kafoais kS;sh we;=¿ mj;sk

iuia; kS;S moaO;shu ck;djf.a whs;Ska iy jqjukdjka

wdrCId lsÍug iu;ajk f,i úma,ùh mßj¾:khlg Ndckh

lrkq ,efí' hqla;sh;a idOdrK;ajh;a iudk;au;djh;a

wdrCId jk kj kS;s moaO;shla ilia lrkq ,efí'

4. rdcH n,h l%shd;aul lrùfï W;a;Í;r n,OdÍ;ajh

ck;dj úiska ue;sjrKhkays§ ksoyia Pkaofhka hï ksYaÑ;

ld,mßÉfþohla i|yd f;dardm;a lr.kq ,nk ck;djf.a

ienE ksfhdað;hska i;= jk w;r Tjqka ´kEu wjia:djl

ck;dj úiska wdmiq le|jkq ,eîug hg;ajkq we;'

5. jhi wjqreÿ 16 blau jQ iEu mqrjeishl=gu ´kEu ck;d

ksfhdað; wdh;khl ksfhdað;hska f;dard m;a lr .ekSug;a"

jhi wjqreÿ 18 blau jQ iEu mqrjeishl=gu tjeks ´kEu

wdh;khl ksfhdað;hl= f,i f;aÍ m;aùug;a we;s whs;sh

iy;sl lrkq we;'

6. ck;dj;a Tjqkaf.a ksfhdað;hskq;a rdcHfha jev lghq;=j,§

iy mßmd,kfha§ l%shd;aul f,i iyNd.s lr.kq ,efí'

7. i. wêrdcH-hg;aúð; md,kfhka Wreu ù we;s lÉfÉß

Èidm;s l%ufhau È.=jla f,i mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk

iuia; rdcH mßmd,k l%uhu ck;d ksfhdað; md,k

l%uhla u.ska m,jd yßkq ,efí'

ii. wêrdcHjd§ka úiska ilia lrkq ,en we;s mßmd,k

m%foaY fjka lsÍu úµd;aul f,i h<s ilia lrkq we;'

8. j¾;udk ,dxflah OfkaYajr iudc l%uh ;=< mj;sk

miq.dó wdishd;sl iajrEmh fya;=fjka iudcjdoh

f.dvke.Sfuka wk;=rej ks,Odßjdoh ìysù j¾Okh ùu


71

i|yd ire mila mj;sk w;r ta ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOfhka

isáñka ks,Odßjdoh we;sùu je<elaùu i|yd;a th wfydais

lr,Su i|yd;a wLKavj l%shd;aul jkq we;'

9. i. ck;d ksfhdað; wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hska iy rdcH

wdh;kj, ks,OdÍka rfÜ mqrjeishkag by<ska l=uk

fyda wdldrhl iudc-wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k-ffk;sl úfYaI

jrm%idohla N=la;s ú¢kq ,eîu iyuq,skau wfydais lrkq

we;'

ii. ck;d ksfhdað; wdh;kj, iy rdcH wdh;kj,

´kEu ;rd;srul j.lSï orkakka wêlrKh yuqjg

meñKùug iEu mqrjeishl=gu we;s whs;sh iy;sl lrkq

we;'

10. rdcH n,h l%shd;aul lrk wdh;kj, ishü iudðlhskaf.a

fõ;k mqyqKq lïlrejkaf.a fõ;k fkdblaujk f,i

ilia lrkq ,efí'

11. ck;d ksfhdað; wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hskaf.a iy rdcH

wdh;kj, ks,OdÍkaf.a j;alï ´kEu wjia:djl ck;d

lñgqj, mÍlaIdjg Ndckh lsÍug hg;a lrkq ,efí' tu

ish¨ f;dr;=re ck;djg ±k.ekSug we;s whs;sh ;yjqre

lrkq ,efí'

12. OfkaYajr úOdhl" jHjia:dodhl wdh;kj, ksfhdað;hska

ù isá whg ysñ úY%du jegqma we;=¿ wfkl=;a ishü jrm%ido

wfydais lrkq we;'

13. i. yÈis kS;s" we¢ß kS;s" w;HjYH fiajd ksfhda. wd§

u¾okldÍ wK mk;a wvx.= zuyck wdrCIlZ mk;

uq¿uKskau wfydais lr,kq we;'

ii. ;%ia;jdoh je<elaùfï mk; we;=¿ ishü u¾ok wK

mk;a o wfydais lr,kq we;'


72

14. yqqÿ u;jd§ yd foaYmd,k fjkialï Wv lsisu mqoa.,hl=

fyda foaYmd,k ixúOdkhla fyda wdh;khla ljrdldr fyda

foaYmd,k u¾okhlg ,la lrkq fkd,efí' ta wruqKska

kS;s iïmdokh lrkq fkd,efí'

15. i. ck;dj u¾okh lsÍfï wruqKska OfkaYajr rdcH

úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk fmd,Sish;a ;%súO yuqodj;a

fmd,Sishg iy yuqodjg wh;a rdcH nqoaê f;dr;=re

tallhkq;a tajdg wkqnoaO ish¨u iafõÉPd yuqodjka iy

wdh;k;a úiqrejd yßkq ,efí'

ii. ikakoaO yuqod yd fmd,Sish we;=¿ OfkaYajr rcHfha

u¾ok hdka;%Kfha fiajfha kshq;= jQjkaf.a yelshdjka"

oCI;djhka yd l=i,;djhka wkqj Y%u n,ldfha úúO

wxYj,g iïnkaO lsÍu iy;sl lrkq we;'

iii. iudcjd§ rdcHfha wdrCIdj i|yd ´kEu fudfyd;l

ck;djf.a iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSu i|yd rfÜ iuia;

ck;dju ta i|yd jk ukd iQodkul ;nkq we;'

iv. OfkaYajr iudc l%uh ;=< ck;djg b;d mSvdldÍ iy

¥Is; wdh;khla jk OfkaYajr fmd,Sish úiqrejd

yeÍfuka wk;=rej rfÜ iduh iy iqrCIs;;djh

mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd m%cd iyNd.S iafõÉPd

idu fiajhla f.dvk.kq we;'

v. iudcjd§ rdcHfha wdrCIdj i|yd lïlrejkaf.a yd

f.dùkaf.a ks;H mdn," kdjql yd .=jka fiakdxl f.dvk.kq

we;s w;r tajd ±ä úma,jjd§ yd cd;Hka;rjd§

Ôj.=Kfhka hq;=j mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí' tajd ck;d

fiajhg lemlrkq ,nk w;r tajd ;=< iudkd;au;djh;a

ifydaorh;ajh;a ;yjqre lrkq we;' tajdfha mßmd,kh

fin< lñgq u.ska lrkq we;' Tjqkag mQ¾K jD;a;Sh yd

foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ysñjkq we;'


73

16. iudcjd§ rdcHhg meñfKk ish¨ i;=re Wjÿre ms<sn|j

iqmßCIdldÍj isg iqÿiq mßÈ l%shd lsÍug;a iudcjd§ rdcHh

/l.ekSug;a ck;d ksfhdað;hskaf.ka ieÿï,;a uOHu

rdcH wdrCIl uKav,hla f.dvk.kq we;'

17. i. wêrdcH-hg;aúð; hq.fhka Wreu ù we;s j;auka

OfkaYajr wêlrK moaO;sh;a wêlrK l%shdmámdáh;a

uq¿uKskau fjkia lrkq we;' hqla;sh;a idOdrK;ajh;a

ck;djf.a whs;Skq;a wdrCId jk kj wêlrK moaO;shla

wdrïN lrkq we;'

ii. ck;d wêlrK l%uhla we;s lrkq ,efí'

iii. fï wkqj .ïno" k.rno" m%foaYno yd Èidno ck;d

wêlrKo" W;a;Í;r ck;d wêlrKhla o msysgqjkq

,efí'

iv. ck;d wêlrK u.ska .kq ,nk ;SrK h<s i,ld

ne,Su i|yd zck;d wNshdpkdêlrKhlaZ we;s lrkq

,efí'

v. wêlrK l%shdj,sh ck;djg j. lshk" úksúo fmfkk

iy ld¾hCIu tlla njg m;alrkq we;'

vi. rch wêlrK ld¾hhkag ueÈy;a ùfuka uq¿ukskau

j<lsk w;r tys iajdëka;jh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd mshjr

.kq we;'

vii. urKSh oKavkh wfydais lrkq we;'

18. i. isrlrejkaf.a uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï iqrCIs; jk

mßÈ;a nkaOkd.dr ;=< ;ju;a fkdkeiS mj;sk wêrdcH-

hg;aúð; mßmd,k rgdj uq¿uKskau wfydais jk mßÈ;a

isrlrejka iudcjd§ rdcHfha ksIamdok iy iudc

l%shdj,shg M,odhl f,i fhdod.; yels mqrjeishka

njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu wruqKq lr.ksñka mQ¾K


74

nkaOkd.dr m%;sixialrKhla isÿ lrkq we;'

ii. OfkaYajr kS;sh bÈßfha jrolrejka ù ±kg isr.;j

isák ishü isrlrejka ms<sn|j úêu;a mÍCIKhla lrkq

,efí' tys m%;sM,j,g wkqj Tjqka iudcjd§ iudchg

wjYH M,odhs mqrjeishka njg m;alsÍu;a ksoyia lsÍu;a

i|yd wjYH mshjr .kq we;'

iii. nkaOkd.dr fiajlhska ish,q fokdgu jD;a;Sh iy

foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ish,a, iy;sl lrkq we;'

19. fuf;la meje;s ishü Okm;s wdKavqj,ska lrk ,o

w,a,ia" ¥IK" jxpd" fm%davd yd wl%ñl;d ish,a, ms<sn|j;a

ck >d;k yd ck;djg tfrysj lrk ,o fødayslï"

l=uka;%K ms<sn|j;a úêu;a mÍCIKhla lrkq ,efí' ta

ms<sn|j iïmQ¾K i;H ck;djg fy<sorõ lr jerÈlrejka

ck;d wêlrKh yuqjg muqKqjkq ,efí'

20. i. uqo,a" NdKav yd ,sx.sl w,a,ia we;=¿ ishü wdldrfhka

lrkq ,nk w,a,ia .ekSï iy w,a,ia §ï iyuq,skau

je<elaùu i|yd wjYH l%shd;aul mshjr fkdmudj .kq

we;'

ii. w,a,ig yd ¥IKhg tfrysj kS;sh u.ska ±ä o`vqjï

muqKqjkq we;'

21. foaYmd,k m<s.ekSïj,g ,lajQjkaf.a o`vqjï ish,a, wfydais

lr,k w;r mjq,a n,h yd foaYmd,k n,mEï wfydais lr

oCIlï yd lemùï wkqj j.lSï mejÍug mshjr .kq we;'

22. i. rdcHfha f,!lsl iajrEmh iy;sl lrkq we;'

ii. rdcHfha yd rfÜ foaYmd,k Ôú;fha lghq;=j,g

ishü wd.ñl wdh;khkaf.a ueÈy;aùu fkdms<s.kq

we;'


75

iii. yeu flfkl=gu ;uka leu;s wd.ula weoySfï whs;sh

iy;sl lrk w;r wd.ñl fya;+ka u; fjkialï lsÍu

;ykï lrkq ,efí'

iv. wd.fï kdufhka ñksiqka iQrdlEfï l%shdoduh wfydais

lr,kq we;'

v. úydr.ï iy foajd,.ï wmyrKh lr tajd u.ska

lrf.k hk mQ¾j OfkaYajr iQrdlEu wfydais lr,kq

we;'

vi. wd.ñl wdh;kj,g ish¨ wd.ñl lghq;= lrf.k

hdfï ksoyi ,efnk w;r rch tu lghq;=j,g ueÈy;a

fkdfjkq we;' ndOd fkdlrkq we;'

23. ks¾Ok mx;sfha whs;Ska iy iudc m%.;sh Wfoid Èú ms¥

úma,jjd§kaf.a Èkhla kïlr" Tjqka fjkqfjka m%Kduh

mqolsÍu i|yd th rcfha ksjdvq Èkhla lrkq we;'

24. i. wdishd;sl iudc-wd¾Ól yev.eiafuka fYaI ù we;s iudc

m%.ukhg ndOdldÍ wd¾Ól-foaYmd,ksl-ixialD;sl-

iudchSh iy u;jd§ fCIa;%hkays ish¨ kIagdjfYaI msi

±óu wruqKq lr.ksñka wOHdmksl" m%pdrl" ixialD;sl

iy ffk;sl jevms<sfj<la l%shdjg k.kq we;'

