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Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agenciesonly; Test and Evaluation; OCT 1975. Otherrequests shall be referred to Army RodmanLaboratory, SARRI-LR, Rock Island, IL 61201.

ria, d/a ltr, 28 jan 1977

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R-TR-T6-028

WEAR RESISTANT RUBBER TANK TRACK PADS

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by

EDWARD W. BERGSTROM

OCTOBER 1975

D D C ieaiüE

EDTTE B

TECHNICAL REPORT •

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PREPARED BY ■

RESEARCH DIRECTORATE ■ .

Distribution limited to U.S. Government ogencies only; test and evaluation: October 1975. Other requests for this document mutt be referred to the CEN Themes J Rndwiin Leberutuiy. ATTN: SARRI-LR, Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, IL 61201.

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i GENERAL THOMAS J. RODMAN UIORATORY

p- ca «0« ISLAND ARSENAL ROCR ISLAND, ILLINOIS 61201

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DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS:

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return It to the originator.

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DISCLAIMER:

The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. REPORT NUMBER

R-TR-T6-028 /

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING KOKV

2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3, RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

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WEAR RESISTANT RUBBER TANK TRACK PADS.j '■ ? - » * .s.

—————

A Edward W./Bergstrom

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

CDR, Rock Island Arsenal ' GEN Thoiaas J. Rodman Lauoratory SARRI-LR Rock Island, IL 61201

»I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS Director Army Materials & Mechanics Research Center Watertown, MA 02172

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8. CONTRACT OR GRANT

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA « WORK UNIT NUMBERS

D\ 1T162105AHÜ4 PRON A1-5-R0005-01-AW-M5 AMS-eefte 6121ü5.1L.mü

IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol thlm report)

Unclassified 15a. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING

SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol thlm Raporl) ' "^ "'

Distribution limited to U.S. Government agencies only; test and evaluation; Octooer 1975. Other requests for this document must oe referred to the OBW T*wnia«~JL> Rnriman La«oratory, ATTN: SARRI-LR, Rock Islind Arsenal, Rock Island, Illinois 61201 t&A..

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19. KEY WORDS (Conllnum on rmvrt* mlc» II nmcmmmmiy and Idenllly by block number)

1. Elastomers 2. Tank Track Pads 3. Service Tests 4. Properties-General 5. Wear Resistance

20x ABSTRACT fConilnua on ravaraa mUm It nacaaaary an«» Identity by block mtmbor)

^Certain chemical heat stabilizers provided a significant reduction in heat uuildup to various experimental track pad vulcanizates while others provided a significant improvement in tear resistance at 250C'F. Although the resis- tance to heat buildup through the use of wire cloth may be improved in some cases the use of wire cloth in track pads is not feasible because of the chunking and delamination problems associated with its use under dynamic conditions. Blending natural or synthetic natural rubber with SBR 1500, Stereon 750, HYTRANS or SBR/polybutadiene improved the resistance to aorasion

nn FORM "»* I JAM 7J 1473 EDITION OF t MOV M It OBSOLET UNCLASSIFIED

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whon I'mlm Entered)

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20• ABSTRACT ^lüi^iss: Dmmi

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A suuunary Is Included of Che efforts of the past 13 years In attempting to improve the wear resistance of rubber track pads. The average service life of pads was approximately 1200-2000 miles when this work was beeun. "- * basis of service tests conducted on experimenf-i this study, it is reason»''1- ' r-0MM' -•- -rrs srPr -::f- ^

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CONTENTS

DD F;)RM 1473 i

CONTENTS iii

ILLUSTRATIONS iv

TABULAR DATA v

OBJEJTIVE 1

BACKGROUND 1

APPROACH 2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3

CONCLUSIONS 13

RECOMMENDATIONS 15

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 15

LITF1ATURE CITED 16

APPENDIX 57

DISlitlBUTION 63

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ILLUSTRATIONS

Figur« Pa^e

1 WIRE CLOTH REINFORCED T142 TRACK PADS AFTER 3Ö4-MILE SERVICE TEST AT YLMA PROVING GROUND 17

2 EVALUATION OF WIRE CLOTH IN FIRESTONE FLEXCMETER SPECIMENS . . . . 1«

3 CONVENTIONAL VS. EXPERIMENTAL T142 TRACK PAD 19

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TABULAR DATA

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Title Pa^e

1 COMPOUND FORMULATIONS (PARTS BY WEIGHT) 20

2 RESISTANCE TO HEAT BUILDUP OF SBR 1500 VULCANIZATES CONTAINING WIRE CLOTH 25

3 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL HEAT STABILIZERS IN RESEARCH DIRECTORATE SBR 1500 CONTROL COMPOUND (S152-1) 26

4 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL HEAT STABILIZERS IN STEREON 750 (S227-2).29

5 EVALUATION (X POTENTIAL HEAT STABILIZERS IN PHILPRENE 1609/CIS- 4 1350 BLEND (S2I2-2) 31

6 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL HEAT STABILIZERS IN HYTRANS 1227-289-1 (S223-4) 33

7 EVALUATION OF SILICA/BLACK AND SILICA/GROUND QUARTZ/BLACK REIN- FORCING COMBINATIONS IN SBR 1500 35

6 EVALUATION OF SBR 1500/PALE CREPE BLENDS 36

9 EVALUATION OF STEREON 750/PALE CREPE BLENDS 37

10 EVALUATION OF HYTRANS 1227-289-1 /PALE CREPE BLENDS 38

11 EVALUATION OF HYTRANS 1227-289-2 /PALE CREPE BLENDS 39

12 EVALUATION OF PHILPRENE 1609/CIS-4 1350/PALE CREPE BLENDS ... 40

13 EVALUATION OF BLENDS OF AMERIPOL SN 600 WITH VARIOUS ELASTOMERS. 41

14 KVALUATION OF EP SYN 55(EPDM)/PALE CREPE BLENDS 43

15 KVALUATION OF AMERIPOL 4713 FOR POTENTIAL TRACK PAD USE ... . 45

16 EVALUATION OF STEREON 750/BRCMOBUTYL/EPDM BLENDS (SAF v«. FEF BLACK) 46

17 EVALUATION OF HYTRANS (SBR TYPE)/BR(MOBUTYL/EPDM BLENDS (SAF vs. FEF BLACK) 47

18 EVALUATION OF HYTRANS (BUTADIENE/ISOPRENE TYPE)/BRCMOBüTYL/EPDM BLENDS (SAF vs. FEF BUCK) 48

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19 EVALUATION OF SANTOWE3 D IN SBR 1500 . 49

20 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN SBR 1500/PALE CREPE BLEND 50

21 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN STEREON 750 51

22 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN PHILPRENE 1609/CIS-4 1351 BLEND . . 52

23 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN HYTRANS (SBR TYPE) ........ 53

24 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN HYTRANS (BUTADIENE/ISOPRENE TYPE . 54

25 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BANBURY MIXED EXPERIMENTAL T142 TRACK PAD COMPOUNDS 55

26 RESULTS OF 500-MILE T142 TRACK PAD TEST AT YUMA PROVING GROUND ON PAVED TRACK 56

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OBJECTIVE:

The object of this work was to develop a rubber pad for tracked vehicles that would provide reliable service for 500C miles of vehicle operation.

BACKGROUND:

For the past 13 years, the Research Directorate at Rock Island Arser.al has been involved in funded programs to improve the wear resis- tance of rubber tank track pads. The studies began in FY63 and have been continuous since that time. Particular emphasis was placed on Che Im- provement of the wear resistance of rubber pads for the T142 and T130 tracks since unit procurement for these tracks is, by far, the largest for track currently in use. The T142 track is used on the M48-and M60- series tanks, and the T130 track is used on the M113 personnel carrier. The operating life and reliability of the T142 track, developed to re- place the T97E2 track, is limited to approximately 2000 miles because of the limitations of the rubber components. While the metal track remains operational for 5000 miles or more, the average life of the rubber pads is seldom more than 2000 miles. A rubber track pad that would match the operational life of the metallic track is highly desirable and would result in increased reliability and reduced maintenance, and in a tremendous cost savings in the purchase of replacement pads. Commercially available track pads fabricated from SBR fall far short of the objective, past efforts of this laboratory1"1'' have been directed toward (1) the development of pads

