paul cross: monash university

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Unit 3: AOS1 Land Use Change

Paul Cross: Monash University

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GTAV Examination RevisionUnit 3 – Area of Study 1. Land Use Change

• Concept of Land Use Change

• The Study Design and your Fieldwork

• Content you should be revising for the examination

• The Study Design and Examination Questions

• Interpreting Examination Questions

Remember – I am not involved in setting the examination and so can not predict what will be on this year’s examination… but can offer my opinion as to the things you should cover in your revision.

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Concept of Land UseHow the land use used…

Agriculture – Wheat FarmingConservation – Forest Recreation – Playground

Concept of Change….increase / decrease / move / accelerate… But for AOS 1 – Change is to a new land use

What type of land use change did you study for your fieldwork?

• Agricultural to Residential, Commercial, Industrial?• Quarrying to Residential / Recreational?• Agricultural to Conservation?

Or…

From... to... Future Planned ChangeRecent ChangeIn process of Change

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Unit 3 – Area of Study 1. Land Use Change

MELBOURNE 1945 htps://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=14&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjhm6mbsq7WAhUCjJQKHb46DTAQFghIMA0&url=http%3A%2F%2F1945.melbourne%2F&usg=AFQjCNFwEwFNX1FHbmsk1yxnV1JPOQ12og

This is an area surrounding the MCG of Melbourne in 1945.

Much has changed in the last 75 years….

but only some of the land use has changed!

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Land Use has NOT changed in and around the MCG….there has been changes to the infrastructure / facilities.

Land Use HAS changed from transport infrastructure (railway lines) to high density housing (multi-story flats).

Google Earth 2017

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Unit 3 – Area of Study 1. Land Use Change From Rice Fields to Tourist Resort… Ubud (Bali, Indonesia)

Google Earth 2015 and 2019

2015 2019

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How has the land use changed?From… To…

Why did it change?Initiating Events / Pressures

Process of change?Steps? Google Earth 2015 and 2019

2015 2019

What impacts do the changes have?Positive / Negative ?

• Sociological• Economic• Environmental

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How has the land use changed?From… To…

Why did it change?Initiating Events / Pressures

Process of change?Steps? Google Earth 2015 and 2019

2015 2019

What impacts do the changes have?Positive / Negative ?

• Sociological• Economic• Environmental

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VCAA, VCE Geography Study Design (2016-2020)

Key Knowledge

Key Skills

THE STUDY DESIGN CONTAINS ALL THE CONCEPTS and SKILLS THAT MAY BE EXAMINED….

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From Disused Local Water Supply Reservoir

Booran Reserve

ToRecreational Playground for children


2014 2018

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nGTAV Examination RevisionUnit 3 – Area of Study 1. Land Use Change

BooranReserve

Location Actual Relative

Human and natural characteristics of the site AND its region?

Natural Environment – waterways, fauna (animals) and flora (plants), land forms / terrain

Human Environment – housing, transport (footpaths, roads and railways), economic zones, other recreational areas, residential areas, schools…

Google Earth 2017

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From …Agricultural Land (Lockerbie Sheep Farm)

To …Cloverton Housing Development

Cloverton Housing DevelopmentCloverton (Stockland) development 2017


Lockerbie Sheep Farm 2014

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Regardless of your specific LAND USE CHANGE case study –there are key concepts that you need to know clearly for the examination…

Remember that the examiner may not know of your fieldwork location… !

Unit 3 Outcome 1: Key knowledgeThe location of the selected area, current land use and other natural and human geographic characteristics

The interconnection of the selected area with its surrounding region

For the selected land use, the:• Processes of change, including the nature, scale and time

sequence of change• Reason/s for change considering the influence of

geographical characteristics of the selected area and surrounding region and the influence of individuals, organisations and planning strategies.

• Positive and negative impacts of the change on the environment, and economic and social conditions in the selected area and surrounding region.

• The use of spatial technologies to assess and manage changes in land use.

• Location• Land Use• Natural Characteristics• Human Characteristics

Describe the location of your Fieldwork (Relative Location)

Current / Past / Future Land Use


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Unit 3 Outcome 1: Key knowledgeThe location of the selected area, current land use and other

natural and human geographic characteristics


For the selected land use, the:

• Processes of change, including the nature, scale and time

sequence of change

• Reason/s for change considering the influence of

geographical characteristics of the selected area and

surrounding region and the influence of individuals,

organisations and planning strategies.