25. i. OfkaYajr m%d.aOk wêldrhg uq¿uKskau hg;a lrkq

,enQ Okjdofha meje;au ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd ±kg Ndú;d

jk ikaksfõok udOH Ndú;dj fjkqjg kùk úµdfõ

yd ;dCIKfha ch.%yKhka Wlyd.;a iudc ixj¾Okh

wruqKq l< kj ikaksfõok udOH iïm%odhla f.dvk.kq

we;' ±kg mj;sk ish¨u ikaksfõok udOHka ta i|yd

wkqrEmS jk f,i úma,ùh mßj¾;khlg Ndckh lrkq

we;'

ii. wd¾Ól" m%dfoaYSh" NdIduh fyda fjk;a úfYaI;ajhlska


76

f;drj ikaksfõok udOHhka ck;dj w;r jHdma;

lsÍu i|yd m%cdmdol ikaksfõok udOH mq¿,a lsÍu;a

ixj¾Okh lsÍu;a isÿlrkq we;'

iii. ikaksfõok udOHhka ck;djf.a wOHdmkh kxjd,Su

i|yd;a ÈhqKq udkj ne£ïj,ska iy ifydaor;ajfhka msß

iduqysl ck iudchla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd;a Tjqkaf.a

ixialD;sl Ôú;fha j¾Okh i|yd;a mq¿,a iy l%shd;aul

f,i Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí'

26. i. m%d.aOk úh.iskao" wêm;s yd m%;s.dó oDIaájd§

neñj,skao jHjia:dms; u¾okhkaf.kao w;añ§" ksoyia

ks¾udKYS,S l,d Ndú;hl kshe,Sug l,dlrejdg we;s

udkj whs;sh mQ¾K jYfhka iy;sl lsÍfï m%;sM,hla

f,i l,dfõ mQ¾K ksoyi iy;sl lrkq ,nk w;r tu

lafIa;%fha ixj¾Okh i|yd wjYH úêu;a jevms<sfj<la

rcfha mQ¾K ueÈy;aùfuka l%shdjg k.kq ,efí'

ii. idys;H l,d iy ixialD;sl lafIa;%fhays ks¾udKd;aul

yelshdjka j¾Okh lr Woaëmkh lsÍug iEu bvlvlau

iy myiqlulau imhk w;r th udkjjd§ iudcjd§

iudc l%uh f.dvke.Sfï lghq;a; idlaId;a lr .ekSu

i|yd wjYH kj ñksid ks¾udKh lsÍfï u;jd§ wúhla

f,i Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí'

iii. l,dj iudcfhka úfhdajQ fCIa;%hla fjkqjg ta i|yd

jk m%cd iyNd.S;ajh by< kexùu i|yd jevms<sfj<la

ilia lrkq ,nk w;r l,dj fmdÿ ck;djf.a rid{;dj

ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq we;'

iv. l=uk fyda l,d iïm%odhla i|yd rch u.ska

úfYaI;ajhka ±laùu isÿlrkq fkd,efí'

v. idys;H" l,d yd ixialD;sl lghq;= ck;djf.a Ôjk

;;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï wr.,hg;a Tjqkaf.a øjHuh"


77

wOHd;añl yd ixialD;sl Ôú;h fmdfydi;a lsÍfuys,d;a

fhdod.kq ,efí'

vi. ck;dj cd;sfNaoh" l=,fNaoh jeks iudc w.;Skaf.ka

o hg;aùfï iy ñ;Hd weoys,sj, woyiaj,skao úks¾uqla;

lsÍfuys,d l,dj udOHhla f,i fhdod.kq we;'

vii. idys;H" l,d yd ixialD;sl fCIa;%h cd;Ska w;r

iu.sh iy ifydaor;ajh j¾Okh lsÍfuys,d fhdod .kq

we;'

viii. l,dj ks¾Ok mx;s cd;Hka;rjd§ Ôj.=Kh j¾Okh

lsÍfuys,d Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí'

ix. idys;H" l,d yd ixialD;sl fCIa;%fha kshq;=jQjkag

idOdrKh iy hym;a Ôjk ;;ajhla iy;sl lrkq we;'

x. l,dlrejd j¾;udkfha Tyqf.a ks¾udK Ôú;h ;=<;a

iudc Ôú;h ;=<;a uqyqKmd isák w¾nqoldÍ ;;ajfhka

uqojd .ekSug wjYH ls%hd;aul mshjr .kq we;'

xi. Okjdoh ;=< l,dj f,i ms<sfkdf.k zYs,amZ f,i

i,ld bj; oud we;s zckl,djkaZ l,d udOHhka f,i

ms<sf.k tajdfha ksoyia ixj¾Okhg we;s ndOdjka

bj;alrkq we;' b;sydifhka uelS hñka mj;sk l,djka"

ckl,djka ixrlaIKh lsÍug iy fl!;=l jia;+ka

ixrlaIKh lsÍug úêu;a l%shd;aul mshjr .kq we;'

27. i. iudc m%.ukh fjkqfjka l%Svdfõ Wiia .=Kdx. iy

ixialD;sh Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu i|yd;a iudcjd§ iudchg

wjYH úkh.rel ksfrda.S udkj iïm; ks¾udKh lsÍu

i|yd;a l%Svdj iudchSh lghq;a;la njg mßj¾;kh

lsÍu i|yd;a wruqKq lr.ksñka tu fCIa;%fha fõ.j;a

j¾Okhla i|yd;a úµd;aul jevms<sfj<la ilialr

l%shdjg k.kq ,efí'


78

ii. l%Svdj ixj¾Okh lsÍu uq¿uKskau rcfha j.lSula

f,i i,lkq ,nk w;r ta i|yd wjYH udkj iy

fN!;sl iïm;a j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wjYH mshjr .kq

we;'

iii. l%Svd fCIa;%fha jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd wjYH l%Svd

úµd mSG weröu;a l%Svd úYaj úµd, weröu;a i|yd

wjYH mshjr .kq we;'

iv. l%Svd fCIa;%fha j¾Okh i|yd f,dalfha w;s kùk

;dCIKh yd ±kqu ,nd .ekSug mshjr .kq we;'

v. ish¨u l%Svdjka ixj¾Okh i|yd rcfha mQ¾K ueÈy;a

ùu isÿlrkq ,nk w;r f;dard.;a msßila fjkqjg

iudcfha ish¨ fokd l%Svdj i|yd iyNd.S lr.ekSu

i|yd úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqlrkq we;'

uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï

iudcfha nyq;r jevlrk ck;dj" m%d.aOkh ysñ

w;f,diaila Okm;Ska úiska iQrdlEug ,lalrk" ta Wfoidu

iqúfYaIS u¾ok WmlrK mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk" j;auka Okjd§

iudc l%uh ;=< uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï hkq l%uhg tfrysj

f.dvk.k úfrdaOh iukh lr" mx;s igfka ;Sj%;djh nd, lrk"

l%ufha meje;au i|ydu fhdod.kq ,nk" w,xldfrdala;sfhka

jrk.k joka ud,djla muKls' ksIamdokfha m%;s,dN m%d.aOk

ysñ Okm;Ska w;f,diaila w; f.dv.efik" ;u Y%ufha M,h

;ukag wh;a fkdjk ksidu mr;ajdfrdams; ;;ajhlg weo oukq

,enQ" ñksil= i;= udkqISh yrh Wÿrd .kq ,enQ ñksiqka hka;%

njg m;al< j;auka kj ,snr,a Okjd§ iudchg lsisÿ udkj

whs;sjdislula iemsßh fkdyelsh'

mq¿,a jk ksIamdokfha m%;s,dN tys ienE ysñlrejka w;

idOdrK f,i fn§ hk iudcjd§ iudc l%uh ;=< uQ,sl ñksia


79

whs;sjdislïj,g jvd;a mq¿,a w¾:-mQ¾KNdjhla ,efnkq we;'

udkj j¾.hdf.a m%.ukh fjkqfjka ks¾udKh jk wkd.;

fldñhqksiaÜ iudch lrd hk iudcjd§ ixl%uKSh wjêh ;=<"

OfkaYajr iudc l%uh hgf;a yqÿ ixl,amhkag muKla iSud

jQ uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï ienE udkjjd§ whs;sjdislï f,i

mq¿,a jkq we;' wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ iudch foig ks¾Ok

mx;sfha kdhl;ajh hgf;a rdcH n,h yiqrejkq ,nk fuu

wjêh ;=< udkjjd§ whs;Ska bgq lsÍu i|yd wjYH ;;ajhka

ks¾udKh lsÍu iudcjd§ rdcHfha wksjd¾h j.lSula jk w;r

iudcjdofha wruqK jkqfhao thhs'

ñksil= úiska ñksil= iQrdlEu wfydais lrkq ,enQ tla

mx;shla úiska ;j;a mx;shla iQrdlEu uq¿ukskau wfydais lrkq

,enQ" ta ksidu iqúfYaIS u¾ok WmlrK wjYH fkdjk wkd.;

fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ;=< ienE f,iu zudkj whs;SkaZ imsfrk"

tajd úfYaI whs;Ska f,i fkd.efkk" iudc Ôú;fha idudkH foa

njg fmr¿kq ;;ajhla ks¾udKh jk w;r fldñhqksiaÜjdofha

yrh jkqfhao thhs'

fuu uQ,sl moku u; msysgd ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH n,h

Èkd .ekSfuka wk;=rej l%shd;aul lsÍug wfmalaId lrk uQ,sl

m%;sm;a;Ska my; i|yka fõ'

28. ksoyia" m%cd;ka;%jd§" udkjjd§ Èú meje;aula .;lsÍu

i|yd ish¨u mqrjeishka i;= whs;sh ms<sf.k ta i|yd iqÿiq

;;ajhka rg ;=< ks¾udKh lsÍug iudcjd§ rch mshjr

.kq we;' udkjjd§ whs;sjdislï ms<sn| mq¿,a" w¾:j;a"

jevms<sfj<la ilialr ls%hdjg ke.Sug mshjr .kq we;'

29. wdydr" c,h" úÿ,sh" ksjdi" wOHdmkh" jevlsÍug we;s

whs;sh" fi!LH myiqlï wdÈh" ish¨u mqrjeishka i;= uQ,sl

ñksia whs;sjdislï f,i ms<s.kq ,nk w;r tajd iïmdokh

lsÍu iudcjd§ rdcHfha j.lSula f,i ms<s.kq ,efí'


80

30. i. rg ;=< mQ¾K isú,a ksoyi iy;sl lrkq we;'

ii. rfÜ ´kEu mqrjeishl=g ;uka leu;s ia:dkhl

mÈxÑùug;a Ôj;aùug;a we;s whs;sh iy;sl lrkq

,efí'

iii. úksYapfhka f;drj r|jd ;nd fkd.kq we;'

iv. yDo idCIsfha" wd.ñl úYajdifha" weoySfï" l;d

lsÍfï" m%ldYkfha" /iaùfï" jevlsÍfï" ixúOdkh ùfï"

ixprKfha iy /lshdfõ ksoyi iy;sl lrkq we;'

v. lsisÿ mqrjeisfhl=g /lshdj" wd.u" l=," cd;s" ,sx.

fNaoh" ,sx.sl;ajh u; mokïj wjudkhg" mSvdjg"

wiudk;djhg f.dÿre lsÍfï iudc wdl,am wfydais

lsÍu i|yd mshjr .kq we;'

vi. udkj ysñlï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh ms<s.ksñka" th

jvd;a w¾: mQ¾KNdjhg f.k tau i|yd wr., lrkq

we;'

31. i. jev lsÍug we;s whs;sh iEu mqrjeisfhl=f.au uQ,sl

whs;shla f,i iy;sl flfrkq we;'

ii. iEu ;reK-;reKshlgu oaù;shsl wOHdmkfhka miq

/lshdjla ,eîug we;s whs;sh ms<s.kakd w;r" tfia

/lshdjla ,eîug we;s whs;sh mQ¾K jYfhka iy;sl

jk f;la ÔjkdOdr uqo,la rcfhka ,eîug we;s whs;sh

ms<s.kq ,efí'

iii. jhi wjqreÿ 16g my< .eyeKq yd msßñ <uhska l=uk

fyda /lshdjl fh§u fyda fhoùu ;ykï lrkq ,nk

w;r mdi,a hd hq;= jhfia jQ orejka tfia /lshdj,

fhdojkq ,nk" thg iyh jk ish¨ fokdgu tfrys

kS;suh mshjr .kq ,efí'

iv. l=uk fyda hemSï udOHhla fkdue;s jhi wjqreÿ 16ka


81

my< <uhska /ln,d .ekSfï j.lSu rch fj; mejfrkq

we;'

32. ish¨u fiajlhskag ksYaÑ; jev ld,hla iy;sl lrkq

,nk w;r úfõlh jeä lsÍu ;=<ska Tjqkaf.a ldhsl iy

udkisl kSfrda.S nj wdrCId lsÍu;a Y%uM,odhl;ajh by<

kxjd .ekSu;a i|yd úêu;a mshjr .kq we;' Y%u iQrdlEu

wfydais lsÍug mshjr .kq we;'

33. iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu iudk whs;Ska ysñjk w;r wd.ï" ,sx."

l=," cd;s yd NdId fNaohlska f;drj iudk jevg iudk

jegqma iy;sl lrkq we;'

34. i. ldka;djkag msßñka yd iu whs;sjdislï iEu

fCIa;%hlu iy;sl lrkq ,nk w;r ldka;djka mSvdjg

,lalrk iudc wiudk;djhka" fjkialï lsÍï yd

miq.dó iudc ufkdaNdjhka wfydais lsÍug mshjr .kq

we;'

ii. wdorh" orejka je§u" orejka /ln,d .ekSu iy ,sx.sl

Ôú;h jeks iudc Ôú;fha lghq;= ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSfï

ldka;djka i;= whs;sh ;yjqre lrkq we;'

iii. OfkaYajr l%uh ;=< ldka;djkaf.a fm!oa.,sl lghq;=

f,i i,ld we;s .Dyuh lghq;= iudcuh Y%u ld¾hhka

njg m;a lsÍug wjYH mshjrhka .kq we;'

iv. oEjeoao §u" ,nd.ekSu iy b,a,Su ;ykï lrkq we;'

th W,a,x>kh lrkakjqkag kS;sfhka o`vqjï muqKqjkq

,efí'

v. ud;D;ajh i|yd ish¨ myiqlï rch úiska imhkq ,nk

w;r /lshdjl ksr; jQjka i|yd jegqma iys; m%udKj;a

ksjdvq iy;sl lrkq we;'


82

35. <uhskaf.a ldhsl yd udkisl ixj¾Okh <ud

ufkdaúµd;aul w¾:fhka i,ld" fouõmshka yd jeäysáhka

;=<ska ta flfrys t,a,jk wys;lr n,mEï je<elaùug;a"

úêu;a udkisl yd ldhsl j¾Okhla iys; <ud mrmqrla

f.dvk.d .kafka flfiao hk ±kqu iudc.; lsÍug;a

wod,j <ud wdrlaIKh ms<sn|j jHjia:dms; wdh;khla

f.dvk.kq ,efí'

i. ksfjiaj, mj;ajdf.k hk ksjdi jy,al%u iy .Dyia;

fufyldr l%uh wfydais lrkq we;'

ii. Okjdoh hgf;a jHdmdrhla njg m;aj we;s <ud

iq/l=ï uOHia:dk fjkqjg foudmshka fkdue;s úg

Tjqkag wysñjk wdorh iy /ljrKh ie,fik" ta

fya;=fjka foudmshkag ksoyfia /lshdfõ ksr;ùfï

wjia:dj ysñjk" orejka iudcuh iïm;la f,i i,ld

Tjqka /ln,d .ekSu rcfha j.lSula f,i ms<sf.k

lghq;= lrk kj Èjd iq/l=ï uOHia:dk wdrïN lrkq

we;'

36. i. udkisl iy ldhsl wNsfhda.hg ,lajQjka iy iudc

/ljrKh wysñ mqrjeishka i|yd mQ¾K iudc ixrCIK

l%uhla we;s lrkq ,efí'

ii. úY%dñlNdjhg t<fUk ish¨ mqrjeishkag úY%du jegqma

,eîfï l%uhla ilia lrkq ,efí'

iii. iudcjd§ iudc l%uh ;=< ksIamdokfha j¾Okh;a

iu. we;sjk w;sßla; ksIamdokfhka fldgila Wmfhda.S

lr.ksñka iudc ixrCIK wruqo,la msysgqjd ish¨u

fcHaIaG mqrjeishka" iudc /ljrKh wysñjQjka iy

ldhsl yd udkisl wNsfhda.hg ,lajQjka iudc ixrCIKh

lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lrkq we;'

37. ish¨u mqrjeishkg /lshdj ms<sn| lsisÿ úfYaI;ajhlska


83

f;dr mQ¾K foaYmd,k ksoyi iy;sl lrkq ,efí'

wOHdmkh

OfkaYajr wOHdmk l%uh ilia lr we;af;a Okjdofha

meje;afï uQ,sl fldkafoaish jk iQrdlEfï ienE yrh

jikafldg OfkaYajr l%uh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd wjYH

úhqla; ±kqu ,nd§u wruqKq lr.ksñks' OfkaYajr iudc l%ufha

ienE iajrEmh fy<sorõ ùu je<elaùu i|yd Ôú;fhka iy

foaYmd,kfhka fjkalrk ,o ±kqula ,nd fok w;ru" ñ;Hdj

yd wúoHdj ;yjqre lsÍu i|ydo j;auka OfkaYajr wOHdmk

l%uh fhdod .kq ,efí'

—Ôú;fhka yd foaYmd,kfhka fjka

lrk ,o wOHdmkh fndrejla yd l=yllula

nj wms m%isoaêfha lshd isáuq'˜

^f,kska&

mj;akd OfkaYajr ksIamdok rgdjg wkq.; jQ tkï

OfkaYajr ksIamdok yd iudc in|;djhkag wkqj YsCIKh

jQ ñksil= ks¾udKh lsÍu Wfoid ilia ù we;s j;auka

wOHdmk l%uh" udkj iudcfha m%.ukhg ndOd lrk ;;ajhla

ks¾udKh ù we;' iudcuh ±kqu iuia; udkj j¾.hdf.a

wjYH;djhka bgqlsÍu i|yd fhdod.ekSu fjkqjg OfkaYajr

iudc l%uh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd wjYH me<eka;shla ks¾Ok

mx;sh ;=<skao ks¾udKh lr.ekSu i|yd wOHdmkh fhdod

.ekSu Okjdoh ;=< isÿfõ' Okjdofha iudc-wd¾Ól ieleiau

mj;ajdf.k hdug m%udKj;a jk msßilg muKla wOHdmkh

,nd§u fya;=fjka ±kqu n,hla njgo wOHdmk wjia:dj,

úYd, ys`.lulao ks¾udKh ù we;' j;auka kj ,snr,a Okjd§

wd¾Ólfha jqjukdjkag iudkqmd;slj mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk

wOHdmk l%uh udkj ne£ï wysñ l<" k.ak iajd¾:lduh ;u

taldhk wruqK njg m;alr.;a ñksia fm!reIhka ì| ouk"


84

wiykldÍ tlla njg m;aj we;'

uq¿uy;a udkj YsIagdpdrfha b;sydih mqrd ìysjqKq

ziudcuh ±kquZ udkj iudcfha;a" udkj j¾.hdf.a;a hym;

Wfoid ks¾udKYS,S f,i fhdod.ekSu iudcjdofha wruqKhs' ta

;=<ska udkj iudcfha wkd.; wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka jQ kj ±kqu

Wmoaod,kq ,nk w;r wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ks¾udKh

lsÍfï ÈYdjg yev.efik kj ñksid ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd

th w;HjYH idOlhla fõ'

ta wkqj ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;khlska" mßmQ¾K

fm!reIhlska fyì udkjjd§ úYaùh mqrjeishl= ks¾udKh

lsÍu wruqKq lr.;a wOHdmk l%uhla iudcjdoh hgf;a wdrïN

lrkq we;' OfkaYajr iQrd lEfï yrh fy<sorõ lsÍu;a" mx;s

igk i|yd n,fõ. le|ùu;a th mj;ajdf.k hdu;a ish¨

fCIa;% jid me;sr we;s ñ;Hdj iy wúoHdj m<jd yeÍu;a"

f,dalfha w;s kùk ±kqu udkqIjd§ wref;ka Wlyd .ekSug

iu;a ;;ajhla ks¾udKh lsÍu;a fï hgf;a isÿjkq we;'

wOHdmkh ,eîug ish¨u mqrjeishkag we;s iu whs;sh ;yjqre

lsÍu;a ta i|yd wjYH fN!;sl ;;ajhka iïmdokh lsÍu;a"

iudcfha wjYH;djkag .e,fmk f,i wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a

lsÍu;a i|yd fuys§ m%uqL wjodkh fhduq lrkq we;' wkd.;

fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ;=< wOHdmkh ñksia whs;shla fkdj

udkj wjYH;djhla njg m;ajkq we;'

38. ,dxflah ck;djg Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sl úldYkh ms<sn|

ksrjq,a fM;sydisl fN!;sljd§ ±laula ,ndfok w;ru

f,dj wfkl=;a ixialD;Ska y÷kdf.k tajdg f.!rj lrk

yd ÈhKq udkjjd§ wruqKlska ixialD;sl wkql,kh

i|yd fmd<Ujk f,dj mqrd WmÈk kQ;k ±kqï iïNdrh

wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd l=i,;djhka yd ffki¾.sl Yla;Ska

biau;= lr .ksñka ksmqk;djhka ksr;=reju j¾Okh lr.kq

,nk ±kqu ñksia j¾.hdf.a iy ñksia iudcfha hym;

fjkqfjka fhoùug wfmaCId lrk OfkaYajr iQrd lEfï


85

yrh fy<sorõ lrk w;ru mx;s igk mj;ajdf.k hdu

i|yd wjYH ±kqu ,ndfok ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;khlska

fyì mßmQ¾K fm!reIhla iys; ls%hdYS,S úYaùh mqrjeishl=

ks¾udKh lsÍu wruqKq lr.;a cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla

ilialr l%shdjg k.kq ,efí'

39. wOHdmkh ish¨fokd i;= uQ,sl whs;shla jk w;r cd;sh"

wd.u" l=,h" NdIdj" ia;%S-mqreI nj" j;alï uÜgu fyda wka

lsisÿ úfYaI;ajhlska f;drj ish¨ mqrjeishkag wOHdmkh

;=< iudk;au;djh ysñ lrkq we;'

40. wOHdmkh uq¿uKskau rch i;= j.lSula jk w;r fmr

mdif,a isg m%:u Wmdêh olajd wOHdmkh lsisÿ f.ùulska

f;drj fkdñf,a ,nd fokq we;'

41. ksoyia wOHdmk whs;sh iy;sl lrkq ,nk w;r oaú;Shsl

wOHdmkfha wjidkh f;la ish,a,kagu wOHdmkh wksjd¾h

lrkq ,efí'

42. ish¨u orejkag oaú;Sl wOHdmkfha wjidkh olajd fi!LH

wOHdmkh" úµd" .Ks;" uQ,sl NdId' uQ,sl fi!kao¾h

wOHdmkh" mß>kl idlaIr;djho wksjd¾h lrk w;r

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfha wjidk Nd.fha§ iudc Ôú;hg

w;HjYH uQ,sl wd¾Ól úµdj" uQ,sl foaYmd,k úµdj

ms<sn| m%udKj;a ±kqula ,nd fokq we;'

43. Wiia wOHdmkfha uq¿ úhou rch úiska orkq ,efí'

44. mj;sk wjia:d m%udKhg wkqj fkdj iudcfha wjYH;djhkag

.e,fmk f,i wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍug mshjr .kq

,nk w;r úYaj úµd, wOHdmkh ta i|yd iqÿiqlï ,nk

ish¨ fokdgu iy;sl lrkq ,efí'

45. fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh k.disgqùu i|yd úêu;a jevms<sfj<la


86

ilia lrkq ,nk w;r tys j.lSu uq¿uKskau rch úiska

mjrd .kq ,efí'

46. lïlrejka iy wfkl=;a fiajlhska i|yd ikaOHd wOHdmk

l%uhla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí' thg Wiia wOHdmkho

we;=<;a jkq we;'

47. iEu fCIa;%hlu kQ.;alu;a wúµdj;a wfydais lsÍug

l%shd;aul mshjr jydu .kq ,efí' fï i|yd yÈis iafõÉPd

wOHdmk jevms<sfj<la yd rd;%s mdi,a mj;ajkq ,efí'

48. wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulNdjh by< kexùu i|yd

.=rejrekaf.a N+ñldj" úIh jdylhskaf.a isg YsIHhskaf.a

fm!reI mßKduk l%shdj,shla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu

wruqKq lr.;a úêu;a jevms<sfj<la ilialr l%shdjg k.kq

we;' ta wkqj ish¨u wOHdmk wdh;kj, .=rejreka i|yd

jD;a;Sh fmrmqyqKq jevigyka yd fiajdia: mqyqKq jevigyka

mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí'

49. Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj, wOHdmk iy mßmd,k

iajdëk;ajh fkdflf,ikq we;'

50. YsIH m%cdjg iudc-foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iyNd.sùfï

mQ¾K ksoyi iy;sl lrkq we;'

51. wOHdmk wdh;khkaf.a iy YsIHhkaf.a lghq;=j,g iïnkaO

wdh;k mßmd,khg YsIH ixúOdkj, ksfhdað;hskao iyNd.s

lr.kq ,efí'

52. cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;sfha iajdëk;ajh wdrCId jk m%cd

iyNd.s mßmd,k jHQyhla ia:dms; lrkq ,nk w;r ta

i|yd .=rejrekaf.a" wOHdmk fiajlhskaf.a iy YsIHhskaf.a

ksfhdað; lñgqo iyNd.s lr.kq ,efí'