M;... ia

1. Veroeven, W.M., "Synthesis and Evaluation of Polyurethane Elastomers," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 63-1242, April 1963. 2. Veroeven, W.M., and J.W. McGarvey, "Polyurethane Elastomers for Track Pad Applications," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 63-2900, September 1963. 3. McGarvey, J.W. and W.M. Veroeven, "The Development of Elastomeric Vul- can izates for Track Pad Applications," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Tecinical Report 64-2678, Septenuer 1964. 4. Veroeven, W.M., and J.W. McGarvey, "Polyurethane Vulcanizates for Track Pad Application," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 64-3579, December 1964. 5. McGarvey, J.W., and J.R. Cerny, "Development and Service Testing of Rubuer Track Pads," Rock Island Arsenal R&E Division Technical Report 66-2517, August 1966, 6. Bergstroni, E.W., and J.R. Cerny, "Development of Rubber Pads for Tracked Vehicles," Science and Technology Laboratory Technical Report RE TR 70-121, February 1970. 7. Bergstrom, E.W., and J.R. Cerny, "Rubber Pads for Tank Track," Research Directorate Technical Report RE TR 71-13, July 1971. H. Bergstrom, E.W., "Prediction of Wear Resistance of Rubber Track Pads by Staidard Laboratory Tests," Research Directorate Technical Report RE TR 71-43, Jul> 1971. 9, Bergstrom, E.W.."Development of Wesr-Resistant Elastomers for Track Pads," Research Directorate Technical Report SWERR-TR 72-74, October 1972. 10, Bergstrom, E.W., "Material Development for Improved Rubber Track Pads," Research Directorate Technical Report R-TR-74-021, April, 1974,

mm

that would match the operational life of the metal track and (2) the Development of a laboratory test or tests that could be used in the prediction of the wear resistance of experimental track pad compounds without resorting to costly and time consuming service tests. Significant progress has been made in both areas. Experimental track pads based on stereospecific SBR (Stereon 750), SBR/polybutadiene blends (Fhilprene 1609/Cis-4 1350 (or Cis-4 1351), Ameripoi 1834/Ameripol CB 1352) and alfin catalyzed copolymers of butadiene/styrene and butadiene/lsoprene (HYTRANS) have exhibited a 50 percent or greater improvement in tread wear during service tests when compared to commercial SBR pads. The service testing of commercially prepared pilot lots of pads based on stereospecific SBR and SBR/polybutadiene blends has confirmed this improvement in tread wear. The uncertainty regarding the future commercial availibility of the alfin catalyzed copolymers of butadiene/isoprene and butadiene/styrene has pre- cluded the preparation of pilot lots of pads based on these elastomers. Correlation was found between service test wear ratings and laboratory test data obtained for tear strength, resistance to crack growth, and abrasion resistance. This report covers work done on the improvement of the wear resistance of rubber track pads since issuance of the previous report^-" plus a summary of all work done on this problem since the initial investi- gation began in FY63.

APPROACH:

Rubber compounds designed for initial laboratory evaluation were mixed on a 12-inch rubber mill. Tensile strength, elongation, and modulus were detLnnined at ambient and elevated temperatures by use of a Scott Model L-6 rubber tensile tester equipped with a Scott Model HTO hot tensile oven and autographic recorder-controller. Each dumbbell specimen was placed in the grips of the tester and conditioned for six minutes at the elevated temperature before being tested. All other physical properties were de- tern.ined by ASTM procedures where applicable. Physical properties of ex- peri tental compounds were compared with those of the Research Directorate SBR control compound which has given wear ratings similar to those of com- mercialSBR compounds in numerous service tests.

A Number 1 Banbury mixer was used to mix all compounds selected for the preparation of experimental track pads. The Banbury mixed compound was transferred to a 30-inch mill for additional mixing and sheeting-out. The cool ;d stock was later transferred to an lij-lnch mill for warmup and for sheeulng-out to the desired thickness for preparation of track pad preforms frori^ rolled stock.

10 Birgstrom, Ibid.

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Tho following ourface preparations w.jre made on the track pad metal backup plates (inserts) and on the .^TH DU29-68 steel test panels prior to vulcanization-bonding to the ruober stocks; degreasing, glass beadblasting, solvent-wiping, brush application of bonding agent, and drying.

Service tests of experimental track pads were arranged through the U.S. Array Tank-Automotive Command (TACOM), Warren, Michigan.

The following wear (durability) rating was used to compare the per- formance of the lubber track pads tested:

•ear I Average volume loss of commercial SBR control pads « -.QQ Rating Average volume loss of experimental pads

Compound formulations are given in Table 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Brass-plated wire cloth (National-Standard Company, 16x14 mesh, .013 Hl-Carbon C-1055 brass-plated warp wire x .020 Low Carbon C-1008 steel wire with no coating fill wire), when laminated with rubber in alternate horizontal layers (seven layers of rubber and six layers of wire cloth) was previously four.dlO t0 provide outstanding improvement in resistance to heat buildup of experimental track pad compounds in laboratory tests with the Firestone Flexometer. Experimental track pads containing the wire cloth reinforcement, however, displayed poor wear resistance in service tests. Examination of the wire reinforced pads upon completion of test revealed that the wire cloth actually had an adverse affect on wear resistance. Delamination of the pads in the area of the wire cloth resulted in excessive chunking and tearing and premature loss of rubber, as shown in Figure 1. Tests were run usinj; the Firestone Flexometer to determine if lesser amounts (three layers) of wire cloth positioned horizontally at different points within the specimen or the same amount (six layers) of wire cloth positioned vertically within ihe specimen would display the outstanding resistance to heat buildup ex- hibited by specimens containing six layers of wire cloth positioned evenly throughout. Firestone Flexometer specimens were prepared, as shown in Figure 2, ty lamination of the wire cloth with the uncured rubber and then compression molding the specimens in the usual manner. Each piece of wire cloth measured 1/2 inch by 1 1/2 inches and weighed approximately one gram. When six pieces of wire cloth were used In the preparation jf the specimens, the total win: cloth content amounted to approximately 20 parts/100 rhc, by weight, of rub >er. The reslstance-to-heat buildup was determined by use of the Firestone

10 Bergstrom, Ibid

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Flexometer. The tine required for the temperature to rise from 100 F to 200°? was measured when the specimens were subjected to test conditions of 0.25-inch throw and 600-pound loading. Test results are given in Table 2 in which the Research Directorate SBR 1500 control compound (S152- 1) was used as the base. The use of only three layers of wire cloth position- ed horizontally in various areas within the specimens was not as effective as six layers in the improvement of the resistance-to-heat buildup. Al- though the specimens containing three layers of wire cloth exhibited no tearing or delamination in this test, the time for the temperature to rise from I00oF to 200oF was much shorter for these specimens than for the speci- mens containing six layers of wire cloth positioned horizontally (23 or 28 minutes vs. 104 minutes). If the specimens containing the three layers of wire cloth had been flexed as long as 104 minutes, the dynamic action of the wire cloth on the rubber may have induced some tearing of the rubber, re- gardless of deterioration due to heat buildup. The specimens containing six layers of wire cloth positioned vertically had much poorer resistance-to- heat buildup than the control specimens and exhibited significant tearing of the rubber around the wire cloth. Even though resistance-to-heat buildup may be improved in some cases, the use of wire cloth in track pads is not feasible because of the chunking and delamination problem associated with its use under dynamic conditions. The problem may be similar to that observed in steel-oelted radial tires operated at high speeds. In the 7 April 1975 issue of Rubber & Plastics News, the Department of Transportation gave warn- ing that steel-belted radials may disintegrate at high speeds due to tread and belt separation. Similarly, on 14 March 1975, the U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)of the Department of Justice issued a warn- ing that steel-belted radial tires can break down and disintegrate at high spei ds.

Numerous potential chemical heat stabilizers were evaluated in the Research Directorate SBR 1500 control compound (S152-1) and in proven wear- resistant experimental track pad compounds based on Stereon 750 (stereo- specific SBR) (S227-2), Philprene 1609/Ci8-4 1350 (SBR/polybutadiene blend) (S212-2), and HYTRANS 1227-2S9-1 (alfin catalyzed copolymer of butadiene/ styrene) (S223-4) to determine their effect on the resistance to heat build- up. The evaluation of these heat stabilizers also Included the determination of tneir effect on (1) stress-strain properties at ambient temperature, 300oF and after aging 70 hours at 2120F, and (2) tear. Die C, at ar.bient and 250oF. These results are giv/en in Tables 3-6 and are summarized below:

1. Heat Stabilizers Which Provided Significant Reduction in Heat Buildup (Firestone Flexometer)

Compound Type and Number a. Research Directorate SBR 1500

control compound (S152-1)

Heat Stabilizer Dythal (dibasic lead phthalate) Cadmium oxide A189 (silane coupling agent)

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Compound Type and Number

b. Stercon 750 (S227-2)

c. Philprene l609/Cis-4 1350 (S212-2)

d. HYTRANS 1227-289-1 (S223-4)

Heat Stabilizer

Dythal Cadmium oxide

Dythal Cadmium oxide

Dythal Cadmium oxide Manganese Dioxide

2. Heat Stabilizers Which Provided Significant Improvement in Retention of Tear Strength When Measurod at 250oF

Compound Type and Number

a. Research Directorate 3BR 1500 control compound (S152-1)

b. Stereon 750 (S227-2)

Heat Stabilizer

Dyphos (dibasic lead phosphite) A1Ö9 Manganese dioxide Rio Resin None

c. Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1350 (S212-2)

d. HYTRANS 1227-289-1 (S223-4)

Dyphos A1Ö9

None

3. None of the heat stabilizers significantly improved the retention of physical properties measured at 300oF or after aging 70 hours at 2120F.

