name: class key - svcsd.org and by other ___living___ things. topic: the biosphere objective:...
TRANSCRIPT
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Name: _____Class key_______
Period: ________________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Chapter 2 assignments
Pages/Sections Date Assigned Date Due
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Ecology
o __ecology__ studies how living __organisms__ & their
_environments_ __interact__ because...
o __Everything__ is __connected__ to everything else.
o ___Ecology___ ≡ the study of _interactions _ that take
place between _ organisms’ _ and their _environments.
Topic: What is Ecology?
Objective: Describe and define ecology in biology and Earth.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
__Biosphere__ ≡ the portion of ___Earth____ that supports
___Living___ things.
o The __biosphere__ is the ___largest___ level of
organization; it is planet Earth.
o ___living___ things are ___affected___ by
____both____ the physical or __non-living__
environment and by other ___living___ things.
Topic: The Biosphere
Objective: Describe the biosphere concept in biology and Earth.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Abiotic and Biotic factors
o ___abiotic___ factors ≡ The __non-living__ parts of
an organism’s environment.
Examples: _air & water_ currents,
_temperature_, __moisture__, ___light___, and
soil.
Often __determines__ which __organisms__
survive _____in_____ a particular
__environment__.
o ___Biotic___ factors ≡ All the ___living___ organisms
that ___inhabit___ an environment.
Topic: Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Objective: Describe and define ecology in biology and Earth.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
All __organisms__ ___depend___ on others directly or
indirectly for ____food____, ___shelter___,
__reproduction__, or __protection__.
Levels of Organization
1. __Organism__ ≡ An __individual__ ___living___ thing that is
made of ___cells____, ____uses____ energy,
__reproduces__, ___responds___, ___grows___, and
___develops__.
Topic: Levels of Organization
Objective: Describe the basic ecosystem levels of Earth.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
2. _population_ ≡ a ___group___ of __organisms__, all of the
same ___species___, which __interbreed__ and live in the
same area at the same time; _competition_ occurs.
3. __Biological__ _community_ ≡ made up of _interacting_
_populations_ in a certain area at a certain time.
A ___change___ in one __population__ in a
__community__ ___may______ cause
___changes___ in the other _populations_.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
4. __Ecosystem__ ≡ Populations of __organisms__ and
__resources__ that __interact__ with each other in a given
____area____ and with the ___abiotic___ components of
that ____area____.
5. ___Biome____ ≡ A ___group____ of _ecosystems_ (Chptr 3)
6. The __Biosphere__ ≡ the entire ____thin____ layer of
____land____ (lithosphere), ____air_____ (atmosphere),
and ___water____ (hydrosphere) that surrounds
___Earth____.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Habitat
o A ___habitat___ ≡ the ___place____ where an
__organism__ lives out its life.
o __habitats__ can __change___ due to both
___natural__ and ____human___ causes.
o Niche
___Niche___ ≡ the ____role____ or position a
___species___ has in its _environment_ —how it
____meets___ its specific ___needs____ for food
and shelter, how and where it __survives__, and
where it __reproduces__ in its environment.
Topic: Habitat and Niche
Objective: Describe organism habitats and niches.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
___Niche___ includes all its _interactions_ with the
___biotic___ and ___abiotic___ parts of its
__habitat__.
It is thought that ____two_____ species
___can’t____ ____exist___ for long in the same
community if _their niches_ are the _same_.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Symbiosis
o __symbiosis__ ≡ the _relationship_ in which there is a
___close___ and __permanent__ association
__between__ organisms of ___different___
___species___.
o ___three___ kinds of __symbiosis__ are: _mutualism_,
_commensalism_, and _parasitism_.
1. _mutualism_ ≡ ____both____ species ___benefit____.
Topic: Symbiosis
Objective: Describe and define symbiosis in ecosystems.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
2. _commensalism_ ≡___one___ species __benefits__ and
the ___other____ species is ___neither___
___harmed___ ____nor_____ ___helped___.
3. _parasitism_ ≡ a member of _____one____ species
derives ___benefit___ at the ___expense___ of
__another__ species (the host): usually ____harms___
but __doesn’t__ ____kill____ host.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Predation
o __Predators__ ≡ ____seek____ out, kill, and
__consume__ other _organisms_.
o ____prey____ ≡ __animals__ that predators eat.
Topic: Predation
Objective: Describe and define predation in ecosystems.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Notes page:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Name: ________________ Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. Describe the difference between an ecosystem and the biosphere.
a. ____________________________________________
2. How is an organisms’ niche different than their habitat?
a. ____________________________________________
3. Compare and/or contrast two types of symbiosis.
a. ____________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
4. Describe the difference between parasitism and predation.
a. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Nutrition and Energy Flow
o The ultimate ___source___ of the ___energy___ for life
is the ____Sun_____.
The __producers__: _Autotrophs_ ≡ An organism that uses
___light____ energy or energy stored in __chemical__
compounds to ____make____ energy-rich __compounds__
(Plants-_photosynthesis_).
Topic: Nutrition and Energy Flow
Objective: Describe how energy flows in ecosystems.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The _consumers_: _Heterotrophs_ ≡ An _organism_ that
___cannot___ ____make____ its own ____food____ and
___feeds____ on ____other___ organisms.
o Heterotrophs ___depend___ on _autotrophs_ for
___nutrients___ and ___energy___.
o __heterotrophs__ display a __variety__ of
___feeding___ relationships.
1. __herbivore__ ≡ feeds____ only____ on
___plants___.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
2. __carnivore__ ≡ ____kill____ and ____eat_____ only
other __animals__.
