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TRANSCRIPT
PAUL GRIGNON DUMOULIN
Bodyweight management and its impact in layers
TOKYO
July 12-13th, 2016
Introduction
• Bodyweight is one of the most important parameters to track in farms :• In rearing : check the growth of the birds in order to achieve the best performance during
production period
• In production : regular control allows to check if farm conditions is good enough to allow best productivity from the birds
• Filed experience : very often people follow growth during rearing butstop once birds start laying.
• In fact bodyweight management can influence many things…
Some history…Development of the modern Brown commercial layer
1970 2000 2008 2015 2020
HH EGGS AT 75 Weeks (NRS) 239 306 324 343 361
HH EGGS AT 90 Weeks (NRS) 419 446
HH EGGS AT 100 Weeks (NRS) 500
AGE AT 50% PRODUCTION (WKS) 26 20 20 20 20
AGE AT PEAK PRODUCTION (WKS) 29 26 26 25 25
RATE OF LAY AT PEAK (%) 86 95 96 97 97
EGG MASS AT 75 Weeks (KG) 14.9 19.2 20.6 21.5 22.6
EGG MASS AT 90 Weeks (KG) 26.4 28.0
EGG MASS AT 100 Weeks (KG) 31.5
FEED/DAY (G/D) 127 114 114 113 112
FCR resp. 75 to 90 to 100 weeks of age (KG/K) 3.46 2.41 2.25 2.19 2.07
LIVEABILITY (%) 90 94 94 94 95
HEN DAY RATE OF LAY AT 75 Weeks (%) 55 74 76 79 82
BODYWEIGHT AT 18 Weeks (KGS) 1.72 1.55 1.55 1.50 1.50
ADULT BODYWEIGHT (KGS) 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9
+50% egg number
-24% bodyweight
Standard growth curves
ISA Brown growth curve
Growth is not linearGrowth / nutritional needs maximum between 6-11 weeks
Influence of pullet quality on laying performanceBodyweight at 5
weeks oldBodyweight at 10
weeks oldUniformity at 16
weeks old
Sexual maturity
% prod between
20 - 24 weeks
+++
0,63
+++
0,59 0
% prod between
68 - 72 weeks+++
0,82 0
++
0,46
Egg number at 60 weeks old
+++
0,83
++
0,30
+++
0,54
Egg number at 72 weeks old
+++
0,93 0
+++
0,72
Liveability at 72 weeks old
+++
0,71 0
++
0,40
+++ : very good correlation + : low correlation++ : good correlation 0 : no correlation
Key anatomical and developmental stagesTime-line in Changes of Growth and Body Components of Pullets
Increase in Calcium
Pre lay
feed
Reproductive organ
development
Medulary
bone
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Frame
Muscles
Organs
Age (weeks)
Growth
Fat
Bodyweight targets in rearing
• Get the best possible bodyweight at 4-5 weeks old
• In end of rearing, key of success is more linked with good uniformity thangood bodyweight.
• At start of lay : between 5 and 90% lay, growth must be 300g minimum in brown layers
• Consequence : birds with same average bodyweight in end of rearing willhave different performance in production, depending on theirbodyweight at 5 weeks old or uniformity at 16 weeks old.
Practical rules for bodyweight management
• From day old to 3-4 weeks : weekly average bodyweight calculation based on group control. Chicks are weighted by group.
• From 3-4 to 26 weeks old : weekly individual control with bodyweight and uniformity calculation.
• From 26 to 36 weekd old : individual control at least every 2 weeks with bodyweight and uniformity calculation
• After 36 weeks old : individual control at least every 4 weeks with bodyweight and uniformity calculation
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
10
What is a good uniformity?
• Below 75% : bad
• 75-85% : acceptable
• Above 85% : good
• Number of birds controled : minimum 60 birds per pen (best is 100 birds).
• In cage system : select cages in different locations of the house and place a mark in order to check the same animals at every control. This would be more accurate.
Source of variability in rearing
Cage Floor / Aviary system
Difference of temperature in the differentareas of the house (uniformity of ventilation /
atmosphere
Feed selection (availabe feeder length / feedpresentation
Uneven feed (in distribution troleys) Sanitary pressure : contact with faeces(parasitisme / coccidiosis)
Inadequate feeding management, feed restriction
No respect of recommended densities (competition)
Big particle feed
Irregular beak-trimming and bad access to water in the first days
Dehydrated, weak or infected DOC at arrival
Poor brooding conditions : Heating, ventilation, wrong feed/water equipment
Disease challenges
Practical example in rearing
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Bo
dy W
eig
ht
in g
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100
Mo
rtality
in
%
Bodyweight std BW mini std BW maxi Cumulative mortality
ISA BROWN REARING CHART
Friday July 4, 200851.200
6, cages
Name :
Hatch date :
Number of pullets :
Rearing farm :
House number :
Birds started in 2 tiers; At 6 WOA, ½ transferred into rest of cages over-crowded
Field examples: Crowding in rearing
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dy w
eig
ht
in g
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80
90
100
Un
ifo
rmit
y in
%, M
ort
ality
in
%
Bodyweight std BW mini std BW maxi Cumulative mortality Uniformity
BOVANS BROWN REARING CHART
Friday 23 October, 200930.200
2
Name :
Hatch date :
Number of pullets :
Rearing farm :
House number :
Problems with grower feed 1; Not enough BW gain Poor uniformity; By 7-8 wks pullets adjusted
Field examples: Problems with feed management
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Bo
dy
we
igh
t in
g
0
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% M
ort
ality
Bodyweight std BW mini std BW maxi Cumulative mortality
ISA BROWN REARING CHART
BegokonSeptember 29, 200851.200
6, cages
Name :
Hatch date :
Number of pullets :
Rearing farm :
House number :
Birds grow very well from 6-14 WOA; injection with killed vaccine flat BW growth
Field examples: Stunted growth with vaccination
Start of lay : a key period
Evaluation of energy requirement
• Based on ISA Brown production standard
• Energy requirement evaluation=
• 130(BW)0.75 + 5 x daily WG + 1.65 x daily EM
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77
En
erg
y r
eq
uir
em
en
t (K
ca
l/d
/he
n)
Age (weeks)
Production
Growth
Maintenance
Field example : management of feeding at start of lay
First phase :
-The lay begin
-The egg weight increase
-The limited feed consumption lead to low body weight
Second phase :
-Small and slow decrease of the laying rate
Third phase :
-Work on the energy intake
-Increase bodyweight
-Increase the laying rate
60 000 LayersConventionnal cages
Transfert during summer
Bodyweight and sexual maturity
21
BODYWEIGHT AT SEXUAL MATURITY & A.E.W.
45
47,5
50
52,5
55
57,5
60
62,5
65
67,5
18-28 weeks 28-40 weeks 40-60 weeks
1350 - 1450 g
1550 - 1650 g
1750 - 1850 g
1950 - > 2000 g
Bodyweight at first egg influence Egg Weight during
all the laying period
Brown layers experiment
• Pullet bodyweight at sexual maturity determine the average egg weight
• Sexual maturity management is a key factor for controlling bodyweight atthe beginning of lay
• For brown birds, many trials showed a bodyweight modification of 80g atsexual maturity induce an eggweight variation of 1g
Sexual maturity and bodyweight
How can we influence bodyweight?
• Bodyweight can be influenced by a few technics• Feed / feeding
• Lighting program
25
FEED SPECIFICATIONS - BROWN EGG LAYERS
PRE STARTER GROWER PULLET - PRE LAY
TEMPERATE CLIMATE
HOT CLIMATE 4 5 10 16
Pre Starter Feed : EM= 2950 / CP = 20-20,5
Grower Feed : EM=2850 / CP=19
Developper Feed : EM = 2750 / CP=16
Pre Lay Feed : EM= 2750 / CP= 16,8
26
FEED SPECIFICATIONS
• Pre Starter Feed
• Before 4-5 weeks old, for Brown and Leghorn pullets, growth will depend on energy and protein level of the feed
• Grower Feed
• After 5 weeks old, pullets adapt their intake to feed energy level
• Any deficiency in Amino Acids after 6 weeks leads to lower growth and F.C.R. deterioration
• Developer Feed
• Energy level as close as possible to energy level of layer feed in order to:
• Develop digestive tract (through intake in rearing)
• Too high energy level risks lower intake at beginning of lay (increase of cost)
• Pre Lay Feed
• Energy level as close as possible to energy level of layer feed
• Calcium level increase (2 % with 1 % in powder and 1 % in particles form)