SBR 1500 vulcanizates reinforced with silica (Hi Sil 233)/ carbon black and silica/ground quartz (Neo Novacite)/carbon black in conjunction with a silane coupling agent (A189) were also evaluated for resistance to heat build- up and heat resistance in general. Silica-reinforced SBR tire tread stocks were reported to have superior resistance to cutting, chipping, and tear over carbon black reinforced stocks, and silica/ground quartz reinforcement provided^

11 Letter report from PPG Industries, Inc., date 6 June 1972. 12 Bergstrom, E.W., "Additives for Improving Heat Stability of Silicone Vul- canizates," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 61-3505, 26 September 1961.

5

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/ excellent heat resistance to silicone vulcanizates. The result« of this evaluation are given in Table 7 in comparison with the Research Directorate coni-rol compound (S152-1), and show the following:

1. The Hi Sil 233/Neo Novacite/Statex 160 reinforced vulcanizates containing the Alü9 silane coupling agent (S152-170 and S152-171) exhibited significantly improved resistance-to-heat buildup over that of the S152-1 control compound, but had poorer tear resis nee at ambient temperature and at 250oF.

2. The Hi Sil 233/Statex 160 reinforced vulcanizates, with or without the A1Ö9 silane coupling agent (S152-166, S152-167 and S132-168), had somewhat better tear resistance at ambient temp- erature than the S152-1 control compound, but had poorer or equivalent resistance to heat buildup.

3. The effectiveness of the Alo9 silane coupling agent is evident in all cases in which it was used, as shown by an increase in ambient tensile strength and moduli, and a decrease in ultimate elongation as the quantity of A189 was increased from zero to 1.0 part/100 rhc.

4. The physical properties of the Hi Sil 233/Statex 160 reinforced vulcanizates (with or without A169) and the Hi Sil 233/Neo Novacite/ Statex 160 reinforced vulcanizates (with or without A189) measured at ambient temperature and at 300oF, and after 70 hours of aging at 2120F are in general poorer than those of the S152-1 control compound. The properties of S152-16Ö come close to equaling those of the control.

Because of the oil shortage, the availability of synthetic rubbers (especially those based on styrene, butadiene, and chloroprene) began to de- crease significantly during the winter months of 1973-1974. The December 1973 issie of Rubber Age carried the statement that the ready availability of natural rubber (pale crepe and smoked sheet) might tend to diminish the proi iem of synthetic rubber shortages. For this reason, Rodman Laboratory begf i to evaluate the properties of vulcanizates prepared from blends of natural ruui er with elastomers that had provided pads with significant resistance to tread wear in various service tests. SCereon 750, alfin catalyzed copolymers of uutadiene/styrene and butadiene/isoprene (HYTRANS rubbers), and an SBR/ Cis-4 polybutadiene blend were included. The effect of blending natural ruober with SBR 1500 in the Research Directorate control formulation (S152-1) was also studied. The results are given in Tables Ö-12 and exhibit the follow- ing findings:

1. SBR 1500/Pale Crr^ Blends

a. The resistance to tear at both ambient and elevated temperatures, and the resistance to abrasion and crack growth improved dramatically when the ratio of SBR 1500/pale crepe changed from 60/40 to 40/60.

6

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o. Stress-strain properties measured at ambient temperature were not affected as increasing amounts of pale crepe were blended with the SBR 1500. However, the retention of properties measured at 300 F and 400oF improved significantly (on the basis of tensile and elongation retention at 300oF, and retention of elongation at 400oF) as the ratio of SBR 1500/pale crepe changed from 60/40 to 40/60.

c. The flexibility, as measured by ASTM D1043, was better at lower temperatures for the SBR 1500/pale crepe blended vulcanizates than for the vulcanizate prepared from SBR 1500 alone.

2. Stereon 750/Pale Crepe Blends

a. Resistance to tear at both ambient and elevated temperatures improved linearly as increasing amounts of pale crepe were used in Stereon 750/pale crepe blends.

b. Abrasion resistance was adversely affected, but resistance to crack growth was significantly improved when the ratio of Stereon 750/pale crepe changed from 82.5/40 to 55/60.

c. A significant increase occurred in moduli measured at ambient and elevateJ temperatures as the amount of pale crepe in the Stereon 750/pale crepe blends increased.

d. The low temperature stiffness was poorer for the blended vul- canizates than for vulcanizates prepared from Steron 750 only.

3. HYTRANS (Butadiene/Styrene type)/Pale Crepe Blends

a. Resistance to tear at ambient temperature improved significantly as the HYTRANS/pale crepe ratio changed from 82.5/40 to 55/60. Except for the 27.5/80 HYTRANS/pale crepe blend, resistance to tear at elevated temperatures for the other blends was not significantly different from that of the vulcanizate prepared from HYTRANS only.

b. Resistance to abrasion was significantly better for the blended vulcanizates than for the vulcanizate prepared from HYTRANS only, but no improvement in resistance to crack growth was noted until the pale crepe portion of the blend was increased from 60 to 80 parts.

c. The moduli measured at ambient and elevated temperatures were significantly higher for the blended vulcanizates than for those of the vulcanizate prepared front HYTRANS only.

d. Resistance to low temperature stiffness was somewhat better for the blended vulcanizates than for the vulcanizate prepared from HYTRANS alone when T200 values were measured by ASTM D1043.

7

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4. HYTRANS (Butadiene/Iaoprene Type)/Pale Crepe Blends

a. Resistance to tear at ambient and elevated tempert*cures improved linearly as increasing amounts of pale crepe were used in the HYTRANS/ pale crepe blends.

b. Resistance to abrasion and crack growth, and resistance to stiff- ness at low temperature were adversely affected when pale crepe was blended with HYTRANS.

c. Moduli, especially those measured at ambient temperature and at 300oF, increased significantly as increasing amounts of pale crepe were used in the HYTRANS/pale crepe blends.

5. Philprene 1609/Cis->4 1350/Pale Crepe Blends

(As noted in Table 12, supplemental amounts of carbon black, Statex 100, were added to the pale crepe blended vulcanizates as the amount of the master batch carbon black contained in the Philprene 1609 and Cis-4 1350 decreased.)

a. Tear resistance at ambient temperature and resistance to crack growth improved dramatically when the ratio of Philprene 1609/Cis- 4 1350/pale crepe changed from 60.9/3Ö.7/40 to 40.6/25.8/60. Tear resistance measured at elevated temperatures increased linearly as the amount of pale crepe in the blends increased.

b. The abrasion resistance was somewhat better for the pale crepe blended vulcanizates than for the vulcanizate prepared from a blend o only Philprene 1609 and Ci8-4 1350.

c. Resistance to low temperature stiffness was not significantly afected by the addition of pale crepe. When pale crepe was blended w.th SBR 1500, Stereon 750, HYTRANS (Butadiene/Styrene Type), and HYTRANS (Buradiene/Isoprene Type), the ozone resistance was adversely affected, as is shown in Tables 8,9,10, and 11. This can be remedied b ■ use of increased amounts of antiozonant.

Because of the success achieved in the improvement of certain properties of ;BR 15)0, Stereon 750, HYTRANS or SBR/polybutadiene when tl ise elastomers were blended with natural rubber (pale crepe), a study was made to determine the effect of the blending of these same elastomers with a synthetic natural rubber, Aaerlpol SN 600. Since the most dramatic Improvement In most prop- erties occurred in elastomer ratios containing 60 parts of pale crepe, these same blenJ ratios were chosen for evaluation with the Amerlpol SN 600. The results given in Table 13 show that In general the effect on physical properties of ihe blinding of Aaerlpol SN 600 with the various elastomers was the same

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"

as tae eilect of the pale crepe \;hen blended with the same elastomers (Tables Ö-12). Thus, either natural rubber (pale crepe) or synthetic natural rubber (Ameripol SN 600) could be used interchangeably to significantly improve resistance to tear or abrasion.