3. __omnivore__ ≡ ____eat_____ both ____plants___ &
___animals___.
4. __scavenger__ ≡ ____eat____ ___animals___ that
have already ____died____.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
5. __decomposers__ ≡ ___break___ down the
___complex___ compounds of ___dead___ and
decaying ___plants___ and ___animals___ into
simpler molecules that can be more easily absorbed.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Notes page:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Food chains
o Feeding _relationships_
____most___ food chains ____start___ with
___energy___ from the _____Sun____.
___first___ level of all food chains is
__autotrophs__.
Most food ___chains___ usually go up only __four
or five__ levels.
____All____ levels ___connect___ to
__decomposers__.
Topic: Food Chains & Feeding
Objective: Describe how food energy flows in ecosystems.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Food ___chains___: the __stepwise__ flow of ___energy____
and ___nutrients___ through an __ecosystem__.
o ____from___ producers (_autotrophs_).
o ____to______ herbivores (primary _consumers_).
o ____to______ carnivores (_secondary_ and higher-level
__consumers__.
Berries → mice → black bear.
Topic: Food Chains & Feeding
Objective: Describe how food energy flows in ecosystems.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Loss of energy
o ____loss____ of ___energy____ between ___levels___
of food ____chain___.
o To ___where____ is the energy ____lost____? The cost
of ___living___!
Topic: Food Chains & Energy
Objective: Describe how food energy is lost in ecosystems.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
o ___Trophic___ levels represent ____links___ in the
___chain___.
o Each __organism__ in a food ___chain____ represents a
feeding ____step____, or trophic level, in the
___passage___ of ____energy___ and __materials__.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Food webs
o Food ____web_____ ≡ ___network___ of
interconnecting food ___chains___.
o Food ____web_____ is a more __realistic__ view of the ___trophic___ structure of an __ecosystem__ than a food chain.
Topic: Food Webs & Feeding
Objective: Describe how food energy flows in ecosystems.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Name: ________________ Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. Explain why the Sun is the ultimate energy source for Earth.
a. ____________________________________________
2. Describe the difference between scavengers and decomposers.
a. ____________________________________________
3. Is the first level of all food chains plants? Explain.
a. ____________________________________________
4. Why does a food web show energy flow better than a food chain?
a. ____________________________________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Notes page:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Energy and trophic levels: Ecological pyramids
o Ecological pyramids ≡ illustrate that the amount of
___energy___ available __decreases__ at each
succeeding trophic ___level____.
o The ____total___ energy ___transfer___ from one
trophic level to the next is only about ____ten_____
___percent___ because organisms ____fail____ to
___capture__ and eat _____all____ the food
____energy___ available at the trophic level
____below___ them.
___Biomass___ ≡ the total __amount__ of ___living___
___matter___ at each trophic level.
Topic: Ecological Pyramids
Objective: Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Food chain pyramid
o ____loss____ of ____energy___ between levels of food
chain can ____feed____ ____fewer___ animals in each
____level___.
o ___energy___ ____flows___ through but __nutrients__
___cycle___.
o __nutrients__ must be __recycled__ to be available for the next generation.
Topic: Food Chain Pyramids
Objective: Describe how energy flows through an ecosystem.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Decomposers
o Decomposers ___return___ ___nutrients___ to the soil
____after___ organisms ____die_____.
____fungi___
___bacteria___
__nutrients__ cycle ___around___ through
__decomposers__.
Topic: Decomposers
Objective: Describe how decomposers act at every level.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Cycles of matter
o About ____96%_____ of ____your____ body is made
up of just four elements:
o __oxygen__, ___carbon___, ___hydrogen___,
___nitrogen__.
o ____65%_____ of the ____human___ body is Oxygen.
o Earth’s __atmosphere__ is mostly __nitrogen__ &
___oxygen___.
o __elements__ move within __circles__ in _ecosystems_
and very little leaves or enters.
Topic: Cycles of Matter
Objective: Describe how matter cycles through an ecosystem.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The Water cycle
o ___water___ can ___enter___ the __atmosphere__ two
ways:
o __evaporation__ - liquid to gas.
o __transpiration__ - from plants.
o Water __evaporates__ /__transpires__ then
__condenses__ to rain/snow and runs off.
o _____Sun____ powers the water ____cycle___.
Topic: The Water Cycle
Objective: Describe how water flows through an ecosystem.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The Carbon cycle
Most ___carbon___ on Earth is ___found____ in
___living___ organic compounds, the ___oceans___, and
____rocks___.
____plants___ use ____CO2_____ and ___sunlight___ to
make ____energy___.
_____ CO2____ and ____ energy ___ are released when
carbohydrates are __consumed__.
Topic: The Carbon Cycle
Objective: Describe how carbon flows through an ecosystem.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The Nitrogen cycle
o Nitrogen is the most common atmospheric gas, but
____most____ organisms ___cannot___ use gaseous
__nitrogen__ directly.
o Legumes (peanuts, beans, and clover) have colonies of
__nitrogen__ -___fixing__ ___bacteria__ in nodules on
their roots to create ammonia (NH3) that the
___plants___ can ____use_____.
Topic: The Nitrogen Cycle
Objective: Describe how nitrogen flows through an ecosystem.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
The Phosphorous cycle
o __phosphorous__ is important in many biological
__processes__ and __proteins__.
o __phosphorous__ can be ___stored___ in ___rocks___
(like carbon), but only slowly returns to the ecosystem.
Topic: The Phosphorous Cycle
Objective: Describe phosphorous’ flow through an ecosystem.
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Name: ________________ Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. What percent of the energy in food passes on to the next level, and why is it that amount?
a. ____________________________________________
2. Explain why decomposers are so important to ecosystems.
a. ____________________________________________
3. What are the four most common elements in the human body?
a. ____________________________________________
4. Where is carbon found on Earth?
a. ____________________________________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15 Unit 1 Ecology – Unit 2 Principles of Ecology-class key Mr. Murdoch
Notes page: