wheat and barley management in virginia wade thomason [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Integrated Management
Small Grains in Virginia
• Yield • Test weight• Disease• Daylength sensitivity• Scab
• http://www.ext.vt.edu
CultivarGrain Yield Test Weight
Milling Quality
SRW Baking Quality
FHB††
resistancePowdery Mildew Leaf Rust
Glume Blotch
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
Early Heading Varieties (119-120 d, Julian) SS 520* 2 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 1
Jamestown 2 4 2 1 4 3 3 2 4Coker 9553 2 4 2 2 4 3 3 1 1
Featherstone 176 1 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 4
Mid-Season Heading Varieties (121-122 d, Julian) USG 3555 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 4USG 3342 2 2 2 1 4 3 4 3 1Branson 4 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 4
Chesapeake 3 4 2 1 2 4 1 3 4Merl 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 3 1
Tribute 3 4 3 2 4 2 4 4 1SS 5205 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 1 2
Full-Season Heading Varieties (123-124 d, Julian)
Dominion 2 3 4 2 4 4 3 3 2Pioneer 26R15 4 1 4 3 3 3 4 1 1Pioneer 26R12 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 4Renwood 3434 3 1 2 2 2 4 3 4 1
USG 3665 4 2 4 3 4 3 4 3 4SS 560 3 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 1Shirley 4 1 3 3 2 4 4 3 4
SS-MPV 57 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 4 1SS 8302 2 4 3 2 4 1 1 1 1SS 8309 2 3 4 4 3 2 3 1 1
* These lines are not daylength sensitive and should not be planted early in order to avoid potential freeze damage.4 - Significantly higher than average
3 - Average or higher than average
2 - Average or lower than average
1 - Significantly lower than average
www.ext.vt.e
du
Recommended Barley VarietiesNomini* Callao Price Thoroughbred Doyce Eve Dan
Adapted Regions
Coastal Plain X X X X X X
Piedmont, South of James River
X X X X X X
Piedmont, North of James River
X X X X X X
West of Blue Ridge X X X X X X X
Agronomic Characteristics
Yield 3 3 3 4 3 3 4
Test Weight 1 4 3 4 2 4 4
Lodging Tolerance 2 1 3 1 2 3 3
Relative Height 4 1 2 3 3 2 2Relative Heading Avg Early Avg Late Avg Early Avg
4 - Significantly higher than average3 - Average or higher than average
2 - Average or lower than average
1 - Significantly lower than average
*Nomini barley has low test weight. It is not recommended in eastern Virginia because low test weight grain is unsuitable for export or domestic non-ruminant feed markets.
Hulled Barley Hulless Barley
30 seeds/sq ft 10 seeds/sq ft
Yield Development- Precision Planting• Wheat
– Attain 22-25 vigorous seedlings / square ft.– Calibrate the drill for 30-35 seeds /square ft.
Planting Time
Row width, in Timely 2 wk late 4 wk late
Seeds/row foot
4 12 13 14
6 18 20 22
7 20 22 24
8 22 24 26
Yield Development- Precision Planting• Barley
– Attain 26-28 vigorous seedlings / square ft.– Calibrate the drill for 30-35 seeds /square ft.
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45104
106
108
110
112
114
116
Seeds/row foot -7.5 inch rows
Yiel
d, b
u/ac
Seed Size
Wheat Seeding RateDesired plant population, seeds/sq ft
Seedsize 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
seeds/lb Seeding rate, lb/ac
10,000 87 97 106 116 126 136 145 155 165 174
11,000 79 88 97 106 114 123 132 141 150 158
12,000 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137 145
13,000 67 74 82 89 97 104 112 119 127 134
14,000 62 69 76 83 90 97 104 111 118 124
15,000 58 65 71 77 64 90 97 103 110 116
16,000 54 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103 109
17,000 51 57 63 69 74 80 85 91 97 102
18,000 48 54 59 65 70 75 81 86 91 97
19,000 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 82 87 92
20,000 44 48 53 58 63 68 73 77 82 87
Assumes 90% germination
Planting Wheat: Seeding Rates and Calibration
Barley Seeding Rate-----------------Seeds/lb-----------------
Thoroughbred 11866 11052 12493 10956 15548Eve (Hulless) 11848 11529 12087 12011 13512Doyce (Hulless) 15379 13969 14404 15338 16691
Desired plant population, seeds/sq ft
Seedsize 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
seeds/lb Seeding rate, lb/ac
10,000 87 97 106 116 126 136 145 155 165 174
11,000 79 88 97 106 114 123 132 141 150 158
12,000 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137 145
13,000 67 74 82 89 97 104 112 119 127 134
14,000 62 69 76 83 90 97 104 111 118 124
15,000 58 65 71 77 64 90 97 103 110 116
16,000 54 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103 109
17,000 51 57 63 69 74 80 85 91 97 102
18,000 48 54 59 65 70 75 81 86 91 97
19,000 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 82 87 92
20,000 44 48 53 58 63 68 73 77 82 87
Wheat Seed Size
• Seed size and seed rate allows us to calculate total seeds needed.
