peace corps small project assistance program usaid | spa idea book

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Small Project Assistance Program USAID | SPA Idea Book

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^h`jh Jlrps

Edh OllgF>>2?

Z^@Zf` cc ^rlmhjt

@ssest`kjh^rlir`fZupplrteki Zust ekòch

Jlffukety Dhvhclpfhkt

Zf`cc^rlmhjt@ssest`kjhrlir`fZup

plrtekiZustèkòchDhvhclpfhkt

F>>2?


2/129

EKAL_F@TELK JLCCHJTELK@KD HRJB@KIH

Tbes puocej`telk w`s prldujhd oy tbh ^h`jh Jlrps Jhkthr alr

Aehcd @ssest`kjh kd @ppcehd _hsh`rjb. Et es destreouthd tbrluib

tbh Ekalrf`telk Jlcchjtelk `kd Hxjb`kih (EJH). Alr aurtbhr

ekalrf`telk lr `ddetelk`c jlpehs, pch`sh jlkt`jt EJH `kd rhahr

tl tbh EJH J`t`cli kufohr tb`t `pph`rs lk tbh puocej`telk.

^h`jh Jlrps

^`uc D. Jlvhrdhcc ^h`jh Jlrps Bh`dqu`rthrsJhkthr alr Aehcd @ssest`kjh `kd @ppcehd _hsh`rjb

Ekalrf`telk Jlcchjtelk `kd Hxjb`kih

0000 ?>tb Ztrhht, KY Aeatb Acllr

Y`sbekitlk, DJ ?>8?1

@dd ylur hxphrehkjh tl tbh EJH _hslurjh Jhkthr. Zhkd ylur

f thre cs tl EJH lr tbh Jhkthr alr Aehcd @ssest kjh kd @ppcehd

_hsh rjb sl tb t wh j k sb rh tbhf wetb ltbhr Qlcukthhrs

`kd st aa. Ulur thjbkej c ekseibts shrvh s tbh o ses alr tbh

ihkhr telk la ^h`jh Jlrps f`ku cs, rhprekts, `kd tr ekeki

f thre cs. Tbhy csl hksurh tb t tbh h jh Jlrps es prlvedeki

tbh flst up-tl-d th, ekklv tevh prlochf-slcveki thjbkequhs

`kd ekalrf telk plsseoch tl ylu kd ylur ahcclw dhvhclpfhktwlrghrs.

Tbhrh es ` sphje c alrf t tbh hkd la tbes ollgcht alr suo-

fetteki ylur jtevetehs alr auturh Edh Ollgs.

www.ph`jhjlrps.ilv


3/129

Zf`cc ^rlmhjt

@ssest`kjh ^rlir`f=Zupplrteki Zust ek`och

Jlffukety Dhvhclpfhkt

^h`jh Jlrps

?>>:

Ekalrf telk Jlcchjtelk `kd Hxjb`kih

uocej`telk Kl. F>>2?


4/129

Zf cc rlmhjt @ssest kjh rlir f=

ee h jh Jlrps

Tbh Edh` Ollg Zhrehs

Tbes Edh` Ollg es lkh la shrehs la ollgchts prldujhd tl sb`rh sphjeaej jtevetehs

ylu f`y oh ekthrhsthd ek rhpcej`teki. Ltbhr tetchs ek tbh shrehs `rh cesthd ohclw,

`kd khw lkhs `rh oheki prldujhd jlktekuluscy. @cc la tbhsh edh`s jlfh arlf

tbh wlrg la Qlcukthhrs. Flst la tbhf whrh suofetthd must `t tbhy rh prekthd

tbhrh es kl `ddetelk`c ekalrf`telk. Ltbhrs whrh p`rts la c`rihr rhplrts. Ybhrhtbhrh `rh `ddetelk`c rhahrhkjh f`thre`cs alr `k edh`, klt`telks thcc ylu blw tl

lotèk tbhf. Tbhrh es `csl ` rhahrhkjh shjtelk `t tbh hkd la tbh ollgcht. ^ch`sh

jlkt`jt tbh `pprlpre`th phrslk/irlup tl alcclw up lk tbh edh`s.

Ulu `rh hkjlurìhd tl suofet ylur sujjhssauc `jtevetehs oy shkdeki tbhf tl=

EJH Xket

^ùc D. Jlvhrdhcc ^h`jh Jlrps Bh`dqu`rthrs0000 ?>tb Zt. KY - _f. 0?>>

Y`sbekitlk, DJ ?>8?1

Jurrhkt Tetchs ek tbh Edh Ollg Zhrehs=

F>>2>= Ohylkd tbh Jc`ssrllf= Hfplwhreki Iercs

F>>20= BEQ/@EDZ= Ekthir`teki ^rhvhktelk `kd J`rh EktlUlur Zhjtlr

F>>2?= Zf`cc ^rlmhjt @ssest`kjh ^rlir`f= Zupplrteki

Zustèkòch Jlffukety Dhvhclpfhkt

F>>2:= Ek tbh Jc`ssrllf= Hfplwhreki Iercs

F>>24= D^F= Ekthir`teki Des`sthr rhp`rhdkhss kd

Fetei`telk ek Ulur Ylrg


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eee

Zupplrteki Zust ek och Jlffukety Dhvhclpfhkt

Jlkthkts

@jgklwchdifhkts ..................................................................................... ev

Ektrldujtelk .................................................................................................0

Lvhrvehw la tbh Z^@ Ir`kt rlir`f ..........................................................:

Dhvhclpeki `kd Jlfpchteki ` Z @ Ir`kt-Zupplrthd ^rlmhjt ..................... 8

Z^@ Ir`kt Hx`fpchs oy h`jh Jlrps ^rlmhjt Zhjtlr ................................?:

@irejucturh.................................................................................................?4

Hkverlkfhkt ..............................................................................................:4

Bh`ctb ........................................................................................................48

Y`thr & Z`ket telk ....................................................................................89

Hduj`telk ...................................................................................................19

Ousekhss .....................................................................................................98

KIL Dhvhclpfhkt ....................................................................................29

Fukejep`c Dhvhclpfhkt ............................................................................50

Ekalrf`telk & Jlffukej`telks Thjbklcliy ............................................ 5:

@pphkdejhs ..............................................................................................0>>

0 ...............................................................................................0>>

? ...............................................................................................0>:: ............................................................................................... 00>

4 ............................................................................................... 001

8 ...............................................................................................0?>


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ev h jh Jlrps

@jgklwchdifhkts

Kufhrlus aehcd `kd bh`dqu`rthrs stàa wlrghd tl jlfpchth tbh puocej`telk la

Zf`cc ^rlmhjt @ssest`kjh ^rlir`f= Zupplrteki Zustèkòch Jlffukety

Dhvhclpfhkt. Tbh ^h`jh Jlrps `pprhje`ths tbh jlktreoutelks la `rtejchs, edh`s

`kd pbltlir`pbs oy Qlcukthhrs, jlukthrp`rts `kd stàa tbrluiblut tbh wlrcd7

`kd tbh haalrts la `cc tblsh wbl p`rtejep`thd ek tbes prljhss.


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0


Ektrldujtelk

@s Qlcukthhrs ylu wecc `ssufh ` kufohr la rlchs tbrluiblut ylur shr-vejhstudhkt, th`jbhr, fhktlr, `kd a`jecet`tlr`jjlfpcesbeki f`kytbekis kd p`rtejep`teki ek tbh ceah la ylur jlffukety. Ek a`jt, s ylu ohjlfh

j`p`jety ouecdhr oy bhcpeki phlpch tl bhcp tbhfshcvhs kd efprlvh tbher cevhs

tbrluib tbher lwk `jtelks, ylu wecc b`vh ` ghy rlch ek tbh jlffukety dhvhclp-

fhkt prljhss.

Ulu j`k jlktreouth tl ylur jlffuketys dhvhclpfhkt oy a`jecet`teki tbh tr`ks-

ahr la sgeccs, gklwchdih, jlkaedhkjh, oecetehs, kd hxphrehkjh tl ylur kheibolrs

sl tbhy ohjlfh ohtthr òch tl pc`k `kd `jjlfpcesb tbher sblrt- `kd clki-thrf

il`cs. Ulur ukdhrst`kdeki la clj`c khhds, prlochfs, `kd `sper`telks tlihtbhr

wetb ylur trèkeki kd hxphrtesh wecc bhcp hksurh tb`t dhvhclpfhkt es jlksesthkt

wetb clj`c tr`detelks kd jucturh, kd j`k oh sustèkhd tbrluib tbh jlffuketys

lwk `jtelks.

Tbhrh `rh f`ky w`ys ylu j`k supplrt jlffukety fhfohrs `s tbhy try tl ef-

prlvh tbher lwk cevhs. Ulu j`k bhcp tbhf edhkteay clj`c buf`k, aek`kje`c, `kd

thjbkej`c rhslurjhs7 jrh`th cekgs wetb ltbhr klkilvhrkfhkt`c lri`kez`telks

(KILs), ilvhrkfhkt ìhkjehs, alukd`telks, èd lri`kez`telks, `kd clj`c ouse-

khsshs7 `kd ush tbh aek`kje`c rhslurjhs `vècòch tbrluib tbh Zf`cc ^rlmhjt @s-

sest`kjh (Z^@) ^rlir`f `kd tbh ^h`jh Jlrps ^`rtkhrsbep ^rlir`f.

Lkh w`y tl tr`ksahr sgeccs `kd ouecd j`p`jety es tl jlkdujt b`kds-lk prlmhjtsek ylur jlffukety. Z^@ ir`kts hkòch ylu tl supplrt ylur jlffukety ek rh`jb-

eki ` p`rtejuc`r dhvhclpfhkt il`c oy mufp st`rteki ` clj`c dhvhclpfhkt prl-

jhss lr hxp`kdeki `k hxesteki `jtevety.

Tbes Edh` Ollg prhshkts ekalrf`telk ièkhd arlf Qlcukthhrs p`rtejep`telk ek

tbh Z^@ prlir`f `t ^h`jh Jlrps plsts `rlukd tbh wlrcd. Et ekjcudhs=

@k lvhrvehw la tbh Z^@ prlir`f

Blw tl dhvhclp ` prlmhjt wetb ` jlffukety*

Blw tl shjurh aukdeki alr ` prlmhjt

Blw tl efpchfhkt ` prlmhjt


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? h jh Jlrps

Blw tl flketlr `kd hv`cu`th ` prlmhjt

Hx`fpchs la sujjhssauc Z^@ ir`kt `jtevetehs ek `cc prlmhjt shjtlrs

Teps kd suiihstelks

Ekalrf`telk `kd trèkeki rhslurjhs

* Klth=Ek tbes Edh` Ollg, jlffukety dhklths ` ihlir`pbej clj`telk, `kd

ihkhr`ccy rhahrs tl `cc rhsedhkts ek tbes clj`telk. @s ushd ek tbes ollg, jlffu-

kety es `csl wbhrh tbh Qlcukthhr rhsedhs. Yetbek tbh jlffukety, ` Qlcukthhrs

`sseikhd jlukthrp`rt lri`kez`telk f`y oh lkh (lr flrh) sf`cchr irlup, alr hx-`fpch, ` sjbllc, ` bh`ctb jlffetthh, lr KIL. @ctbluib f`ky Z^@ ir`kts wecc

derhjtcy ekvlcvh tbh Qlcukthhrs jlukthrp`rt lri`kez`telk, et `csl es efplrt`kt tl

ghhp tbh c`rihr jlffukety ek fekd wbhk dhjedeki wbejb `jtevetehs tl pursuh.

Ihkhr`ccy, `jtevetehs tb`t ohkhaet lkcy ` sf`cc feklrety f`y klt oh tbh flst

sujjhssauc lr sustèkòch `jtevetehs.

Clj`c Qlcukthhrs bhcp jlkstrujt ` wbhhc jbèr r`fp alr ` jlffukety-o`shdrhbòecet`telk irlup ek Zt. Cuje`.


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:


Lvhrvehw la tbh Z^@Ir`kt ^rlir`f

Qlcukthhrs `kd tbher jlukthrp`rts wbl b`vh ohhk ekvlcvhd ek tbh jlf-fukety dhvhclpfhkt prljhss rhplrt tefh kd tefh ièk tb`t slcutelks wbejbjlfh arlf tbh jlffukety `kd `jtevetehs tb`t rhcy lk clj`c rhslurjhs `rh tbh

flst haahjtevh `kd sustèkòch. Tbhy `csl plekt lut tb`t slfh slcutelks wecc

rhquerh thjbkej`c ssest`kjh kd aek`kje`c supplrt arlf lutsedh tbh jlffukety.Ybhk tbes es tbh j`sh, tbh Z^@ prlir`f f`y oh òch tl bhcp.

Tbh Z^@ prlir`f f`ghs sf`cc ir`kts `vècòch tl jlffuketehs tbrluib `k

ìrhhfhkt ohtwhhk tbh h`jh Jlrps kd tbh Xkethd Zt`ths @ihkjy alr Ekthr-

k`telk`c Dhvhclpfhkt (XZ@ED). Tbhsh aukds `rh dhseikhd tl prlvedh sf`cc

`flukts la j`pet`c tb`t `rh jlfoekhd wetb clj`c jlktreoutelks tl supplrt

jlffukety-ekete`thd `jtevetehs. Z^@ ir`kts `rh ekthkdhd tl efprlvh tbh

jlffuketys òecety tl lri`kezh, pc`k, f`gh irlup dhjeselks, `kd jlccòl-r`th tl efprlvh tbher cevhs. Ek a`jt, tbh orl`d il`c la tbh Z^@ prlir`f es=

Tl hkb`kjh jlffuketehs j`pòecetehs tl jlkdujt clw-jlst,

ir`ss-rllts, sustèkòch dhvhclpfhkt `jtevetehs.

J`p`jety ouecdeki, tbhk, es tbh b`ccf`rg la tbh Z^@ prlir`f. O`shd lk tbh

sphjeaej khhds ylu `kd ylur jlffukety edhkteay, j`p`jety ouecdeki j`k t`gh

f`ky alrfs `kd es derhjtcy rhc`thd tl tbh wlrg ylu dl ek ylur pref`ry shjtlr`sseikfhkt. Ylrgeki wetb ` bh`ctb Qlcukthhr, tbh `dveslry jlffetthh la `

jcekej f`y rhquhst o`dcy khhdhd trèkeki alr `rh` bh`ctb wlrghrs. Ylrgeki

wetb k hkverlkfhkt lr irejucturh Qlcukthhr, a`rfhrs f`y rhquhst `ssest`kjh

arlf `k hxthkselk ìhkt ek pc`kteki ketrlihk-aexeki lr aruet-oh`reki trhhs.

Jlffukety wlfhk f`y rhquhst trèkeki tl sht up ` sjbllc i`rdhk lr drehd

vhihtòch sf`cc hkthrpresh. Ylrgeki wetb `k hduj`telk Qlcukthhr, tbh stàa

`kd studhkts la ` sjbllc f`y rhquhst bhcp hstòcesbeki ` vlj`telk`c trèkekiprlir`f lr ` khw ceor`ry. Ylrgeki wetb ` ousekhss Qlcukthhr, ` jllphr`tevh

f`y rhquhst bhcp tl edhkteay prlsphjtevh f`rghts lr `k KIL tl fhht ets jce-

hkts khhds. @jtevetehs sujb `s tbhsh ek ` pref`ry shjtlr `sseikfhkt ouecd tbh

j`p`jety la tbh jlffukety.


