pblipublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · otoo large could crowd out rather than...

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P bli fi i Public venture financing Esperanza Lasagabaster Service Line Manager of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Service Line Manager of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Innovation, Technology & Entrepreneurship Practice The World Bank Group Seoul, April 2013

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Page 1: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

P bli fi iPublic venture financing

Esperanza LasagabasterService Line Manager of Innovation and EntrepreneurshipService Line Manager of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 

Innovation, Technology & Entrepreneurship Practice

The World Bank GroupSeoul,  April 2013

Page 2: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

Agendag

• Why focus on start ups? 

• Financing innovative start ups

• Lessons from past public interventions

• What is the potential of crowdfunding?

• Conclusions

2

Page 3: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

Which firms create jobs?

• Traditionally, public policy focused on all SMEs but ….

• Increasing number of studies on developed and developing countries suggest that young firms create a disproportionate high number of net jobsnumber of  net jobs‐Haltiwanger et al. (2010) in the United States‐Deschryvere on FinlandDeschryvere on Finland‐ Iavocone (2010) on Indonesia‐ Freund (2012) on Morocco

• Young firms are more volatile with higher rates of job creation and destruction.

• Importance of focusing on both the entry process and the subsequent post‐entry dynamics (first 10 years)

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Page 4: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

• Entrepreneurial growth comes from a complex  venture ecosystem  ….

Regulations

Finance Entrepreneur

Ideas and inventions

Access to world marketsmarkets

Risk taking  Skills,  t l t

gculture talent, 

expertise

4

Page 5: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

Agendag

• Why focus on start ups? 

• Financing innovative start ups

• Lessons from public interventions

• What is the potential of crowdfunding?

• Conclusions

5

Page 6: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

Financing innovative start upsFinancing innovative start ups

• Financing of start ups and its subsequent growth needs to be considered as a continuum. 

• Investors are needed in all stages.  Gaps along they way can ifl h l d l ll f d h Thstifle growth or lead to closure—valley of death. There can 

be more than one “valley of death”.

• Start ups cannot take off on flimsy business plans or too weak financial foundation, as there will be limited capital in l t dlater rounds.

Page 7: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

A typical market for innovative start upsA typical market for innovative start ups

Exit through IPO or trade sale

optio

ns Global funds

Finance o

Incubators, Accelerators, 

Business angels,  venture funds

PRE‐SEED SEED EXPANSIONSTART‐UP

, ,proof of concept, etc.

Higher Risk                                                                                         Declining Risk

Public finance Private FinancePublic finance                                                                                       Private Finance

Page 8: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

Financing innovative entrepreneurs: is there a rationale f i i ?

• Information asymmetries are more “acute” for innovative start ups

for government intervention?y p

oInnovation projects are riskier than physical investment projects—both commercial and technological risk. P i t t d t h “ f t i f ti ” b t t h l i loPrivate actors do not have “perfect information” about technological or production frontier. 

oTechnological development can take a long time and resources (e.g., g p g ( gbiotechnology) before product is market ready

oReluctance of innovative entrepreneur to share the idea with potential investor due to appropriability probleminvestor  due to appropriability problem 

• Difficulty of using intangible assets (Intellectual Property) as collateralcollateral

• Experience building“Fi t ” di d t

8

o “First mover” disadvantage

• Counter cyclical role

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Agendag

• Why focus on start ups? 

• Financing innovative start ups

• Lessons from public interventions

• What is the potential of crowdfunding?

• Conclusions

9

Page 10: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

Lessons from public interventions to spur Venture Capital

• Entrepreneurship does not occur in a vacuump po Need to foster the entire ecosystem (e.g., Singapore)

oOften too much emphasis on finance but the “deal flow” is equally or more important

oEnabling regulatory framework needs to be in place

oEntrepreneurial programs for university students and at earlier stages can be developed

oMechanisms to facilitate commercialization of researcho Intellectual property

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o Technology transfer offices o Incubation

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Lessons from public interventions to spur Venture Capital• What is the evidence on the performance of VC funds?

• Financial returns have been typically lower for public fundsyp y po Various studies on Canada  

oLerner et al. (2011) showed a private‐public gap in return for US and UK funds, but the gap has narrowed over time 

o Publicly‐backed funds in the pre‐bottom bubble period heavily underperformed private funds (returns were 20 percentage points lower in th UK) ti th t i l t d i i d ( d ti ithe UK) suggesting that in later years design improved (e.g., reduction in restrictions)

o Differences in public‐private performance remain after controlling for stage of financing, industry and investor hubs.  Such differences could be due to constraints imposed on managers or inability to retain the most talented ones

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constraints imposed on managers or inability to retain the most talented ones

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Lessons from public interventions to spur Venture Capital• What is the evidence on the performance of VC funds (part II)?

• Financial returns are not the only or most relevant performance indicator.  

• Other public policy objectives  (e.g., value creation) are more important.  Evidence on these indicators  is more scarce and mixed.

o Evidence on UK publicly‐backed VC funds suggest that recipients would not have undertaken their investments without public support

oA  World Economic Forum study (2010) found that companies with moderate public VC support outperformed in terms of value and patent creation those 

h h blwith just private support or heavy public support.

o An analysis by Brander et al (2009) on Canada’s VC industry suggests that

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o An analysis by Brander et al. (2009) on Canada s VC industry suggests that privately‐backed funds outdid publicly‐sponsored ones in terms of value creation and patents.