• Positive and negative impacts of the change on the

environment, and economic and social conditions in the

selected area and surrounding region.

• The use of spatial technologies to assess and manage

changes in land use.

Interconnection with region

Impact / influence of region on the

changes in study area

Impact / influence of changes on region itself

• Movement - eg traffic

• Economic Influence – eg house prices

• Social Influence – eg crowds / security

Regardless of your specific LAND USE CHANGE case study –

there are key concepts that you need to know clearly for the

examination…


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Consider your fieldwork site…1. Can you give its location?

2. Can you describe the Land Use Change From... To…

3. Can you describe Human and natural characteristics of the site

4. Can you describe Human and natural characteristics of the surrounding region?

5. Can you describe the interconnection of the site with the surrounding region?

6. What is the impact / influence of the region on changes in the study area?

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For the selected land use, the:• Processes of change, including the nature, scale and

time sequence of change• Reason/s for change considering the influence of




• Nature of Change• Process of change• Scale / Time Sequence• Relevant people / groups

1 – Population growth demand for housingq

2 – Greenfield sites chosen for developmentq

3 – Policy and Land Zone changesq

4 – Provision of initial infrastructure (roads etc)

q5 – Land sales and development



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Unit 3 Outcome 1: Key knowledgeThe location of the selected area, current land use and other

natural and human geographic characteristics

The interconnection of the selected area with its

surrounding region

For the selected land use, the:

• Processes of change, including the nature, scale and

time sequence of change

• Reason/s for change considering the influence of geographical characteristics of the selected area and surrounding region and the influence of individuals, organisations and planning strategies.

• Positive and negative impacts of the change on the

environment, and economic and social conditions in the

selected area and surrounding region.

• The use of spatial technologies to assess and manage

changes in land use.

• Reasons for change• Influence of geographical (human

/ natural) characteristics

• Influence of individuals / organisations / planning strategies

Within Selected AreaWithin Surrounding Region

Regardless of your specific LAND USE CHANGE case study –there are key concepts that you need to know clearly for the

examination…


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Consider your fieldwork site…1. Can you outline the process of land use change for your fieldwork site?

• Nature of Change• Process of change• Scale / Time Sequence

2. Can you give the reasons for the land use change?

3. What was / is the influence of geographical (human / natural) characteristics?

4. What was / is the influence of individuals / organisations / planning strategies?

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Selected Area

Surrounding Region

Envi

ronm

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+ Positive

- Negative

+ Positive

- Negative

Econ

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Co

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+ Positive

- Negative

+ Positive

- Negative

Soci

alCo

ndit

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+ Positive

- Negative

+ Positive

- Negative

Can you give examples of the following impacts…?



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What are the impacts of the land use change on the region?• Positive / Negative• Long Term / Short Term• Permanent / Temporary • Socio-economic / Environmental

• Changed movement into or out of the region / site• Increased traffic noise / pollution• Altered land prices• Increased/ decreased amenity / facilities • Improved or deteriorating environmental conditions • Short term or Long term impact on employment opportunities• Encouragement of more visitors – which may increase income for businesses in region• etc

SocialHistoricalEconomicEnvironmentalPoliticalPhysicalTechnological

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Consider your fieldwork site…Complete a table to show the impacts of the land use change.

Selected Area Surrounding Region

En

vir

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me

nt + Positive

- Negative

+ Positive

- Negative

Eco

no

mic

Co

nd

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ns + Positive

- Negative

+ Positive

- Negative

So

cia

l

Co

nd

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ns + Positive

- Negative

+ Positive

- Negative

Do not be too general… use specific information / statistics / data …

QUANTIFY!

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Spatial Technologies- Assess

- Manage

Aerial PhotographySatellite ImagesRemote Sensing Global Positioning Systems (GPS)Geographic Information Systems (GIS)


Extent or degree Impacts Impacts


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There are many different ways that Spatial Technologies can be used to assess and manage Land Use Change.

Growth Areas Authority Lockerbie Precinct Structure Pan May 2012

DELWP, Nature Kit 2017

It is not just that spatial information is layered….

But how does this representation help ASSESS land use change and MANAGE land use change?

