pascal simonet - arb Île-de-france · 2018-05-24 · •microscopical eukaryotes •prokaryotes...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pascal SIMONET - ARB Île-de-France · 2018-05-24 · •Microscopical Eukaryotes •Prokaryotes Whitman et al. 1998 PNAS, 95, 6578-6583.Prokaryotes: The unseen majority. 4-6 x 1030](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050108/5f4686721ce64a0e366c7a22/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Exploration de la biodiversité génétique des sols :
programme Terragenome
Pascal SIMONET
« Environmental Microbial Genomics » group
Laboratoire Ampère, UMR CNRS 5005
Ecole Centrale de Lyon
Ecully (69)
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•Microscopical Eukaryotes
•Prokaryotes
Whitman et al. 1998 PNAS, 95, 6578-6583. Prokaryotes: The unseen majority.
4-6 x 1030 bacterial cells
1,2 x 1029 Ocean
2,6 x 1029 Soil
3,5 x 1030 Deep soil
0,25 - 2,5 x 1030 Ocean deep soil
Microorganisms: « quantitative level »
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Microorganisms: « qualitative level »
Number of bacterial cells : 1 000 000 000
Number of bacterial species:
10 000 Torsvik 2002 (Science)
Roesch 2007 (ISME J.)
>10 000 000 Gans 2005 (Science)
1 g of soil
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in vitro Isolation of
cultivable bacteria
in vitro
Culture
Soil?
Percentage of cultivable bacteria?
From 0,1 to 1%
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in vitro
Culture
Cultivable bacteria? From 0,1 to 1%
(meta-) genomics approach
«Environmental DNA»
in vitro culture approach
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Soil, a Composite of Communities
Its very diverse
Complex gradients
Unmixed
• microaggregates
• rhizosphere
• fungalsphere
• fauna
• pore surfaces
• OM coatings
Implications:
•Spatial isolation
•Minimizes competition
•How to sample since
multiple communities?
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How 30 years has changed our technology to perceive life on Earth
Courtesy of George Kowalchuk
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De nombreuses raisons de s'intéresser
aux communautés bactériennes
- impact sur les équilibres biogéochimiques
- quels sont les acteurs ?
- nouvelles étapes des cycles biologiques des éléments
- impact sur la santé (flores microbiennes humaines)
- modèles d'écosystèmes (structure des communautés bactériennes)
- utilisation de la biodiversité à des fins d'applications
- substances thérapeutiques
- substances d'intérêt industriel
- enzymes utiles pour la chimie de synthèse
- bioremédiation
- nouveaux éclairages sur l'évolution
Courtesy of Denis LePaslier
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Extraction
d’ADN
des bactéries
(metagénome)
ADN
metagénomique
vecteur
Clonage Transformation
dans hôte
cultivable
Banque d’ADN
metagénomique PCR
Clonage
séquençage
RISA,
T-RFLP
DGGE
Criblage
moléculaire Criblage
chimique
Criblage
biologique
Phylogénie
Estimation de la
diversité
bactérienne
Caractérisation Caract./identificat.
Comparaison de différentes situations
environnementales
Culture
in vitro
OMe CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
O
OHOH
OMe
OMe
Détermination de
la structure
chimique des
molécules
produites
Détection directe
d’activité
antibactérienne
ou enzymatique
Détection de
gènes par
hybridation
Séquençage direct
Puces
à ADN
Séquençage
Single cell Genomics
MDA
Séquençage Métagénomique ciblée
PCR
Genefish
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10
Metagenome DNA extraction
•In situ lysis and total DNA extraction
•Cell extraction and lysis
Cell
extraction
Soil
microbes Cell lysis
Cell
separation
DNA purification
Nycodenz CsCl
SOIL
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Sampling strategies
•Time of the year
•Depth
Improvement of cell recovery (Nycodenz)
Improvement
of DNA recovery (sensitivity to lysis
treatments)
Improvement
of DNA recovery (DNA degradation)
Stringency of the lysis
Bead beating
Agarose plug
Cell ring
density
Fraction 1
Fraction 4
Fraction 3
Fraction 2
P
R
O
K
A
R
Y
O
T
E
s
E
U
K
A
R
Y
O
T
E
S
Optimization of bacterial DNA recovery
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Me
sorh
izo
biu
m
Die
tzia
Co
xie
lla
Clo
stri
diu
m
Ach
rom
atiu
m
He
nri
cie
lla
Sch
lege
lella
Bu
tyri
cim
on
as
Tetr
asp
hae
ra
Sin
orh
izo
biu
m
Mic
rob
acte
riu
m
Rh
od
ano
bac
ter
Me
gasp
hae
ra
Act
ino
cora
llia
Me
thyl
om
on
as
Rh
od
ob
acte
r
De
sulf
on
auti
cus
Azo
rhiz
ob
ium
Can
did
atu
s C
ard
iniu
m
Salm
on
ella
Cal
dan
aero
bac
ter
Ph
orm
idiu
m
Me
thyl
ovo
rus
Ferv
ido
cocc
us
Ch
rom
oh
alo
bac
ter
Stap
hyl
oco
ccu
s
Edap
ho
bac
ter
Act
ino
po
lysp
ora
Aq
uab
acte
riu
m
Cal