35 seeds/ft2 x 43,560 ft2/acre = 1,524,600 seeds/acre
1,524,600 seeds/acre / 13,000 seeds/lb =117 lbs/acre
Seeding Rate Determinations Needed for Drill Calibration
1) Decide on seeding rate desired per ft2
• Optimum rates are 30 -35 seeds/ft2
2) Know row width of drill3) Determine linear length of row that is equivalent to one ft2
(144 in2) for row width being used.• Obtain from a table• Calculate:
• 144 in2/ Row Width (inches) = Row Length Equivalent for 1 ft2
4) Calibrate drill to deliver desired seeding rate (# of seeds) in row length equivalent to 1 ft2.
GOAL IS 32 SEEDS PER SQUARE FOOT
“ drill spacing X 12” = SQ inches of area
Inches/SQ ft. SQ ft per row ft =
Step 2Calculate the number of seeds required in 50 feet of row.
seeds per row ft X 50 feet of row = seeds in 50 ft
Count _____ seeds of each variety and put the seed in a graduated tube such as a rain gauge, or a clean tube or cup. Mark the level of the seeds in the tube.
7.5 90
1440.625
32 seeds per sq foot X 0.625 sq feet per row ft = seeds per row ft.20
20 1000
1000
Step 3: •Hook a tractor to the grain drill so that the drive wheels of the drill can be raised off
the ground with a jack, and the drive gears can be engaged.
•Raise the drive wheel so it clears the ground and turn the wheel several revolutions to be certain that everything is turning freely.
•Check all drill spouts and make sure there are no blockages.
Step 4: Determine the number of revolutions the drive wheel must turn to travel 50 feet.
INCHES TRAVELED IN 50 FT = _____ IN.
DISTANCE AROUND THE TIRE = _____ IN.
NUMBER OF TIRE REVOLUTIONS IN 50 FT = _____ = ______.
600
84
600
847.1
Step 5: Calibrate the drill.
•Adjust the seeding rate to a setting that is expected to be close
•Turn the drive wheel several revolutions so that seed is flowing through the drill and stop the wheel at a convenient mark such as the valve stem straight up or use a mark placed on the tire.
•Remove the rubber boot from the two drill spouts with seed and place a container under each spout to catch the seed. Catch the seed from each spout in a separate container.
Step 5: Calibrate the drill. (cont)
•Turn the drive wheel the appropriate number of turns for traveling a distance of 50 feet (determined in Step 4).
•Pour the seed from one row into the pre-calibrated tube from Step 2. Check the second row the same way.
•If the seeding rate is too high or too low, change the drill setting and repeat steps e and f in this list until the appropriate seed number is obtained.
Planting Method
60
65
70
75
80
85
0 40 80 120 160Seeding Rate, lb/ac
Gra
in Y
ield
, bu/
ac
BroadcastDrilled
Lee and Herbek © 2006 University of Kentucky 20
Wheat Seeding Depth
Seeding Depth (inches)
Stand Count (plants/ft2)
% Stand Achieved
0.5 27 77
1.0 – 1.5 26 74
2.5 – 3.0 12 34
Stand counts taken in mid-November. Seeding rate of 35 seeds/ft2.
Small GrainsPrecision Planting
• Tillers developed in the fall or winter produce larger numbers of wheat kernels per head than tillers developed in the spring.
• Fall/winter developed tillers also have deeper root systems that give greater protection against dry weather during grain fill in May or early June
Dec. 2
Sept. 26
300 = October 27
Weeds
• Managing burndown and preemergence herbicides– Be aggressive controlling preplant weeds!