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Consider your fieldwork site…What spatial technologies have or could be used to Assess and Manage Land Use Change at your fieldwork site?

Type?

Who has or could use the technology?

…be used to Assess Land Use Change?

…be used to Manage Land Use Change?

What Spatial Technologies did you use as a Fieldwork Technique or Secondary Source?

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Unit 3 Outcome 1: Key skills• Analyse maps, data and other geographic information to

develop descriptions and explanations• Collect, sort, process and represent data and other

information• Interpret and analyse maps and other geographical data

and information• Identify and describe the geographic characteristics of the

selected area• Identify and describe the change in land use in the selected

area at spatial and temporal scales• Explain the processes of change, the reasons for change

and the resulting land use change in the selected area• Explain and assess positive and negative impacts on the

selected area and the surrounding region resulting from land use changes.

Geography Skills!• Analyse• Describe• Map• Data• Identify• Geographic Information• Geographic Characteristics• Explain• Interpret• Assess


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Cross-Study Specifications (found on page 9-13) of the Study Design which include:

1. Key Geographic Concepts

Do you know all 10?

Can you use these in your analysis and writing?

Can you recognise them in unseen data?

2. Geographic skills

Many of these you would have used in your data

collection, data presentation and data analysis in your fieldwork report.

3. Fieldwork Report

Make sure you know the purpose of each section and how it helped you to achieve the overall outcome.


q Changeq Distanceq Distributionq Movement q Placeq Process q Region q Scale q Spatial Associationq Sustainability

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Change FROM ... TO...Rate of Change Permanent / Temporary

Temporal / Spatial

Distance Absolute / LinearRelative

Psychological Cultural

Distribution How are things arranged? Temporal (Changes over time)

Linear Cluster Uneven Dispersed

Movement Change in location Distance Direction Method Frequency Permanency

Place Location / Region Features Boundaries Perception Importance

Process Steps leading to change Step 1, Step 2, Step 3... Causes…Planning…Implementation

Region Area with Common Characteristics Government / Natural / Planning Local

National Global

Scale Map Scale Observational Scale

Local Regional

National International

Global

Spatial Association Similarity of distribution Arrangement

Strong … Weak… No Association

Sustainability Ability to support life Ability to continue

Planning Future viability


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q Changeq Distanceq Distributionq Movement q Placeq Process q Region q Scale q Spatial Associationq Sustainability

Can you use these terms specifically for your fieldwork site and the concept of Land Use Change?

For each of these terms consider the relevance to your fieldwork site.Could you answer a question that includes one of more of these terms?How could you incorporate these terms and concepts into your responses?

E.G.How has or could movement been impacted by the land use change?What was the process of land use change at your fieldwork site? Is the land use change sustainable economically? Environmentally? Socially?

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1. Key Geographic Concepts Do you know all 10? Can you use these in your analysis and writing? Can you recognise them in unseen data?

2. Geographic skillsMany of these you would have used in your data collection, data presentation and data analysis in your fieldwork report.

3. Fieldwork ReportMake sure you know the purpose of each section and how it helped you to achieve the overall outcome.

VCAA, VCE Geography Study Design (2016-2020) VCAA, VCE Geography Study Design (2016-2020)

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1. Key Geographic Concepts Do you know all 10? Can you use these in your analysis and writing? Can you recognise them in unseen data?

2. Geographic skillsMany of these you would have used in your data collection, data presentation and data analysis in your fieldwork report.

3. Fieldwork ReportMake sure you know the purpose of each section and how it helped you to achieve the overall outcome.


¨ Definition of topic¨ Research question/ Geographic context of the

question¨ Hypothesis /Justification of hypothesis¨ Primary sources and techniques used to collect data¨ Justification of their appropriateness to the research

question¨ Secondary sources ¨ Justification of their appropriateness to the research

question¨ Presentation of processed data and information¨ Analysis of processed data and information¨ Describe patterns identified in the processed data and

information¨ Draw relationships between key features and patterns

in the processed data and information¨ Relate back to the research question and discuss

whether or not the data and information has supported the hypothesis

¨ Conclusion - Identify the extent to which the analysis has answered the research question / specific points to be learnt from the investigation

¨ Evaluation - The relative effectiveness (limitations and weaknesses) of the techniques and sources / Future possibilities for any subsequent investigation

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GTAV Examination RevisionUnit 3 – Area of Study 1. Land Use Change Can you state and justify your Research Question and your

Hypothesis?

Can you evaluate and relate to your data and findings?

Could you complete a quick sketch map of your fieldwork site? Ensure that you can follow conventions (use of pencils, colour, BOLTSS).

Could you map or describe clearly:• Land use change • Impacts of change (Environmental, Socio-economic)• Regional features that have impacted on land use change.• Interactions between the site and its region?

Could you name, describe, justify and evaluate your primary techniques and secondary sources?

¨ Definition of topic¨ Research question/ Geographic context of the question¨ Hypothesis /Justification of hypothesis¨ Primary sources and techniques used to collect data¨ Justification of their appropriateness to the research

question¨ Secondary sources ¨ Justification of their appropriateness to the research

question¨ Presentation of processed data and information¨ Analysis of processed data and information¨ Describe patterns identified in the processed data and

information¨ Draw relationships between key features and patterns in

the processed data and information¨ Relate back to the research question and discuss

whether or not the data and information has supported the hypothesis

¨ Conclusion - Identify the extent to which the analysis has answered the research question / specific points to be learnt from the investigation


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2016 2017 2018 2019

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Questions that relate specifically to your fieldwork case study on Land Use Change.

Questions that relate to the concept of Land Use Change.

Reference to Key KnowledgeReference to Key Skills

Know your fieldwork!

Consider different data presentation examples

A good start is to review the elements of the Study Design

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Unit 3 Outcome 1: Key knowledge u

Unit 3 Outcome 1: Fieldwork Report u


Key Knowledge ¨ the location of the selected area, current land use and other natural

geographic characteristics and human geographic characteristics ¨ the interconnection of the selected area with its surrounding region¨ processes of change, including the nature, scale and time sequence of

change¨ reason/s for change considering the influence of geographical

characteristics of the selected area and surrounding region and the influence of individuals, organisations and planning strategies

¨ positive and negative impacts of the change on the environment, and economic and social conditions in the selected area and surrounding region.

¨ the use of spatial technologies to assess and manage changes in land use

¨ Definition of topic ¨ Research question/ Geographic context of the question¨ Hypothesis /Justification of hypothesis¨ Primary sources and techniques used to collect data¨ Justification of their appropriateness to the research question¨ Secondary sources ¨ Justification of their appropriateness to the research question¨ Presentation of processed data and information¨ Analysis of processed data and information¨ Describe patterns identified in the processed data and information¨ Draw relationships between key features and patterns in the processed

data and information¨ Relate back to the research question and discuss whether or not the

data and information has supported the hypothesis¨ Conclusion - Identify the extent to which the analysis has answered the

research question / specific points to be learnt from the investigation¨ Evaluation - The relative effectiveness (limitations and weaknesses) of

the techniques and sources / Future possibilities for any subsequent investigation

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nGTAV Examination RevisionUnit 3 – Area of Study 1. Land Use Change 2016 Identify the location of your selected area fieldwork (0)

State the land use change investigated at your selected area of fieldwork. (1)For your selected areas of fieldwork, outline a natural characteristic that has influenced or is likely to influence land use change. (3)

Identify and assess one impact of land use change at your selected areas of fieldwork on its surrounding region. (4)

2017 For the area of fieldwork you selected to investigate land use change, state the location and the associated research question. (1)

Identify and justify one primary fieldwork technique and one secondary source that were used to investigate the selected area of fieldwork. (6)

2018 Describe either one positive or one negative impact of land use change in the local area that you investigated using fieldwork techniques or secondary sources. (4)Evaluate the effectiveness of one of the fieldwork techniques or secondary sources used in reaching your conclusion about the impact of land use change described in part a. (4)

2019 State the location and describe the land use change for the selected area of fieldwork that you have undertaken this year. (2)

Assess the impacts or likely impacts of the land use change in the surrounding region of your selected area of fieldwork. (7)

2016 ¨ the location of the selected area, current land use and other natural

geographic characteristics and human geographic characteristics¨ the interconnection of the selected area with its surrounding region¨ processes of change, including the nature, scale and time sequence of










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data and information¨ Relate back to the research question and discuss whether or not the data

and information has supported the hypothesis¨ Conclusion - Identify the extent to which the analysis has answered

the research question / specific points to be learnt from the investigation


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geographic characteristics and human geographic characteristics ¨ the interconnection of the selected area with its surrounding region¨ processes of change, including the nature, scale and time

sequence of change¨ reason/s for change considering the influence of geographical









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How might you be asked to show your understanding?

