PATTERNS OF RECRUITMENT AND PATTERNS OF RECRUITMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFOULING AT DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFOULING AT

EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE FACILITIESFACILITIES

Simone DürrSimone Dürr,, J. Thomason, D. Watson, D. Beaz, E. Bergtun, R. Breur, J. Cebria, J. J. Thomason, D. Watson, D. Beaz, E. Bergtun, R. Breur, J. Cebria, J.

Davenport, D. Fowler, C. Hough, J. Icely, A. Lane, J. Maguire, A. Manjua, M. Davenport, D. Fowler, C. Hough, J. Icely, A. Lane, J. Maguire, A. Manjua, M. Marhuenda, K. Maroni, J. McElwee, H. Mortensen, D. Murphy, J. Murphy, J. Marhuenda, K. Maroni, J. McElwee, H. Mortensen, D. Murphy, J. Murphy, J.

Newman, A. Pereira, J. Power, S. Prieto, J. Watters, P. WillemsenNewman, A. Pereira, J. Power, S. Prieto, J. Watters, P. Willemsen

School of BiologySchool of BiologyUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne, UKUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

CRABCRAB

CRAB: Collective Research in Aquaculture CRAB: Collective Research in Aquaculture BiofoulingBiofouling– Objective: non-toxic antifouling strategies for Objective: non-toxic antifouling strategies for

the European Aquaculture Industrythe European Aquaculture Industry

www.crabproject.com

Pan-European Fouling Baseline at Pan-European Fouling Baseline at Aquaculture FacilitiesAquaculture Facilities

Biofouling Pressure:Biofouling Pressure:– Defining the problem: Type, Extent, Timing of Defining the problem: Type, Extent, Timing of

Biofouling at European Aquaculture SitesBiofouling at European Aquaculture Sites

Benchmark antifouling strategy Benchmark antifouling strategy performanceperformance

Prediction for applicability of CRAB tested Prediction for applicability of CRAB tested antifouling strategies at other sitesantifouling strategies at other sites

Baseline Study in CRABBaseline Study in CRAB

2 Experiments conducted directly at farm 2 Experiments conducted directly at farm sitessites– Recruitment Recruitment – Succession Succession

Start of experiments at 11 aquaculture Start of experiments at 11 aquaculture sites in Europe in Feb ‘05sites in Europe in Feb ‘05Ongoing workOngoing workPreliminary results presentedPreliminary results presentedEnd of experiments in May ‘07End of experiments in May ‘07

Experimental Set-up (centrally, Experimental Set-up (centrally, UNC)UNC)

Recruitment: Recruitment: n=10n=10

Succession: Succession: n=50, reduction n=50, reduction by 10 every 6 by 10 every 6 monthsmonths

Depth 2 mDepth 2 m

Settlement panel, Settlement panel, 20x20 cm20x20 cm²², PVC, PVC

Baseline Assessment (industry Baseline Assessment (industry workers)workers)

Monthly Monthly

Digital photographyDigital photography

WetweightWetweight

Height of foulingHeight of fouling

Image and Data analysis (centrally, Image and Data analysis (centrally, UNC)UNC)

Image analysis of digital photos using Image analysis of digital photos using Image J and stereological principlesImage J and stereological principlesCalculation of total cover, diversity H’ Calculation of total cover, diversity H’ (Shannon Index), number of species S(Shannon Index), number of species SStatistical analysis: Statistical analysis: – ANOVAANOVA– ANOSIMANOSIM– SIMPERSIMPER

ResultsResults

Presented herePresented here– Recruitment: Present/Absent data of the Recruitment: Present/Absent data of the

major fouling groups for 11 sites for 1 yearmajor fouling groups for 11 sites for 1 year– Succession: communities of all sites as MDS Succession: communities of all sites as MDS

plot for 4 assessmentsplot for 4 assessments– Wetweight: end of fouling season in NovWetweight: end of fouling season in Nov

RecruitmentRecruitment

Feb 05March 05April 05May 05June 05July 05August 05AlgaeBarnaclesMusselsTubewormsAscidiansHydroids

January 06September 05October 05November 05December 05

Developing Communities in May ’05Developing Communities in May ’05

ADSA BS

CU CG

FN PC

PM JN

QF SA

VA

Stress: 0.05

ANOSIM Global R: 0.802

Developing Communities in August ’05Developing Communities in August ’05SITE

ADSA BS

CG FN

PC PM

JN QF

SA VA

Stress: 0.11

ANOSIM Global R: 0.993

Developing Communities in November ’05Developing Communities in November ’05

BS CG

FN PC

PM JN

SA VA

Stress: 0.06

ANOSIM Global R: 0.907

ADSA BS

CG FN

PC PM

JN QF

SA VA

Stress: 0.11

Developing Communities in February ‘06Developing Communities in February ‘06

ANOSIM Global R: 0.959

Developing Communities Wetweight Nov ‘05Developing Communities Wetweight Nov ‘05

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

BS PC CG FN JN PM

SITE

WE

TW

EIG

HT

[g

]M

ea

n ±

SE

F = 277.85

p < 0.0001

A AB C D E

N S

20x20 cm² panel

Conclusions Conclusions RecruitmentRecruitment

- Diatoms/algae recruiting - Diatoms/algae recruiting all year at most sitesall year at most sites (not at (not at northern sites) northern sites) - Hydroids at many sites- Hydroids at many sites

- Barnacles recruit almost - Barnacles recruit almost all year round at intertidal all year round at intertidal sitesite- 1 spatfall at some sites- 1 spatfall at some sites- 2 spatfalls in N-Norway- 2 spatfalls in N-Norway

- Mussels at N-Norway in - Mussels at N-Norway in summersummer- at Irish Sites in late - at Irish Sites in late spring and summerspring and summer

- Calcareous tubeworms at Irish Sites in late spring and summer - Mediterranean Site from summer to autumn

- Ascidians at Southern Ascidians at Southern Sites from April, some in Sites from April, some in winterwinter- At British Isles Sites in At British Isles Sites in summer and wintersummer and winter

Conclusions Conclusions SuccessionSuccession

Southern Sites – all Southern Sites – all year - soft-tube year - soft-tube forming amphipods forming amphipods and polychaetesand polychaetes

Southern Intertidal Southern Intertidal Site - diatoms first Site - diatoms first - then crustose - then crustose coralline red algaecoralline red algae

Northern Sites - first Northern Sites - first Ectocarpus sp - sp - Stays on in S-Stays on in S-NorwayNorway

After 6 months - 2 After 6 months - 2 Irish and N-Norway Irish and N-Norway Site - Blue MusselsSite - Blue Mussels9 months9 months - all Irish all Irish Sites – Blue MusselsSites – Blue MusselsChange in N-NorwayChange in N-Norway

After 6 months - After 6 months - Scottish Site –Scottish Site –tunicatestunicatesN-Norway laterN-Norway later

Conclusions 1Conclusions 1stst year year

Fouling on short-term immersed equipment, Fouling on short-term immersed equipment, infrastructure or stock is different from long-term infrastructure or stock is different from long-term immersedimmersedWeight of fouling as problem for equipment and Weight of fouling as problem for equipment and infrastructure depends on dominant fouling infrastructure depends on dominant fouling species at sitespecies at siteSite and duration of immersion is important Site and duration of immersion is important when choosing an antifouling strategywhen choosing an antifouling strategyNeed 2Need 2ndnd year results for confirmation and to year results for confirmation and to complete picturecomplete picture

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Thanks for the enthusiasm and effort of Thanks for the enthusiasm and effort of the CRAB SMEs; without their help this the CRAB SMEs; without their help this study would not be possiblestudy would not be possible

Financed by EC contract COLL-CT-2003-Financed by EC contract COLL-CT-2003-500536-CRAB (Collective Research, FP6)500536-CRAB (Collective Research, FP6)

www.crabproject.comwww.crabproject.com

Contact: s.t.duerr@ncl.ac.ukContact: s.t.duerr@ncl.ac.uk