dit
hri
x
Ch
loro
fle
xus
De
me
qu
ina
Flav
ob
acte
riu
m
Hal
on
atro
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m
Hyp
ho
mic
rob
ium
Lact
ob
acill
us
Me
than
ocu
lleu
s
Myc
ob
acte
riu
m
No
no
mu
rae
a
Pau
cisa
libac
illu
s
Pse
ud
oxa
nth
om
on
as
San
dar
akin
ota
lea
Sph
ingo
biu
m
Sutt
on
ella
Thio
red
uct
or
Ye
rsin
ia
Sampling Density
gradient
Lysis
stringency DNA size
Yie
ld
Cell ring
Density
Fraction 1
Fraction 4
Fraction 3
Fraction 2
DN
A q
ual
ity
Stringent Lyses
Soft LysesEukaryotes (density > 1.3)
Numberof cells
Bacterial genera
Ph
ylo
ch
ip p
rob
es
inte
nsit
y
Undetected with one DNA extraction method
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1. technological reproducibility 2. comparison with an ocean 3. comparison with another soil
11.67% of functions statistically different (Bootstrap)
4. Cell lysis stringency effect
72.63% 39.83%
34.69%
Functional comparison using MG RAST annotation and STAMP statistical
analyses
DNA Extraction bias
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Extraction
d’ADN
des bactéries
(metagénome)
ADN
metagénomique
vecteur
Clonage Transformation
dans hôte
cultivable
Banque d’ADN
metagénomique PCR
16S rDNA
Clonage
séquençage
RISA,
T-RFLP
DGGE
Criblage
moléculaire Criblage
chimique
Criblage
biologique
Phylogénie
Estimation de la
diversité
bactérienne
Caractérisation Caract./identificat.
Comparaison de différentes situations
environnementales
Culture
in vitro
OMe CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
O
OHOH
OMe
OMe
Détermination de
la structure
chimique des
molécules
produites
Détection directe
d’activité
antibactérienne
ou enzymatique
Détection de
gènes par
hybridation
Séquençage direct
Puces
à ADN
Séquençage
Single cell Genomics
MDA
Séquençage Métagénomique ciblée
PCR
Genefish
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Progression of the Sequencing Era
First generation (1995- 2007)
Instrument Length Nos Output Time/run
Sanger 700bp 96 60Kb
Second generation (2006 - now)
Roche/titanium 400bp I mil 400Mb 1-2da
Illumina GAII 75bp x 2 30mil 2.2Gb 8da
Illumina HiSeq 100bp 1-2bil 200 Gb 8da
ABI SOLiD 75bp 3-4 bil 300Gb 14 da
Third generation (single molecule read) (late 2010)
PacBio >1000bp 0.1-0.3bil 1Gb 15 min
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The initial support for Terragenome (complete sequencing of a reference soil metagenome) :
Objective: •Optimization of bacterial DNA recovery.
•Metagenomic DNA library construction
•Pyrosequencing of directly extracted DNA
Park Grass, Rothamsted: an internationally recognized agroecology field experiment for 150 years
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Too many copies
Use cd-hit-454 Niu et al. Artificial and natural duplicates in pyrosequencing reads of metagenomic data.
BMC Bioinformatics (2010) vol. 11 pp. 187
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We are now in a position to generate huge quantities of sequence (and
other) information … but are we traveling efficiently?
Bulk data
generation
capacity
Screening &
bioinformatic
strategies
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Courtesy of Jim Prosser and George Kowalchuk
Technology Science
We are now in a position to generate huge quantities of sequence (and
other) information … but are we traveling efficiently?
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Rothamsted soil (Greengenes-classes)
Rothamsted soil (RDP-classes)
Rothamsted soil (SEED-classes)
Rothamsted soil (Silva SSU-classes)
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Extraction
d’ADN
des bactéries
(metagénome)
ADN
metagénomique
vecteur
Clonage Transformation
dans hôte
cultivable
Banque d’ADN
metagénomique PCR
Clonage
séquençage
RISA,
T-RFLP
DGGE
Criblage
moléculaire Criblage
chimique
Criblage
biologique
Phylogénie
Estimation de la
diversité
bactérienne
Caractérisation Caract./identificat.
Comparaison de différentes situations
environnementales
Culture
in vitro
OMe CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
O
OHOH
OMe
OMe
Détermination de
la structure
chimique des
molécules
produites
Détection directe
d’activité
antibactérienne
ou enzymatique
Détection de
gènes par
hybridation
Séquençage direct
Puces
à ADN
Séquençage
Single cell Genomics
MDA
Séquençage Métagénomique ciblée
PCR
Genefish
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Extraction
d’ADN
des bactéries
(metagénome)
ADN
metagénomique
vecteur
Clonage Transformation
dans hôte
cultivable
Banque d’ADN
metagénomique PCR
Clonage
séquençage
RISA,
T-RFLP
DGGE
Criblage
moléculaire Criblage
chimique
Criblage
biologique
Phylogénie
Estimation de la
diversité
bactérienne
Caractérisation Caract./identificat.
Comparaison de différentes situations
environnementales
Culture
in vitro
OMe CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
O
OHOH
OMe
OMe
Détermination de
la structure
chimique des
molécules
produites
Détection directe
d’activité
antibactérienne
ou enzymatique
Détection de
gènes par
hybridation
Séquençage direct
Puces
à ADN
Séquençage
Single cell Genomics
MDA
Séquençage Métagénomique ciblée
PCR
Genefish
![Page 25: Pascal SIMONET - ARB Île-de-France · 2018-05-24 · •Microscopical Eukaryotes •Prokaryotes Whitman et al. 1998 PNAS, 95, 6578-6583.Prokaryotes: The unseen majority. 4-6 x 1030](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050108/5f4686721ce64a0e366c7a22/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Molecular screening (60 000
clones)
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Molecular screening
• 60 000 clones 139 « KS » +++
• 40 « KS »: sequencing No redundancy
Novelty
(similarity < 67%)
Ginolhac A., Jarrin C., Gillet B., Robe P., Pujic P., Tuphile K., Bertrand H., Vogel T. M., Perriere G., Simonet P., and Nalin R 2004.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Polyketide Synthase I Domains from Soil Metagenomic Libraries Allows Selection of Promising Clones.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2004;70 5522-5527
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La métagénomique
appliquée à la problématique
des plantes OGM !
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Experimental station: Bazièges, France
Field with transgenic Bt 176 corn
(blaTEM-116) 10-years culture
Ampicillin-resistant bacteria isolation and bacterial metagenomic DNA extraction
Beta-lactam resistance tests Diversity of blaTEM genes (PCR + cloning)
Comparisons of bacterial communities (microarray data)
Controls with a traditional corn field and a
prairie in the same location
Event Bt176 Zea mays L.
cry1ab gene
pUC19
pCIB4431
bar gene
pUC19
pCIB3064
blaTEM116
blaTEM116
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Environmental
blaTEM
Medical
blaTEM
B t 2 4 b l a T E M - 1 1 6 M 4 5 B t 1 6 S
2 5 S 2 8
B t 3
B t 9
b l a T E M - 1 2 5
b l a T E M - 7 8
b l a
T E
M -
1 2
b l a T E M - 6 0
b l a T E M - 1 2 1
b l a T E M - 1 0 1
b l a T E M - 4 2
b l a T E M - 1 3 4
b l a T E M - 1 3 8
b l a T E M - 1 2 9
b l a T E M - 1 1 5
b l a T E M - 1 7
b l a T E M - 1 0 9
b l a T E M - 1 0 6
b l a
T E M - 1 0 7
b l a T E M -
7 0
b l a T E M - 1
b l a T E M - 5 5 b l a T E M - 7 6 b l a T E M - 1 0 4
B t 1 0
B t 8
B t 2 S 2
M 7
S 2 3
B t 3 9 M 5
B t 1 7
M 2 7
B t
2 8
S 8
b l a T E M - 1 5 7
M 1
B t 4 0
M 3
M 1 5
M 1 7
S 1 9
S 6
B t 3 5
S 2 7
S 6 3
S 5 8
B t 4
3
M 2
S 5 3
B t 2 3
M 3 4 S 4 6
S 1 B t 3 3
S 5 4
0.002
Diversity of blaTEM genes in soils
High polymorphism level of this gene family in soil
bacterial populations
10 DNA inserts that originated from transgenic and
prairie soil DNA exhibited the blaTEM116 gene
sequence, confirming its natural occurrence in
environmental bacteria.
153 different blaTEM sequences were found in the
PCR-amplified bacterial DNA.
Metagenomic approach
=
DNA extracted from soil
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Transfert de gènes des plantes (OGM) aux bactéries?
• Est-ce que l’acquisition d’ADN étranger par des bactéries est possible?
• Si oui, est-ce qu’il y a une régulation de l’acquisition de l’ADN?
Par quels mécanismes?
• Est-ce que l’ADN de la plante peut être transféré aux bactéries?
• Est-ce qu’il y a une spécificité pour l’ADN des plantes OGM ?
• Est-ce que l’on peut détecter un transfert de gènes des plantes vers les bactéries?
Dans quels environnements? A quelle fréquence?
• Est-ce qu’il y a un impact sur la communauté des bactéries?
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Conclusions
√ Indigenous bacteria possess a wide diversity of beta-lactam resistance
genes
Involved in evolutionary processes
√ Soil is a reservoir of genetic determinants providing bacteria with the
ability to adapt rapidly to present and future antibiotics!
√Acquisition of bla gene from transgenic plants would not modify
existing gene diversity in soil nor confer specific advantage
The risk that antibiotic resistances in GMP can pose to clinical
strains could be considered as almost null
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Environmental Microbial Genomics
www.GenomEnviron.org
Aurélie Faugier, Sébastien Cécillon,
Davide Francioli, Tom Delmont,
Emmanuel Prestat, Jean-Michel
Monier, Timothy M Vogel,