Use of reading time / question analysis is vital:

• which aspect of your fieldwork will best answer the question asked?• which specific data to include to show your understanding (of question and fieldwork)? • would the use of specific key geographic concepts make your answer clear and concise?

Remember that Reading time is thinking time – use it wisely!!

Instructional term? (task / command terms) eg. Describe, explain, evaluate, rank, justify…

Discriminator?eg. Most suitable, positive impact…

Look at the number of marks to work out how much detail is required and how long to spend on each question.

Total exam = 120 minutes for 80 marks…so each mark is 1.5 minutes at EXAM SPEED!!

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VCAA, VCE Geography Examination 2019

State Location Actual Location … Relative Location …

Describe Land Use Change From XXX to XXX

Instructional termsSTATE…

DESCRIBE…

ASSESS…

Impacts… so needs to be 2+ 7 marks – so an opportunity to quantify and elaborate

Allows you to discuss possible future impacts!

Must be on must be on surrounding region

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FROM... TO…

No marks!

LOCATION required….

Name and Relative Location(Distance and Direction from known location…)

State…(no need to outline, explain or evaluate – but must be clear!)


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ONE Natural Characteristic

Name it… then outline / describe


What is the influence?

• Slowed• Increased• Facilitated• Encouraged

Refer to the

influence on land

use change

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ASSESS How much? / degree of impact? Make a decision re degree

Significant? Major? Main? Minor?

Surrounding Region

ONE IMPACT

IDENTIFYName and classify


Impact….• Socio-economic / environmental? • Positive / Negative?• Long Term / Short Term?• Significant / Minor?

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As well as questions that relate specifically to the land use change you investigated on your fieldwork… there are likely to be general land use change questions that will assess your general understanding of concepts and skills.

Data may be presented in a range of forms – Maps, Photographs, Diagrams, Aerial Photographs etc.

So it is important that you are up to speed with your skills of:

• Location Grid Reference (4 and 6 Figure)• Distance and Direction • Region• Analysis of Aerial Photographs and Satellite Images • Reading Maps of various types• Etc.

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Why have they given the location?• To put into context• Could be useful in a response.

GTAV, Trial Geography Examination 2019

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2016 - Commercial multistory car park with some apartments

q2019 - 135 apartments with street-level retailing

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In 2020 the examination made use of an aerial photograph of a housing development.

Identify

Name it clearlyJustify

Why would this technique be appropriate

Primary Fieldwork Technique

Must be collecting real data in the fieldMapping / Survey / Environmental Measurement etc

One of the impacts listed

State clearly your choiceVCAA, VCE Geography Examination 2020

• Increased water run-off

•Habitat loss

• Increased road traffic

• Increased demand for

services

Hypothesis: that the land use change could result in…

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An appropriate primary fieldwork technique could be…This technique would determine the degree of…By doing this, the hypothesis could be tested by showing if…

On the site AND the surrounding region.

Make use of your knowledge from your own fieldwork site… BUT no need to make specific reference to your fieldwork.


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• Describe one spatial technology• Assess land use change• Selected area of fieldwork

Name and Type of technologyDescribeLink to the assessment of land use (from x to y at …)

How / degree of change orImpact of change

• Describe two geographical characteristics• Selected area of fieldwork and surrounding region• Influenced the process of land use change

Name and describe characteristicDescribe how it influenced the land use change

Name and describe characteristicDescribe how it influenced the land use change

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• Size • Shape• Position • Land Use

• Location within region• Surrounding land uses / land value

• Why is new land use more suited to surrounding area? • So why is the old land use less suited?

Identify2

Geographical Characteristics

Site

Identify 2 Geographical Characteristics

Surrounding region

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Multi-choice Read all alternatives and select the most appropriate!