Because EPDM vulcanizates are inherently ozone resistant and have excellent age resistance, even at temperatures as high as 250oF, these vulcanizates were considered as choices for use in track pads. However, the EPDM vulcanizates were only as abrasion resistant as the SBR vulcani- zates, and experimental track pads prepared from EPDM exhibited no improve- menC in wear resistance over SBR in service tests. Numerous means of improving the abrasion resistance of a fast-curing EPDM (EP syn 55) were evaluated without success during FY 1973.10 Because of the significant improvement in abrasion resistance imparted to SBR 1500, HYTRANS (butadiene/ styrene type), and SBR/polybutadiene when blended with pale crepe, blends r'f i:PDM/pale crepe were evaluated. These results are given in Table 14 and show that a 40/60 EP syn 55/pale crepe blend (E59-14) has significantly imp oved abrasion resistance when compared to the EP syn 55 control com- pouid (E59). The addition of pale crepe to EP syn 55 also improved resistance to crack growth (DeMattia tester) and low temperature flexibility (ASTM D1043). Tear resistance, especially at ambient temperature, was not improved. The addition of Dyphos and Rio Resin to the 40/60 EP syn 55/;>ale crepe blended vulcanizate did not improve tear resistance. The use of these additives, known to improve the tear resistance of SBR 1500 and öBR/polybutadiene vulcanizates, also had an adverse affect on abrasion resistance. Because of the significant improvement in resistance to ab- rasion and crack growth afforded EPDM when blended with pale crepe, further attempts to improve the tear resistance of this blend would be worthwhile.

In an article1--' appearing in the May 1973 issue of Rubber Age, the intro- duci ion to the rubber market of a new high Mooney flame retardant SBR was desi ribed by the B.F. Goodrich Chemical Company. The results of the eva uatiou of this new elastomer, Ameripol 4713, are given in Table 15 in comiarison with the Research Directorate control compound (S152-1), The vulcanizate prepared from Ameripol 4713 (S252) exhibited significantly improved resistance to both abrasion and tear at elevated temperatures when compared v;ith compound S152-1, but exhibited poorer resistance to crack gro 'th. Because of the poor resistance to crack growth, the conclusion was

10 Bergstrom, ibid 13 Shah, A.K., Hallman, R.W. and Sarbach, D.V., "Flame Retardant SBR," Rubber Age, Vol. 105, No. 5, May 1973, pp. 37-42.

MIIIIH i nmmmmmmmm ■«—MMHip»

that this compound would be unsuitable for rubber track pads. This Laboratory has since learned that Goodrich has withdrawn this elastomer fror.i the narket.

At the request of the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Couunand (TACCM), Warren, Michigan, work was done on blends of Stereon 750 and HYTRANS (both SBR and butadiene/isoprene types) with a fast-curing EPDM (EP syn 55) and DromLaated butyl (Polysar Bromobutyl X2). The effect on the blends of an SAP v's. an FEF black, and blends of the two blacks was also studied. Theso results are given in Tables 16-lfci. Since the Stereon 750 and HYTRANS elastomers contain 37.5 parts oil, appropriate amounts of the same type of oil vere added to the blends so that the parts oil/100 rhc in all compounds would remain the same. Generally, from the results^the conclusion follows that neitner the use of blends nor the use of FEF black or FEF/SAF black in place of all SAP black provided significant improvement to the originally developed base compounds (S227-2, S223-4 and B33-4) in the combination of properties essential to provide improved wear-resistant compounds, namely, resistance to abrasion, tear, and crack growth. In no case were all three esse itial properties improved. Resistance to crack growth was generally bettir for those compounds in which FEF black only was used, but the tear and abrasion resistance of these compounds was much poorer than the origin- ally developed base compound prepared from Stereon 750 or HYTRANS only, and in w.ilch only SAP black was used. Resistance to tear at ambient and el- evated temperatures, and abrasion resistance of all the experimental com- pounds was equivalent or. In most cases, much poorer than that found for the jase compounds. Original tensile strengths were also poorer for all the experimental compounds than for the base compounds. None of the experimental compounds were considered suitable choices for track pad evaluation.

During FY1975, a new class of reinforcing fibers was Introduced to the market by Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company.^-4 These reinforcing agents are unregenerated cellulose fibers coated wich a proprietary polymeric agent for setter bonding of the fiber to the rubber and have the trade name "Santoweb", Thre • grades of the Santoweb fibers are marketed. Th'.y are Santoweb D for high y unsaturated polymers such as SBR, natural ruböer, polylsoprene, poly- butadiene and aeoprene; Santoweb H for EPDM, butyl, and other low unsaturated poly iers; and Santoweb K for such highly polar polymers as nltrlles and uret laaes. Santoweb D was evaluated at 5 and 15 parts/100 rhc In compounds oase 1 on IBR 1500 (Research Directorate control compound) (S152-1), an SBR 1500'pale crepe blend (A50-3), Stereon 750 (S227-2), Phllprene 1609/Cls-4 1351 (S212-2), HYTRANS (SBR type) (S223-4), fnd HYTRANS (butadlene/lsoprene type) (B33-4). Resimene 3520, a modifier recommended by Monsanto for use In conjanctlon with the Santoweb fibers to enhance rubber-to-fiber bonding, was used at a concentration of 1 part/100 rhc. The results, given in Tables 19- 24, show the following:

14 B )u8tan>, K., and Hamed, P., "The Eflect of Santoweb Fibers on the Tensile Modulus Properties of Natural and Synthetic Rubber." Paper presented at a meeting of the Philadelphia Rubber Group, September 1974.

10

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1. SBR 1500 (Research Directorate GoaLroL Compound)

a. The addition of Santoweb D had an adverse etiect on abrasion resistance, resistance to crack growth, ozone resistance, and ambient tensile strength.

b. Tear resistance at ambient temperature was significantly im- proved by the addition of Santoweb D, but t?ar resistance at 250oF was not significantly affected.

2. SBR 150Q/Pale Crepe Blend

a. Resistance to abrasion, crack growth, and ozone were adversely affected by the addition of Santoweb D. Ambient tensile strength was adversely affected only when 15 parts/100 rhc Santoweb D were employed.

b. Tear resistance at ambient temperature was significantly im- proved by the addition of Santoweb D, but resistance to tear at 250oF was not significantly affected.

3. Stereon 750

a. The addition of Santoweb D had an adverse effect on resistance to crack growth and ozone. Ambient tensile strength was adversely affected only when Santoweb D was used at the 15-part level.

b. Resistance to tear at ambient was significantly improved by the addition of Santoweb D, but tear resistance at 250oF was not sig- nificantly affected.

c. Abrasion resistance was significantly improved by the additon of Santoweb D, particularly at the 5-part level.

4. Philprene 1609/Ci8-4 1351 Blend

a. Resistance to abrasion and crack growth and tensile strength at ambient were adversely affected by the addition of Santoweb D.

b. Tear resistance at both ambient and elevated temperatures was significantly improved by the addition of Santoweb D.

5. HYTRANS (SBR type)

a. The addition of Santoweb D had an adverse effect on abrasion resistance, ambient tensile strength, and ozone resistance. Resistance to crpek growth was adversely affected only when Santo- web D was used at the 15-part level.

b. Tear resistance at ambient was slightly improved by the addition

of Santoweo D, but tear resistance at 250 F was adversely affected.

6. HYTRANS (Butadieae/Isoprene Type)

a. Resistance to abrasion, crack growth and ozone, as well as tensile strength at ambient, were adversely affected by the addition of Santoweo D.

b. Tear resistance at ambient was somewhat improved by the addition of Santoweb D, but tear resistance at 250oF was slightly poorer for the compounds containing üantoweb D.

Because of the adverse effect of Santoweu D on the resistance to ab- rasion and/or crack growth, nona of the compounds in which Santoweb D was used (Tables 19-24) are considered suitaole choices for track pad service testing.