53. lïlrejkag ish oCI;djhka yd yelshdjka wkqj iriúhg


87

yd wfkl=;a Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj,g we;=¿ ùug;a

tu.ska Wiia wOHdmkh iy /lshdfõ Wiiaùï ,eîug;a

myiqlï imhkq ,efí' Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd ks¾ndê;

m%fõYh i|yd úêu;a jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkq we;'

54. udkjjdoh" iudkd;au;djdoh" iduqysl;ajh uq,alr.;a

fN!;sljd§ oDIaáhlska fyì wOHdmkhla ,nd§u iEu

wOHdmk wdh;khla ;=<u l%shdjg k.kq we;'

55. jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh ixj¾Okh lsÍu flfrys iudcjd§

rdcHfha úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nk w;r ta i|yd

cd;sl jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;khla msysgqjd ish¨ jD;a;Sh

fCIa;% i|yd wjia:d ysñjk jD;a;Sh wOHdmk jevms<sfj<la

l%shdjg k.kq we;'

56. wOHdmkfha úúO jrKhka i|yd we;s bvlv mq¿,a lsÍug

mshjr .kq ,nk w;r wOHdmk wjia:d iq,N lsÍu i|yd

úêu;a jevms<sfj<la ilia flfrkq we;'

57. wOHdmk fCIa;%fha jD;a;slhskaf.a jD;a;Sh ;;ajh by<

kexùu i|yd;a" Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh .eg¨ y÷kdf.k tajd

úi£u i|yd;a m%uqL wjOdkh fhduql< jevms<sfj<la

ilialr l%shdjg k.kq ,efí'

58. j;auka OfkaYajr wOHdmk l%uh hgf;a isiqka we.hSu i|yd

fhdod.kq ,nk wúµd;aul" mSvdldÍ we.hqï l%uh ms<sn|

mq¿,a iudf,dapkhla lr isiqkaf.a yelshdjka" olaI;djhka

iy l=i,;djhka ksjerÈj y÷kd.ekSug iu;a kùk we.hqï

l%uhla we;s lrkq ,efí'

59. kj iudcjd§ iudchg wjYH ks¾udKYS,S" udkjjd§

hym;a mqrjeishka f.dvke.Su wruqKq lr .ksñka jeäysá

wOHdmkh" wúêu;a wOHdmkh yd fkdúêu;a wOHdmkh

jHdma; lsÍu i|yd rch lghq;= lrkq we;'


88

60. wOHdmk fCIa;%fha m%.uKh fjkqfjka tu fCIa;%hg wod<

úfYaI{hskaf.a iy úoaj;=kaf.a odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu i|yd

jk m%dfhda.sl jevms<sfj<la fkdmudj ilia lrkq we;'

61. uQ,sl ,sx.sl wOHdmkh fkdue;slñka Okjdoh ;=<

ks¾udKh ù we;s iudc .eg¨ úi£u i|yd läkï mshjr

.kq ,nk w;r mdi,a ;=< ,sx.sl wOHdmkh ,nd§fï

jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkq we;'

62. j;auka iudc l%uh ;=< úhqla; f,i isÿlrk wOHdmk

m¾fhaIK fjkqjg iudcjd§ iudch f.dvke.Sfï

m%dfhda.sl l%shdldÍ;ajh iu. ukd f,i ne÷Kq wOHdmk

m¾fhaIK l%shdj,shla wdrïN lsÍu i|yd mshjr .kq we;'

ta i|yd wOHdmk m¾fhaIK ms<sn| cd;sl wdh;khla

msysgqùug mshjr .kq we;'

63. ,xldfõ iudc ixj¾Ok b;sydih ms<sn|j mq¿,a

ft;sydisl fN!;sljd§ w¾:l:khla lr.ekSu WfoidjQ

iudc úµd;aul l;sldjla wrUkq we;' b;sydih ;=<

fuf;la ksrdjrKh lr f.k we;s ft;sydisl uQ,dY%j,

mj;sk meg,s,s iys; nj" md¾Yùh nj ksrjq,a lr úµd;aul

mokula u; tajd fm<.eiaùu yd ;jÿrg;a ft;sydisl iy

mqrdúµd;aul m¾fhaIK iy .fõIK isÿlrñka ,xldfõ

b;sydih ms<sn| ft;sydisl fN!;sljd§ ±laula iudc.;

lsÍu ish j.lSu lr.;a mqrd úµd nqoaêu;=kaf.ka yd iudc

úµd m¾fhaIlhskaf.ka iukaú;" n,d;aul wdh;khla

msysgqjk w;r thg f,dalfha fjk;a rgj," Wla; úIhg

wod< nqoaêu;=kaf.a yd wdh;khka iu. taldnoaOj lghq;=

lsÍfï wjia:dj i,id fokq we;'


89

cd;sl .eg¨j

cd;sl .eg¨j hkq zcd;Skaf.a úuqla;sfha yd ksoyia

ixj¾Okfha fldkafoaisj, .eg¨jhsZ udkj iudcfha b;sydih

mÍlaId lsÍfï§ fmkS hkafka cd;sh ks¾udKh lsÍu OfkaYajr

m%cd;ka;%jd§ úma,jhg wh;a ld¾hNdrhla njhs' kuq;a

Okjdofha ìysùfï;a j¾Okfha;a mej;s idfmalaI ;;ajhka wkqj

miq.dó OfkaYajr ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj, cd;sh ks¾udKh

lsÍug;a tys ixj¾Okh i|yd wjYH ;;ajhka ks¾udKh

lsÍug;a Okjdoh wiu;a jQ w;r th ;jÿrg;a fkdúi÷Kq

.eg¨jla f,i b;sßj mj;shs'

cd;sh hkq OfkaYajr ksIamdok rgdjg wkqrEmS udkj

m%cdfõ ft;sydisl wdldrh jk w;r th OfkaYajr iudc

wd¾Ól yev.eiau iu. fmrg tk udkj m%cdfõ mq¿,a;u

wdldrhhs' cd;sl;ajhka w;r wiu.sh wfydais lsÍu" rgla ;=<

m%foaY w;r wd¾Ól ne£ï taldnoaO lsÍu" m%dfoaYSh fj<|fmd<j,a

cd;sl fj<|fmd<la ;=<g tluq;= lsÍu" cd;sl leá.eiSu i|yd

wd¾Ól moku fiajh lsÍu fuys§ isÿfõ' kuq;a OfkaYajr

l%uh W;a;rdfrdamKfhka wk;=rej f.jqKq b;sydih ;=<

,xldfõ cd;sl m%cdjka wd¾Ól Ôú;fha tlg leáùula isÿjqjo

ixialD;sluh Ôú;fha§ Tjqka wkql,kh lr.ksñka ,dxflah

cd;sh mßmQ¾K;ajhlg f.k taug wjj¾ê; miq.dó Okjdoh

iu;a jQfha ke;'

mej;s wdishd;sl iudc l%ufha wNHka;r m%;súfrdaOhka

uqyql=rd fkdf.dia ks¾udKh jQ W;a;rdfrdams; miq.dó ,dxflah

Okjdoh ;uka úiska bgql< hq;= fndfyda OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§

l¾;jHhka bgqlsÍug iu;a jQfha ke;' tfia fkdúi÷Kq .eg¨

w;r cd;sl .eg¨jg m%uqL ia:dkhla ysñ ù we;' rg úáka úg

hg;a lr.;a mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais iy ì%;dkH hg;aúð;jd§kaf.a

md,k Wml%uh jQfha cd;sl m%cdjka ;u md,kfha myiqj

i|yd fnod-fjkalr md,kh lsÍuhs' fuf;la rg ;=< n,hg

m;ajQ Okm;s md,lhskao ta whqßkau ;u n, jqjukdjka


90

fjkqfjka cd;sjd§ mokulska cd;sl .eg¨j l<ukdlrKh

lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu isÿ úh' b;sydih mqrdu

isxy," oñ<" uqia,sï" Okm;s kdhlhskao cd;sjd§ mokulska

;u mx;sfha n, jqjukdjka fjkqfjka cd;sjdoh fhdod .ekSu

ksid cd;sl .eg¨j wo mj;sk ;;ajhg ixlS¾K ù we;' fuu

ixlS¾K ;;ajh ;=< rfÜ Ôj;a jk iq¿;r cd;sl m%cdjka

i|yd Okjdoh úiska ks¾ñ; cd;sl mSvkhla mj;sk w;r tu

cd;sl mSvkfhka Tjqka uqod.ekSu cd;sl .eg¨j úi£fï m%uqL

lghq;a;la jkq we;'

,xldfõ miq.dó Okjdoh úiskau ks¾udKh l<" th

úiskau wo mj;sk ;;ajh olajd ixlS¾K l< cd;sl .eg¨j

úi£ug ,xldfõ j;auka Okjd§ fudfyd; tkï" kj ,snr,a

Okjdoh lsisfia;au iu;a fkdjkq we;' tneúka ,dxflah

cd;sl .eg¨j úi£fï ft;sydisl j.lSu wksjd¾hkSh f,iu

iudcjd§ úma,jhg mejfrkq we;'

uq¿uy;a f,dal ck;dju iu.sh" ifydaor;ajh"

iudkd;au;djh yd ÈhqKq udkj ne£ïj,ska msß iduQysl udkj

m%cdjla njg m;ajk fldñhqksiaÜ iudcl%uh ks¾udKh lsÍu

i|yd jk ixl%uKSh ld¾hNdrh iudcjdoh fj; mejfrkq

we;' tneúka iudcjdoh hgf;a udkj m%cdfõ ft;sydisl

wdldrho ixl%uKSh tlla jkq we;' Èkd.;a rdcH n,h mx;suh

w¾:hlska yiqrejkq ,nk ks¾Ok mx;sh tla mx;shla úiska

;j;a mx;shla iQrdlEu wfydais lsÍu i|yd;a" ish¨u cd;sl

m%cdjkag m%cd;ka;%jdoh;a iudk whs;skq;a ,nd§u i|yd tu

n,h Wmfhda.S lr .kq we;' cd;sl m%cdjka w;r Okjdoh úiska

ks¾udKh lr we;s ielh" wúYajdih wfydais lr úYajdih

f.dvke.Su i|yd;a" mSä; cd;sl m%cdjkaf.a f.!rjh" whs;Ska

yd wNsudkh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd;a lghq;= lrkq we;' wd¾Ól

Ôú;fha fndfyda ÿrg iaùlrKh ù we;s tfy;a ixialD;sluh

jYfhka wkql,kh ù fkdue;s isxy," oñ<" uqia,sï cd;sl

m%cdjka wkql,kh lr.ekSu i|yd iudcjd§ rch úiska


91

úYajdikSh l%shdud¾. .kq we;'

ishü ck m%cdjkag m%cd;ka;%jdoh;a iudk;au;djh;a

Tjqkaf.a whs;Skq;a ,nd§ mx;s mokula ;=< cd;sl .eg¨j úi£u

i|yd ls%hd;aul lsÍug wfmaCId lrk uQ,sl m%;sm;a;Ska my;

olajd we;'

64. w;a;fkdau;sl úuOH.;lrKhg fukau w;a;fkdau;sl

uOH.;lrKhgo úreoaO jkq we;'

65. ienE iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd l%shd;aul mshjr

.kq ,nk w;r úúO cd;sl m%cdjka i|yd iajhx md,kh u;

mokï jk mßÈ m%cd;ka;%jd§ uOH.; rdcHhla mj;ajdf.k

hkq we;'

66. i. isxy," oñ<" bx.%Sis hk NdIdjka ;=ku cd;sl NdIdjka

f,i ms<s.kq ,efí'

ii. ishü rdcH wdh;kj, ck;d ksfhdað;hskag rfÜ

mj;sk ´kEu cd;sl NdIdjlska l;d l< yels w;r

tajdfha iu.dó mßj¾;khla iEu cd;sl NdIdjlskau

fokq ,efí'

iii. ishü kS;s lghq;=" rcfha ksfhda. yd fhdackd iEu

cd;sl NdIdjlskau ksl=;a lrkq ,efí'

iv. wOHdmk lghq;=j,§ ish uõ niska fyda ;uka leu;s

´kEu cd;sl NdIdjlska wOHdmkh ,eîug we;s whs;sh

ms<s.kq ,efí'

v. rch iu. ish uõniska fyda ;uka leu;s ́ kEu cd;sl

NdIdjlska iïnkaOlï meje;aùug we;s whs;sh ms<s.kq

,efí'

vi. NdId fjkialï u; iudc-wd¾Ól-foaYmd,kuh


92

yd wfkl=;a ljr wdldrhl fyda fjkialula lsisu

mqrjeisfhl=g fkdlrkq ,efí'

vii. iEu mqrjeisfhl=u cd;sl NdIdjka Wmfhda.S lr

.ekSfï§ iudk whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú¢kq we;'