R


2Northings

1Eastings

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Unit 3 – Area of Study 1. Land Use Change Using a legend to interpret map symbols

VEGETATION (green)WATER (blue)GEOLOGICAL / LANDFORMS (brown)HUMAN (red or black)

Four FigureGrid Square Reference8383

Four and Six Figure Grid Reference Vertical (Eastings) FirstHorizontal (Northings) Second

2Northings

1Eastings


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4 figure Grid Square Reference

What natural characteristic? Tamarin Mountain / Steep Terrain How has it restricted land use change?Housing has not expanded eastwards due to difficulty and costs of construction

Four FigureGrid Square Reference

8383

Map evidence? As seen by the close contour lines in this region.

Steep Land is represented with contour lines closer together.


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A3


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2016 For your selected areas of fieldwork, outline a NATURALcharacteristic that has influenced or is likely to influence land use change. (3) u

For your selected areas of fieldwork, outline a HUMANcharacteristic that has influenced or is likely to influence land use change. (3)


uIdentify and assess one impact of land use change at your selected areas of fieldwork on its site. (4)


uFor the area of fieldwork you selected to investigate land use change, state the location and the associated hypothesis. (1)


uEvaluate the success of one primary fieldwork technique and one secondary source that were used to investigate the selected area of fieldwork. (6)

2018 Describe either one positive or one negative impact of land use change in the local area that you investigated using fieldwork techniques or secondary sources. (4)

uDescribe either one positive or one negative impact of land use change on the surrounding region that you investigated using fieldwork techniques or secondary sources. (4)

2019 Assess the impacts or likely impacts of the land use change in the surrounding region of your selected area of fieldwork. (7)

uCompare the impacts or likely impacts of the land use change on the site of your selected area of fieldwork. (7)

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• Evidence not used• Generalised statements / lack of depth• Listed points – rather than elaborating / showing links

between evidence / concepts. • Not using key geographical concepts• Missing directive terms (Either / or / compare …) • Confusing NATURAL and HUMAN Characteristics• Ability to map neatly / accurately using conventions• Cross-study specifications of key geographical concepts /

skills / fieldwork need greater emphasis • Fieldwork examples did not focus on land use change • Some responses were learnt – and did not relate to the

question or too generalised. • Use of terminology • Poor use of cross-study specification• Map drawing skills were not always strong• Need to link what question is asking to response• Some responses too generalised or not relevant. • Students need to work through all of Study Design. • Poor expression – such as ‘Working Class’• Avoid just writing ‘all you know’ – think about what is

relevant to the question and be succinct• Responses listing• Responses not relevant to question • Poor linking concept to question requirements• Note and annotate key question components

Examiners Reports

VCAA, VCE Geography Examiners Report 2016

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Putting it all together…Make Revision Notes (based on the study design)

Include maps and key specific data in your notes

Include how you would make use of Key Geographic Concepts

Remember that there are many ways that the examiners can ask questions – but the concepts and skills must be from the Study Design.

Check List….

can you describe with elaborations?can you use appropriate terms, statistics, names, and GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS?

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q Location (Relative and Absolute) q Description of Land Use Change (from… to…) q Location / Distribution of Geographic Characteristics (Fieldwork Site)q Location / Distribution of Geographic Characteristics (Surrounding Region)

q Current Land Use – Natural and Human Geographic Characteristicsq Previous Land Use – Natural and Human Geographic Characteristicsq Future Land Use (if relevant) – Natural and Human Characteristics

q Interconnections with surrounding region

q Process of change (nature, scale and time sequence)

q Reason(s) for change q Influence of geographical characteristicsq Influence of individuals, organisationsq Influence of planning strategies

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q Positive and Negative impacts of the change on the environmentq Positive and Negative impacts of the change on economic structuresq Positive and Negative impacts of the change on social conditions

q Positive and Negative impacts on the interconnections with surrounding region

q Spatial Technologies used to assess land use change and managementq Effectiveness of Spatial Technologies

q Field Techniques used to gather data q Secondary Sourcesq Effectiveness of Field Techniques and secondary sources

q Fieldwork Research Questionq Fieldwork Hypothesis

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To summarise…Prepare by making notes – with real data / examples / information Answer trial examination questions – under timed conditions.

When in the examination…. Read the questions carefully and select your examples wisely.

Look out for composite questions – will your example be suitable for answering all parts of the question?

Read instructional terms carefully

Remember that the examiner wasn’t on fieldwork with you! You are the expert!!

Think carefully, write neatlydo your best! J

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Unit 3: AOS1 Land Use Change

Paul Cross: Monash University

paul cross: monash university

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