Arrangements were made through TACOM to test Research Directorate ex- periüen.tal T142 track pads in a service f-es: performed at Yuma Proving Ground, Yuma, Arizona, during June through September 1975. Experimental pads selected and prepared for this test were based on the following compounds:

1. Research Directorate SBR 1500 control compound (S152-1). 2. SBR 1500/Pale Crepe Blend (A50-3). 3. Stereon 750 (S227-2). 4. Stereon 750/Pale Crepe Blend (A51). 5. HYTRANS 1697-259-1 (SBR Type) (S223-4). 6. HYTRANS 1697-259-1/Pale Crepe Blend (A52). 7. Philprene l609/Cis-4 1351 Blend (S212-2). 8. Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1351/Pale Crepe Blend (A54). 9. Stereon 750 (Reinforced with carbon and mineral fillers and

containing a silane coupling agent) (S227-21). 10. SBR 1500 (Contains Dyphos for improving retention of tear

strength at 250°?) (S152-160). 11. Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1351 Blend (Contains Dyphos for improving

retention of tear strength at 250^ (S212-7).

Physical properties determined on the Banbury mixed batches of these compounds are given in Table 25.

In addition to the T142 pads prepared fro/n the compounds listed above, expei imental pads .»aving a more rounded contour than the conventional T142 pad (Figure 3) were also prepared for service testing. In previous service tests, the initiation oi cracking and chipping was attributed to the sharp edges of the conveitional T142 pads, and the theory was that "rounding off" these edges might reduce the shearing action on the edges and, thereby, result in pads having improved wear resistance. Pads having the rounded contour were

12

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prepared iron SBR 1500 (Research Directorate Control Compound) (3152-1) and atereon 750 (S227-2) by grinding off the corners of conventional T142 pads using a rubber grinding wheel. The rounded pads were then coated with one coat of a conventional tire dressing to duplicate the mold skin of the conventional pads.

Results of the service test at Yuma are given in Table 26. Tests were conducted for 500 miles on paved track using an M60A1 vehicle having a total weight of 107,000 pounds. These results show the following:

1. With the exception of Compound S227-21, experimental pads based on Stereon 750, HYTRANS (SBR Type), and Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1351 exhibited significantly improved wear resistance when compared with the commercial controls.

2. The addition of pale crepe to Stereon 750 and Philprene 1609/ Cis-4 1351 significantly improved the wear resistance of pads oased on these elastomers. The addition of pale crepe did not significantly affect the wear resistance of pads based on SBR 1500 or HYTRANS (SBR Type); however, significant improvement may have become evident if the pads had been run on gravel and cross-country courses.

3. The rounded contour pads based on SBR 1500 and Stereon 750 did not exhibit significantly improved wear resistance over that of the conventionally styled pad.

4. The addition of Dyphos did not improve the wear resistance of pads based on SBR 1500 or Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1351, and pads based on carbon black-mineral filled Stereon 750 exhibited very poor wear resistance.

All research efforts on the development of rubber compounds for use in tank track pads have been concluded by the Research Directorate tt this Arseial. A summary of all work accomplished by this Laboratory en the problem over the past thirteen years is given in the appendix.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although resistance to neat buildup through the use of wire cloth may be improved in some cases, the use of wire cloth in track pads is not feasible oecause of the chunking and delamination tnat occur under dynamic conditions.

Certain heat stabilizers provided a significant reduction in heat build- up to various vulcanlzates whi.e others provided a significant Improvement in tear resistance at 250oF. Oythal (dibasic lead phthalate) and cadmium oxide provided a significant reduction in heat buildup to SBR 1500, Stereon

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750, HYTRANS (SBR Type), and a Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1350 blend. Dyphos (dibasic lead phosphite) and Alü9 (a silane coupling agent) provided a sig- nificant improvement in tear resistance at 250oF to SBR 1500 and a Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1350 blend. None of the heat stabilizers significantly improved the retention of physical properties measured at 300oF or after aginy 70 hours at 2120F.

Blending of pale crepe with SBR 1500, Stereon 750, HYTRANS or SBR/poly- butadiene improved the resistance to abrasion, tear, and crack growth in most cases. Significant improvement was generally noted when the pale crepe portion of the blend was 60 parts The effect on various physical properties whe i a synthetic natural rubber (Ameripol SN600) was blended with SBR 1500, Stereon 750, HYTRANS or SBR/polybutadiene was the same as that found when natural rubber (pale crepe) was blended with the same elastomers. Therefore, either natural rubber (pale crepe) or synthetic natural rubber (Ameripol SN 600) can be used interchangeably in those formulations to improve tear, ab- rasion or crack growth.

In an attempt to improve the abrasion resistance of a fast curing EPDM, various EPDM/pale crepe blends were evalunted. A 40/60 EPDii/pale crepe blend was found to have significantly Improved resistance to abrasion and crack growth when compared to a vulcanizate prepared from EPDM only; but the tear resistance of the blend was adversely affected.

The effect curing EPDM and vs. an FEF black was also studied use of FEF black provide any sign and HYTRANS base growth was conce

of blending Stereon 750 or HYTRANS elastomers with a fast- brominated butyl*was investigated. The effect of an SAF

and blends of the two blacks or the blendci vulcanizates Neither Che use of various elastomeric blends nor the

or FEF/SAF black in place of all SAF black was found to ificant improvement in the originally developed Stereon 750 compounds as far as resistance to abrasion, tear, and crack

rned.

Santoweb D fibers, unregenerated cellulose fibers coated with a pro- prietary polymeric agent for better bonding of the fibers to rubber, were evaluated in SBR 1500, SBR 1500/Pale Crepe, Stereon 750, HYTRANS and SBR/ polybutadiene vulcanizates. The Santoweb D fibers had an adverse effect on the resistance to crack growth of all the vulcanizates.

Several experimental compounds, particularly those based on blends of the most wear-resistant elnstomers found previously with pale crepe, were considered suitable choices for providing rubber track pads with improved wear resistance. Experimental T142 pads were prepared from these compounds and were service-tested at Yiwa Proving Ground. Experimental T142 pads, having a more rounded contour than the conventional T142 pads, were also prepared for service testing at Yuma. Pads based on Stereon 750, HYTRANS (SBR Type), and Philprene 1609/Cls-4 1351 exhibited significantly improved wear resistance when compared with commercial controls. The addition of pale crepe to Stereon 750 and Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1351 significantly Im- proved the wear resistance of pads based on these elastomers. The roundeJ contour pad did not exhibit significantly Improved wear resistance over that of the conventionally styled pad.

14

mm mm

_

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I

This Laboratory believes that the combination of shearing force and ground pressure placed on the rubber track pads, because of the weight of the M60-series tank (100,000 pounds or more), may exceed the capabilities of currently available elastomers to significantly resist such forces under dynamic (vehicle-moving) conditions. Possibly, because of the vehicle weight factor, a 5000-mile T142 rubber track pad may never be a reality, no matter how designed, but a T142 pad having a life of 3500 miles can now be obtained with compounds based on those elastomers described herein.

RECCMMENDATIONS:

Scale-up to production levels (in pilot lot quantities) should oe continued üy TAC0M on all experimental compositions which exhibit significant improvement in wear resistance in service tests.

Any new low-cost general purpose elastomer introduced commercially that might be expected to produce more wear-resistant track pads should be evaluated to advance the state of the art of track pad technology.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The assistance of Mr. James Ruby of the Research Directorate in the Banuury mixing of the numerous experimental compounds required for track pad preparation is very much appreciated.

The cooperation of Mr. C. Dale Maas, SARRI-PF, Rock Island Arsenal, in granting permission to use this Arsenal's rubber production facilities is also appreciated. The availability of the shop size Banoury mixer and roll mills greatly reduced the time and effort required to mix the large batches of rubber needed in the preparation of the experimental Crack pads.

■.

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LITERATURE CITED

1. Veroeven, W.M., "Synthesis and Evaluation oi: Polyurethane Elastomers," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 63-1242, 17 April 1963.

2. Veroeven, U.M., and McGarvey, J.W., "Polyurethane Elastomers for Track Pad Applications," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report b3-2900, 10 September 1963.

3. McGarvey, J.W., and Veroeven, W.M., "The Development of Elastomeric Vulcanizatea for Track Pad Applications," Rock Island Arsenal Labora- tory Technical Report 64-267t, 10 September 1964.

4. Veroeven, W.M. and McGarvey, J.W., "Polyurethane Vulcanizates for Track Pad Application," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 64- 3579, 21 December 1964.

5. McGarvey, J.W., and Cerny, J.R., "Development and Service Testing of Rubber Track Pads," Rock Island Arsenal R6£ Division Technical Report b6-2517, August 1966.

b. Bergstrom, E.W., and Cerny, J.R., "Development of Rubber Pads for Tracked Vehicles," Science and Technology Laboratory Technical Report RE TR 70-121, February 1970.