67. isxy," oñ<" bx.%Sis hk cd;sl NdId ;=ku yeoEÍu i|yd

wjYH cd;sl jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkq ,nk w;r ta i|yd

mdi,a" úYaj úµd," NdId wOHdmk mSG uOH.; lr.;a

cd;sl NdId wOHdmk wdh;khla wdrïN lrkq ,efí' NdId

wOHdmkfha mq¿,a j¾Okh;a iu. ixialD;sluh wkql,kh

i|yd cd;sl m%cdjka fmd<Ujkq ,efí'

68. tla cd;sl m%cdjla úiska ;j;a cd;sl m%cdjla iudcuh

jYfhka fm<Su;a tla l=,hla úiska ;j;a l=,hla iudcuh

jYfhka fm<Su;a cd;sfNaojdoh;a l=,fNaojdoh;a wfydais

lr,k w;r th W,a,x>kh lrkakjqkag kS;s u.ska o`vqjï

muqKqjkq we;'

69. i. ,xldfõ mqrjeisNdjh ysñ ù ke;s j;= lïlre ck;djg

,dxflah mqrjeisNdjh ,nd§u i|yd läkï mshjr .kq

we;'

ii. j;= lïlre ck;dj uqyqK fok iudc wd¾Ól"

foaYmd,k iy ixialD;sl .eg¨ fukau mSvdjka

y÷kdf.k tu .eg¨ úi£ug;a" mSvdjka bj;a lsÍug;a

läkï mshjr .kq we;'

70. mSä; cd;sl m%cdjka iudcuh" ixialD;sluh iy NdIduh

fCIaa;%j, uqyqK fok mSvdj y÷kdf.k tu mSvkh wfydais

lsÍu i|yd läkï l%shdud¾. .kq we;'

71. mSä; cd;sl m%cdjkaf.a f.!rjh" wNsudkh wdrlaId lsÍu


93

iy j¾Okh lsÍu i|ydo Tjqkaf.a whs;Ska wdrCId lsÍu

i|ydo m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq lrkq we;'

72. ishü cd;sl m%cdjkaf.a ixialD;sl wkkH;djka wdrlaId

lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lrk w;r tajd u; flfrk wêm;sjd§"

wdl%uKldÍ ishü ueÈy;aùï k;r lsÍu i|yd jydu

mshjr .kq we;'

73. cd;sl" l=, fyda fjk;a m%dfoaYSh wiukd;djhlska"

fNaohlska f;drj ´kEu cd;sl m%cdjl idudðlfhl=g

fõ.fhka mq¿,a jk iudcjd§ wd¾Ólhg" ;u wjYH;djh

wkqj iyNd.S ùug;a tys M, fk<d.ekSug;a we;s whs;sh

iy;sl lrkq we;'

74. ´kEu cd;sl m%cdjla ;=< we;s úh yels wêm;sjd§

ufkdaNdjh;a" cd;sl yqol,dNdjh;a wfydais lsÍu i|yd

udkjjd§ úµd;aul jevms<sfj<la l%shdjg k.kq we;'

75. ishü cd;sl m%cdjka i|yd lsisÿ úfYaI;ajhlska fyda

fNaohlska f;drj foaYmd,kh lsÍfï we;s whs;sh;a ksoyi;a

iy;sl lrkq ,efí'

fi!LHh

uq¿uy;a udkj iudcfha b;sydih mqrd iudc fM;sydisl

l%shdj,sfha m%;sM,hla f,i ìysjQ ffjµ úµdfõ ±kqu udkj

iudcfha hymeje;au fjkqfjka fhdod .ekSu fjkqjg j;auka

OfkaYajr iudc l%uh ;=< m%d.aOk n,h ysñ nyqcd;sl iud.ï

j<,a,lg wh;a tu iud.ïj, ,dN ;r lrk W,am;la njg

m;aù we;' kùk ffjµ WmlrK" T!IO we;=¿ udkj iudch

úiska ks¾udKh l< ffjµ úµdfõ kj ±kqu iy fidhd.ekSï

ish,a, fmdÿfõ iudchg wysñ ù Okh ysñ mx;shg muKla

ysñù we;' OfkaYajr iudc l%uh mj;ajdf.k hEu i|yd wjYH


94

Y%u Yla;sh ,nd.ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a kSfrda.Slu fyda ñksidg

,nd§ug Okjdoh wiu;a ù we;s w;r iQrdlEu iy Y%ufha M,

wysñ ùu ksid we;sjk mr;ajdfrdamKh fya;=fjka ldhsl iy

udkisl jYfhka mSvdjg ,lajQ frda.Ska njg iuia; iudcfhau

ck;dj OfkaYajr iudc l%uh ;=< m;alr we;'

iudcjd§ iudc l%uh f.dvke.Su i|yd wjYH ksfrda.S"

l%shdYS,s udkj iïm; ìyslr .ekSu iudcjd§ rdcHfha m%uqL

wruqKla jk w;r ta i|yd w;sßla; jákdlïj,ska m%udKj;a

fldgila fi!LH fCIa;%h i|yd fhdojkq ,nhs' tu fCIa;%fha

kùk ±kqu ,nd.ekSu;a m¾fhaIK wdÈh i|yd;a mQ¾K ueÈy;a

ùula isÿlrkq ,nk w;r ta wkqj fi!LH fCIa;%fha fõ.j;a

mq¿,a lsÍula yryd ish¨ mqrjeishkag ksoyia fi!LH fiajdjla

,eîfï we;s whs;sh ;yjqre lrkq we;'Y%u iQrdlEu wfydais

lsÍu yryd;a úfõlh jeä lsÍu ;=<skq;a Y%ufha M, idOdrK

f,i iudch ;=< fnodyeÍu ;=<ska mr;ajdfrdamKh ke;s fldg

ck;djf.a ldhsl iy udkisl ksfrda.S nj wdrCId lr.ekSu

i|yd lghq;= lrkq ,efí' frda. we;sùfuka wk;=rej m%;sldr

lsÍu fjkqjg iudcjdoh hgf;a frda. we;sùu j<lajd .ekSu

i|yd tkï frda. ksjdrKh i|yd m%cd iyNd.S fi!LH

jevms<sfj<la wLKavj l%shdjg ke.Sug mshjr .kq we;'

wkd.;fha ks¾udKh jk fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ;=<

fi!LH fiajdj zúfYaI fiajdjlaZ fkdjk w;r udkj iudcfha

hym;a meje;au fjkqfjka iudch úiskau mj;ajdf.k hkq

,nk iafõÉPd udkj l%shdldß;ajhla jkq we;'

76. ksfrda.S ñksia iudchla ks¾udKh lsÍu wruqKqlr .ksñka

iudchSh wjYH;djhkag .e,fmk f,i fi!LH fiajh mq¿,a

lsÍu flfrys ±ä wjOdkh fhduq lrñka frda. ksjdrKh;a

^frda. je<elaùu& frda. md,kh;a ^m%;sldr lsÍu& i|yd m%cd

iyNd.s cd;sl fi!LH m%;sm;a;sh;a ilialr l%shdjg k.kq

we;'


95

77. fi!LH" ffjµ iy odrl fiajdjkaf.a mq¿,a cd,hla ia:dms;

lrkq we;'

78. fi!LH fiajdj rcfha j.lSula jk w;r th uq¿ukskau

fkdñf,a mj;ajdf.k hkq we;'

79. jevlrk ck;dj;a" fcHaIaG mqrjeishkq;a" frda.Ska

iy wndê; mqrjeishkq;a" <uhskq;a i|yd ffjµd.dr"

úfúld.dr iy l%Svd.dr myiqlï iy;sl lrkq we;'

80. ffjµ jD;a;slhska we;=¿ fi!LH fiajdfõ kshq;= ish¨

fiajlhskag Tjqkaf.a ldhsl yd udkisl ;;ajhka hym;a

uÜgulska mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd wjYH úfõlh ,efnk

ksYaÑ; jev ld,hla ,nd§ug mshjr .kq we;'

81. fi!LH fiajfha kshq;= jQjkaf.a Wiia wOHdmkh iy

úfoaYSh wOHdmkh ms<sn| j.lSu uq¿ukskau rch úiska

Ndr.kq we;'

82. ffjµ fiajdfõ kshq;= jQjkaf.a ish¨u m¾fhaIK

lghq;=j,g rch mQ¾K iyh;a Èßh;a fokq we;' ta i|yd

iqÿiq jdisodhl ;;ajhla ks¾udKh lrkq we;' ffjµ úµd

úIfhys f,dalfha w;s kùk ±kqu;a" ;dlaIKh;a Wlyd

.ekSug wjYH ish¨u mshjrhka .kq we;'

83. wdhq¾fõo" hqkdks" isoaOdhq¾fõo wd§ ffjµ fCIa;% úµd;aul

mokula u; h<s ;yjqre lsÍu;a tajd j¾Okh lsÍu;a

m%ñ;shg ,lalsÍug;a lghq;= lrk w;r tu fCIa;%h iy

ngysr ffjµ fCIa;%h w;r we;s mr;rh wfydais lsÍug

mshjr .kq we;'

84. Yßrhg wys;lr u;aøjH Wjÿr ke;s lsÍug jydu mshjr

.kq we;' fï i|yd úêu;a wOHdmk" m%pdrl iy Woaf>daIK

jHdmdrhla jydu Èh;a lrkq we;'


96

85. frda. ksjdrKh ^je<elaùu& i|yd m%cd iyNd.S úêu;a

fi!LH wOHdmk jevms<sfj<la rcfha mQ¾K ueÈy;aùu

hgf;a wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hkq we;'

86. i. kd.ßl me,am;ajdiSka iy j;= ksjdij, Ôj;a jk

ck;dj ukd fi!LH iy iodpdr mqreÿj,ska hq;=j

iudc.; lsÍu iy n,.ekaùu i|yd úfYaI jevms<sfj,la

ilia lr l%shdjg k.kq ,efí'

ii. uef,aßhd" fvx.= jeks jix.; frda. iuQf,da;amdGkh

i|yd jydu w;HjYH ish¨ mshjrhka .kq ,efí'

iii. taâia we;=¿ ,sx.dY%s; frda.j,g f.dÿreùu iy tu

frda. me;srhdu je<elaùug l%shdldÍ mshjr .kq we;'

87. iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu fyd| Ôjk ;;ajhla iy;sl lrk

w;r iEu úgu ksfrda.S Ôú;hla i|yd w;HjYH wdydr

fõ,la ,eîug we;s whs;sh iy;sl lrkq ,efí'

88. <orejkag iy <uhskag wjYH wdydr-mdk wdÈh;a wfkl=;a

wjYH oE;a frda.Skayg wjYH fnfy;a øjHh;a l=uk ;;ajhla

hgf;aj;a ys`. fkdjk mßÈ iemhSug j.n,d .kq we;'

89. f,dalh ;=< ±jeka; cdjdrula njg m;aj we;s T!IO fj<\

fï f.dÿre njg ck;dj m;aùu je<elaùu i|yd;a ksis

m%ñ;shlska hq;= T!IO ,nd .ekSug ck;djg we;s whs;sh

;yjqre jk mßÈ;a cd;sl T!IO m%;sm;a;shla ilia lr

l%shdjg k.kq ,efí'

90. rfÜ iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu wjYH myiqlïj,ska hq;= ksjil

Ôj;aùug we;s whs;sh ms<s.kq ,nk w;r ksjdi m%Yakh

úi£u i|yd úµd;aul cd;sl jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkq

we;' ta wkqj"

i. ish¨u mqrjeishkag myiqlïj,ska hq;a" iodpdr


97

iïmkak iy iqÿiq fi!LH ;;ajhkaf.ka hq;= iudcuh

iy ixialD;sluh hymeje;aug wkqrEmS YsIag ksfjia

,eîug we;s whs;sh iy;sl lrkq we;'

ii. ksjdi m%Yakh;a ta yd ne÷Kq bvï ms<sn| m%Yakh;a

úi£u wruqKq lr.ksñka rch úiska kùk myiqlïj,ska

hq;= ;Ügq ksjdi fhdackd l%u wrUkq we;'

iii. kd.ßl me,am;ajdiSkag iy .ïno Ôj;aùug kqiqÿiq

ksfjiaj, jdih lrkakkag Ôj;aùug iqÿiq ksjdi

iemhSug jydu úêúOdk fhdokq we;'

iv. ish¨u j;= lïlrejkag j;= ksjdi fma<s fjkqjg

fi!LH myiqlïj,ska hq;= iodpdr iïmkak YsIag ksjdi

imhkq we;'

wd¾Ól jHqyh

m%d.aOkh u.ska Y%uh iqrdlEu yryd w;sßla; jákdlï

ixflakaøKh lr.ekSu OfkaYajr wd¾Ólfha mokuhs' ta yryd

fm!oa.,sl foam< j¾Okh lr.ekSu;a" fm!oa.,sl ,dNh Wmßulr

.ekSu;a wruqKq lr.ksñka OfkaYajr wd¾Ólh ks¾udKh ù

we;' th ñksia iudcfha ienE mßfNdack wjYH;djhka bgq

fkdlrk w;r fm!oa.,sl ,dN wfmaCIdj taldhk wruqK njg

m;alr f.k we;' ksIamdokfha iudcuh iajrEmh;a tys M,

w;am;a lr.ekSfï we;s fm!oa.,sl iajrEmh;a ksid OfkaYajr

wd¾Ólh ;uka úiskau ;u ;=,s;;djh ì|.;a" ie,iqï úrys;"

wixúOdkd;aul njla .eílr.;a tlls' tneúka j;auka kj

,snr,a Okjd§ wd¾Ólhg udkj iudcfha wjYH;d iemsßh

fkdyels w;r yqjudre NdKav wêjkaokdj u.ska ks¾udKh ù

we;s fm!oa.,sl foam< f.dv.id .ekSfï iSud úrys; ;r.h

fya;=fjka udkj in|;d ish,a, yqjudre jákdlï njg m;alr

we;' wm wo iudchla f,i N=la;s ú¢ñka isákqfha tu kj

,snr,a Okjd§ wd¾Ólfha wiajekakhs'


98

iudcjdoh hgf;a isÿjkafka rdcH n,h w;am;a lr.;a

ks¾Ok mx;sh fm!oa.,sl whs;sh hgf;a mj;sk ksIamdok

n,fõ.hkaf.a whs;sh ish;g .ksñka l%udkql+,j tajd iudc

ika;l lsÍuhs' iudcfha ksIamdok udOHhkaf.a whs;sh ks¾Ok

mx;s rdcH ika;l jQ úg zieuf.ka Tjqkf.a yelshdj wkqj"

ieug Tjqka lrk jev wkqjZ hk m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a iudcjd§

wd¾Ólh fufyhjkq we;' ksIamdok udOHhkaf.a fm!oa.,sl

whs;sh fjkqjg tys idudchSh whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍu isÿlrkq

,nk w;r OfkaYajr ksIamdok in|;djhka iudcjd§ ksIamdok

in|;djhka u.ska m<jd yeÍu isÿlrkq ,efí' iudcjdoh hgf;a

rdcH foam<" iduqysl foam< yd fm!oa.,sl foam< hk foam<

wdldrhka mj;sk w;r ks¾Ok mx;s rdcHfha ueÈy;aùfuka

uyd mßudK fmdÿ foam< j¾Okh lsÍu u.ska fm!oa.,sl foam<

whs;sh l%udkql+,j m<jd yßkq we;' uOH ie,iqï uKav,hla

u.ska iudcjd§ wd¾Ólh úµd;aul mokula u; ie,iqïlr

iudcfha wjYH;djhka iemsÍu i|yd fufyaùu isÿlrkq ,efí'

iudcjdoh f.dvke.Su i|yd ksIamdokfha ±jeka; j¾Okhla

w;am;a lr.ekSu w;HjYH jk w;r ksIamdok wd¾Ólh mq¿,a

lsÍu i|yd l¾udka; fCIaa;%fha;a" lDIs l¾udka;fha;a fõ.j;a

j¾Okhla i|yd iudcjd§ rdcHfha m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq lrkq

we;' ta i|yd úµdfõ" ;dCIKfha ish¨ ch.%yKhka fhdod

.ekSug ie,iqïlrk w;r uq¿uy;a ck iudch iïnkaOlr

.ekSu i|yd ck iyNd.S ixj¾Ok ie,iqula ilia lrkq

,efí' tfia mq¿,ajk ksIamdokfha M, iudch ;=< idOdrK

f,i fnodyeÍfï jevms<sfj<la u.ska iudcfha mßfNdack

wjYH;djhka ;Dma; lsÍu" iudcjd§ rdcHfha ueÈy;aùfuka

isÿlrkq we;' mq¿,ajk ksIamdok wd¾Ólfha wjYH;djhkag

wkqrEmS f,i fiajd wd¾Ólh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd rcfha

úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nk w;r nexl=" rCIK wdh;k

we;=¿ iuia; uQ,H fCIa;%hu uOHu uQ,H wdh;khla u.ska

uOH ie,iqï uKav,hg taldnoaO lr.ekSu isÿlrkq ,efí'

j¾;udk f,dalfha iudc-wd¾Ól-foaYmd,k mßirh ukd f,i


99

y÷kd .ksñka iudcjd§ rdcH f,dal fj<|fmd< ;=< ;r.ldÍ

ueÈy;a ùula isÿlrk w;r tys§ f,dal fj<|fmdf<a isÿjk

wd¾Ól WÉpdjpkhkag uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' tjeks fudfyd;l

isÿúh yels wd¾Ól wjdisj, nr rfÜ ck;dj u; megùu isÿ

fkdlrk w;r iudcfha w;sßla; Okh fhdod.ksñka iudcjd§

rdcH úiska f.dvk.k wruqo,la u.ska tjeks wjdis iy.;

;;ajhka mshjd .ekSu isÿlrkq ,efí'

ksIamdok udOHhkaf.a whs;sh uq¿ukskau iudc ika;l jQ

wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ;=< zieuf.ka Tjqkaf.a yelshdj

wkqj ieug Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djh wkqjZ hk m%;sm;a;sh iduqysl

ñksia iudch úiska l%shdjg k.kq we;' tys§ tla mx;shla úiska

;j;a mx;shla iQrdlEu uq¿ukskau wfydais jk w;r fm!oa.,sl

foam< whss;sh wfydais ù fmdÿ foam< iys; iudchla ks¾udKh

jkq we;' ñksia iudcfha wkd.; hym; fjkqfjka iudch

úiskau tu fmdÿ foam< fhdod.kq ,nk iduQysl wd¾Ólhla

ks¾udKh jk w;r th jvd;a W;alDIag udkqIjd§ Ôú;hla

ñksid fj; ysñlr fokq we;'

01' l¾udka; yd Y%u fCIa;%h

91. j;auka kj ,snr,a Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh uq¿ukskau

wfydaislr" ksIamdok wd¾Ólh iudc wjYH;djhkag

.e,fmk f,i mq¿,a lsÍu;a ksIamdokfha m%;s,dN iudch

;=< idOdrK f,i fn§hdu;a mQ¾K ckiyNd.s ixj¾Okh;a

wruqKq lr.;a" úµd;aul mokula u; ie,iqï lrk ,o

iudcjd§ wd¾Ól l%uhla ia:dms; lrkq ,efí'

92. ish¨u iajdNdúl cd;sl iïm;aj, whs;sh rchg mjrd

.kakd w;r tu ish¨ cd;sl iïm;a ms<sn| úµd;aul

.fõIKhla isÿlr jvd;a M,odhl f,i m%uqL;djhka wkqj

Ndú;hg .ekSu isÿlrkq we;'


100

93. i. mßir ys;ldó iy mßir ;=,s;;djh wdrCIdjk whqßka

rg iS.%fhka ld¾ólrKh lsÍfï úµd;aul jevms<sfj<la

ilialr läkñka l%shdjg k.kq we;'

ii. f,dalfha ´ku rglska ,xldfõ iudcjd§ wd¾Ólh

f.dvke.Su i|yd wjYH Ys,amSh {dkh ksoyfia ,nd

.ekSug l%shdlrkq ,efí'

iii. l¾udka; fCIa;%fha fõ.j;a j¾Okh;a" kùlrKh;a

i|yd f,dalfha ´kEu rglska wjYH l¾udka; Yd,d"

hka;% iQ;%" WmlrK we;=¿ kùk ;dCIKh ksoyfia

,nd.ekSug lghq;= lrkq ,efí'

94. f,dal fj<| ixúOdkh" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo," f,dal

nexl=j we;=¿ wêrdcHjd§ wruqKq uqÿka-muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd

l%shd;aul jk wêrdcHjd§ uQ,H wdh;kj,ska ;SrKd;aul

f,i bj;ajk w;r wêrdcHjd§ wruqKqj,ska f;dr fyda

tu wruqKqj,g m%;smCIj l%shd;aul jk iy f.dvkef.k

tjeks ixúOdk iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lrkq we;'

95. b;sydih mqrd OfkaYajrh rdcHfha ueÈy;aùfuka wêrdcHjd§

rgj,a" cd;Hka;r uQ,H wdh;k iy ixúOdkj,ska f.k

we;s Kh ms<sn|j;a Tjqka rfÜ úúO fCIa;%j, wdfhdackh

lr we;s m%d.aOk l%shdj,sh ms<sn|j;a tu.ska cd;sl Okh

fld,a,lEu ms<sn|j;a úêu;a iudf,dapkhla isÿlr mq¿,a

ck;d wkque;shlska wk;=rej tu Kh iy m%d.aOkh ms<sn|j

iqÿiq mßÈ l%shdlrkq we;'

96. úfoaY fj<odu fukau foaYSh f;d. fj<|duo iudcjd§

rdcH fj; uOH.; lr.ekSu b,lal lr.;a mq¿,a l%uj;a

l%shd;aul jevmss<sfj<la ilia lrkq we;'

97. fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd ;r.ldÍj iq¿ fj<|du iuqmldr yd

iduqysl mokulska mj;ajdf.k hdug úêu;a jevms<sfj<la


101

rcfha mQ¾K ueÈy;aùfuka ilia lrkq we;'

98. i. ner l¾udka; fCIa;%fha fõ.j;a j¾Okhla i|yd

jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkq we;' tys m%uqL odhl;ajh

rcfha iDcq wdfhdack u.ska isÿlrkq ,nk w;r ta wkqj

tu fCIa;%h iudcjd§ rdcH fj; uOH.; lr.ekSu

i|yd l%shdlrkq we;'

ii. iq¿ l¾udka; fCIa;%fha rcfha l¾udka; fõ.j;a

j¾Okhla isÿlrkq ,nk w;r iq¿ l¾udka; fCIa;%fha

mqoa.,sl whs;sh wfydais lsÍug ta wkqj l%udkql+,j mshjr

.kq we;'

iii. iuqmldr l%uh iy iduqysl iq¿ l¾udka; fCIa;%h

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd rcfha m%uqL wjOdkh fhduql<

úêu;a jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkq we;'

99. .=jka iy kdjql .ukd.ukh we;=¿ cd;Hka;r m%jdyk

fiajh uq¿uKskau rcfha taldêldrhla jk w;r foaYSh

m%jdyk moaO;sh mj;ajdf.k hdu rcfha j.lSula jkq

we;' foaYSh m%jdykfha fm!oa.,sl wxYfha odhl;ajh rcfha

kshdukfhka isÿlrkq we;'

100. ixpdrl l¾udka;h uq¿ukskau iudcjd§ rdcHfha

kshdukfhka iy ueÈy;aùfuka mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí'

101. l¾udka; fCIa;%fha ks,Or n,h uq¿uKskau wfydais

lrkq ,efí' l¾udka; md,kh;a tajd mj;ajdf.k hdu;a

lïlrejkaf.a yd Ys,amSkaf.a ksfhdað; lñgq u.ska lrkq

,efí' uQ,H yd fiajd fCIa;%j,o óg iu.dó l%shdud¾. .kq

,efí'

102. iudcjd§ wd¾Ólfha wruqKq iy mrud¾: idOkh lsÍfuys,d

iu;a f,dal uqo,a fj<|fmd< ;=< ;r.ldÍj lghq;= l<

yels kj uqo,a l%uhla we;s lrkq ,efí'


102

103. iudcjd§ rdcHfha uOH ie,iqï uKav,h u.ska fmdÿ

ck;djf.a jqjukdjka y÷kdf.k tajd imqrd,Sug iu;a kj

ñ, md,k m%;sm;a;shla iliafldg l%shd;aul lrkq ,efí'

104. cd;sl Okh ksIamdokhg odhljk ish¨ mqrjeishka w;

iudkd;au;d moku u; idOdrK f,i fn§ hk wd¾Ólhla

ilia lrkq we;' fõ;khka yd wdodhïj, mq¿,a wiudk;djka

wfydais lsÍug mshjr .kq ,nk w;r jD;a;Sh iñ;s iuÕ

idlÉPd lsÍfuka wk;=rej wju fõ;kh ms<sn|j ;SrKh

lrkq we;'

105. Ôjk úhou ia:djr uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wjYH

mshjr .kq we;' Ôjk úhofï isÿjk úp,khkag uqyqK

§ug iu;a f,i cd;sl jegqma m%;sm;a;shla ilialr l%shdjg

k.kq we;'

106. fm!oa.,sl jHdmdr rcfha l%uj;a md,khlg yd wëCIKhg

hg;a lrkq ,nk w;r Tjqka wêl ,dN ,eîu je<elaùu

i|yd wjYH mshjr .kq we;'