• 10 days before 2 % of production
Feed recommendations – rearing period
• Starter feed in crumble (0-5/6 weeks of age), then mash feed is recommended
• Change feed only if birds are at bodyweight target (maximum age planed + 2 weeks)
• Use a pre lay feed (2 weeks before first eggs)
Energy and feed consumption
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90
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110
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140
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
Fee
d c
on
sum
pti
on
(/
day
Metabolisable Energy (Kcal/kg)
Vilarino et al 1996
Leeson et al 2001a
Harms et al 2000
grobas et al 1999
Van der Lee et al 2001a
Van der Lee et al 2001b
CNEVA ISA 1996
harms et al 2004
Zou et al 2005
balnave et robinson 2000
peguri et coon 1991
Energy and energy intake
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
Ene
rgy
inta
ke(
Kca
l/d
ay/h
en
)
Metabolisable Energy (Kcal/kg)
Vilarino et al 1996
Leeson et al 2001a
Harms et al 2000
grobas et al 1999
Van der Lee et al 2001a
Van der Lee et al 2001b
CNEVA ISA 1996
harms et al 2004
Zou et al 2005
balnave et robinson 2000
peguri et coon 1991
Energy (ME) and body weight
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1500
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1700
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2000
2100
2200
2300
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
Bo
dy
we
igh
t (g
)
Metabolizable Energy (Kcal/kg)
Leeson et al 2001a
balnave et robinson 2000
peguri et coon 1991
Energy general scheme
ENERGYREQUIREMENT
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
MAINTENANCE
PRODUCTION
GROWTH
FEATHERING
BODY WEIGHT
Energy feedconcentration
Feedpresentation
Feeddistribution / Management
<
=
>
Slimming
Stable BW
Fattening
Standard BW
32
OPTIMUM FRAME DEVELOPMENT
Quantity of pre starter Bodyweight at 4 weeks
used (g) in % of BW standard
Flock A 0 g 86%
Flock B 300 g 95%
Normal (h/d) Slow step down (h/d)
1st 20 20
2nd 16 16
3rd 12 15
4th 8 14,5
5th 8 14
6th 8 13,5
7th 8 13
8th 8 12,5
BW at 56 days (g) 678 g 731 g24 th+H4 RST Eike
Lighting program
Long daylengths throughout the rearing period encourage feed intake and, therfore, growth
SLOW STEP DOWN L.P.
During the first few weeks, live weight of pullets is very
dependant on the energy level of the feed
Brown layers experiment
33
ENCOURAGE AND MAINTAIN BIRD APPETITE• Lot A - Ad libitum
« Essential to empty the feeders once a day and to adapt the timing of feed distribution in order to encourage appetite, growth and
rapid feed intake »
Flock A Flock B Diff B/A
Bodyweight at 8 weeks (g) 580 617 + 6 %Bodyweight at 12 weeks (g) 1005 1061 + 6 %Bodyweight at 17 weeks (g) 1340 1435 + 7 %Uniformity 17 weeks (%) 83 87 + 4 pointsConsumption at 119 d (g) 5780 5947 + 3 %ISA 1995
• Lot B with 2 meals (1 in afternoon and 1 in the morning (4 h of empty feeders)
Brown layers experiment
Influence of particle size
Influence of particle size of feed on performance of layers between 2 » and 51 weeks old
Particle size Good Fine Variation in %
< 0.5 mm 9 % 31 % > 3.2 mm 10 % 0 %
0.5 to 3.2 mm 81 % 69 % > 1.6 mm 65 % 21 %
Lay, % 93.9 90.7 - 3.4
Egg weight, g 63.3 62.7 - 0.9 Egg Mass, g/d 59.41 56.85 - 4.3
Feed consumption, g/d
118.1 114.2 - 3.4
F.C.R. 1.989 2.008 + 0.9 Bodyweight at 33 w 1.930 1.883
DRINKING WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON FEED CONSUMPTION
65
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75
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85
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105
110
115
sem 0
T:22°C
week 1
T:27- 35°C
week 2
T:27- 35°C
week 3
T:27- 35°C
week 4
T:27- 35°C
week 5
T:22°C
week 6
T:22°C
Water temperature:27°C
Water temperature:18°C
……………..Temp.de l'air : 27-35°C………………..
Providing fresh water during hot period improve feed consumption
Impact of light on feed intake and growth
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Ho
urs
of
Lig
ht
Age (wks)
Dekalb white - cages
light
bodyweight
feedintake
Summary and conclusions
• Bodyweight is a key factor for flock management as this will influence future performance of birds
• As a consequence, bodyweight should be controlled during the whole life of the layer flocks
• Management, in particular nutrition and lighting program can help to control bodyweight and let the birds express their genetic potential at 100%
500
400
300
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