7. Bergstrom, E.W., and Cerny, J.R., "Rubber Pads for Tank Track," Research Directorate Technical Report RE TR 71-13, July 1971.

ü. Bergstrom, E.W., "Prediction of Wear Resistance of Rubber Track Pads ■>y Standard Laboratory Tests," Research Directorate Technical Report RE TR 71-43, July 1971.

9. Bergstrotn, E.W., "Development of Wear-Resistant Elastomers for Track Pads," Research Directorate Technical Report SWERR-TR 72-44, October 1972.

10. Bergstrora, E.W., "Material Development for Improved Rubber Track Pads," Research Directorate Technical Report R-TR-74-021, April 1974.

11. Letter report from PPG Industries, Inc., dated 6 June 1972.

12. Bergstrom, E.W., "Additives for Improving Heat Stability of Sllicone Vulcanizates," Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 61- 3505, 26 September 1961.

13. Shah, A.K., Hallman, R.W., and Saroach, D.V., "Flame Retardant SBR," Rubber Age, Vol. 105, No. 5, May 1973, pp. 37-42.

14. Boustany, K., and Hamed, P., "The Effect of Santoweb Fibers on the Tensile Modulus Properties oi Natural and Synthetic Rujber," Paper presented at a meeting of the Philadelphia Rubber Group, September 1974.

16

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17

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TABLE 15 EVALUATION OF AMERJTOL 1+713 FOR POTENTIAL TRACK PAD USE

Physical Properties

Tested at Ambient: Tensile, psi Modulus @10C$ Elongation, psi Modulus (§200^ Elongation, psi Modulus @300^ Eloncation, psi Ultimate Elongation, % Hardness, Shore A

Tested at 300°^: Tensile, psi Modulus @10056 Elongation, psi Modulus S>00f( Elongation, psi Modulus @3CX$ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, %

Tested at h00oF: Tensile, psi Modulus @1(X$ Elongation, psi Modulus @200^ Elongation, psi Modulus @300^ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, %

Tear, Die C, ambient, pi Tear, Die C, at 250^F, pi Tear, Die C, at 300 F, pi

ASTM D10n3, T200, ^

Abrasion Resistance Du Pont Abrader Volume, Loss after 25 mln., cc, (# of reference compound S152-1)

Crack Growth, De Mattla Tester, 50,000 cycles, 32rdB of an inch

Time to fir6t0crack, 50- 5 Ozone ®:0O' 2 F, 30 days. Bent Loop Specimen

S152-1 SBR 1500

S252 Ameripol ^713

41^0 3225 310 960

2020 1+80 65

375 955 1880 k6o 68

770 (-81) 310 (0) 760 (-21)

810 (-75) 265 (-29) 720 (-25)

210 (-56)

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150 (-69)

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Specific Gravity 1.13 1.22

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TABLE I? EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN SBR 1500

Physical Properties

Teeted at Ambient: Tensile, psl Modulus @100^ Elopgation, psl Modulus 3200^ Elongation, psl Modulus @300^ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, % Hardness , Shore A

Tested at 3000F: Tensile, psi Modulus 510056 Elongation, psi Modulus (§20056 Elongation, psi Modulus 330056 Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, %

Tear, Die C, ambient, pi Tear, Die C, at 250oF, pi

Crack Growth, DeMattia Tester; 50,000 cycles, 32ndß of an inch

ASTM DIG'13, T200, 0F

Abrasion Resistance, Du Pont Abrader, Vol. Loss after 25 mins., cc, (56 or" reference compound S152-1)

Time to fijfßi crack, 50-5 pphm Ozone @1 )0-2 F, 30 days Bent LOC-J Specimen

Sp. Grav ; ty

S152-1 Santoweb D-0

1 S152-186 Santoweb D-5

SI52-I87 Santoweb D-15

4355 1+20 1000 2105 510

69

3^00 650 1300 21+50 1+10 80

2870 720 1130

1925 1+00 86

1090(-75)* 310(-26) 780(-22)

750(-78)

450(-3l)

550(-8l) 1+25 (-U1)

270 (-1+7) 170(-59) 170 (-58)

225 115

21+0 105

265 105

22 Cracked Across 20,000

Cracked Across 20,000

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0.925 (100)

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1.080 (86)

1.350

(69)

Crack Free

< 1 Day < 1 Dcy

1.15 1.16 1.16

*Vü ues in parentheses are percent change from original values

49

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TABLE 20 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN SBR 1500/PAI£ CREPE BI£ND

Physical Properties

Tested at Ambient: Tensile, psi Modulus @10C$ Elongation, psi Modulus @200^ Elongation, psi Modulus @300^ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, ^ Hardness, Shore A

Tested at 300oF: Tensile, psi Modulus ©lOCyjt Elongation, psi Modulus ®200% Elongation, psi Modulus @300^ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, $

Tear, Die C, ambient, pi Tear, Die C, at 250OF, pi

Crack Growth, DeMattia Tester; 50,000 cycles, 32nd6 of an inch

ASTM D10U3, T200, 0P

Abrasion Resistance, Du Pont Abrader, Vol. Loss after 25 min., cc, (^ of reference compound A50-3)

Time to fi^st crack, 50-5 PPhm Ozone @100-20F, 30 days, Bent Loop Specimen

Sp. Gravity

A50-3 Santoweb D-0

A50-7 Santoweb D-5

A50.8 Santoweb D-15

3530 355 960

1820 510

66

3^30 520

101+0 1920

U90 76

2U80 790

1265 1920

370 82

1100(-69)* 300(-l5) 650(-32)

1050(-U2) 320(-37)

1165(-66) 355(-32) 6l0(-Ul) 96o(-50) 350(.29)

780(-69) M5(-U7) 625(-51)

250(-32)

205 190

2U5 190

315 185

15 20 Cracked Across U0,000

-55 -53 -U8

O.091 (100)

1.2lf3 (8)

1.221 (7)

Crack Free

< 1 Day < 1 Day

1.13 1.1k l.lh

»Values in parentheses are percent change from original value

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TABI£ 21 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN STEREON 750

Physical Properties

Tetted at Ambient: Tensile, psi Modulus @100^ Elongation, psi Modulus @200^ Elongation, psi Modulus ©300^ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, $ Hardness, Shore A

Tested at 3000F: Tensile, psi Modulus @100^ Elongation, psi Modulus @200^ Elongation, psi Modulus @300*|t Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, %

Tear, Die C, ambient, pi Tear, Ke C, at 2500F, pi

Crack Growth, DeMattia Tester; 50,000 cycles 32nds of an inch

ASTN D101+3

Abrasion Resistance, Du Pont Abrader, Vol. Loss after 25 min., cc, (# of reference compound S227-2)

+ Time to first crack, 50-5 ppbm Ozone @100-2oF, 30 days. Bent Loop Specimen-

Sp. Gravity

S227-2 S227-30 S227-31 Santoweb D-0 Santoweb D-5 Santoweb D-15

28^0 255 UU5 890 570 57

2820 360 565 1075 570 67

2280 U05 555 910 570 72

910(-68)* 205(-20) 355(-20) 595(-33) U20(-26)

9^0(-67) 255(-29) Ul0(-27) 665(-38) 390(-32)

675(-71) 210(-U8) 365(-3M 515(-U3) Uoo(-30)

215 170

225 160

265 160

19 Cracked Across 1|0,000

29

-65 -61 -59

0.157 (100)

0.110 (1U3)

o.lUl (111)

Crack Free

< 1 Day <1 Day

1.1k 1.15 1.15

♦Values in parentheses are percent change from original values

51

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Table 22 EVALUATION OF SANTÖWEB D IN PHILPREHE 1609/CIS-^ "X351 BLJtND

Physical Properties

Tested at Ambient: Tensile, psl Modulus ^100^ Elongation, psl Modulus ^200^ Elongation, psl Modulus ®300^ Elongation, psl Ultimate Elongation, 5^ Hardness, Shore A

Tested at 300oF: Tensile, psl Modulus ©lOO^t Elongation, psl Modulus @200^ Elongation, psl Modulus O3005t Elongation, psl Ultimate Elongation, ^

Tear, Die- 0, ambient, pi Tear, Die C, at 250°, pi

Crack Growth, DeMattia Tester, 50,000 cycles, 32nds of an inch

ASIM D10'i3, T200, 0F

Abrasion Resistance, Du Pont Abrader, Vol. Loss after 25 mln., cc, (56 of reference compound S212-2)