107. i. ks;H Ôjk jegqma u.skao jev ld,h l%ufhka

wvqlsÍfukao" iEu wdldrhlu frda.S ;;ajhg yd /lshd

úhqla;shg tfrys rcfha úhofuka imhk iudc ixrCIKh

u.skao" lïlrejkag YsIagdpdrj;a ksfjia iemhSu u.skao

jD;a;Sh iñ;s ms<s.ekSu iy iduqysl flaj,a lsÍfï;a

jevjeÍfï;a tajdg we;s whs;sh ms<s.ekSfukao lïlre

úfõld.dr msysgqùfukao" iEu lïlrefjl=gu ;uka

jevl< m%udKhg wkqj jegqma iys; w;sf¾L ksjdvq

iemhSfukao lïlrejkaf.a Ôjk ;;ajh yd jevlsÍfï

;;ajhka iS>%fhka jeä ÈhqKq lrkq ,efí'

ii. jevjrd isák lïlrejka yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s iu.

idlÉPd mj;ajkq ,efí' lïlre whs;Ska iq/flk f,i .eg¨

úi£ug l%shdlrkq we;'


103

iii. lïlrejkag ysñ fõ;kfhka mqoa.,sl jHdmdr

ysñhkag iy md,lhskag l=uk fyda mokula u; ov uqo,a"

w,dN fyda fjk;a tjeks lsisÿ wdldrhl whlr .ekSula

isÿlsÍu uq¿ukskau ;ykï lrkq we;'

iv. jD;a;Sh iñ;s jxYj;a me,eka;shla f,i lïlre mx;s

jHdmdrh ;=< ìysù ;yjqre ùu je<elaùu i|yd wjYH mshjr

.kq we;'

v. fuf;la meje;s Okm;s wdKavq úiska w;HjYH fiajd

ksfhda. hgf;a fiajh yer .shjqka f,i m%ldY l< yd tf,i

/lshd wysñ lrkq ,enQ ishü fiajlhskag jkaÈ yd Wiiaùï

iys;j h<s fiajh ,nd fok w;r jev j¾clhkag yÈis kS;sh

hgf;a ÿka wfkl=;a ishü o`vqjï yd udre lsÍï wj,x.= lrkq

,efí'

vi. rcfha rdcH ixia:d" rdcH uKav," iuqmldr yd

wfkl=;a l=uk wdh;khl fyda wkshï fyda ;djld,sl mokñka

n|jd .kakd ,o ishü fiajlhska ms<sn| isÿlrk mq¿,a yd

úêu;a iudf,dapkhlska wk;=rej ks;H fiajlhka i;= ishü

whs;sjdislï iys;j iaÒr lrkq ,efí' wkd.;fha§o hï

fiajlfhla wkshï fyda ;djld,sl mokñka ks;H jev i|yd

n|jd .;fyd;a uila bl=;aj;au Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a fiajh

iaÒr jQ mßÈ i,lkq ,efí'

vii. idOdrK fya;=jlska f;drj lsisfjl=;a /lshdfjka

fkrmkq fkd,efí'

viii. ksis jhfia§ úY%du .ekSug fmr wksjd¾h úY%du

heùu lrkq fkd,efí'

108. lïlre wdrjq,a úi£ug jD;a;Sh iñ;s ksfhdað;hkaf.ka

ieÿï,;a lïlre wêlrK msysgqjkq we;'


104

02' lDIsld¾ñl yd mY= iïm;a fCIa;%h

109. i. lDIsl¾udka;fha iduqySlrKh;a ld¾ólrKh;a

kùlrKh;a fõ.j;a j¾Okhl=;a i|yd kùk úµdfõ

yd ;dCIKfha ch.%yKhkao Wmfhda.slr .ksñka mq¿,a

cd;sl jevms<sfj<la ilialr l%shdjg k.kq we;'

ii. bvï ms<sn| whs;sh rch i;=jk w;r úma,jldÍ

bvï m%;sixialrKhla jydu l%shdjg k.kq ,efí' bvï

ys`.h tu.ska wfydais lrkq ,nk w;r úfoaYSh yd foaYSh

fm!oa.,sl wfhdack i|yd uyd mßudK bvï úlsKSu

jydu k;r lrkq ,efí'

iii. uyd mßudK iduqysl f.dúm<j,a weröu u.ska

lDIsl¾udka;fha M,odhs;dj by< kexùu i|yd lghq;=

lrkq ,efí'

iv. rcfha iduqysl f.dúm<j,;a rcfha j;=hdhj,;a

md,kh lïlre ksfhdað; lñgq u.ska lrkq we;'

v. mqoa.,sl bvïj, iuQmdldr iduQysl f.dúm<j,a

weröug Èß.kajkq ,efí'

vi. j.d lsÍu i|yd;a fjk;a lghq;= i|yd;a iafõÉPd

mokñka hq;a f.dúhkaf.a yd Ys,amSkaf.a iuQmdldr we;s

lsÍug Wkkaÿ lrkq ,efí'

vii. rfÜ wdydr iqrCIs;;djh iq/flk mßÈ uQ,sl wdydr

j¾. ksIamdokh ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd lDIsl¾udka;h iy

mY= iïm;a fCIa;%h iS.%fhka ÈhqKq lsÍug;a wdydr

ksIamdokhg iïnkaO l¾udka; iS>%fhka j¾Okh lsÍu

i|yd;a mshjr .kq ,efí'

110. f.dú ck;dj uq¿uKskau Kh.e;s núka ksoyia lrkq

,efí' fuf;la meje;s rchg;a bvï ysñhkag;a uqo,a

fmd,Sldrhkag;a we;s Kh ms<sn| mq¿,a úu¾YKhla isÿlr


105

ta wkqj lDIsld¾ñl lïlrejkaf.a" Ys,amSkaf.a yd È<s÷

f.dùkaf.a Kh wfydais lrkq ,efí'

111. i. iuQmdldr f.dúm<j,g myiq" §¾> ld,Sk Kh iy

wjYH wfkl=;a myiqlï iy;sl lrkq ,efí'

ii. lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok i|yd jk zksIamdok msßjehZ

wvqlsÍug;a ksIamdokj,g idOdrK ñ,la ,nd§ug;a

jevms<sfj<la ilia lrkq ,efí'

iii. jeä ÈhqKq lrk,o îc" kùk WmlrK iy Ys,amSh

l%u u.ska lDIs l¾udka;h" l¾udka;hla f,i fõ.fhka

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd l%shd;aul mshjr .kq we;'

112. nyqcd;sl iud.ïj, m%d.aOk wêldrh u.ska f,dalh ;=<

úYd, cdjdrula njg m;aj we;s îc" fmdfydr iy lDIs

ridhk øjH" bka uqojd f.k lDIsl¾udka;fha ixj¾Okh

i|yd fhdod .ekSu;a ta i|yd úl,am kj l%uhka y÷kajd

§u;a ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduql< cd;sl jevms<sfj<la ilia

lrkq we;'

113. iuQmdldr f.dúm<j,g;a mqoa.,sl f.dùkag;a rch u.ska

hka;% iQ;% yd ridhk øjH;a fmdfydr;a iy;sl ñ,g imhkq

we;'

114. lDIs ld¾ñl lïlrejkag l¾udka; fCIa;%fhys lïlrejka

N=la;sú¢k Ôjk ;;ajhka iy whs;sjdislï ish,a, iy;sl

lrkq ,efí'

115. jdßud¾. m%;sixialrKh iy úµd;aul mokulska jdß

moaO;sh mq¿,a lsÍu yryd lDIs l¾udka;hg wjYH iaÒr

jdßud¾. myiqlï iemhSu i|yd mq¿,a jevms<sfj<la ilia

lr läkñka l%shdjg k.kq we;'

116. rg iuia;hla jYfhka f.k úµd;aul nyq mrud¾: l%u


106

ie,iqï lsÍu yd f.dvke.Su u.ska .x.dj, c, Odß;djkaf.ka

Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ekSug l%shd lrkq we;' mßir

;=,s;;djh /l.ekSu ms<sn| ±ä wjOdkh fhduq lrñka

f;;a l,dmfha c, w;sßla;h úh<s l,dmhg ,nd .ekSug

ksis mshjr .kq we;'

117. úl,am n,Yla;s m%Njhka j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jevms<sfj<la

ilia lrkq ,efí' l¾udka; fCIa;%hg;a lDIs l¾udka;hg;a

.Dyia; mßfNdackh i|yd;a wjYH úÿ,sh iemhSu iudcjd§

rdcHfha j.lSula jk w;r rg úµq;kh lsÍu i|yd mßir

;=,s;;djh wdrCIdjk whqßka l%uj;a jevms<sfj<la l%shdjg

k.kq we;'

118. i. kùk ;dCIKh iy hkaf;%damlrK o fhdod .ksñka

ëjr l¾udka;h k.disgqùu i|yd úµd;aul mokula

u; fõ.j;a jevms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lrkq we;'

ii. ëjr l¾udka;fha kshqla; lïlrejkag o wfkla

fCIa;%j, lïlrejka N=la;s ú¢k ish¨ whs;sjdislï

iy;sl lrkq ,efí'

iii. iq¿ mßudK ëjr l¾udka;h iduQysl lsÍug ëjr

iuQmdldr iñ;s u.ska l%shd lrk w;r tu iuQmdldr

iñ;sj,g rcfhka È.=ld,Sk Kh iy wfkl=;a myiqlï

imhkq ,efí'

iv. rgg wh;a uqyqÿ iSudj ;=< ëjr l¾udka;fha fh§ug

we;s whs;sh;a ta i|yd wjYH myiqlï iemhSu i|yd;a

wjYH mshjr .kq ,efí'

v. ñßÈh ëjr l¾udka;h mq¿,a lsÍug iy jeäÈhqKq

lsÍug mshjr .kq we;'

119. kùk úµdfõ iy ;dCIKfha ±kqu lDIs l¾udka;fha iy

l¾udka; fCIa;%fha j¾Okh i|yd fhdod .ekSu b,lal lr


107

.ksñka ie,iqï iy.; lDIs ld¾ñl iy l¾udka; fCIa;%fha

WmfoaYk fiajdjla rch u.ska fkdñf,a mj;ajdf.k hkq

we;'

120. lDIs úoHd fCIa;%fha m¾fhaIlhska yd úµd{hska i|yd

úfoaY wOHdmkh" m¾fhaIK wdÈh i|yd wjYH myiqlï iy

Èß.ekaùï rch u.ska ,ndfokq we;'

121. ksIamdok wd¾Ólfha j¾Okhg idfmaCI fiajd wd¾Ólhla

f.dvk.kq ,nk w;r wd¾Ólh ;=< fiajd fCIa;%h wêksYaph

ùu je<elaùu i|yd mshjr .kq ,efí' lDIsld¾ñl" mY=iïm;a"

iy ëjr ksIamdok i|yd u;=úh yels ksIamdokfha iy

fj<|fmd< .eg¨ we;sùu je<elaùu i|yd;a" .nvdlrKh

m%jdykh iy fnodyeÍfï .eg¨ u.yeÍu i|yd;a rch

l%shdldÍ f,i ueÈy;ajkq we;'

122. i. iudcjd§ rch úiska ld¾ñl" lDIs ld¾ñl we;=¿ ish¨u

ixj¾Ok ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ mßir ;=,s;;djh

wdrCId jk whqßka mßir ys;ldó f,i lghq;= lsÍug

mQ¾K wjOdkh fhduq lrk w;r mßir ixrCIKh;a

mßir moaO;sh úµd;aul f,i mq¿,a lsÍu;a i|yd

wOHdmksl" m%pdrl" Woaf>daIKsl ls%hdldÍ jevms<sfj<la

ilia lrkq ,efí' ta i|yd mßir fCIa;%fha úoaj;=ka yd

mßirfõ§kaf.a mQ¾K odhl;ajh ,nd.kq we;'

ii. ksh`.h" .xj;=r" fidaodmd¿j iy kdh hEu je<elaùug

l%shd;aulj úµd;aul mshjrhka .kq ,efí' c, fmdaIl

m%foaY iy mdßißl jYfhka ixfõ§ m%foaYj, jk jeiau

wdrCId lsÍu i|yd úµd;aul mshjr .kq we;'

123. .u iy k.rh w;r we;s mr;rh wfydais lsÍug mshjr

.kq we;' .fï mßir ;=,s;;djh iy iqkaor;ajh wdrCId jk

whqßka k.rfha fN!;sl ixj¾Okh .ug f.khdu ;=<skq;a

mßir ;=,s;;djh iy iqkaor;ajh wdrCId jk whqßka k.r


108

ie,iqïlrKh ;=<skq;a fï i|yd m%fõY jkq we;'

úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh

iudcjd§ rdcH moaO;sfha ì|jeàug fmr f,dalfha

foaYmd,k m%;súfrdaO;d moaO;sh ixhqla; jQfha wêrdcHjd§

l|jqr iy iudcjd§ l|jqr w;r we;s m%;súfrdaOh f,ihs'

iudcjd§ l|jqf¾ rgj,a ;=< meje;s úfYaI iqnidOk

jevms<sfj< fya;=fjka tl, Okjdohg rdcHfha iqnidOk

lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd úfYaI ueÈy;aùula isÿlsÍug

n,flreKq w;r th rdcH iqnidOk Okjdoh f,i y÷kajkq

,efí' fuu rdcH iqnidOk OkjdoS wdlD;sh wNdjhg hjñka

1970 oYlfha§ f,dalh ;=< Okjd§ wd¾Ólfha kj wdlD;shla

f,i kj ,snr,a Okjdoh lr<shg meñKsfhah' kuq;a fufia

ks¾udKh jQ kj ,snr,a Okjdohg ;u fM;sydisl ld¾hNdrh

bgq lsÍug iudcjd§ rdcH moaO;sh ndOdldÍ úh'

1990 oYlh wdrïNfha iudcjd§ l|jqf¾ ì| jeàu;a

iu. f,dalh ;=< wêrdcHjdohg tfrysj tf;la meje;s úl,am

n, flakaøh ì|jegqKq w;r wêrdcHjdohg ;u wruqKq i|yd

mej;s ndOdjka wjika úh' tu wjirfhka m%fhdack .ksñka

wêrdcHjdoh f,dalh mqrd ;u iQrdlEu fõ.j;a lrñka wdrïN

l< w¨;a ;;ajh kj ,snr,a Okjdofha fojeks bksu f,i

y÷kajkq ,efí' fuu kj ;;ajh yuqfõ f,dalh ;=< wka;¾

wêrdcH m%;súfrdaOhla ks¾udKh ù we;s w;r tu.ska n,

flakaøhka .Kkdjla ìys ù nyqO%eùh f,dalhla njg m;aj

we;' ;jo f,dal ksIamdokh ;=<" f.dvk.k iudcjd§ rdcHfha

ksIamdok odhl;ajfha m%udKh flfryso úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ilia

lsÍfï§ wksjd¾h wjOdkh fhduql< hq;=j we;'

iudcjd§ l|jqr ì| jeàfuka miq fufia ks¾udKh fjñka

mj;sk kj f,dal foaYmd,k ;;ajh ms<sn| ±ä wjOdkh fhduq

lrñka úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ilid .ekSug f,dalfha ks¾Ok mx;s


109

jHdmdrhkag n,flÍ we;' kj ,snr,a Okjdoh mrdch lsÍu

i|yd mq¿,a jdudxYsl l;sldjla i|yd wjYH ks¾Ok mx;sfha

cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhla f.dvke.Su;a f,dal iudcjd§ úma,jh

ch.%yKh yryd wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ks¾udKh

lsÍu;a wruqKq lr.ksñka ks¾Ok mx;s cd;Hka;rjdoh u;

mokï jQ úfoaY m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍu wfma wruqKhs'

124. wkd.; fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ks¾udKh lsÍu;a ta

i|yd f,dal iudcjd§ úma,jfha ch.%yKh;a wruqKqlr

.ksñka ks¾Ok mx;s cd;Hka;rjdoh u; mokï jk úfoaY

m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lrkq we;'

125. rfÜ wNsudkh;a" fm!reIh;a wdrCId jk whqßka iudcjd§

rdcHfha wdrCIdj ms<sn| m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ck;d

wNs,dIhka bgqlr .ekSu i|yd f,dalfha úúO rgj,a iu.

ñ;%YS,S" udkjjd§ úfoaY in|;d cd,hla mj;ajdf.k hkq

we;'

126. f,dj iEu ;eklu ks¾Ok mx;sfha mx;s wr.,j,g

iyfhda.S;djh iy mCImd;S;ajh;a wdOdrh yd wkqn,h;a

m,lrkq ,efí'

127. wêrdcHjd§kaf.a wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl iy

ñ,sgß ueÈy;aùïj,g tfrysj flfrk f,dj ´kEu rgl

ck;djf.a úuqla;s wr.,j,g iyfhda.h;a mCImd;S;ajh;a

m,lrkq ,efí'

128. iEu úglu cd;Hka;r ks¾Ok mx;s jHdmdrh iu. tlaj

wêrdcHjdohg;a Okjdohg;a tfrysj udkj m%.;sh Wfoid

c.;a iudcjd§ úma,jfha jqjukdjka fjkqfjka l%shdlrkq

,efí'

129. iudcjd§ rdcHfha iy tys ck;djf.a wruqKq uqÿka-


110

muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd ksoyia fj<| m%;sm;a;shla ;=< lghq;=

l< yels iEu wjia:djl§u ´kEu rgla fyda ixúOdkhla

iu. tu m%;sm;a;sh u; msysgd lghq;= lrkq ,efí'

130. wêrdcHjd§ iy wêrdcH .e;s rdcHhka" ixúOdk iy wdh;k

iu. OfkaYajr rdcH úiska we;slr f.k ;sfnk ish¨u

.súiqï" iïuq;Ska ms<sn| isÿlrk úêu;a iudf,dapkhlska

wk;=rej tajd wfydais lrkq ,efí'

131. f,dalfha rgj, mj;sk úúO m%Yak mokï lr .ksñka

;u wruqKq uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSu i|yd wêrdcHjd§ka

úiska rgj,aj,g isÿlrk wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" hqouh

ueÈy;aùïj,g tfrys jk w;r ta wruqKska rgj,aj, hqo

l|jqre msysgqùu" hqo lghq;= i|yd N+ñh" uqyqo" .=jka iSud

fhdod .ekSu wdÈhgo tfrysjkq we;'

132. f,dj mqrd úúO rgj, wêrdcH .e;s rElv iy

wkq.%yl wdKavq fukau ck;d úfrdaë taldêm;s wdKavq

úiska ck;djka yd ck;d whs;Ska lDDr f,i u¾okh lsÍu

±ä f,i fy<d olsk w;r tajdg tfrysj flfrk ck;d

wr.,hkag iyfhda.S;djh m,lr isà'

133. f,dj ´kEu rgl ks¾Ok mx;sfha mx;s igkaj,g iy

úuqla;s wr.,j,g iyNd.sùu i|yd tys hdug leu;a;

m,lrk ´kEu iafõÉPd l%shdOrfhl=g tfia hdugo" tu

wr.,j,g øjHuh mß;Hd.hka lsÍug o bvlv yd wjia:dj

i,ikq ,efí'


111

ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ mlaIh f.dvke.Su

,dxflah ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ úma,jh idlaId;a lr.ekSfï ³

,d kdhl;ajh orK" l%shdldÍ jk ,dxflah ks¾Ok mx;sh

wNsuqj we;s laIKsl;u lghq;a; kï fï i|yd ks¾Ok

mx;sh;a" wjfYaI mSä; mx;Skq;a yev.eiaùuhs¦ fm<.eiaùuhs¦

iQodkï lsÍuhs¦ ixúOdkh lsÍuhs' ks¾Ok mx;sh m%uqL

mSä; mx;Ska fï i|yd u;jd§uh jYfhka" foaYmd,kuh

jYfhka" ixúOdkuh jYfhka yd øjHuh jYfhka iQodkï

lrkafka ke;sj ks¾Ok mx;s iudcjd§ úma,ùh l¾;jHhka

uqÿka muqKqjd,sh fkdyel'

OfkaIajr mx;sh wd¾Ól wdêm;Hh Wiq,k" iudcuh ³

n,;, yd jrm%ido ysñlrf.k isák" foaYmd,k n,h

orK iy Okm;s mx;sfha wdh;k n,iïmkakj mj;sk fï

Okm;s iudcfha rchkafka Tjqkaf.a oDIaájdoh" woyia yd

ixl,amkdhs' fuu OfkaYajr oDIaájdoh uq¿uy;a OfkaYajr

iudch mqrdu me;sÍ jHdma; ù mj;S' OfkaYajr iudc

W;a;¾ ks¾ñ;fha n, iïmkakj mj;sk fuu OfkaYajr

oDIaájdofha n,mEfï .%yKhg ks¾Ok mx;sfhau ie<lsh

hq;= fldgil=;a" wjfYaI mSä; mx;Skq;a yiqù isà' tneúka

ks¾Ok mx;sfha ÈhqKq fldgiaj, wo laIKsl j.lSu

jkqfha OfkaYajr iudch mqrd úys§ me;sÍ mj;sk OfkaYajr

oDIaájdohg tfrysj fhdaO u;jd§ wr.,hl fh§u

u.ska ks¾Ok mx;sh m%uqL mSä; mx;Ska OfkaYajr u;jd§

.%yKfhka uqojdf.k ks¾Ok mx;s u;jdoh fuu úma,ùh

mx;Ska ;=< k.d isgqùuhs'

ks¾Ok mx;s úma,jjd§kaf.a lghq;a; jkqfha OfkaYajr ³

mx;sfha jqjuKdjka yd ks¾Ok mx;sfha jqjuKdjka w;r

iuyka l< fkdyels m%;súreoaO;djh ks¾Ok mx;shg

meyeÈ,s lr§u;a" ks¾Ok mx;sh úiska idlaId;a lr,sh


112

hq;= iudcjd§ úma,jfha ft;sydisl f;areu" iajNdjh yd

fldkafoais meyeÈ,s lr §u;a" ish¨u OfkaYajr mlaIj,g

úreoaOj iajdëk foaYmd,k mlaIhla ;=< ks¾Ok mx;sh

ixúOdkh lsÍu;ah'

ks¾Ok mx;sh ish úuqla;sh i|yd iajdëkj ixúOdkh ³

lsÍfï,d wo we;s uy;a ndOlhla kï m%;sixialrKjdoh

iy ixfYdaOkjdohhs' ks¾Ok mx;s jHdmdrh ;=< OfkaIajr

oDIaájdohka jk fuh ks¾Ok mx;s rdcH n,h ms<sn|

ixl,amh m%;slafIam lr OfkaYajr mx;s i;=rka iu`. mx;s

ixOdkhla" mx;s iyfhda.s;djhla l%shdjg k.hs' ks¾Ok

mx;s jHdmdrh ;=<g ßx.df.k we;s iq¿ OfkaYajrhkq;a"

OfkaYajr ;;ajhka hgf;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s jHdmdrh ;=<ska

ìysjQ jD;a;Sh iñ;s jxYj;=ka yd ks,OdÍ me,eka;sh;a úiska

lrf.k hkq ,nk fuu OfkaYajr oDIaájd§ foaYmd,k

yd ixúOdkuh n,mEug tfrysj m%n, wr.,hla Èh;a

lrkafka ke;sj fï hq.fha ienE ks¾Ok mx;s wNs,dIhka

idlaId;a lr.; fkdyel'

tla me;a;lska OfkaYajr mx;sh iu. mx;s iyfhda.s;djd§ ³

yjq,la u.ska ks¾Ok mx;sh Okm;s mx;shg hg lsÍug

l%shdlrk fï fukafIúla wjia:djd§ka ;j;a me;a;lska

lïlre mx;sh lïlre mx;s foaYmd,kfhka neyer lr

jD;a;Sh iñ;sjdofhys .s,ajd,Sug;a tu.ska lïlre mx;sh

OfkaYajr mx;shg ì,slr,Sug;a l%shdlrkq fmfka' fï

ish¨ ;;a;ajhkag tfrysj ks¾Ok mx;sfha wjHdc úma,ùh

mrud¾: idOkfhys,d ks¾Ok mx;sh u;jd§uh jYfhka"

foaYmd,k jYfhka" Wmdh ud¾.sl jYfhka iajdëkj

ixúOdkh lsÍug l%shd lrk fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mlaIh

- ks¾Ok mx;sfha kshdul mlaIh f.dvke.Su i|yd

lemfjhs'

³


113

,dxflah ks¾Ok mx;s úma,ùh jHdmdrh c.;a ks¾Ok mx;s ³

úma,ùh jHdmdrfhka lsisfia;au fjka l< fkdyels wLKav

fldgils' tneúka ,dxflah ks¾Ok mx;sfha mx;s jqjuKdjka

yd M, m%fhdackhka c.;a ks¾Ok mx;s úma,ùh jHdmdrfha

mx;s jqjuKdjka yd M, m%fhdackj,ska lsisfia;au fjkal<

fkdyelsh' tfyhska fmrgq.dó iudcjd§ mlaIh iEu úglu

cd;Hka;r mx;s igfka§" c.;a iudcjd§ úma,jh ch.%yKh

i|yd wr.,fha§ cd;Hka;r ks¾Ok mx;s úma,ùh jHdmdrh

iu. tlg mEyS l%shd lrñka cd;Hka;r ks¾Ok mx;s

kshdul mlaIh f.dvke.Su i|yd lemfjhs'


114

party programme and revolutionary manifesto of flsp - sinhala

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