Tillage Weed Control Yield, bu/ac
No-Till Gramoxone @ planting, Harmony Extra in Spring 95.3
No-Till Harmony Extra 30-45 days after planting 94.6
No-Till Harmony Extra in Spring 92.9
No-Till None 80.4
Spring N ManagementEvaluate fields at GS 25 Wheat
>100 tillers/sq.ft
Barley>150 tillers/sq.ft
Split Apply N According to Growth Stage
60% N Uptake After GS 30
Spring N for WheatGS 25 N Rate
Directly Related to Tiller Numbers
Tillers in wheat• cut a dowel rod to a 3-foot length• lay the dowel down next to an average-
looking row and count all tillers with three or more leaves that are found in the 3-foot length; record this number
• repeat this count in at least five other locations that are well-spaced around the field
• average all tiller counts from the field• calculate tiller density (in tillers per square
foot) with the following equation: tiller density=average tiller count x 4 / row width (in inches)
SecondtillerT2
Mainstem
FirsttillerT1
New Tiller Forming
A fully developed tiller has 3 leaves.We need 3 leaves for a tiller to “go into the count”.
Growth Stage 30Just prior to
jointing
Spring N for WheatGS 30 N Application
Directly Related to Tissue N Content
Spring N for Barley GS 25 N Application
• Apply 0-50 lbs N/acre based on field observations of tiller density and plant color.
• Fields with tiller densities of greater than 150 tillers/sq ft should receive no N
• Fields with densities of <50 tillers/sq ft should receive 50 lbs N/acre as soon as possible.
• Do not wait for GS 30 to take tissue samples if the crop displays visual N deficiency symptoms prior to GS 30.
Spring N for Barley GS 30 N Application
Directly Related to Tissue N Content
total spring N applications generally not to exceed 100 lbs N/acre
Yield Protection• Insects
– Know major crop pests• Aphid, Cereal Leaf Beetle in wheat
– Know when and how to scout– Use the proper treatment
• Seed treatments• Chemical applications
AphidsTime of Year Suggested Number Needed to Treat
Fall
Planting until spring growth begins 15-25/row-foot and yellowing areas scattered through out the field
Spring
After spring growth resumes until hard-dough stage
100/row-foot, plants 3-6 inches tall 200/row-foot, plants 7-10 inches tall 300/row-foot, plants 11+ inches tall
Heading 20-25/grain head
Growth Stage DiseaseIndicator
Leaf1 Disease Level2
Flag Leaf emergence (GS 8) to Boot (GS 10)
Powdery mildew Second leaf 2 to 3 pustules
Flag Leaf emergence (GS 8) to Boot (GS 10)
Stagonospora leaf blotch Second leaf 1 to 2 lesions
Flag leaf fully emerged (GS 9) to Boot (GS 10) Leaf rust Flag leaf 3 to 7 pustules
1. Leaf to be observed for the presence of disease. The flag leaf is considered to be the first leaf, and other leaves are numbered down the plant.
2. Disease level is based on the average of 40 tillers randomly collected from throughout the field.
Foliar Diseases
Foliar Diseases
Evaluation of foliar fungicides on Sisson soft red winter wheat, 2005
• Used five registered fungicides (Stratego, Tilt, Quadris, Quilt, Headline)
• Applications were made at either GS 37 and/or 59• Traces of stripe rust and nearly 5% leaf rust of
flag leaves of non-treated• Yield (98.4 to 112.7 bu/A) +14.3 bu/A• Bushel wt (61.0 to 62.3 lbs) +1.3 lbs• 1000 k wt (36.6 to 41.0 grams) +4.4 g
Cereal Leaf Beetle•25 total eggs or small larvae are found on 100 stems. •Of that 25, at least half should be larvae.•No damage after Hard Dough.
PGR - Barley
0 0.5 0.750000000000001
10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
DOYCE
VA00H-65
VA01H-68
Ethephon rate, pint/acre
Pla
nt
He
igh
t, i
nc
he
s
0 0.5 0.750000000000001
185
90
95
100
105
110
115
Doyce
VA00H-65
VA01H-68
Ethephon rate, pint/acre
Yie
ld, b
u/a
c
0 0.58 0.88 1.160
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
DOYCE
VA00H65
VA01H68
Ethephon rate, L ha-1
Lo
dg
ing
In
dex
Harvesting Small Grains
• 20% moisture at maturity• 14.5% moisture for barley• 13.5% moisture for long term storage of
wheat“Nothing good can happen to a wheat kernel
after it reaches 20% moisture” – Don Mennel