Time to first crack, 50-5 pphm Ozone @ l00-2oF, 30 days, Bent Loop Specimen

S212-2 S212-18 8212-19 Santoweb D-0 Santoveb D-5 Santoweb D-15

2630 2l6o 2000 210 325 370 525 485 525 9k; 81+0 790 580 580 600 56 67 77

905(-66)* 8fe(-59) 795(-60) 215(+2) 205(-37) 24o(-35) ^75(-10) 380(-22) kl0(-22) 830(-12) 685^-18) 585(-26) 320(-45) 360(-38) 370(-29)

225 235 265 135 170 170

13

.60

0.370 (100)

Crack Free

16

-62

1.038 (36)

Crack Free

2k

-57

1.221 (30)

Crack Free

Sp,. Gravity 1.12 I.I3 1.13

^Values in parentheses are percent change from original values

52

T *<m iWf*rvi^,'">"ii«i..gJI|WI»—i.-ir^-

-r ' ■ ■ ■ ■■ " ■ ■ ■ ■■

^*»»MI«W«*..f»?lB»S«;^«A-» *»«*>■<- ■>« V 1 ' * ^ -

TABLE 23 EVALUATION OF SANTOWEB D IN HYTRANS (SBR TYPE)

Physical PropertleB

Tested at Ambient: Tensile, psi Modulus @100^ Elongation, pel Modulus @200^ Elongation, psi Modulus @300^ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, it Hardnese, Shore A

Tested at 300oF: Tensile, psi Modulus @100^ Elongation, psi Modulus (§200^ Elongation, psi Modulus @300^ Elongation, psi Ultimate Elongation, $

Tear, Die C, ambient, pi Tear, Die C, at 250oF, pi

Crack Growth, DeMattia Tester; 50,000 cycles, 32nds ol an inch

ASTM DIO^O, T200, 0F

Abrasion Resistance, Du Pont Abrader, Vol. Loss after 25 min., cc, (^ of reference compound S223-10

Time to first crack, 50-5 Ozone @ 100i20F, 30 days, Bent loop Specimen

Sp. Gravity

pphm

S223-U Santoweb D-0

S223-37 Santoweb D-5

S223-38 Santoweb D-15

2925 205 355 780 660 57

2785 255 355 760 690 62

2kk0 365 520 935 570 72

1000(-66)* 150(-27) 3^5(-59) 51+5(-30) ^(-33)

925(-67) 155(-39) 310(-13) U60(-39) 500(-28)

770(-68) 255(-30) iao(-2i) 565(^0) ^00(-30)

215 205

235 155

2^0 155

-33

0.162 (100)

Crack Free

•37

0.275 (59)

<* 2 Hours

16

-3U

1.126 (IM

< 2 Hours

1.15 l.l6 1.16

♦Valuer in parentheses are percent change from original values

53

■li-ÄW.*.^;-. iM-..:'m:'<.

■'

,-—..,■-'■■*■»-

, I

Tear D- '

zeirfence com« mln->

Ozone 9 inn?^01-«*, 50»c

Sr- Gravity

^nWebD.0 133-15 -SSntowebD-

3210 200

990 620 56

39oM^ 215 205

15

2500 300 ^50 900 590 64

ö3or-67)

$h 230 190

24

-62

0.078 Ü00;

Crack Free

1.14

-63

O.080 (88)

< 2 «ours

^ ^Slnai vaiue

?050 310 46o 720 54o 74

245 I85

24

-60

0.465 fl5)

< 2 Hours

i.15

5«

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TABLE 26

RESULTS OF 500-MILE T142 TRACK PAD TEST AT YIKA PROVING GROUND ON PAVED TRACK

Caipou.id Dcscriptioa

S152-1 Res^arcii Directorate SBR 1500 Control Coi.ipouid

S152-1 Research Directorate oBR 150Ü Control Coiipound (Rounded contour)

A50-3 3BR 1500/Pale Crepe Blend

S152-160 SBR 1500 (Dyphos additive)

c;227-2 Stereon 750

3227-2 Stereon 750 (Rounded contour)

A51 Stereon 750/Pale Crepe Blend

o227-21 Stereon 750 (Reiniorced with carbon and üiineral fillers - silane coupling tgaat)

S223-4 ütRANS 1697-259-1 (SBR T^pe)

■.52 HYTRAN3 lo97-259-l/Pale Crepe Blend

S212-2 Philprene lb09/Cts-4 1351 Blend

A54 Philprene lu09/Cis-4 1351/Pale Crepe Blend

S212-7 Philprene 1609/Cis-i 1351 Blend (Dyphos additive)

Counerclal Control (Average oJ. pads iiran three :,.aauiacturer3)

Durability or Voluirie Jear Rnti.ir

99

91

o9

.7

135

139

l4o

79

147

150

150

131

122

Note: The larger the volume wear rating figure» rtie better the wear resistance

.

56

»w'!m«*;*,:i5" ;*&-JV^^ » . , a-^gi^i»siSii«t^*#*»«s«ii"w'"» -Mw«». ,*- »- r «• i-*l^-%^la«lS«^■•s»«a■^b•:, «'''i'S ■

APPENDIX

Summary of Work performed by the Research Directorate, General Thomas J. Rodman Laboratory, Rock Island Arsenal, to Improve the Wear Resistance of Rubber Tank Track Pads.

Time Period Covered: FY63 thru FY75, continuously.

Research Directorate Personnel Involved in R&D Effort:

R.F. Shaw (deceased) Z.T. Ossefort (deceased) R.E. Ofner J.W. McGarvey W.M. Veroeven J.R, Cerny E.W. Bergstrom

Funding Agencies:

U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center JaCcrtowa, MA

U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command Warren, MI

Number of Experimental Compounds Prepared and Evaluated - 950

Type of Elastomers or Elastomeric Blends Evaluated (by Trade Name);

Genthane S Genthane S/EPR 404 Genthane SR Genthane SR/Estane 5740X7 Genthane SR/Texin 192A Elastothane 455 Elastothane ZR 625 Vibrathane 5004 Vibrathane 5004/EPR 404 Cyanaprene 4590 Estane 5740X2 Estane 5740X2/E8tane 5740X7 Witco MG-2 Cyanaprene VG Dayco PS-48 (Vulco_l«n) Multrathane F66 Estane 58013 Wvandotte "one shot" urea urethane Auiprene B Adiprene C Adiprene CM Adiprene WOO

57

SBR 1300/HM EPDM/Diene SBR 1500/HM EPDM SBR 1500/Ameripol CB 880 SBR 1500/EP syn 55 SBR 1500/Royalene 200 SBR 1500/Vistalon 6505 SBR 1500/Pale Crepe SBR 1500/Ameripol SN 600 SBR 1000 Diene HD 55 Diene/HM EPDM Duradene/HM EPDM Hycar 1072 Hycar 1072/Diene Dynagen XP-139 Neoprene W Neoprene TW Neoprene GNA/Pale Crepe Chlorobutyl HI 1066 Chlorobutyl HI 1066/EP syn 55 Polysar V3301 Nordel 1070

-W ~—-■

■^^^^—*"

.

Adiprene LD-315 SBR 1500 SBR 1500/Diene SBR 1500/Nordel 1070 SBR 1500/Nordel 1070/Diene EP syi. 55/Pale Crepe EGD 2677 EGD 2677/Hypaloa 45 ECD 2677/Nordel 1700/Hypalon 45 EGD 729/Nordel 1320 Stereon 750 Stereon 750/EP syn 55 Scereon 750/Bromobutyl Stereon 750/BronioDutyl/EP syn 55 Stereon 750/Aiiieripol SN 600 Stereon 750/Pale Crepe Stereon 700/EP syn 55 Stereon 720/EP syn 55 Stereon 720/Diene Stereon 720/C3 221 Stereon 720/Cis-4 1350 Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1350 (or Cis-4 Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1350 (or Cis-4 Pnilprene 1609/Cis-4 1351/Anieripol A lenpol SN 600/Ameripol CB 441 A .eripol lü34/Ameripol CB 1352 A leripol 4713 SliR 467a/CB 221 E"CAR 346/EPCAR 5465 Paracril UPBE HYTRANS (SBR Type) HYTRANS (SBR)/Pale Crepe HYTRANS (SBR)/Ameripol SN 600

Enjay EFT 3509 Royalene 200 EP syn 55 EP syn 55/Cis-4 1350 EP syn 55/3tereon 750 HYTRANS (SBR)/Bromobutyl HYTRANS (SBR)Bromobutyl/EP syn 55 HYTRANS (Butadlene/Isoprene Type) HYTRANS (B/I)/Diene HYTRANS (B/l)/Bromobutyl HYTRANS (B/l)/Bromobutyl/EP syn 55 HYTRANS (B/I)/Pale Crepe HYTRANS (B/I)/Ameripol SN 600 High Mooney SBR

1351) 1351)/Pale Crepe

SN 600

Types of Plastics or Plastic-Like Materials Evaluated

Polycarbonate Injection moldable glass reinforced Estane polyester and polyether urethanes

Total Number oi Service Tests for Which Research Directorate Prepared Experimental Track Pads - 15 ~ ~ ~" ~ ' ~~~—*

Pad Type

T130 T142

No. of Tests Total Pads Prepared Total Test Miles Run

7 8

377 796

11,311 10,259

58

<WBWiWllaiiiMlwwiiW<i)MWii«wwiiWPW"'«*iii

*"(,.:;«-%*,.,, TV»,,«,,,,,?a.;„^ ■ -1

Service Test Sites;

F11G Corporation General Motora Test Track San Jose, Caliiornla Miliord, Michigan

Yu..a Proving Ground Aberdeen Proving Ground Yuiiia, Aiizona Aberdeen, Maryland

Type o£ Service Test Course Terrain:

Asphalt track Paved track Dirt and gravel secondary roads Level and hilly cross-country

Types oi Compounds (by Trade Name) from Which Experimental Track Pads tfcre Prepared:

Research Directorate SBR 1500 control coupound Genthane 3 (with and without hydrolysis inhibitors) Genthane SR (with and without hydrolysis inhibitors)

SBR 1500/Diene Viurathane 5Ü04 Nordel 1070 Paracril UPBE Adipre.ie C SBR 1500 (contains Fioerülas) Shell synthetic isoprene Hi^h Mooney SBR Elastothane ZR b25 Dynagen XP-139 Bycar 10/2 SBR 1500 (coitaias cotton tlock) SBR i500/Nordel 1470 Stereon 720/Noi-del 1440

Cnlorooutyl HT-lÜbö Philprene lo09/Cis-4 1450 (or Ci8-4 1351) SBR 1500/Diene SBIl 4ü7c/CB221 Stereoi 750 Stereon 75Ü/EP syn 55 Neoprcie GNA/Pale Crepe HYT.UJS (SBR Type)

HYTRANS (Butadiene/Isoprene Type) Neoprene W Neoprene TW Neoprene TW (contaiie RIGS) ECD 2677 ECD 729/Norde1 1320 Aneripol SN 600/Aueiipol CB 441 Aweripol Io34/Ai'eripol CB 1352 EPCAR 34ü/EPCAR 5465 SBR 1500/Pale Crepe Stereon 750/Pale Crepe HYTRANS (SBR)/Pale Crepe Philprene 1609/Cis-4 1351/Pale Crepe

Polycaruonate Injection uolded glass reinforced ESTANE urethanes SBR 1500 (contains ruuber impregnated chopped strand-RICS) HYTRJU» (Butadiene/Isoprene Type) (contains RICS) Philprene Iü09/Ci8-A 1350 (contains RICS)

I

59

K— -—m '■'">"■ n■ii.»wr<

Types o£ Compounds ..'hicrt Exhibited Significant luprovement in Wear Resistance:

Coi.pou.>d Dcscriptio.i

Gentha.ie S

,;ear Rati.u, (Durability) Hange (Based on 3 or i.iore tests) Coiiü.ents

7u-123

Geatna.ie SR 79-150

Siiereoi 750

Phllpraua lo09/Cis-4 i350 (or Cis-4 1351)

-V.^eripol lu34/.'\i..eripol CB 1352

HYTRANi (ÖBR Type)

HYTiUNS (Batadieae/ Isoprene T\pe)

li0-21o

145-19ü

141-1/1

124-179

12o-154

ElastOiier proved to oe hxdrolyticalli unstable; Moderatelv expensive; witadrawn ttau utrkct.

Elastomer proved to oe hydrolytically u.istaole; porosity developed in pads run at hi&h speeds; uioderatel^ expensive; withdrawn irou market.

Has advanced to pilot lot test stage.

Has advanced to pilot lot test stage

Did not reach pilot lot test sta^c because oi dij.iiculties encountered oy TACQI in ootaining elastoi.iers Iron B,F.Goodvichv

Has not reached pilot lot test state; coi u.ercial avatlauility in doujt,

Has not reacned pilot 'ot test sta^e; co.ii.ercial availability in douot

ül^nliicant Findinj.s in Etiorts to Liprove .Vcar Resistance

1. Slgnilicant ii.provewent in wear resistance nas been achieved irom compounds based on certain low cost, ,',eneral-purpose t.>pe elasto;..ers, namely Jtereon 750, HYTRANS copol^era of butadiene/styrene or butadiene/ isoprene and JBR/polyuutadlene jlends.

2. Nui.ierous reiarorcing agents, otner than or in addition to caroon olack, were evaluated in various elastomers. Tnese included cotton xlocU, N^loa flock, Dacron Llock, Fluerglas ruojer impreiv/iated chopped one inch stra id

60

^

—"P ■■ ■ J'nun^-,

■

. ...

(RIGS) (Owens-Corning), 100:100 lignin: rubber latex coprecipitates (National Research Council of Canada), Duoform 3/4 inch fiber wire (National Standards Co.)» brass-plated and low-carbon electro galvanized wire cloth (National Standard Co.) and Santoweb D, an unregenerated cellulose fiber (Monsanto Chemical Co.). None of the reinforcing agents were effective in providing compounds with significant improvement in wear resistance.

3. A 50/50 combination of U.O.P. 8u/Santoflex AW significantly improves the resistance to crack growth of vulcanizates based on SBR 1500, Stereon 750, HYTRANS copolymers and an SBR/polybutadiene blend.

4. The blending of natural (pale crepe) or synthetic natural (Ameripol SN oOO) rubber with SBR 1500, Stereon 750, HYTkANS copolyu.örs or an SHI/ polybutadiene blend significantly improves the resistance to tear, abrasion and crack growth of the resulting vulcanizates.

5. Examination of 17 years of service test data revealed that the main causes of track pad failure were chunking, cutting, abrasion and bond failure. Blowouts (heat buildup) and de lamination were infrequent causes of failure. Internal pad temperatures generally averaged 250oF during operation, but temperatures in excess of 350oF have been recorded on occasion.

6. Correlation was found to exist between service test data and laboratory test data for tear, abrasion and crack growth when all three laboratory tests are considered together. In those instances where the laboratory values for tear, abrasion and crack growth are all oetter than the corresponding values found for the Research Directorate SBR 1500 control compound (S152-1), the service test wear rating is better than that of the Research Directorate control compound which has given wear ratj.igs almost identical to those of commercial SBR pads in numerous ser.ice tests. If only one or two of the three properties is inferior to those of the Research Directorate control compound, the wear rating is lower.

7. An invertible rubber track pad was designed and developed by the Research Directorate for the T130 track. In practice the Invertible concept provides for double service life by simply inverting the pad to expose a new surface after one surface has become worn. The in- vertible track pad concept was forwarded to TAC0M for their consideration and possible adoption.

Pads could be injection 8. Injection molding of T130 pads proved feasible molded in 5-10 minutes at 350° or 400oF compared to a compression molding time of 75 minutes at 320oF. Physical properties of the injection- molded pads were found to be comparable to those of compression-molded pads. Pilot lots of injection-molded 1130 pads have been obtained by

61

rMNMM -— . ^ .■j.1' '■■■ ■■" 'i mn lliw»ii...m.—«

ACOM and are currently being tested. Early results indicate that the wear resistance of the injection-i.iolded pads is significantly better than that of compression-molded pads prepared from the same compounds.

'), Excellent rubber-to-metal vulcanization bonding systems have been ound for all the experimental compounds which have exhibited significantly improved wear reeistance in service tests.

Tec.iaical Reports Issued - 11

1. Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 63-1242, April 1963.

2. Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 63-2900, September 1963.

Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 64-2670, Septemoer 1964.

4. Rock Island Arsenal Laboratory Technical Report 64-3579, December 1964.

5. Rock Island Arsenal R&E Division Technical Report 66-2517, August 1966.

6. Science and Technology Laboratory Technical Report RE TR 70-121, February 1970.

7. Research Directorate Technical Report RE TR 71-13, July 1971.

. . Research Directorate Technical Report RE TR 71-43, July 1971.

9. Research Directorate Technical Report SWERR-TR 72-74, October 1972.

10. Research Directorate Technical Report R-TR-74-021, April 1974.

LI, Research Directorate Technical Report R-TK-Vb

62

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