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Lessons from public interventions to spur Venture Capital

• Balancing the supply push with the demand pullg pp y p po Let the market provide directionoYozma program (Israel): used matching private funds to determine where 

bli t h ld d l li d i t f dpublic support should go and also relied on private fund managers

Ali i ti• Align incentives oTransactions on commercial termsoShare risks and losses with private investorsoShare risks and losses with private investors oMight subsidize the upside but not the downside

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Lessons from public interventions to spur Venture Capital

• Long lead timesgoPrograms should have the time horizon necessary to prove merits and not focus on short‐term returns V t f d h lif f b t 10 d ib t VC i d t illoVenture fund has a life of about 10 years and a vibrant VC industry will typically take longer

• Problems with too large or small initiatives• Problems with too large or small initiativeso Too large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals”

oToo small undercapitalized funds tend to underperform o Relative high overhead and insufficient funds to back companies through 

development (e g evidence from UK public funds)development (e.g., evidence from UK public funds)o Changed strategy of Danish Growth Fund

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Lessons from public interventions to spur Venture Capital• Do not micromanage

oExcessive restrictions on VC funds or entrepreneurs could affect the firms’ and VC’s performance (e g on geographical locations)VC’s performance  (e.g., on geographical locations)

oEvidence from Lerner et al. (2011)

• Exit strategies are critical to successful VCs• Exit strategies are critical to successful VCs•Big returns are typically done through IPOs not trade sales•Development of capital marketsDevelopment of capital markets

• Evaluation of initiativeso Monitoring and evaluation can reduce “principal‐agent” problemso Monitoring and evaluation can reduce  principal agent  problemsoCompare publicly supported firms and venture funds to peers  (financial performance, revenues, job creation)

oConsider randomization or regression discontinuity to understand impact

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What is the potential of crowdfunding?p g

• Why focus on start ups? 

• Financing innovative start ups

• Lessons from public interventions

• What is the potential of crowdfunding?

• Conclusions

16

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What is the potential of crowdfunding?• Crowdfunding: raising funds for a project through small to 

medium investments from several other people

p g

medium investments from several other people

• Types of crowfunding:yp go For profit: equity or lendingo Not for profit: reward  or donation

• Crowfunding portals or platforms act as intermediaries b i dbetween investors and entrepreneurs

• 452 crowfunding platforms (April 2012) mainly in the US and• 452 crowfunding platforms (April 2012), mainly in the US and Western Europe

17• Estimated US$2.8 billion raised in 2012

Page 18: PbliPublic venture fi ifi nancing · 2017. 1. 31. · oToo large could crowd out rather than leverage private financing or too many funds chasing few “deals” oToo small undercapitalized

More than 450 platforms are active worldwide

250

Crowdfunding Platforms by Country 

191200

250

150

ber o

f CFPs

100

Num

b

44

29 2821 20 18 17 12

6 6 6 6 6

0

50

0

April 2012 Crowdfunding Industry Report

18

April 2012 ‐ Crowdfunding Industry Report

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Growth in worldwide funding

US$2 8063000

Total Funding through CFPs

US$2,806 (estimate)

2500

3000

US$1 470

2000

of US$

US$854 

US$1,470…

1000

1500

Millions o

US$53061%

72%500

02009 2010 2011 2012

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Source: Crowdfunding industry report (2012)

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Enabling Regulatory Landscape (US case)• While US is leading in crowdfunding, growth for equity and 

lending stifled by lack of regulatory framework until ….

g g y p ( )

lending stifled by lack of regulatory framework until ….

• JOBS Act (2012): Legislation that that seeks to facilitate ( ) gfunding for start ups and small businesses and protect ordinary investors from fraud

• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is still in the l kirulemaking process 

• Legislators recognize the need for some degree of• Legislators recognize the need for some degree of experimentation and careful monitoring

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• JOBS Act—key provisions for crowdfundingEnabling Regulatory Landscape (US case)JOBS Act key provisions for crowdfunding

o Limits on funds raised (US$1 million per year)( $ $o Limits on investors   (US$2,000  or 5% of income < US$100,000 in 

income; 10% of income for those above)

o Transactions made through brokers or “funding portal” registered with SEC

P t l l i t b t i t t d io Portals‐‐less requirements but no investment adviceo Responsible for providing relevant factual information from 

issuers and other third partiespo Can only release funds once “target amount” is raised

o Disclosure: Annual reports and different levels of auditso Disclosure:  Annual reports and different levels of auditso Accountability: Issuers (and control persons) are subject to liability for 

statements made and use of funds

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o Relationship to other capital  raising initiatives  (SEC to define rules)

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Conclusion• Start ups are important for job creation and 

renewal of economies

• Public interventions to foster Venture Capital have been mixed: bee ed:o Balance the demand pull and pusho Need to align incentiveso Need to align incentives

• The potential of crowdfunding is still untested• The potential of crowdfunding is still untested 

• Financing is not enough need to promote entire22

• Financing is not enough, need to promote entire entrepreneurial ecosystem

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Thank you