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4 h jh Jlrps

Z^@ ir`kts f`y oh ushd ek f`ky w`ys tl supplrt tbh `jtevetehs fhktelkhd olvh,

ekjcudeki= tl purjb`sh ekstrujtelk`c f`thre`cs tl prlvedh trèkeki alr jlffu-

kety bh`ctb wlrghrs7 tl aek`kjh tbh purjb`sh la shhds kd tllcs khhdhd tl hstò-

cesb tbh sjbllc vhihtòch i`rdhk7 tl p`rte`ccy dhar`y tbh jlsts la ouecdeki tbh

sjbllc ceor`ry lr ltbhr jlffukety ekar`strujturh7 tl jlvhr plrtelk la tbh st`rt-

up jlsts la ` khw wlfhk-lwkhd ousekhss7 lr tl purjb`sh chdihrs `kd efpch-

fhkt `jjlukteki, f`rghteki, `kd ousekhss pc`kkeki jc`sshs alr fhfohrs la `

jllphr`tevh.

Ybech Z^@ ir`kts f`y supplrt jlffukety-o`shd jtevetehs ek ky shjtlr, et sblucd

oh klthd tb`t wbhk Qlcukthhrs `kd tbher jlffuketehs wlrg tlihtbhr tl efpch-

fhkt ir`kt `jtevetehs tb`t `rh p`rt la tbh Qlcukthhrs pref`ry-prlmhjt `jtevetehs,

tbh lpplrtukety alr `jbehveki flrh c`steki jb`kih `kd efp`jt `rh hkb`kjhd.

Tbes ljjurs ohjùsh tbh Qlcukthhr b`s flrh tefh tl wlrg lk tbh `jtevetehs `kd

tbh `jtevetehs `rh flrh ceghcy tl rhsplkd tl tbh jlffuketys ahct khhd. Tbh Qlc-

ukthhr es `vècòch tl pc`y tbh rlch la trluochsbllthr lr tl prlvedh `ddetelk`c

`ssest`kjh tl ohtthr hksurh tb`t tbh jlffukety wecc oh òch tl jlktekuh tbh `j-

tevety alcclweki tbh Qlcukthhrs jclsh la shrvejh d`th.

Blw Qlcukthhrs Ohkhaet Arlf YlrgekiYetb Z^@ Ir`kts

Z^@ ir kts rh `pprlvhd oy st aa ek jluktry, sl aukdeki f y oh

v ec och flrh quejgcy tb`k et wlucd oh tbrluib ltbhr prlir fs.

Tbh Z @ jllrdek tlr es och tl ssest kd dvesh Qlcukthhrs wetb

iuedhcekhs `kd rhplrteki rhquerhfhkts. Qlcukthhrs i ek hxphrehkjh f`kìeki aukds `kd efprlvh pc k-

keki sgeccs.

F`ky Qlcukthhrs b vh s ed tbhy ahct s tesa jtelk `kd rh c jjlf-

pcesbfhkt athr sujjhssauccy jlfpchteki `k Z^@ ir kt prlmhjt.

Ybech jlfpchthd Z @ prlmhjt òstr jts `kd jlfpchtelk alrfs

rh ushd oy h`jh Jlrps bh`dqu rthrs ek f`kìeki kd rhplrt-eki lk tbh Z^@ prlir f, tbhy csl dljufhkt sgeccs ouect, prl-

jhsshs efpchfhkthd, kd t kieoch hkd prldujts tb t Qlcukthhrsj k rhahr tl ek jlfpchteki tbher dhsjreptelks la shrvejh.

Tbh Z @ prlir f hfplwhrs Qlcukthhrs tl bhcp fhht rh c khhdkd ohkhaet ek tbher blst jlffukety.


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8


Ek wlrgeki wetb ylur jlffukety,

ylu wecc ohjlfh derhjtcy ekvlcvhd

ek tbh prlmhjt dhvhclpfhkt jyjch,

`kd ylu wecc alcclw shrehs la sthps

tb t wecc bhcp iuedh ylur jlffu-

kety tbrluib tbh prljhss la khhds

`sshssfhkt, prlpls c dhvhclpfhkt,

prlmhjt efpchfhkt telk, kd flke-

tlreki `kd hv cu telk. (Zhh tbh_lchs la tbh Qlcukthhr ek Dhvhclp-

fhkt WEJH T>>>8V lr tbh Khw

rlmhjt Dhseik `kd F`kìhfhkt

Ylrgsblp Tr ekeki F`ku c WEJH

T>0>V alr aurtbhr ekalrf telk.)

Dhvhclpeki `kd Jlfpchteki

` Z^@ Ir` kt- Zupplrthd ^rlmhjt

Ek bhcpeki phlpch tl bhcp tbhfshcvhs, tbh Z^@ prlir`f es o`shd lk twl`ssufptelks= (0) oy pc`kkeki `kd j`rryeki lut sf`cc-sj`ch, shca-bhcp `jteve-tehs, phlpch jquerh dhvhclpfhkt sgeccs7 kd (?) wbhk jlffukety fhfohrs kd

irlups `rh ievhk tbh lpplrtukety tl

pr`jtejh tbh sthps la prlmhjt dhvhclp-fhkt, j`p`jety es ouect t tbh clj`c chvhc.

Tbh sf`cc jlffukety dhvhclpfhkt

prlmhjts supplrthd oy Z^@ j`k shrvh s

` rl`d f`p tl bhcp ` jlffukety rh-

`cezh ets drh`fs la ` ohtthr ceah. Ekete`c

dhvhclpfhkt ièks rh sustèkhd s tbh

lri`kez`telk`c kd thjbkej`c sgeccs jlf-

fukety fhfohrs `jquerh tbrluib Z^@

ir`kt `jtevetehs `rh `ppcehd tl ltbhr `s-

phjts la tbher cevhs kd tl khw jlffu-

kety dhvhclpfhkt ekete`tevhs.

Tl `jjhss Z^@ aukdeki, ylu wecc wlrg

aerst wetb ylur jlukthrp`rt(s) `kd ylur

jlffukety tl edhkteay ` prelrety, `kd tbhk tr`ksc`th tbh il`cs `kd lomhjtevhs,

`jtelks, kd rhslurjhs tb`t rhsplkd tl tbes prelrety ektl wretthk pc`k, csl j`cchd

` prlpls`c. Ulu wecc prhshkt tbh prlpls`c tl ylur plsts Z^@ jllrdek`tlr alr

rhvehw `kd `pprlv`c oy ylur plst-chvhc Z^@ jlffetthh. Ea tbh prlpls`c es `p-

prlvhd, ylu `kd ylur jlffukety wecc efpchfhkt tbh prlmhjt `kd `csl prlvedh

flketlreki `kd hv`cu`telk rhplrts.

Tbh alcclweki sthps `kd teps wecc iuedh ylu tbrluib tbh prljhss la dhvhclpeki

`kd efpchfhkteki Z^@ prlpls`c.


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1 h jh Jlrps

Zthp 0= Ybhrh dl wh w`kt tl il phlpch

`kd alur jlffukety bh`ctb wlrghrs ek tbh c`rihr rhielk, wetb tbrhh d`ys la trèkeki

ek h`jb jlffukety. Trèkeki w`s prlvedhd tl p`rtejep`kts ek f`c`re`, jbecdblld

desh`shs, w`thr-olrkh desh`shs, o`sej s`ket`telk, ZTDs, `kd BEQ/@EDZ. Tbh trèk-

eki phrfetthd p`rtejep`kts tl bhcp clj`c jlffuketehs edhkteay tbher bh`ctb khhds, kd

prlvedh jlffukety supplrt tl bh`ctb wlrghrs ek dh`ceki wetb tbh edhkteaehd prlo-

chfs. Bh`ctb wlrghrs whrh `rfhd wetb ekalrf`telk òlut BEQ/@EDZ prhvhktelk

`kd trh`tfhkt, jlukshceki, kd blfh-o`shd bh`ctb j`rh.

Ek ukdhrt`geki hduj`telk`c lutrh`jb `jtevetehs, Qlcukthhrs `kd jlffukety

irlups useki Z^@ ir`kts b`vh alukd jrh`tevh w`ys tl `jjlffld`th tbh v`re-

lus wlrg sjbhduchs `kd khhds la deaahrhkt shifhkts la p`rtejep`teki jlffu-

ketehs. Tbhy b`vh ushd ekthr`jtevh `kd hkthrtèkeki alrf`ts tl hkiìh `t-resg

ylutb kd rh`jb `ducts ek tbher hvhkeki chesurh tefh. Qet`c bh`ctb chsslks òlut


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42 h jh Jlrps

BH@CTB

ZTDs, drui ush, BEQ/@EDZ, oertb sp`jeki, kd kutretelk b`vh ohhk ekthir`thd

wetb tbh`thr (Ohkek, ]`foe`), splrts (Jth dEvlerh, Tbh I`foe`, Iòlk,

Xgrèkh), `kd vedhl `kd r`del (F`ce, Iu`thf`c`). Xseki tbhsh alrf`ts, Qlc-

ukthhrs kd tbher Jlukthrp`rts b`vh t`ghk `dv`ktìh la ekalrf`c jlffukej`-

telk khtwlrgs. Ek tbh hkd, bh`ctb fhssìhs `rh sb`rhd wetb fujb wedhr

ùdehkjhs ek ` sekich trèkeki hxhrjesh.

KIL Dhvhclpfhkt

Ek f`ky `rh`s la tbh wlrcd, KILs pc`y ` f`mlr rlch ek dhcev-

hreki bh`ctb shrvejhs tl clj`c plpuc`telks, hetbhr ek jlccòlr`-

telk wetb ilvhrkfhkt ihkjehs lr ekdhphkdhktcy. Ek _lf`ke`,

ahw shrvejhs hxest alr tbh desòchd. @ clj`c KIL w`s òch tl ekjrh`sh ets haae-

jehkjy `kd ohtthr f`kìh jcehkt d`tò`shs àthr purjb`seki laaejh hquepfhkt

wetb Z^@ ssest`kjh. Tbes KIL, Lri`kez`te` Trhoueh Zhohs, `csl b`s hxp`kdhd

shrvejhs tl prlvedh jlfputhr sgeccs trèkeki `kd ltbhr hduj`telk`c lpplrtuketehs

tl ets fhfohrs. Tbhy b`vh ohhk och tl strh`fcekh kd jlfputhrezh tbh `ppcej`-

telk prljhss alr phrslks shhgeki tbher desòecety phkselks, wbejb s`vhs tefh kdrhdujhs strhss alr tblsh ek khhd la `ssest`kjh.

Trèkeki alr bh`ctb j`rh wlrghrs `kd jlffukety fhfohrs es ` ghy j`p`jety-ouecdeki str`thiy.


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BH@CTB

Ek _lf`ke`, ` Qlcukthhr wlrgeki tlihtbhr ` clj`c alukd`telk `kd ` Dutjb

KIL dhvhclphd ` Z^@ prlmhjt èfhd `t prlvedeki ohtthr fhdej`c `kd slje`c

`ssest`kjh tl phrslks wetb jbrlkej ecckhss. F`ky la tbh jbrlkej`ccy ecc dl klt

`cw`ys rhjhevh prlphr fhdej`c trh`tfhkt, wbejb f`y rhsuct ek flrh prlclkihd

phrelds la ecckhss, ` dhjrh`sh ek tbher qu`cety la ceah, `kd `ddhd strhss lk tbh

p`tehkt `kd a`fecehs. Tbh ir`kt supplrthd vlcukthhr pbyseje`ks, fhdej`c stu-

dhkts, `kd slje`c wlrghrs tl prlvedh ek-blfh j`rh `kd trh`tfhkt tl phrslks

wetb jbrlkej ecckhsshs. Ek `ddetelk tl bhcpeki tbh KIL tl efprlvh tbhsh shr-

vejhs, tbh Z^@ ir`kt `csl phrfetthd tbes KIL tl dhvhclp ` aukdrèseki j`f-

pèik tl aek`kjh ets `jtevetehs `kd ` puocej `w`rhkhss j`fpèik tl rèsh clj`c`w`rhkhss la shrvejhs prlvedhd tl tbh jlffukety. @k efplrt`kt p`rt la tbh

`jtevety w`s tbh trèkeki tb`t w`s prlvedhd tl tbh KIL stàa. Tbh trèkeki b`s

chd tl efprlvhfhkts ek tbh irlups lri`kez`telk`c sgeccs, o`sej aukdrèseki

sgeccs, jlffukej`telk sgeccs, `kd khtwlrgeki sgeccs.

BEQ/ @EDZ

Ek rhsplksh tl tbh BEQ/@EDZ p`kdhfej, Z^@ ir`kts `rh sup-plrteki devhrsh BEQ/@EDZ `jtevetehs aljuseki lk `w`rhkhss,

prhvhktelk, `kd j`rh.

Duh tl tbh beib ekjedhkjh la BEQ/@EDZ ek tbh Cukd`ze ^rlvekjh la ]`foe` `kd

tbh clj`c bh`ctb wlrghrs c`jg la gklwchdih òlut tbh desh`sh, tbh jetezhks la tbh

Fw`te Qeccìh prlplshd ` psyjbl-slje`c jlukshclr trèkeki prlir`f tb`t wlucd

trèk ?> jlffukety bh`ctb wlrghrs ek prlphr prhvhktelk, j`rh, `kd jlukshceki

thjbkequhs alr BEQ/@EDZ. Tlihtbhr wetb tbh Qlcukthhr, tbh jlffukety dhvhc-lphd `k BEQ trèkeki prlir`f, wbejb jlvhrhd tbh o`sej a`jts òlut BEQ, ekjcud-

eki hchfhkts la khtwlrgeki `kd floecez`telk `kd thjbkequhs alr jlukshceki

jlffukety fhfohrs lk essuhs sujb `s ohrh`vhfhkt, clss, `kd dh`tb. Alcclweki

tbh jlursh `kd jhrteaej`th prhshkt`telks, tbh p`rtejep`kts whrh fltev`thd tl ush

tbher khwcy jquerhd gklwchdih. Lvhr 08> p`tehkts rhjhevhd oclld thsts kd jluk-

shceki. @w`rhkhss la clj`c bh`ctb essuhs w`s rèshd flki tbh bh`ctb wlrghrs, kd

tbhy rh klw ohtthr prhp`rhd tl ekthr`jt wetb kd supplrt phlpch ceveki wetb @EDZ.

Ek J`fhrllk,tbh derhjtlr la clj`c bh`ctb jhkthrprlplshd trèkeki wlrgsblp

alr jlffukety bh`ctb wlrghrs Tbh lomhjtevhs la tbh trèkeki whrh tl lvhrjlfh

tbh c`jg la `jjur`th ekalrf`telk lk BEQ `kd tl `ddrhss ltbhr o`sej bh`ctb hdu-

j`telk essuhs `flki tbh clj`c plpuc`telk. Tbh wlrgsblp prlvedhd ekalrf`telk


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8> h jh Jlrps

BH@CTB

òlut tr`ksfesselk `kd prhvhktelk la BEQ/@EDZ. Oy `dlpteki ` trèkeki-la-trèkhrs `pprl`jb, tbh jhkthr blphs tb`t ets bh`ctb hduj`tlrs wecc oh òch tl

bheibthk clj`c `w`rhkhss òlut ZTDs, hsphje`ccy BEQ, wetbek tbh rhielk `kd

jrh`th sustèkòch hduj`telk prlir`fs aljuseki lk prhvhktelk. ^`rtejep`kts ek

tbh trèkeki whrh `sghd tl ch`d shvhr`c trèkeki shsselks phr flktb ek tbh clj`c

jlffuketehs `kd tl prldujh `jtelk pc`ks tl iuedh tbher wlrg. Bh`ctb jhkthr

stàa wecc rhvehw tbh `jtelk pc`ks hvhry tbrhh flktbs.

Qlcukthhrs, tbher Jlukthrp`rts, kd tbher jlffuketehs b`vh ushd f`ky jrh`tevhw`ys kd fhde` tl rèsh w`rhkhss olut BEQ/@EDZ. Ek Zhkhi`c, bh`ctb Qlc-

ukthhr ukdhrtllg prlmhjt ek jlccòlr`telk wetb c`k Ekthrk`telk`c tb`t b`d wedh-

sprh`d ohkhaet ek @EDZ hduj`telk. Tbh lomhjtevh la tbh prlmhjt w`s tl ekjrh`sh

@EDZ `w`rhkhss `flki tbh fhfohrs la tbh tr`ksplrthrs jlffukety (prekje-

p`ccy t`xe drevhrs `kd trujg drevhrs) oy sblweki tbh ^h`jh Jlrps Tr`ksplrthrs

^rlmhjt aecf `t pc`jhs wbhrh tbhsh ekdevedu`cs i`tbhr. Ek prhp`r`telk, tbh @EDZ

aecf w`s tr`ksc`thd ektl ûc``r kd Arhkjb. Tbh Qlcukthhr jllrdek`thd tlur la

tbh Jekhous tl alur uro`k t`xe st`telks `kd tbrhh suouro`k jhkthrs ek klrtbhrk

`kd slutbhrk rhielks la Zhkhi`c. Tbh aecf w`s prlmhjthd t trujg stlps kd t`xe

st`kds ek T`rhdme, ^ldlr, Lurlssliue, F`t`f, T`fo`jlukd`, Qhceki`r`, `kd

De`loh. Ek quhstelk-`kd-`kswhr shsselks alcclweki h`jb sblweki, `tthkdhhs

dhflkstr`thd `k ekjrh`shd `w`rhkhss.

@ tbh`trh irlup ek Iòlk rèshs jlffukety `w`rhkhss lk Ylrcd @EDZ D`y.


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BH@CTB

Ek F`dì`sj`r, beib sjbllc kte-@EDZ jcuo ushd BEQ/@EDZ-rhc`thd sgets, slkis,

lkh-tl-lkh kef`telk, kd jlkdlf dhflkstr`telks tl prlflth BEQ prhvhktelk t

c`rih rhielk`c ahstev`c. Tbh irlup rèshd BEQ/@EDZ `w`rhkhss `flki ylutb `kd

`ducts wbech ièkeki irh`thr shca-hsthhf `kd jlkaedhkjh, lri`kez`telk`c òecetehs,

`kd khw jlkt`jts. Ek shvhr`c jluktrehs, ekjcudeki ]`foe`, Iòlk, kd Tbh I`foe`,

splrts jlfphtetelks b`vh csl ohhk ushd tl rèsh w`rhkhss kd desshfek`th ekalr-

f`telk lk BEQ/@EDZ kd ihkhr`ccy prlflth bh`ctby ceahstychs flki yluki phlpch.

Trèkekis ek BEQ/@EDZ `kd ltbhr ZTDs b`vh ohhk dlkh ek alrf`c shttekis wetb

jc`ssrllf th`jbhrs kd studhkts. hhr hduj`telk kd fhktlreki b`vh ohhk ushd tl

th`jb shx hduj`telk `kd prlvedh ekalrf`telk lk BEQ/@EDZ ek J`fhrllk`kd

Tlil. Ek Ohkek, ` Qlcukthhr wlrghd wetb sjbllc rhprhshkt`tevhs tl jlkdujt `

wlrgsblp lk BEQ/@EDZ alr tbh studhkt oldy `t clj`c shjlkd`ry sjbllc. @ clj`c

KIL hkjlurìhd tbh sjbllc tl hxp`kd tbh `jtevety tl ekjcudh th`jbhrs `s whcc.

Tbh sjbllc jlfpcehd, f`geki tthkd`kjh f`kd`tlry alr th`jbhrs kd `dfekestr`-

tevh stàa. @t tbh hkd la ` ar`kg `kd beibcy sujjhssauc wlrgsblp, ` jlffetthh

jlfpreshd la studhkts `kd th`jbhrs w`s alrfhd tl dhvhclp `kd jlktekuh hduj`-

telk`c prlir`fs wetbek tbh sjbllc kd tl rh`jb lut tl tbh orl`dhr jlffukety.

Ulutb Dhvhclpfhkt

Ekvhsteki ek tbh bh`ctby dhvhclpfhkt la ylutb es lkh la tbh

flst efplrt`kt rh`s la Z^@ ir`kt jtevety ek tbh bh`ctb shjtlr.

Ek Hju`dlr, Ghky`, F`c`we, kd Z`fl`, Z^@ ir`kts whrh ushd

tl rh`jb ylutb `kd hfplwhr tbhf tbrluib ch`dhrsbep, phhr

fhktlreki, `kd ceah sgeccs wlrgsblps tb`t sb`rhd ekalrf`telk òlut BEQ/@EDZ

tr`ksfesselk `kd hkjlurìhd bh`ctby ohb`velr `kd phrslk`c rhsplkseoecety.

@t ` shjlkd`ry sjbllc ek ]`foe`, ` irlup la 8> studhkts `kd tbher Qlcukthhr

th`jbhr rhjlikezhd tbh beib ekjedhkjh out clw chvhc la gklwchdih la BEQ/@EDZ.

Tbhy dhjedhd tl alrf k kte-BEQ jcuo t tbher sjbllc. Tbher il`c w`s klt lkcy tl

ekjrh`sh tbh gklwchdih `kd `w`rhkhss la BEQ `flki tbher ahcclw studhkts, out

`csl tl rh`jb lut tl tbh c`rihr jlffukety tbrluib wlrgsblp tl oh jlkdujthd ek

jlkkhjtelk wetb Ylrcd @EDZ D`y. Tbrluib tbes wlrgsblp tbhy blphd tl rhslcvh

fesjlkjhptelks òlut wb`t tbh desh`sh es `kd blw et es sprh`d, `kd òlut tbh

fh`surhs tb`t j`k oh t`ghk tl prhvhkt ets sprh`d. Ekalrf`telk w`s prlvedhd tbrluib

t`cgs kd wetb wretthk f`thre`cs. Alcclweki tbh wlrgsblp, tbh irlup w`s hc`thd tl

desjlvhr tb`t tblsh wbl rhjhevhd ekalrf`telk b`d ohiuk sb`reki et wetb ltbhrs.

Tbes irlup la studhkts b`s lri`kezhd prhshkt`telks t kheibolreki sjbllcs s whcc.


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8? h jh Jlrps

BH@CTB

Tbh kte-BEQ jcuo b`s ch`rkhd blw tl lri`kezh kd efpchfhkt BEQ/@EDZ hdu-

j`telk prlir`fs. Tl sustèk tbhsh `jtevetehs, tbh jcuo blcds ohkhaets `kd efpch-

fhkts ltbhr ekjlfh-ihkhr`teki jtevetehs. Lkh sujb `jtevety ekvlcvhd jlcchjtelk

la dlk`thd shhds `kd ahrtecezhrs alr tbher sjbllc vhihtòch i`rdhk. ^rljhhds

arlf tbh s`ch la vhihtòchs wecc oh ushd tl aek`kjh tbh jcuo `kd jlvhr tbh jlsts

la auturh hduj`telk`c `jtevetehs.

Lk ` c`rihr sj`ch, Z`vh tbh Jbecdrhk la _lf`ke`klthd ` khhd alr ekalrf`telk

jlccòlr`telk `flki clj`c jbecd whca`rh `kd jbecdrhks reibts lri`kez`telks. @

^h`jh Jlrps Qlcukthhr wlrgeki wetb Z`cv`te Jlpee ek Zujh`v` prlplshd `

jbecdrhks reibts jhkthr tl `ddrhss tbh prlochf `kd rèsh puocej `w`rhkhss la

jbecd whca`rh essuhs `t tbh clj`c `kd k`telk`c chvhcs. Tbes Z^@ prlmhjt hstò-

cesbhd ` rhslurjh jhkthr wetb vlcukthhrs trèkhd ek jbecdrhks reibts `kd tbh ush

la jlfputhrs. Tbh jhkthr b`s ohiuk tl dhvhclp d`tò`shs lk k`telk`c chiesc`-

telk7 clj`c, k`telk`c, `kd ekthrk`telk`c jbecdrhks reibts lri`kez`telks7 kd ilv-

hrkfhkt ekstetutelks kd slje`c shrvejhs. Tbh jhkthr csl prlflths jlccòlr`telk

`flki clj`c `kd k`telk`c _lf`ke`k jbecdrhks reibts lri`kez`telks. Z`vh tbh

Jbecdrhk b`s alrfhd p`rtkhrsbeps tbrluib tbh rhslurjh jhkthr wetb ltbhr clj`clri`kez`telks tl jllrdek`th jtevetehs kd sb`rh ekalrf`telk olut tbher rhsphj-

tevh prlir`fs. Aek`ccy, tbh jhkthr es dhvhclpeki shfek`rs, wlrgsblps, `kd `j-

tevetehs tl prlflth jbecdrhks reibts ek Zujh`v`7 wlrgsblps alr clj`c laaeje`cs,

sjbllc derhjtlrs, derhjtlrs la ekstetutelks, `kd ltbhr jbecdrhks reibts lri`kez`-

telks7 `kd ` strhht `dvlj`jy j`fpèik.

Yetb tbh ekar`strujturh la tbh jhkthr `kd ekete`c stàa sgeccs trèkeki jlfpchth,

`kd wetb stàa b`veki efprlvhd `jjhss tl oltb tbh jlfputhr `kd tbh Ekthrkht,Qlcukthhrs wlrgeki `t tbh jhkthr `rh `jjhsseki `kd jlfpeceki ekalrf`telk tl

dhvhclp kd destreouth ekalrf`telk`c orljburhs. Tbh jhkthr csl b`s hstòcesbhd

` khtwlrg la clj`c kd ekthrk`telk`c lri`kez`telks wlrgeki ek tbh rh`s la jbecd

whca`rh `kd jbecdrhks reibts.

Tblsh wbl ush tbh rhslurjh jhkthr `rh `sghd tl prlvedh wretthk jlffhkts `kd

hv`cu`telks, wbejb `rh ushd tl flketlr tbh jhkthrs prlir`fs kd jtevetehs kd

tl fh`surh prlirhss. Z`vh tbh Jbecdrhk ek Oujb`rhst es prlvedeki aukdeki alralcclw-up shfek`rs `kd `dvlj`jy prlir`fs, `kd clj`c aukdrèseki es jlvhreki

`cc dfekestr`tevh jlsts. @jjlrdeki tl tbh Qlcukthhr, tbh sujjhss la tbes `jtevety

es duh ek c`rih p`rt tl tbh supplrt prlvedhd oy tbh Fekestry la Jbecd Yhca`rh kd

tbh clj`c f`ylrs laaejh, `s whcc `s Z`vh tbh Jbecdrhk.


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BH@CTB

Ekar`strujturh

Ek f`ky rhflth kd clw-ekjlfh jlffuketehs, bh`ctb ekar`struj-turhes hetbhr c`jgeki lr ek shrelus desrhpèr. Z^@ ekar`strujturh

ir`kts `rh ushd flst jlfflkcy alr tbh jlkstrujtelk lr rhaur-

oesbeki la bh`ctb plsts `kd jlffukety jcekejs. Tbes b`s ohhk

tbh j`sh ek f`ky jluktrehs ekjcudeki Zhkhi`c, J`fhrllk, Fùret`ke`, kd Iuekh`.

Lkh klthwlrtby hx`fpch es arlf G`z`gbst`k, wbhrh ` Z^@ ir`kt jlvhrhd ef-

prlvhfhkts tl ` jbecdrhks blfh. Lrpb`ks whrh ceveki ek lvhrjrlwdhd `kd uk-

s`ket`ry jlkdetelks. Tbh Z^@ ir`kt bhcphd p`y alr pcufohrs kd whcdhrs tl rhpèr

tlechts kd sblwhrs, kd alr tbh ihkhr`c jlktr`jtlrs wbl rhouect acllreki kd f`dh

ltbhr khjhss`ry rhpèrs. @s ` rhsuct la tbes `jtevety, `pprlxef`thcy 4>> yluki

lrpb`ks cevh ek ` sàhr, jch`khr, `kd bh`ctbehr hkverlkfhkt.

Uht ekar`strujturh supplrt ek bh`ctb b`s klt `cw`ys t`ghk tbh alrf la jlk-

strujtelk `jtevetehs. Alr ekst`kjh, ek Hju`dlr, tbh jlst la fhdejekh b`d ohhk

prhvhkteki f`ky clj`c rhsedhkts arlf rhjheveki trh`tfhkt alr desh`shs. @ Z^@

ir`kt phrfetthd clj`c pb`rf`jy tl ohiek lphr`telks oy bhcpeki tl dhar`y tbh

beib jlsts la fhdejekh. Ek `ddetelk tl prlvedeki fhdejekhs `t flrh hjlklfe-

j`c prejhs, tbh jlffukety pb`rf`jy splkslrhd t`cgs lk desh`sh prhvhktelk.

Tbh lcd Bh`ctb ^lst, wbejb hxesthd ek Jùthr` Olj`, ^`rìu`y, prelr tl tbh jlkstrujtelk

la ` khw bh`ctb plst, supplrthd ek p`rt oy Z^@ aukds.


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84 h jh Jlrps

BH@CTB

Ek `kltbhr hx`fpch la jlffukety ekar`strujturh dhvhclpfhkt, ` clj`c pb`r-

f`jy ek Jth dEvlerhprlvedhd trèkeki tl jlffukety bh`ctb wlrghrs ek des-

phkseki aerst-èd kd f`kìeki v`rehty la fhdejekhs `kd suppcehs. Tbh prlmhjt

b`s bhcphd tbh bh`ctb wlrghrs lri`kezh bh`ctb `jtevetehs wetbek tbh jlffu-

kety. Et b`s `csl prlvedhd ` rh`decy `vècòch `kd sàh suppcy la hjlklfej`ccy

prejhd fhdejekhs. Qeccìhrs, hsphje`ccy tblsh clj`thd ek hvhk flrh rhflth

`rh`s, kl clkihr b`vh tl wèt tl shhg trh`tfhkt lr rhslrt tl purjb`seki oc`jg

f`rght fhdejekhs.

Lathk ekar`strujturh prlmhjts b`vh ohkhaets tb`t il a`r ohylkd tbh jtu`c jlkstruj-

telk. Tbrluib ` Z^@ ir`kt, ` Qlcukthhr `kd bes jlffukety jlktreouthd tl haalrts

oy tbh jlukty bh`ctb dhp`rtfhkt, bh`ctb jcekej stàa, `kd rhprhshkt`tevhs la ltbhr

ekthrk`telk`c bh`ctb lri`kez telks tl efprlvh kd upir`dh tbh Jhktruc Fldhc @k`

alr Ylfhks _hprldujtevh Bh`ctb `kd A`fecy ^c`kkeki ek Drljbe`, Flcdlv`.

Tbes jcekej b`s alur hx`fekeki rllfs, ` cò, `kd ` rhslurjh jhkthr. Z^@ aukds

whrh ushd tl rhpèr shvhr`c la tbh w`ccs ek tbh jcekej kd tl purjb`sh jlfputhr,

jlpy f`jbekh, suppcehs, kd v`rehty la bh`ctb-rhc`thd prekthd f`thre`cs. Xseki

tbh khw hquepfhkt, tbh Qlcukthhr prlvedhd ekalrf`telk thjbklcliy trèkeki tl

stàa `kd prldujhd ekalrf`telk`c orljburhs tl destreouth tl tbh flrh tb`k :>>

wlfhk phr flktb wbl ush tbh jcekejs shrvejhs.

Ztàa fhfohrs `csl wlrghd wetb tbh Qlcukthhr tl tr`ksc`th 0: orljburhs `kd

ollgchts lk tlpejs sujb `s= drekgeki kd velchkjh, `dlchsjhkts kd BEQ, deòh-

ths, tuohrjuclses, `kd bhp`tetes O. Tbh j`p`jety ouect dureki tbes pb`sh la tbh

prlmhjt w`s jlkaerfhd wbhk stàa fhfohrs whkt lk tl prldujh alur `ddetelk`c

bh`ctb ekalrf`telk ollgchts oy tbhfshcvhs. Klt lkcy ded tbes trèkeki `ssest

stàa ek fhhteki tbh jurrhkt ekalrf`telk khhds la tbher jcehkts, out tbh jlfputhr

sgeccs tbhy `jquerhd wecc `csl shrvh tbhf ek auturh prlmhjts.

@s rhsuct la tbh jjhss tl thjbklcliy kd o`sej jlfputhr sgeccs dhvhclphd tbrluib

tbes Z^@ ir`kt jtevety, tbh Qlcukthhr lotèkhd shjlkd ir`kt arlf Oretesb aluk-

d`telk tl aukd lkh yh`r la Ekthrkht `jjhss alr tbh jhkthr. Tbh Ekthrkht `jjhss hk-

òchd tbh jhkthr stàa tl rhsh`rjb bh`ctb tlpejs `kd rhtrehvh flrh `jjur`th `kd

upd`thd ekalrf`telk tl ohtthr shrvh tbher p`tehkts. Tbh Qlcukthhr `kd stàa `csl

efpchfhkthd flrh tb`k ?> ekalrf`telk`c ceah sgeccs shfek`rs alr dlchsjhkts, dlj-

tlrs, `kd fhdej`c `ssest`kts ek Drljbe` `s whcc `s ek surrlukdeki veccìhs, wbhrh

`jjhss tl bh`ctb ekalrf`telk es cefethd `kd lathk klt up tl d`th.


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88


BH@CTB

Hquepfhkt `kd _hslurjhs

J`sb-pllr jlffuketehs j`k ohkhaet arlf jquereki bh`ctb-rh-c`thd hquepfhkt kd rhslurjhs. Ek lkh jlffukety ek Hc Z`cv`-

dlr, dhktest w`s vècòch out b`d cettch hquepfhkt lr suppcehs.

@ jlffukety dhvhclpfhkt `sslje`telk rhjhevhd ` Z^@ ir`kt

tl purjb`sh dhkt`c hquepfhkt alr bef. F`ky `ducts `kd flrh tb`k 0,0>> jbec-

drhk ek tbh `rh` klw rhjhevh `kku`c jch`kekis. Tl hksurh sustèkòecety, tbh

Fekestry la Bh`ctb b`s `ssufhd rhsplkseoecety alr fèktèkeki tbh hquepfhkt

`kd purjb`seki jlksufòch suppcehs, f`thre`cs, kd fhdejekhs. Ek ^lc`kd, Z^@

ir`kt aukds supplrthd tbh purjb`sh `kd ektrldujtlry ush la khw rhbòecet`telk

thjbklcliehs alr tbh hcdhrcy.

Tbh @fursg syjblcliej`c _hslurjh Jhkthr, ek _usse` A`r H`st, ushd Z^@ ir`kt tl

purjb`sh pbltljlpehr, thchveselk, QJ_, ekstrujtelk`c t`phs, kd rhahrhkjh ollgs alr

ush ek trèkeki stàa kd efprlveki p`tehkt j`rh. Tbh jhkthr es v`cuhd psyjblcliej`c

bh`ctb j`rh prlvedhr, `kd wetb tbh efprlvhd thjbklcliy et wecc klw oh òch tl ek-

jrh`sh lutrh`jb haalrts tl plpuc`telks ek flrh rhflth rh`s. Tl hksurh tb`t tbh hquep-

fhkt es oheki ushd haahjtevhcy, ` cli w`s hstòcesbhd tl flketlr prlahsselk`c `kd

hduj`telk`c ush oy stàa, studhkts, kd fhfohrs la tbh clj`c jlffukety.

Ekstrujtelk c F`thre cs

Bh`ctb trèkeki prlir`fs rh efprlvhd wetb jjhss tl up-

tl-d`th ekstrujtelk`c f`thre`cs tl ush ek trèkeki prlir`fs

lr tl destreouth tl rèsh `w`rhkhss òlut ` wedh v`rehty la

bh`ctb essuhs. Zlfhtefhs f`thre`cs `rh rhprldujhd ek trèkeki f`ku`cs, p`f-

pbchts, lr ollgchts, sujb `s tblsh ek Zclv`ge` òlut trh`teki orh`st j`kjhr,lr

tblsh ek Khp`c òlut useki `kd ekthrprhteki hchjtrlj`rdelir`f hquepfhkt `kd

thst rhsucts.

Lathk Qlcukthhrs `kd tbher Jlukthrp`rts aekd jrh`tevh w`ys tl dhvhclp ekstruj-

telk`c f`thre`cs kd destreouth ekalrf`telk. Alr hx`fpch, ek Iòlk, tbh Ihkhr`c

Blspet`c la Ar`kjhvecch c`jghd haahjtevh f`thre`cs tl hduj`th tbher p`tehkts, f`ky

la wblf b`d clw chvhcs la cethr`jy. Tbh blspet`c `csl khhdhd tl aekd w`ys tl

fèktèk khjhss`ry jlksuct`tevh jlktrlc `kd jbhjg-up ekalrf`telk alr wlfhk.

Ztàa jrh`thd kutretelk jb`rts jlkvhyeki o`sej bh`ctb j`rh fhssìhs tb`t jlucd

oh ushd dureki prhk`t`c jlukshceki, oòy-wheibeki jlksuct`telks, kd wh`keki


62/129


81 h jh Jlrps

BH@CTB

dhflkstr`telks. @ Z^@ ir`kt `ssesthd tbh blspet`c stàa ek dhvhclpeki ` sht la

tbrhh kutretelk jb`rts, wbejb whrh eccustr`thd oy ` clj`c `rtest. Tbh jb`rts jlucd

oh ushd dureki flktbcy wh`keki dhflkstr`telks. Tbh dhflkstr`telks effhde-

`thcy ohj`fh flrh haahjtevh ek trèkeki tbh wlfhk blw tl prhp`rh kutretelus

wh`keki allds alr oòehs sex flktbs `kd lcdhr. Ylfhk `csl ch`rkhd òlut tbh

rlch la h`jb la tbh alld irlups ek oòehs dhvhclpfhkt (dureki prhik`kjy, wbech

orh`st-ahhdeki, `kd àthr wh`keki alr illd bh`ctb).

Ek sefec`r a`sbelk, Qlcukthhr kd tbh stàa la f`thrk`c `kd jbecd bh`ctb jcekej

ek tbh I`foe`prldujhd ` shrehs la fur`cs dhpejteki clj`c bh`ctb essuhs. Tbhsh

clw-jlst fur`cs whrh p`rtejuc`rcy ushauc tl tbh jcekej, wbejb w`s pllrcy stàahd,

b`d cefethd aek`kjeki, kd shrvhd plpuc`telk wetb clw chvhcs la cethr`jy. Ltbhr

klkvhro`c alrfs la jlffukej`teki efplrt`kt bh`ctb ekalrf`telk b`vh ohhk

wedhcy ushd ek BEQ/@EDZ hduj`telk prlir`fs, kltòcy plsthrs ek Ohkek,fu-

r`cs ek Tbh I`foe`, `kd `k @EDZ wlrcd f`p ek Iòlk.


63/129

89


Y`thr & Z`ket`telk

Ek tbh ?0stjhktury, tbh c`jg la jch`k, pltòch w`thr es stecc ` prlochf alr f`ky

jlffuketehs `rlukd tbh wlrcd. Jlkt`fek`thd w`thr suppcehs jlktekuh tl oh `

f`mlr a`jtlr ek desh`sh tr`ksfesselk kd de`rrbh`. Z^@ ir`kts ssest jlffukety

irlups ekthrhsthd ek shjureki sàh w`thr suppcehs. ^rlfeseki pr`jtejhs ek tbh

w`thr kd s`ket`telk shjtlr aljus lk `ssesteki jlffuketehs tl jquerh tbh ekar`-

strujturh tb`t wecc ievh tbhf `jjhss tl ` sàh `kd rhceòch w`thr suppcy, `kd lk

tbh trèkeki kd pprlpre`th thjbklcliy tb`t phrfets tbhsh jlffuketehs tl f`k-

ìh `kd fèktèk tbh ekar`strujturh ek lrdhr tl hksurh ` sth`dy suppcy la jch`k

w`thr. Hvhk ek tbh w`thr `kd s`ket`telk shjtlr et es plsseoch tl aekd Z^@ ir`kts

tb`t b`vh k ekjlfh-ihkhr`teki jlfplkhkt, `kd f`ky Qlcukthhrs rh wlrgeki

tl strhkitbhk jlffukety-o`shd lri`kez`telks `kd KILs.

Ek tbes jb`pthr, ylu wecc aekd hx`fpchs la=

Jch`k w`thr

Trèkeki `kd `pprlpre`th thjbklcliy

Ekar`strujturh

Hquepfhkt `kd rhslurjhs

Ekjlfh-ihkhr`telk

KIL dhvhclpfhkt

Ulutb dhvhclpfhkt

Jch`k Y`thr

Ek Flrljjl,tbh jlffukety la @et Olu Zèd edhkteaehd tbh c`jg

la jch`k drekgeki w`thr `s ` prelrety. Tbh Qlcukthhr bhcphd tbh

jlffukety tl ekst`cc b`kd pufp lk rhjhktcy ouect whcc, kd

trèkhd veccìhrs ek pufp fèkthk`kjh kd rhpèr kd whcc f`k-

ìhfhkt. Ek `ddetelk tl tbhsh sgeccs, tbh jlffukety dhvhclphd lri`kez`telk`c

sgeccs `kd ch`rkhd tl wlrg tlihtbhr. @ctbluib tbh `jtevety tllg clkihr tb`k `k-

tejep`thd `kd r`k lvhr oudiht, tbh jlffukety w`s òch tl rèsh tbh rhquerhd

aukds, `kd veccìhrs klw b`vh `jjhss tl ` sàh `kd bh`ctby slurjh la w`thr.


64/129


82 h jh Jlrps

Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

Tbh jlffukety klw gklws blw tl trh`t ets w`thr, `kd twl veccìhrs b`vh ohhk

jb`rihd wetb fèktèkeki kd rhpèreki tbh pufp. Qeccìhrs ghhp tbh dllr tl tbh

whcc cljghd, `kd pc`k tl cljg tbh pufp wbhk klt ek ush. Tbhy `rh `csl tryeki tl

prhvhkt jbecdrhk arlf pc`yeki `t tbh seth lr tbrlweki dert `kd ltbhr lomhjts ektl

tbh whcc, ieveki tbh whcc ` clkihr ushauc ceah `kd rhdujeki fèkthk`kjh jlsts.

Zlfhtefhs sjbllcs, bh`ctb jcekejs, lr jlffukety jhkthrs wlrg wetb Qlcukthhrs

tl ekst`cc pltòch w`thr systhfs. Ek Jb`c`cthk`kil, Hc Z`cv`dlr, clj`c jlffu-

kety sjbllc b`d kl w`thr slurjh. Tbh c`jg la ` w`thr slurjh `t tbh sjbllc f`dh

et deaaejuct tl prhp`rh alld lr fèktèk prlphr bh`ctb `kd byiehkh st`kd`rds.

Flrhlvhr, sjbllcjbecdrhk whrh shkt tl ahtjb w`thr arlf ` kh`roy strh`f jùs-

eki desruptelks ek tbh sjbllc d`y. Tbh sjbllc dhvhclpfhkt jlffetthh, wlrgeki

tlihtbhr wetb tbh Qlcukthhr `kd sgecchd còlrhrs, w`s òch tl dei ` whcc `kd

ekst`cc `k hchjtrej pufp systhf `kd ` t`kg alr destreouteki tbh w`thr tbrluib

pephs, w`sbtuos, `kd aùjhts.

Dureki tbh ekst`cc`telk la tbh w`thr destreoutelk systhf, tbh sjbllc dhvhclp-

fhkt jlffetthh ahcc p`rt. @ ahw jlffetthh fhfohrs tllg jb`rih kd wlrghd

tl slcejet bhcp arlf ltbhr jlffukety fhfohrs, p`rhkts, kd th`jbhrs. @ctbluibarhquhktcy tbhrh w`s klt hkluib jlffukety còlr tl supplrt tbh alrhf`k `kd

bes còlrhrs, tbh alrhf`k w`s wecceki tl prljhhd wetb bes hfpclyhhs kd oslro

slfh la tbhsh `ddetelk`c jlsts tbrluib rhdujhd h`rkekis.

@ sjbllc c`trekh jlkstrujtelk prlmhjt kh`rs jlfpchtelk ek Ghky`.


65/129

85


Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

Th`jbhrs `kd p`rhkts `rh ch`rkeki blw tl fh`surh jbclrekh/trh`tfhkt chvhcs

la w`thr ek tbh t`kg `kd tl ihkhr`ccy fèktèk tbh systhf. Tbh p`rhkts jlf-fetthh, wbejb es queth `jtevh `kd fèktèks ` illd wlrgeki rhc`telksbep wetb

tbh sjbllcs derhjtlr `kd th`jbhrs, b`s hxphrehkjh ek aukdrèseki `kd wecc oh

rhsplkseoch alr fèktèkeki tbh w`thr systhf kd ddrhsseki ky ltbhr sjbllc

a`jecetehs essuhs tb`t `resh.

@ctbluib tbh ekthkt la tbh Qlcukthhr w`s tl rhfèk lk tbh sedhcekhs, tbh jerjuf-

st`kjhs la tbes prlmhjt f`dh et khjhss`ry tl flketlr prlmhjt jtevetehs arhquhktcy.

Tl `ddrhss lr `vled sefec`r essuhs ek ltbhr prlmhjts tbh Qlcukthhr rhjlffhkdsihtteki jlffetfhkts arlf jlffukety fhfohrs ek wreteki ohalrh ohiekkeki

tbh prlmhjt, b`veki tblrluib gklwchdih la tbh jlffuketys wlrg bòets, kd

`cclweki hxtr` tefh tl jlfpchth hvhry sthp la tbh prljhss.

Dhspeth tbh ohst ekthktelks, tbh sustèkòecety la pltòch w`thr systhfs es lathk

prlochf`tej. Y`thr systhfs `rh lathk `dfekesthrhd, lphr`thd, `kd fèktèkhd

oy rur`c jlffuketehs wetb cettch bhcp lr iued`kjh arlf tbh fukejep`c lr ahdhr`c

ilvhrkfhkt. Blkdur`s es dh`ceki wetb tbes essuh oy prlvedeki sphje`cezhd trèk-eki `t shvhr`c chvhcs.

@t tbh ir`ss-rllts chvhc, ` kufohr la Z^@ ir`kts `rh prlvedeki thjbkej`c trèk-

eki alr clj`c pcufoeki thjbkeje`ks. Ohjùsh la fluktèklus thrrèk, tbh dhp`rt-

fhkt la Chfper` rhcehs lk ir`vety-ahd w`thr systhfs tl suppcy jlffuketehs

Z^@ prlmhjts bhcp trèk jlffukety fhfohrs `kd jlkstrujt jesthrks `kd whccs

tl efprlvh clj`c w`thr slurjhs.


66/129


1> h jh Jlrps

Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

wetb pltòch w`thr. Hvhk ek tbh ohst la jerjufst`kjhs, ir`vety-ahd w`thr sys-

thfs jrh`th fèkthk`kjh prlochfs. Burrej`kh Fetjb jùshd shrelus d`fìh,

wetb c`kdscedhs `kd rljg a`ccs, alrjeki clj`c pcufohrs tl jlph wetb deaaejuctehs

`kd setu`telks wetb wbejb tbhy b`d kl hxphrehkjh.

Ylrgeki wetb tbh clj`c w`thr jlffetthh, ` lkh whhg trèkeki `jtevety w`s dh-

veshd tl prlvedh 01 pcufohrs arlf 0> `dm`jhkt jlffuketehs wetb thjbkej`c

trèkeki ek oltb tbhlrhtej`c `kd pr`jtej`c `sphjts la w`thr systhf fèkthk`kjh

`kd rhpèr. ^`rtejep`kts ch`rkhd trluochsbllteki, ekjcudeki tbh òecety tl edhk-

teay dhseik ac`ws ek w`thr systhfs kd strhss cefets ek tuoeki. Tbhy csl ch`rkhd

blw tl rhpèr w`thr ch`gs wetbek tbh systhf. Tbes trèkeki sblucd hksurh ef-

prlvhfhkt ek oltb tbh qu`cety `kd tbh chkitb la shrvejh la rur`c w`thr systhfs.

Zekjh tbh trèkeki, wbejb w`s ukdhrwretthk ek p`rt oy ltbhr p`rtkhr ekstetutelks,

tbh p`rtejep`teki jlffuketehs b`vh ohhk òch tl jlvhr tbh jlsts la rhpèreki

`kd fèktèkeki tbher w`thr systhfs`k efplrt`kt ekdej`tlr la sustèkòecety.

@t tbh khxt chvhc, jlffuketehs b`vh ohhk hkjlurìhd tl hstòcesb clj`c w`thr

ol`rd `sslje`telks. Lri`kezeki sujb ` oldy, wbejb `ssufhs rhsplkseoecety alr

aek`kjeki tbh fèkthk`kjh la clj`c w`thr systhfs, es vet`c tl tbh clki-thrfsustèkòecety `kd veòecety la rur`c w`thr systhfs ek Blkdur`s.

Jlffuketehs lathk jlktreouth tr`ksplrt`telk

`kd còlr wbech Z^@ `kd ltbhr slurjhs aukd

tbh purjb`sh la pephs lr pufps.

@t stecc `kltbhr chvhc, ` Qlcukthhr b`s

ohhk wlrgeki wetb fhfohrs la tbh

Blkdur`k Y`thr Ol`rd @sslje`telk,

wbejb es ` ahdhr`telk la clj`c w`thr

ol`rds arlf tbh jlffuketehs la

Jblcuthj`, Ar`kjesjl Flr`zk, C` `z,

Lc`kjbl, Q`cch `kd Ulrl. ^rlflteki

`kd fèktèkeki w`thr ol`rd sslje`-

telk ouecds khtwlrg la supplrt alr tbh

ekdevedu`c w`thr ol`rds `kd hksurhs

`dhqu`th trèkeki alr fhfohrs la h`jb

jlffukety w`thr ol`rd.

Tbh Qlcukthhr `kd clj`c p`rtkhrs lri`-kezhd ` twl-d`y wlrgsblp tl prlvedh

trèkeki alr tbh fhfohrs la tbh k`telk`c

w`thr ol`rd `sslje`telk, jlvhreki tlp-

ejs sujb `s tbh lphr`telk `kd fèkth-


67/129

10


Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

k`kjh la pltòch w`thr systhfs `kd jlffukety ch`dhrsbep. @ il`c la tbh wlrgsblp

w`s tl prlvedh jlffukety w`thr ol`rds wetb tbh sgeccs khhdhd tl f`kìh, dfekes-

thr, lphr`th, kd fèktèk clj`c w`thr systhfs= jbclrek`telk, w`thr qu`cety kd slurjhs

la jlkt`fek`telk7 prhvhktevh fèkthk`kjh s whcc s pcufoeki rhpèrs7 fejrl w`-

thrsbhd f`kìhfhkt7 dfekestr telk kd o`sej jjlukteki7 sshsseki ushr ahhs `kd

aukdrèseki7 `kd ihkdhr rlchs ek clj`c ol`rds. Tl hksurh tb`t clj`c w`thr ol`rds

wlucd oh òch tl efpchfhkt wb`t tbhy b`d ch`rkhd, p`rtejep`kts dhvhclphd ekde-

vedu`c wlrg pc`ks alr tbh khxt yh`r ohalrh tbh jlkjcuselk la tbh trèkeki.

Tr ekeki `kd @pprlpre th Thjbklcliy@s fhktelkhd òlvh, prlvedeki trèkeki tl clj`c jlffuketehs

ek jlkstrujteki c`trekhs `kd whccs `kd ekst`cceki pltòch w`thr

`kd errei`telk systhfs es illd ush la Z^@ ir`kt aukds. Tl ouecd

clj`c j`p`jety ek w`thr `kd s`ket`telk prlmhjts, Qlcukthhrs edhk-

teay pprlpre`th thjbklcliehs tb`t jlffuketehs j`k h`secy f`kìh kd fèktèk.

Tbhrh `rh kufhrlus hx`fpchs arlf ^h`jh Jlrps plsts `rlukd tbh wlrcd.

Ek c`trekh jlkstrujtelk prlmhjts, f`ky Qlcukthhrs b`vh wlrghd wetb tbher jlf-fuketehs tl dei pet c`trekhs ek prev`th blfhs, ek jlffukety jlurty`rds, lr ek

sjbllcs. F`ky ltbhr Qlcukthhrs b`vh bhcphd ektrldujh tbh jlkjhpt la jlfplsteki

c`trekhs, prlvedeki ` du`c ohkhaet tl clj`c jlffuketehs `s tbhy j`k tbhk ush tbh

oy-prldujt s ahrtecezhr.

Ek ekst`cceki pltòch w`thr systhfs, Qlcukthhrs b`vh bhcphd jlffuketehs dei

whccs `kd spreki olxhs, sujb `s ek J`fhrllk,`kd jlkstrujt rhshrvlers `kd w`-

thr j`tjbfhkt systhfs `s ek tbh ^beceppekhs `kd Iu`thf`c`,rhsphjtevhcy. Qlc-ukthhrs b`vh `csl wlrghd wetb jlffuketehs tl ekjlrplr`th `pprlpre`th

thjbklcliy alr ir`vety-ahd quhdujts, s ek tbh Dlfekj`k _hpuocej.Ek wlrgeki

wetb jlffuketehs tl jlkstrujt errei`telk systhfs, Qlcukthhrs ek F`ce, rh bhcp-

eki tl edhkteay `kd ekst`cc clw-jlst errei`telk systhfs `kd dhvhclp `pprlpre`th

errei`telk thjbkequhs tb`t wecc phrfet veccìhrs tl fèktèk vhihtòch i`rdhks

tbrluiblut tbh yh`r lr ekjrh`sh tbh kufohr la bhjt`rhs la c`kd ek prldujtelk.

Efplrt`kt shjlkd`ry ohkhaets whrh dhrevhd arlf tbhsh `s whcc `s f`ky ltbhrw`thr systhf prlmhjts j`rrehd lut ek Hc Z`cv`dlr, Flrljjl, `kd T`kz`ke`, `s

thjbkej`c sgeccs whrh tr`ksahrrhd tl clj`c jlffukety fhfohrs, ekjcudeki wlfhk,

ek jlkstrujtelk `kd rhpèr. Trèkekis sujb `s tbh pufp `kd whcc rhpèr fèkth-

k`kjh wlrgsblps bhcd ek F`ce`csl bhcp hksurh sustèkòecety.


68/129


1? h jh Jlrps

Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

@s f`ky la tbhsh hx`fpchs suiihst, trèkeki es ghy jlfplkhkt la flst w`thr

`kd s`ket`telk prlmhjts supplrthd oy Z^@ ir`kts, `kd r`kihs arlf tbh flst o`-

sej ekstrujtelk lk prhvhkteki tbh tr`ksfesselk la w`throlrkh desh`shs tl fèk-

tèkeki flrh jlfpchx w`thr kd errei`telk systhfs. Ztecc kltbhr efplrt`kt rh`

la trèkeki ek h`jh Jlrps w`thr kd s`ket`telk prlmhjts b`s ohhk ek tbh hr`dej`-

telk la iuekh` wlrf. Ek tbh Dhp`rtfhkt la G`cs`g`, ek Ourgek` A`sl, iuekh`

wlrf es stecc hkdhfej. @ Z^@ ir`kt w`s ushd tl prlvedh trèkeki tl jlffukety

bh`ctb wlrghrs ek tbh dhthjtelk kd trh`tfhkt la iuekh` wlrf ekahjtelks, kd ek

fhtblds tl rhdujh `kd prhvhkt aurtbhr ekahjtelks `s p`rt la tbh Fekestry la

Bh`ctbs j`fpèik ek `cc hkdhfej veccìhs.

Bh`ctb wlrghrs rh klw och tl tr`jg ekahjtelks, ievh bh`ctb prhshkt`telks ek clj`c

veccìhs, kd prlvedh jjur`th ekalrf`telk lk blw tbh desh`sh j`k oh prhvhkthd.

Tbhy j`k dhflkstr`th efprlvhd w`thr aectr`telk fhtblds `kd thjbkequhs. @k

efplrt`kt p`rt la tbes `jtevety w`s supplrteki bh`ctb wlrghrs tl f`kìh prhvèc-

eki tr`detelk`c ohcehas, wbejb f`y oh b`rfauc tl jlktrlcceki tbh sprh`d la iuekh`

wlrf, wbech ch`rkeki blw tl ush ohkhaeje`c tr`detelk`c ohcehas tl ohst dv`ktìh.

Ekstrujtelk`c f`thre`cs supplrteki tbes `kd f`ky ltbhr Z^@ trèkeki jtevetehs b`vh

ohhk jrh`thd. h`jh Jlrps wlrg ek iuekh` wlrf hr`dej`telk es must lkh hx`fpch.

Ekar`strujturh

Ek `ddetelk tl jlkstrujtelk la pltòch w`thr `kd errei`telk

systhfs, Z^@ ir`kts rlutekhcy supplrt ltbhr ekar`strujturh

prlmhjts ek tbh w`thr `kd s`ket`telk shjtlr. C`trekh jlkstruj-

telk ek jlffuketehs, f`rghts, kd sjbllcs jjlukthd alr flrh

tb`k ?> phrjhkt la tbh bh`ctb `kd w`thr `kd s`ket`telk `jtevetehs supplrthd oy

Z^@ ir`kts ek @arej` ek aesj`c yh`r ?>>>, ekjcudeki 4> jtevetehs ek J`fhrllk,

Jth dEvlerh, F`dì`sj`r, `kd Ib`k`. @ sefec`r setu`telk ljjurrhd ek tbh

Ekthr-@fhrej` `kd ^`jeaej rhielk la tbh ^h`jh Jlrps, wbhrh tbhrh whrh ?9

shp`r`th jtevetehs ek tbh Dlfekej`k _hpuocej, Olceve`, Hc Z`cv`dlr, kd Iu`-

thf`c`.Tbhshekvlcvhd tbh jlkstrujtelk la c`trekhs lr s`ket`ry b`kd-w`sbeki

st`telks. Ek tbh Hurlph, Fhdethrr`kh`k, `kd @se` rhielk, c`trekh jlkstrujtelk`csl w`s prekjep`c aljus la f`ky bh`ctb kd w`thr kd s`ket`telk prlmhjts ek

Flrljjl, Khp`c, ^beceppekhs, `kd Tbèc`kd.F`ky la tbhsh c`trekh jlkstruj-

telk prlmhjts ekvlcvhd tbh ekjlrplr`telk la khwhr thjbklcliehs sujb `s tbh

jlfplsteki c`trekh. Qlcukthhrs ouect j`p`jety tbrluib tbh tr`ksahr la jlkstruj-


69/129

1:


Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

telk kd f`kìhfhkt sgeccs, kd tbhy

prlvedhd trèkekiek tlpejs sujb s tbh

prhvhktelk la w`throlrkh desh`shs kd

w`sth despls`c.

Ek Iu`thf`c` ` h`jh Jlrps Qlcukthhr

wlrgeki wetb ` clj`c wlfhks irlup

ek Tltlkej`pk ^rlvekjh dhseikhd `

Z^@ ir`kt `jtevety tl `ddrhss twl la

tbh f`mlr jlkjhrks la tbh jlffukety=

efprlvhd bh`ctb `kd byiehkh `kd hk-

b`kjhd hjlklfej prlsphjts. Tbher edh`

w`s tl jlkstrujt 01 jlfplsteki dry pet

c`trekhs, `kd trèk tbh veccìhrs ek tbh

jlkstrujtelk, ush, kd fèkthk`kjh la

sujb c`trekhs. Ek `ddetelk tl tbh love-

lus bh`ctb jlksedhr`telks, tbh jlffu-

Efprlvhd `jjhss tl jch`k w`thr

b`s f`ky ohkhaets ek ` sjbllc `kd

jlffukety ek Tbèc`kd.

kety csl rhjhevhd ekstrujtelk ek blw tl ush tbh oy-prldujt s k`tur`c ahrtecezhrtl hkb`kjh tbh slec `kd devhrseay vhihtòch prldujtelk.

@ sefec`r `jtevety w`s jlkdujthd ek Hc Z`cv`dlr, ek Z`k Feiuhc prlvekjh.

Bhrh, jlkstrujtelk la jlfplsteki c`trekhs w`s khjhss`ry, sekjh slec jlkde-

telks ded klt phrfet tbh jlkstrujtelk la dry pet c`trekhs, wbejb ek tbh p`st

aecchd wetb w`thr dureki tbh rèky sh`slk `kd ch`jbhd jlkt`fek`kts ektl tbh

kh`roy revhr. Ylfhk ohj`fh ekvlcvhd ek tbh jlkstrujtelk la tbh c`trekhs `s

whcc `s prhvhkt`tevh bh`ctb `jtevetehs. @ddetelk`c trèkeki prlvedhd oy tbhQlcukthhr b`s bhcphd tbh jlffukety hstòcesb st`kd`rds alr f`kìeki tbh

jlffukety stlrh wbhrh suppcehs `kd ahrtecezhr `rh stlrhd `kd slcd tl laasht

`ky jlsts ekvlcvhd ek fèktèkeki tbh c`trekhs.


70/129


14 h jh Jlrps

Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK


Ek w`thr `kd s`ket`telk `jtevetehs, hquepfhkt lr rhslurjhsusu`ccy `rh t`rihthd tl efprlvh jlffukety ekar`strujturh

`kd qu`cety la ceah lr tl supplrt trèkeki. Zhvhr`c Z^@ ir`kts

ek tbes shjtlr `rh supplrteki tbh haalrts la clj`c fukejep`ce-

tehs tl efpchfhkt tr`sb `kd w`sth f`kìhfhkt prlir`fs,

rhdujeki bh`ctb b`z`rds tl tbh jlffukety, `kd slfhtefhs

jlktreouteki tl ekjlfh ihkhr`telk.

Ek tbh Blkdur`s, ek tbh fukejep`cety la Z`kt` F`r`, wbhrh pllr tr`sb f`kìh-fhkt pr`jtejhs plshd bh`ctb b`z`rd tl tbh jlffukety, tbh tlwk jlukjec dhvhc-

lphd prlpls`c tl rèsh tbh jlksjeluskhss la rhsedhkts olut tbh efplrt`kjh la

prlphr tr`sb rhflv`c. Tbh jlukjec ushd ` Z^@ ir`kt `kd tberd-p`rty aukdeki

arlf kltbhr KIL tl jlkstrujt kd ekst`cc ?> tr`sbj`ks kd twl tr`sb j`rts, kd

tl dhvhclp pc`k alr tr`sb rhflv`c arlf oltb puocej pc`jhs kd prev`th blfhs.

Trèkekiw`s prlvedhd tl flrh tb`k 0>> jlffukety rhsedhkts `kd fukejep`c

stàa olut tbh efplrt`kjh la tr`sb jlcchjtelk, ush la puocej tr`sbj`ks, kd tr`sb

despls`c `kd f`kìhfhkt. @t tbh s`fh tefh, tbh Qlcukthhr prlvedhd hkverlk-

fhkt`c bh`ctb fhssìhs tl tbh puocej olut tbh desh`shs `kd ecckhsshs sslje`thd

wetb pllr tr`sb f`kìhfhkt.

@kltbhr Z^@ ir`kt ek ^`k`f` supplrthd tbh haalrts la ` clj`c fukejep`cety tl

jrh`th ` s`ket`ry c`kdaecc `kd tr`sb jlcchjtelk systhf. Tbh Z^@ ir`kt supplrthd

tbh jlst la sgecchd còlr `kd jlkstrujtelk f`thre`cs khhdhd tl ouecd tbh c`kdaecc,

`s whcc `s tbh hquepfhkt `kd suppcehs tb`t phrfetthd tbh fukejep`cety tl f`k-

ìh tbh tr`sb jlcchjtelk `kd despls`c systhf.

@t tefhs, Z^@ ir`kts b`vh ohhk ushd tl bhcp jlffuketehs rhjlvhr arlf k`tur`c

des`sthrs. Ek Iu`thf`c`, ` khw w`thr systhf `dhqu`th tl tbh khhds la tbh tlwk

la C` Xkelk w`s dhseikhd kd jlkstrujthd ek tbh fed-055>s kd put ektl ush ek

0551. Ek 0552, Burrej`kh Fetjb shvhrhcy d`fìhd tbh systhf. Tbh tlwk w`s

alrjhd tl efpchfhkt ` prlveselk`c systhf j`pòch la lkcy cefethd shrvejh. Y`-

thr r`telkeki, oy shjtlr, ohj`fh tbh ruch, kd tbh hrr`tej st`th la tbh jlffuketys

w`thr suppcy desrupthd dècy ceah ek C` Xkelk. @ Z^@ ir`kt, jllrdek`thd tbrluibtbh Jlfeth dh Dhs`rlccl Jlfuk`c dhc O`rrrel Kuhvl y O`rrel Hc Jhktrl, bhcphd

tbh jlffukety rhpèr `kd rhbòecet`th tbh d`fìhd w`thr systhf sl tb`t tbh

jlffukety ièk b`s aucc w`thr shrvejh. Tl jlktekuh f`kìeki tbh khw systhf,

blushblcds `rh jlktreouteki ahhs tl jlvhr o`sej lphr`telk`c jlsts, `kd fhthrs


71/129

18


Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

wecc oh ekst`cchd tl fh`surh ush. Tbh Qlcukthhr rhplrts tb`t tbh `jtevety trucy

bhcphd tl aljus tbh jlffuketys `tthktelk lk lkh prlmhjt `kd shh et tbrluib tl

jlfpchtelk. Tbh tlwk jlukjec b`d ohhk pucchd ek ` dlzhk deaahrhkt derhjtelks

tl rhjlvhr arlf Burrej`kh Fetjb, `kd w`s b`rd prhsshd tl aljus `tthktelk `kd

rhslurjhs lk `ky lkh prlochf. Tbh Z^@ ir`kt i`cv`kezhd tlwk haalrts tl jlf-

pchth tbes jruje`c `jtevety.

Ekjlfh Ihkhr`telk

@s ek `cc shjtlrs, w`thr `kd s`ket`telk prlmhjts lathk laahr

jlffuketehs tbh lpplrtukety tl ihkhr`th ekjlfh. Fukejep`c

tr`sb `kd w`sth despls`c es lkcy lkh hx`fpch. @kltbhr hx-

`fpch jlfhs arlf Flrljjl, wbhrh ` clj`c jlffukety `kd

tbh Qlcukthhr jlkdujthd khhds sshssfhkt tl aekd tb`t tbh flst jretej`c prlo-

chf a`jeki tbh jlffukety w`s `jjhss tl ` jch`k, rhceòch w`thr slurjh. Klt

lkcy whrh flst hxesteki whccs ek desrhpèr, out tbh jlffukety `csl b`d kl

fhtbld la derhjt errei`telk arlf tbh w`thr slurjh, wbejb chd tl ekjrh`shd chv-

hcs la w`thr w`sth. @ Z^@ ir`kt w`s ushd tl jlvhr tbh jlsts la ` trèkekiwlrgsblp. Tbh wlrgsblp ektrldujhd tbh ush la ` b`kd-lphr`thd whcc pufp,

wbejb jlucd oh f`kua`jturhd `kd rhpèrhd clj`ccy oy whcdhrs wbl `csl p`r-

tejep`thd ek tbh trèkeki.

Tbh ektrldujtelk la tbhsh pufps f`dh et h`sehr tl dr`w w`thr arlf whccs, ef-

prlvhd tbh s`ket`ry jlkdetelks la tbh whccs lvhr`cc, kd plthkte`ccy wecc ekjrh`sh

tbh flukt la c`kd ukdhr errei`telk. Tbh Qlcukthhr rhplrts tb`t oy tbh hkd la tbh

prlmhjt, tbh jlffukety w`s hxphrefhkteki wetb efprlvhd errei`telk thjbkequhs.Tbh prlmhjt laahrs twl lpplrtuketehs alr tbh jlffukety tl ihkhr`th ekjlfh.

Klt lkcy wecc jlffukety fhfohrs oh òch tl ekjrh`sh tbh prldujtelk la aruets

`kd vhihtòchs kd shcc wb`t tbhy dl klt khhd tl ahhd tbher a`fecehs, out csl tbh

clj`c whcdhrs b`vh ` khw, f`rghtòch sgecc `kd tbhy j`k jlktekuh tl f`kua`j-

turh pufps alr s`ch.

KIL Dhvhclpfhkt

^h`jh Jlrps Qlcukthhrs jlkteku`ccy cllg alr lpplrtuketehs tl

tr`ksahr sgeccs `kd strhkitbhk tbh j`p`jety la clj`c klkilv-

hrkfhkt`c lri`kez`telks ek `cc shjtlrs, ekjcudeki w`thr `kd

s`ket`telk.


72/129


11 h jh Jlrps

Y@TH_ & Z@KET@TELK

Ek Iòlk, ` shjlkd`ry sjbllc ek Glohc` ded klt b`vh suaaejehkt jc`ssrllf sp`jh lr

c`trekhs tl supplrt ets studhkt plpuc`telk. @s wetb flst sjbllcs ek tbes rhielk la tbh

wlrcd, blwhvhr, tbh sjbllc ded b`vh ` p`rhkt-th`jbhr `sslje`telk tb`t w`s rhsplk-

seoch alr tbh upghhp la tbh sjbllc `kd surrlukdeki irlukds. Tbh `sslje`telk, ek

jlkmukjtelk wetb Qlcukthhr, dhvhclphd prlpls`c tl prlvedh twl ddetelk`c jc`ss-

rllfs, ` stlrhrllf, `kd ` ocljg la aevh c`trekhs. Tbh prlpls`c `csl ekjcudhd prlve-

selks alr bh`ctb kd s`ket`telk j`fpèik tl oh derhjthd t oltb th`jbhrs kd studhkts.

Tbh wlrg w`s jlfpchthd, c`rihcy tbrluib tbh swh`t hquety la tbh hkterh jlffu-

kety, kd ets predh ek tbes jjlfpcesbfhkt w`s ducy klthd ek tbh jlfpchtelk rhplrt

prlvedhd oy tbh Qlcukthhr. Tbh p`rhkt-th`jbhr sslje`telk b`s jlktekuhd tl fèk-

tèk tbh rh` kd es klw dhvhclpeki pc`ks alr auturh efprlvhfhkts tb`t et pc`ks tl

aek`kjh lk ets lwk, useki tbh sgeccs dhvhclphd `s ` p`rt la tbes `jtevety (prlpls`c

wreteki, ollgghhpeki, jrh`teki kd wlrgeki wetbek strejt tefhcekhs, aek`kje`c f`k-

ìhfhkt, kd edhkteayeki kd lotèkeki rhslurjhs alr ukalrhshhk hxphkshs). Tbh

Qlcukthhr w`rkhd ìèkst ukdhrt`geki ` c`rih jlkstrujtelk `jtevety ek tbh aek`c

flktbs la shrvejh, s tbhrh wecc ekv`reòcy oh sjbhduch jb`kihs, dhc`ys, kd jlk-

strèkts tb`t f`y `dvhrshcy efp`jt tbh Qlcukthhrs efphkdeki jclsh la shrvejh.Ek `kltbhr hx`fpch, ` Qlcukthhr ek Xgrèkh supplrthd `k hkverlkfhkt`c KILs

haalrts tl wlrg wetb tbh clj`c jlffukety kd ets ylutb, ek p`rtejuc`r, tl bhcp jch`k

`kd rhstlrh plrtelks la tbh revhr Zvhky`, wblsh plccuthd jlkdetelk khi`tevhcy

efp`jthd tbh hstbhtejs, rhjrh`telk, kd w`thr qu`cety la rhsedhkts ek tbh ]blvgv`

Destrejt. Tbh `jtevety `csl hkb`kjhd tbh veseoecety la tbh KIL `kd prlvedhd `k

`jtevh alruf alr rèseki jlffukety `w`rhkhss la tbh efp`jt la ìrejucturh `kd

jlffukety ush lk `rh` w`thr slurjhs `kd tbh efplrt`kjh la revhr flketlreki.

Ulutb Dhvhclpfhkt

Ek tbh ^beceppekhs, ` Qlcukthhr wlrgeki wetb tbh Ev`s`y Ulutb

@sslje`telk ushd Z @ ir`kt tl jquerh w`sth drufs kd pèkt tl

ush alr tr`sb despls`c ek O`sjl, tbh j`pet`c la tbh prlvekjh la

O`t`khs. @ctbluib tbh jtevety w`s ekthkdhd tl rhdujh tbh flukt

la tr`sb ek tbh strhhts, tbh clj`c ylutb `sslje`telk dhjedhd tb`t

`w`rhkhss la s`ket`telk `kd bh`ctb `kd hkverlkfhkt`c jlkjhrks khhdhd tl oh `d-

drhsshd ek jlffukety hduj`telk haalrts. Ek a`jt, tbh irlup es flketlreki ush la tbh

khw o`rrhcs `kd blphs tb`t sujjhssauc jch`kup haalrts ek tbh prlvekje`c j`pet`c wecc

ekjrh`sh jb`kjhs tb`t tbh jtevety wecc oh rhpcej`thd ek kh`roy jetehs.


73/129

19


Hduj`telk

@ctbluib j`p`jety ouecdeki es tbh jlrh la tbh Z^@ ir`kt prlir`f, f`ky Z^@ ir`kts

aljus sphjeaej`ccy lk hduj`telk. Tbh f`mlrety la Z^@-supplrthd hduj`telk`c `j-

tevetehs ljjur ek ` alrf`c shtteki ek pref`ry `kd shjlkd`ry sjbllcs. Tbhsh ir`kts

jlktreouth tl tbh prlahsselk`c sgeccs dhvhclpfhkt la th`jbhrs, ekjrh`seki tbher j`-

pòecetehs ek tbh jc`ssrllf oy useki prlvhk th`jbeki

fhtbldlcliehs kd upd`thd rhslurjhs. Tbhy bhcp

studhkts efprlvh tbher gklwchdih `kd sgeccs

`kd tbher hduj`telk`c phralrf`kjh lvhr`cc.

Zekjh ch`rkeki dlhs klt cw`ys t`gh pc`jh

ek ` sjbllc shtteki, blwhvhr, f`ky ltbhr

Z^@ ir`kts supplrt klkalrf`c hduj`-

telk`c `jtevetehs sujb `s `duct cethr`jy

trèkeki, jlfputhr trèkeki, `kd devhrsh

hduj`telk`c jtevetehs alr ylutb, ekjcudeki

lut-la-sjbllc ylutb. @ctbluib f`ky Z^@ir`kts prlvedh rhslurjhs tl bhcp jlffuketehs

ouecd sjbllcs lr rhpèr hxesteki sjbllc rllfs

`kd cò a`jecetehs, prlfeseki pr`jtejhs ek tbes

`rh` cw`ys ekjcudh jch`r j`p`jety-ouecdeki

jlfplkhkt s whcc. Tbhrh rh csl k ekjrh`s-

eki kufohr la hduj`telk`c prlmhjts tb`t aljus lk dhvhclpeki ekjlfh-ihkhr`teki

lpplrtuketehs alr sjbllcs tl bhcp tbhf sustèk tbher ekstrujtelk`c kd hxtr`jurreju-

c`r jtevetehs. Aek`ccy, slfh hduj`telk`c prlmhjts aljus t tbh fukejep`c chvhc, bhcpekifukejep`cetehs ouecd ekar`strujturh kd hxp`kd hduj`telk`c prlir`fs.


Alrf`c hduj`telk`c jtevetehs

Klkalrf`c hduj`telk`c jtevetehs

Hduj`telk`c ekar`strujturh

Ekjlfh ihkhr`telk/sustèkòecety

Hquepfhkt `kd rhslurjhs

Ekstrujtelk`c f`thre`cs

Zplrts `jtevetehs j`k efprlvh shca-

hsthhf, bh`ctby oldy efìh, jlkaedhkjh

`kd bh`ctb alr oltb iercs `kd olys.


74/129


12 h jh Jlrps

HDXJ@TELK

Alrf c Hduj`telk @jtevetehs

Aukds sphkt trèkeki th`jbhrs b`vh fuctepcyeki efp`jt kku-`ccy, s tbhsh th`jbhrs p`ss lk tbher gklwchdih tl khw studhkts

`kd sb`rh tbher hxphrehkjh wetb jlcchìuhs. Ek Yhsthrk _usse`,

sjbllc th`jbhrs ek G`rhce` ch`rkhd o`sej jlfputhr sgeccs `kd

ièkhd `jjhss tl khw thjbklcliehs. Ek Tbèc`kd, ` Z^@ ir`kt bhcphd trèk Hk-

icesb th`jbhrs ek thjbkequhs alr ekthir`teki khw f`thre`cs kd ekklv`tevh th`jb-

eki fhtblds ektl tbher chsslk pc`ks. Aurtbhr th`jbhr trèkeki jtevetehs ljjurrhd

ek J`ph Qhrdh, Tlil, Turgfhkest`k, `kd Xgrèkh.

@ kufohr la Z^@ ir`kts aljus lk efprlveki alrf`c hduj`telk alr pref`ry

`kd shjlkd`ry sjbllc studhkts. Ulutb `tthkdeki ` thjbkej`c sjbllc ek Ghky`

ch`rkhd jlkstrujtelk pc`kkeki, j`rphktry, `kd f`slkry sgeccs ek `k `jtevety

supplrthd wetb Z^@ aukds. Klt lkcy whrh studhkts òch tl ush tbher thjbkej`c

sgeccs, out tbhy `csl ièkhd hxphrehkjh ek lri`kez`telk `kd f`kìhfhkt oy

bhcpeki tl hstòcesb tbher lwk trèkeki ekstetuth. @kltbhr Z^@ ir`kt hkòchd

deaahrhkt sjbllc ek Ghky` (tbh Fur`ki` Zjbllc alr tbh Dhà) tl purjb`sh

shvhr`c plwhr kd b`kd tllcs alr ush ek j`rphktry kd aurketurh-f`geki jc`sshs.

Aukds rèshd oy tbh s`ch la studhkts prldujts `rh ushd tl aek`kjh tbh jlsts la

tbh sjbllcs vlj`telk`c prlir`f.

Klkalrf`c Hduj`telk @jtevetehs

@s ch`rkeki dlhs klt `cw`ys t`gh pc`jh ek ` sjbllc shtteki,

Z^@ ir`kts csl supplrt v`rehty la klkalrf`c hduj`telk `j-

tevetehs. Alr hx`fpch, Qlcukthhrs ushd Z^@ ir`kts tl lri`-

kezh duct cethr`jy prlmhjts ek shvhr`c jluktrehs, ekjcudeki F`ce

`kd ]`foe`.

Ek Flrljjl, ` wlfhks cethr`jy `jtevety w`s j`rrehd lut ek sujb ` w`y tb`t

tbh `jtevety jlktekuhd alcclweki tbh Qlcukthhrs jclsh la shrvejh. Tbh ir`kt

prlvedhd lkcy ?8 phrjhkt la tbh tlt`c jlst la tbh `jtevety `s shhd aukdeki. Tbh

wlfhk rèshd tbh ltbhr 98 phrjhkt. Tbhy alrfhd ` khw lri`kez`telk, tbh

Ylfhks @sslje`telk la @fhc, `kd `jtevhcy sluibt jlktreoutelks alr tbh

prlmhjt. Tbher sujjhssauc haalrts b`vh chd tl `k ekjrh`shd `w`rhkhss la tbh

efplrt`kjh la hduj`telk `flki `cc jlffukety fhfohrs, `kd wlfhk ek twl

kheibolreki veccìhs b`vh dhjedhd tl st`rt cethr`jy prlmhjts.


75/129

15


HDXJ@TELK

Ulutb, p`rtejuc`rcy lut-la-sjbllc ylutb, `rh tbh prekjep`c ohkhaeje`rehs la f`ky

klkalrf`c hduj`telk `jtevetehs. Lkh hx`fpch jlfhs arlf Flkilce`,wbhrh tbh

tlwk la Lvlrgb`kiè @efì b`s lkh la tbh twl beibhst studhkt drlplut r`ths ek

tbh jluktry. Ek `cc, `s f`ky `s :>> ylutb b`vh drlpphd lut la sjbllc, ` kufohr

tb`t vertu`ccy hqu`cs tbh kufohr la studhkts hkrlcchd ek sjbllcs ek tbh surrlukdeki

veccìhs. Tbes beib drlplut r`th es jlkshquhkjh la tbh clw-ekjlfh chvhc la a`fe-

cehs ek tbh rhielk, wbejb alrjhs f`ky ylutb tl ch`vh sjbllc tl bhcp bhrd cevhstljg.

Tbh clj`c jlffukety ushd Z^@ ir`kt tl prlvedh ?>:> yluki phlpch wetb tbh

lpplrtukety tl jlktekuh tbher hduj`telk ek ` klkalrf`c shtteki. Tbher lomhjtevhs

whrh tl bhcp studhkts jbehvh o`sej jlfphthkjy ek shvhk suomhjts, kd tl sp`rg

ekthrhst `flki tbh studhkts, tbher p`rhkts, `kd tbher jlffukety sl tb`t tbhsh

studhkts feibt b`vh tbh lpplrtukety tl jlktekuh tbher hduj`telk tbrluib tbh

heibtb ir`dh chvhc. Ea tbh studhkts whrh òch tl sujjhssauccy jlfpchth tbh k`-

telk`c hx`f alr heibtb ir`dh jlfphthkjy, tbhy wlucd b`vh tbh lptelk la ileki

lk tl shjlkd`ry sjbllc. Alr tbh `jtevety tl oh sujjhssauc, blwhvhr, tbh Qlcuk-

thhr kd tbh jlffukety b`d tl lri`kezh tbh jc`sshs ek ` klktr`detelk`c w`y. Tl

ohtthr supplrt studhkts kd tbher a`fecehs, tbh jc`sshs whrh lri`kezhd ektl tbrhhshsselks la tbrhh whhgs h`jb, bhcd ek Zhpthfohr, Klvhfohr, kd @prec7 t tefhs

wbhk tbh studhkts whrh òch tl p`rtejep`th.

@kltbhr prlfekhkt `rh` la Z^@ ir`kt `jtevety ek klkalrf`c hduj`telk es jlf-

puthr trèkeki. Tbrluiblut tbh wlrcd, Qlcukthhrs rh wlrgeki wetb sjbllc jcuos,

rhslurjh `kd jlffukety jhkthrs, `kd sf`cc ousekhsshs tl prlvedh trèkeki ek

tbh ush la jlfputhrs `kd tbh Ekthrkht. Tbhsh `jtevetehs `rh dhsjreohd ek irh`thr

dhtèc ek tbh shjtelk hktetchd Ekalrf`telk `kd Jlffukej`telks Thjbklcliy.

Ekar`strujturh

Lathk, tbh o`sej strujturh la k hxesteki sjbllc es ek sujb desrh-

pèr tb`t study es vhry deaaejuct. Ek Flcdlv`, Z^@ ir`kt bhcphd

` clj`c sjbllc aukd tbh rhpèr la flrh tb`k 0:> wekdlws,

tbrluib wbejb sklw `kd ejh hkthrhd jc`ssrllfs jrh`teki `k

ukbh`ctby ch`rkeki hkverlkfhkt. Ltbhr strujtur`c rhpèrs ekjcudhd rhpc`jeki 849

pucc b`kdchs `kd shvhr`c wekdlw ar`fhs, `s whcc `s rhpèreki shvhr`c sekgs.

Tbrluiblut tbh wlrcd, Z^@ ir`kts b`vh supplrthd jlkstrujtelk la khw jc`ss-

rllfs. Ek T`kz`ke`,` rhterhd th`jbhrs irlup `ssesthd ek ouecdeki ` th`jbhrs

laaejh `kd tbrhh khw jc`ssrllfs `t ` pref`ry sjbllc, wbhrh ek tbh p`st tbh


76/129


9> h jh Jlrps

HDXJ@TELK

studhkts ek `cc heibt ir`dhs b`d ohhk sb`reki lkh sjbllcrllf. Flrhlvhr, tbh

@sslje`telk la _hterhd Th`jbhrs, tlihtbhr wetb tbh sjbllc, dhvhclphd `k ek-

jlfh-ihkhr`teki a`rf prlmhjt, tbh ekjlfh arlf wbejb wecc il derhjtcy ektl tbhsjbllcs oudiht alr sjbllc fèkthk`kjh `kd auturh hxp`kselk.

@ kufohr la sjbllc jlffuketehs ekete`thd Z^@-supplrthd `jtevetehs tb`t ekjlrpl-

r`th vlj`telk`c trèkeki `kd hxphrehkjh alr studhkts wetb tbh sjbllc efprlvhfhkt

`jtevetehs. Alr hx`fpch, studhkts j`k p`rtejep`th ek tbh aòrej`telk la dhsgs, tòchs,

`kd jbèrs alr jc`ssrllfs kd ceor`rehs. Ek ltbhr prlmhjts, studhkts wbl b`vh ch`rkhd

j`rphktry sgeccs ek sjbllc rh prlvedeki v`cuòch shrvejhs ek tbher jlffuketehs. @t

sgeccs trèkeki jhkthr ek H`sthrk J`reooh`k, studhkts rh trèkhd ek wlld jràts wetbtllcs purjb`shd tbrluib ` Z^@ ir`kt. @s tbh studhkts ch`rk, hvhrylkh ohkhaets. Tbh

jlffukety ohkhaets arlf tbh vècòecety la j`drh la trèkhd rtes`ks kd clw-jlst

wlld prldujts, tbh ylutb ohkhaet arlf khw sgeccs ek jràts `kd f`rghteki, `kd tbh

sjbllc ohkhaets arlf ` plrtelk la tbh ekjlfh ihkhr`thd oy tbh `jtevety.

Ltbhr Z^@ ir`kts b`vh bhcphd jlffuketehs `jquerh khhdhd slje`c ekar`-

strujturh tl oh ushd alr ` wedh v`rehty la hduj`telk`c lr rhjrh`telk`c `jteve-

tehs. Alr hx`fpch, ek Zhkhi`c, ` cethr`jy prlmhjt èfhd `t tbh wlfhk laDehklukde`c` rhjhevhd ` Z^@ ir`kt tl jlkstrujt ` sf`cc ouecdeki tb`t wecc

prlvedh `k hkverlkfhkt jlkdujevh tl studehs alr wlfhk. Tbhsh wlfhk b`vh

dhflkstr`thd ` jlffetfhkt tl ekjrh`seki tbher rh`deki `kd wreteki sgeccs

dureki tbh dry sh`slk.

Z^@ aukds bhcphd purjb`sh suppcehs alr tbes sjbllc jlkstrujtelk prlmhjt ek Iòlk.


77/129

90


HDXJ@TELK

Tbh Fw`foete Zhjlkd`ry Zjbllc ek Ghky` edhkteaehd ` c`jg la rhjrh`telk`c

a`jecetehs alr ylutb `kd dhvhclphd ` Z^@ prlpls`c tl ouecd ` o`sghto`cc jlurt.

Tbh edh` ohbekd tbh prlmhjt w`s tl jrh`th sàh vhkuh alr splrteki jtevety alr

`cc ylutb, wbhtbhr ek lr lut la sjbllc. Tbher lomhjtevhs csl ekjcudhd hkb`kjeki

tbh st`tus la tbh sjbllc `s `k efplrt`kt jlffukety ekstetutelk, `kd efprlveki

tbh phralrf`kjh la sjbllc `kd clj`c th`fs ek destrejt, prlvekje`c, `kd k`telk`c

o`sghto`cc jlfphtetelks.

@s tbh jlkstrujtelk prlirhsshd, et w`s hvedhkt tb`t tbh jtevety w`s dr`weki tbh

sjbllc tlihtbhr s jlffukety, wetb oltb f`ch kd ahf`ch studhkts p`rtejep`t-

eki hqu`ccy ek tbh f`ku`c wlrg `kd laahreki h`jb ltbhr hkjlurìhfhkt `kd

supplrt. Hquepphd wetb o`sej jlkstrujtelk sgeccs, ekjcudeki alukd`telk c`yeki

`kd jhfhkt wlrg, `kd ` o`sej gklwchdih la prlpls`c wreteki, studhkts ahct `

khw shksh la predh ek tbher sjbllc, jlkaedhkjh ek tbher òecetehs, `kd hfplwhr-

fhkt wetbek tbher jlffukety. Ybhk jlkstrujtelk w`s jlfpchthd, oltb f`ch

`kd ahf`ch o`sghto`cc th`fs whrh alrfhd7 tbh th`fs `rh hkmlyeki ch`rkeki,

pc`yeki, `kd th`jbeki o`sghto`cc tl ltbhrs.

Tbh Qlcukthhr rhplrts tb`t tbh jlffukety w`s vhry hktbuse`stej olut tbh prlmhjt,`s hvedhkjhd oy tbh còlr `kd haalrt tbhy jlktreouthd tbrluiblut tbh prlmhjt.

Tbh jlffukety b`s jlktekuhd ets `jtevetehs kd klw es ekthrhsthd ek lri`kezeki

khw splrts th`fs `kd trèkeki shsselks, `kd ek blsteki chìuh pc`y `kd tlurk`-

fhkts. Tbh jlffukety es hìhr tl c`kdsj`ph tbh `rh` surrlukdeki tbh jlurt

wetb sb`dh trhhs `kd cevh ahkjeki.

Ekjlfh Ihkhr`telk/ Zust ekòecetyF`ky sjbllcs, hsphje`ccy jlffukety sjbllcs, aekd et deaae-

juct tl jlvhr tbher jlsts. Oudiht supplrt rhjhevhd arlf cl-

j`c `kd k`telk`c fekestrehs es lathk eksuaaejehkt tl jlvhr

th`jbhrs s`c`rehs, p`y utecetehs, purjb`sh hquepfhkt, `kd

fèktèk a`jecetehs. Ekjrh`sekicy, sjbllcs `rh ekjlrplr`teki ekjlfh-ihkhr`t-

eki `jtevetehs tb`t `cclw tbhf tl jlktekuh hduj`telk prlir`fs `kd hxtr`jur-

rejuc`r `jtevetehs.

Ek Ghky`shvhr`c sjbllcs b`vh ohiuk ekjlfh-ihkhr`teki `jtevetehs, wbejb `rh

usu`ccy cekghd tl tbh sjbllcs jurrejucuf. Thjbkej`c sjbllcs, alr hx`fpch, f`y

prlvedh trèkeki tl olys kd iercs ek lkh lr flrh vlj`telk`c sgeccs. Tbh studhkts

wlrg `s tbhy ch`rk tbher tr`dhs es tbhk slcd tl ihkhr`th ekjlfh.


78/129


9? h jh Jlrps

HDXJ@TELK

Tbh Ky`w` ^ref`ry Zjbllc, ek

Ghky`, es ek `k `rh` tb`t b`s ` beib

dhphkdhkjh lk ìrejucturh. Tbh phr-

jhktìh la studhkts wbl il lk tl shj-

lkd`ry sjbllc kd ukevhrsety es sf`cc,

`kd flst wecc ohjlfh a`rfhrs. Tl

prlvedh ` flrh rhchv`kt hduj`telk tl

ylutb ek tbes `rh`, tbh Qlcukthhr `kd

tbh clj`c jlffukety hstòcesbhd `

wlrgeki dhflkstr`telk a`rf tl prl-vedh trèkeki `kd ltbhr `ssest`kjh tl

studhkts kd tbh surrlukdeki jlffu-

kety ek cevhstljg prldujtelk, zhrl-

ir`zeki fecg prldujtelk, kd lri`kej

a`rfeki. Tbrluib tbher haalrts tbhy

`rh th`jbeki a`rfhrs `kd studhkts

@ whcdeki wlrgsblp ek Flrljjl

tr`ksahrrhd hfpclyòch sgeccs `kd prldujhd

ushauc ethfs, sujb `s tbes wbhhcjbèr.

`cegh òlut tbh prlphr ush la `vècòch rhslurjhs tl efprlvh prldujtelk `kd

prldujtevety. @t tbh s`fh tefh, tbhy blph tbher haalrts wecc hkòch tbh sjbllctl ohjlfh flrh shca-suaaejehkt.

Ztudhkts kd tbh jlffukety b`vh ch`rkhd khw ìrejuctur`c prldujtelk thjb-

kequhs. @ zhrl-ir`zeki uket w`s jlfpchthd `kd es lphr`teki a`r ohtthr tb`k

hxphjthd. Tbher jlw prldujhs 00 cethrs la fecg phr d`y, wbejb prlvedhs

studhkts wetb arhsb fecg lk ` dècy o`ses `kd ` prldujt tb`t j`k oh slcd

wetbek tbh jlffukety. @s ` rhsuct la tbes `jtevety, tbh jlffukety b`s oh-

jlfh flrh ukeaehd `kd es f`geki khw pc`ks alr tbh dhflkstr`telk a`rf.Tbhy pc`k tl ekst`cc ` oeli`s deihsthr, ` secìh pet, ` tbrhh-stìh jlfplst

pet, kd dlrfetlry ouecdeki. @ctbluib tbh sjbllc wecc khhd tl lotèk dde-

telk`c aukds tl jlvhr tbhsh ekvhstfhkts, et pc`ks tl jlvhr lphr`teki jlsts `t

oltb tbh sjbllc `kd tbh a`rf wetb ekjlfh arlf tbh s`ch la fecg `kd ltbhr

a`rf prldujh.


Ljj`selk`ccy, Z^@ aukds `rh ushd tl purjb`sh hquepfhkt tb`t

hkb`kjhs tbh jurrejucuf lr efprlvhs haaejehkjy ek tbh destre-

outelk la ekstrujtelk`c f`thre`cs ek ` sjbllc lr trèkeki ekste-

tuth. Tbh Jlffukety Hkicesb rlir`f la tbh Ifeky Glrjzyk`


79/129

9:


HDXJ@TELK

ek ^lc`kd rhjhevhd ` Z^@ ir`kt tl purjb`sh ` pbltljlpy f`jbekh tl dupcej`th

chsslk pc`ks, thsts, kd b`kdluts alr studhkts7 thchveselk7 jlfputhr kd QJ_

tl ruk trèkeki vedhls `kd ekthr`jtevh c`kiuìh shsselks7 `kd ` j`sshtth pc`yhr

alr wlrgeki wetb c`kiuìh-ch`rkeki t`phs. Jc`sshs klw rh laahrhd ek tbh hvhkeki

`kd lk whhghkds tl rh`jb duct ch`rkhrs wbl wecc shhg hfpclyfhkt ek tbh irlw-

eki tluresf ekdustry. Tl hksurh sustèkòecety, studhkts p`y sf`cc ahh tl fèk-

tèk hquepfhkt `kd upd`th t`phs `kd vedhls.

Ek _lf`ke`, ` Qlcukthhr kd twl clj`c jlffukety irlups rhjlikezhd tbh khhd

tl fldhrkezh `kd efprlvh tbh jlffuketys ceor`ry shrvejhs. Tbhy pc`kkhd tl

upd`th ceor`ry thjbklcliy `kd tl strhkitbhk tbh ceor`rys rhslurjh o`sh. Tbhsh

efprlvhfhkts, ek turk, bhcphd clj`c jlffukety lri`kez`telks j`rry lut tbher

`jtevetehs. @ clj`c wlfhks irlup ièkhd jjhss tl jlfputhr-o`shd ekalrf`telk

ek tbh `rh`s la bh`ctb `kd a`fecy. @ jbecdrhks tbhr`py prlir`f ushd jlfputhr

thjbklcliy alr rhjlrd ghhpeki.

Ek pc`kkeki tbh jtevety, tbh Qlcukthhr kd jlffukety p`rtkhrs pèd jclsh `tthk-

telk tl tbh gekds la sgeccs tr`ksahrs tb`t wlucd oh khhdhd tl jlfpchfhkt tbh

thjbklcliy `ddetelks.

Tbh bh`d ceor`re`k rhjhevhd sphje`cezhd jlfputhr trèkeki, `kd f`ky la tbh

p`rtejep`kts whrh trèkhd ek useki JD-_LFs, Ekthrkht k`vei`telk, dhsgtlp puo-

cesbeki, `kd prlpls`c wreteki.

@s ` rhsuct la tbh `jtevety tbhrh b`s ohhk ` f`rghd ollst ek tbh st`tus la tbh

ceor`ry kd tbh ceor`re`ks s jlffukety ch`dhrs. Tbhrh es csl ekjrh`shd supplrt

arlf tbh fèk ceor`ry. Lkh ukhxphjthd lutjlfh b`s ohhk tbh st`rt-up la kheib-olrblld khwsp`phr wretthk oy yluki phlpch useki tbh ceor`ry jlfputhr. Jur-

rhktcy, tbh jlffukety es jlkdujteki v`relus aukdrèseki jtevetehs tl fhht jlsts

alr thchpblkh `kd Ekthrkht `jjhss jb`rihs `kd ahhs, `s whcc `s alr suppcehs.

Ekstrujtelk c F`thre cs

@t Zt. Gezetls Cethek Zjbllc alr tbh Dhà ek Ghky`, `

Z^@ jtevety prlvedhd heibt blurs la jc`ssrllf seik c`k-iuìh ekstrujtelk tl 0>> p`rhkts `kd jlffukety fhf-

ohrs, `kd `k `ddetelk`c alur blurs la ekstrujtelk lk essuhs rhchv`kt tl tbh dhà

`kd dhà hduj`telk. Tbes `jtevety w`s lri`kezhd ohjùsh flst studhkts p`rhkts

whrh uka`fece`r wetb seik c`kiuìh `kd tbhrhalrh ukòch tl jlffukej`th wetb


80/129


94 h jh Jlrps

HDXJ@TELK

tbher jbecdrhk `kd supplrt tbhf ek tbher sjbllcwlrg. Ek `ddetelk tl tbh jc`ss-

rllf ekstrujtelk, tbh p`rtejep`kts `csl rhjhevhd ekstrujtelk`c f`thre`cs. @k uk-

`ktejep`thd lutjlfh la tbes jtevety w`s tbh dhirhh la hktbuse`sf despc`yhd oy

tbh p`rhkts, wbejb b`s chd tl p`rhkts `kd sjbllc stàa alrfeki ` khw p`rhkt-

th`jbhr `sslje`telk tl supplrt efprlvhfhkts `t tbh sjbllc.

Fukejep`c Dhvhclpfhkt

Z^@ ir`kt jtevetehs ek tbh rh` la fukejep`c dhvhclpfhkt

`rh ekjrh`seki. Ek tbh hduj`telk shjtlr, dhvhclpeki hdu-

j`telk`c ekar`strujturh ek jclsh jllrdek`telk lr p`rtkhr-

sbep wetb clj`c fukejep`cetehs es lkh hx`fpch la tbes trhkd.

EkKej`rìu`, Z^@ ir`kt bhcphd th`jbhrs la tbh Z`kt` Thrhs` Zjbllc tl rhjlk-

detelk ` fukejep`c ouecdeki `s ` ceor`ry. Tbh ceor`ry prlvedhs ekalrf`telk`c rh-

slurjhs alr th`jbhrs kd ltbhr jlffukety fhfohrs, ekjcudeki bh`ctb prlflthrs.

Tbh ceor`ry csl prlflths rh`deki flki yluki jbecdrhk. Tbh ceor`re`k kd tbh

th`jbhrs p`rtejep`thd ek ` alur-d`y sgeccs ouecdeki wlrgsblp ek ceor`ry sjehkjh

`kd dfekestr`telk jlkdujthd oy tbh Fekestry la Hduj`telk. @k efplrt`kt jlf-

plkhkt la tbh prlmhjt w`s tl prlvedh trèkeki ek j`rphktry tl clj`c ylutb, wbl

tbhk ouect tbh sbhcvhs, tòchs, `kd jbèrs alr tbh ceor`ry. Tbh ceor`ry es klw p`rt

la tbh jluktrys K`telk`c Ceor`ry Khtwlrg.

Ltbhr `jtevetehs, ek _lf`ke`, Yhsthrk _usse`, `kd M`fèj`, b`vh rhjlk-

detelkhd fukejep`c ouecdekis tl shrvh `s jlffukety ekalrf`telk `kd

rhslurjh jhkthrs.


81/129

98


Ousekhss

Ek ousekhss `kd sf`cc hkthrpresh dhvhclpfhkt, Z^@ ir`kts prekjep`ccy supplrt

`jtevetehs tb`t prlvedh b`kds-lk trèkeki tl ekjrh`sh sgeccs, hfpclyfhkt, `kd

ekjlfh alr irlups tb`t dl klt b`vh jjhss tl tbh j`pet`c, hquepfhkt, lr f`rghts

rhquerhd tl h`rk ekjlfh. F`ky la tbhsh `jtevetehs ekvlcvh wlfhk lr ylutb `s

prekjep`c ohkhaeje`rehs. Ek bhcpeki tbhsh irlups `jquerh tbh sgeccs khjhss`ry tl

lphr`th sujjhssauccy ek tbh f`rghtpc`jh, Z^@ ir`kts prlvedh trèkeki, hetbhr ek

alrf`c shtteki lr oy hstòcesbeki ousekhss rhslurjh jhkthrs. Ltbhr Z^@ ir`kts

bhcp wlfhk, sf`cc a`rfhrs, lr `rtes`ks `jquerh tbh f`thre`cs, hquepfhkt, `kd

tllcs tbhy khhd tl efprlvh tbh qu`cety, `kd tbhrhalrh f`rght plsetelk, la tbher

prldujts. Qlcukthhrs rh wlrgeki tl jrh`th khw ousekhsshs `kd wetb KILs tb`t

prlvedh shrvejhs tl sf`cc hktrhprhkhurs.


Trèkeki

Ousekhss rhslurjhs jhkthrs

Hquepfhkt, rhslurjhs, `kd ekstrujtelk`c f`thre`cs tl supplrt

ousekhss dhvhclpfhkt

Khw ousekhss dhvhclpfhkt

KIL dhvhclpfhkt

Tr ekeki

@ v`rehty la Z^@ ir`kts prlvedh trèkeki tl fhk, wlfhk, `kd

ylutb tl dhvhclp tbher ousekhss sgeccs. Tbhsh ir`kts ekjcudh

trèkeki ek prldujtelk-rhc`thd hkdh`vlrs r`kieki arlf ìre-

jucturh, `qu`jucturh, `kd cevhstljg prldujtelk, tl thxtechs, jh-

r`fejs, `kd ltbhr b`kdejràts, tl flrh klktr`detelk`c prldujts sujb `s skècs

`kd lri`kej ahrtecezhrs. ^rlir`fs `csl laahr trèkeki ek `jjlukteki, aek`kje`c

f`kìhfhkt, fejrljrhdet, f`rghteki, `kd sf`cc ousekhss f`kìhfhkt. Trèk-

eki es usu`ccy prlvedhd ek ` wlrgsblp alrf`t lr tbrluib prlir`fs laahrhd oy

ousekhss rhslurjh jhkthrs.


82/129


91 h jh Jlrps

OXZEKHZZ

@ wedh v`rehty la Z^@ trèkeki wlrgsblpsprlvedh fhk, wlfhk, kd ylutb tbhlpplrtukety tl efprlvh tbher sgeccs tl ekjrh`sh tbher gklwchdih kd shca-hsthhf

`kd efprlvh tbher òecety tl h`rk ekjlfh. Trèkeki ljjurs ek tr`detelk`c sgeccs

sujb s shweki kd gketteki (Flrljjl kd J`ph Qhrdh) lr sl`p f`geki (Tlil).

Ekjrh`sekicy, Qlcukthhrs `kd tbher jlffuketehs `rh cllgeki alr w`ys tl rhdh-

seik tr`detelk`c prldujts `kd edhkteay khw prldujts tb`t j`k suppcy khw f`r-

ghts. Tbhsh ekjcudh o`tegs ek Zhkhi`c `kd ethfs f`dh arlf rhjyjchd pc`stej

oìs ek F`ce.

Zhvhr`c trèkeki prlmhjts ek ^`k`f` b`vh ohhk j`rrehd lut wetb ekdeihklus

wlfhks irlups. Tbh prlmhjts b`vh bhcphd tbhsh irlups f`gh sceibt `d`pt`-

telks tl tbher tr`detelk`c b`kdejràts tl f`gh tbh jràts flrh `ttr`jtevh ek clj`c

f`rghts `kd tl tlurests. Lkh Z^@ ir`kt prlvedhd trèkeki tl yluki wlfhk ek

Guk`, wbhrh tbh tr`detelk la shwekiflc`s w`s oheki clst. Flc`s `rh sf`cc,

jlclrauc, `kd aekhcy shwk t`phstrehs tb`t b`vh ohhk prldujhd oy Guk` wlfhk

alr ihkhr`telks. Uluki wlfhk `tthkdhd wlrgsblp tl ch`rk blw tl dhseik, jut,

`kd shw flc`, aljuseki lk alur tr`detelk`c dhseiks. @kltbhr Z^@ ir`kt bhcphddhar`y tbh jlst la jlkstrujteki twl-stlry rtes`k jhkthr, prlvedeki ekdeihklus

wlfhk wetb ` pc`jh tl prldujh tbher `rts `kd jràts `kd tl blcd fhhtekis `kd

shfek`rs. Tbh Qlcukthhr rhplrts tb`t dureki tbh prlmhjt, tbh wlfhk `csl dhvhc-

lphd `dfekestr`tevh, lri`kez`telk`c, `kd aukdrèseki sgeccs.

Ylfhks lri`kez`telks ek Tbh Zlclflk Esc`kds b`vh ushd Z^@ aukds tl ch`rk

khw sgeccs `kd efprlvh ekjlfh-ihkhr`teki lpplrtuketehs.


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99


OXZEKHZZ

F`ky trèkeki prlmhjts ek tbh sf`cc ousekhss shjtlr t`riht wlfhk, ekjcudeki

prlmhjts ek Tlil, Ohkek, Zlutb @arej`, K`feoe`,`kd Jth dEvlerh.Ek Ohkek,`

Z^@ ir`kt prlvedhd sphje`cezhd trèkeki tl wlfhk sf`cc ousekhss lwkhrs ek

Clglss` tl upir`dh sgecc chvhcs ek `jjlukteki, f`kìhfhkt, `kd f`rghteki.

Flrh tb`k 8> wlfhk sf`cc ousekhss lwkhrs `tthkdhd tbh shfek`r shrehs `kd

`rh klw òch tl sht up sefpch `jjlukteki systhfs, dhvhclp f`rghteki str`th-

iehs, kd ihkhr`ccy efprlvh tbh f`kìhfhkt la tbher ousekhsshs. @kltbhr essuh

a`jeki wlfhk sf`cc ousekhss lwkhrs es tbh khhd alr jrhdet. F`ky wlfhk ek

Tlil w`kt jjhss tl jrhdet out c`jg tbh sgeccs tl prlphrcy f`kìh tbhsh rhslurjhs.

@ wlrgsblp w`s bhcd tl ektrldujh fhfohrs la ` wlfhks irlup tl jrhdet sys-thfs, `kd tl tbh `dv`ktìhs `kd des`dv`ktìhs la lotèkeki jrhdet. Tbhy `csl

desjusshd tbh efplrt`kjh la s`vekis kd k ekthrk`c jrhdet fhjb`kesf. Ylfhk

hxjb`kihd edh`s `kd dhvhclphd tbher lri`kez`telk`c `kd khtwlrgeki sgeccs.

Oy tbh hkd la tbh trèkeki, tbh wlfhk b`d alrfhd rhielk`c wlfhks sslje`-

telk. Tbes khw sslje`telk c`thr lotèkhd kltbhr Z^@ ir`kt tl jlkdujt ` thjbke-

j`c hxjb`kih wetb f`kìhrs kd rhprhshkt`tevhs la aek`kje`c ekstetutelks ek Clfh.

Tbh wlfhk b`d dhjedhd tl jrh`th ` fejrlaek`kjh KIL out c`jghd tbh khjhs-s`ry lri`kez`telk`c `kd f`kìhfhkt sgeccs. Ek tbher vesets tl tbh Clfh ekstetu-

telks, tbh wlfhk i`tbhrhd ekalrf`telk lk blw tl jrh`th `k KIL `kd ch`rkhd

flrh òlut tbh f`kìhfhkt `kd aek`kjh-rhc`thd sgeccs tbhy wlucd khhd tl dh-

vhclp. Tbhy `csl lotèkhd ekalrf`telk òlut plsseoch slurjhs la aek`kjeki alr

tbher khw KIL arlf clj`c `kd ltbhr slurjhs. @cc ek `cc, tbh wlfhk ch`rkhd

òlut tbh sthps rhquerhd tl jrh`th ` fejrlaek`kjh KIL, blw tl lri`kezh `kd

efpchfhkt s`vekis `kd jrhdet shrvejhs, `kd aurtbhr blkhd tbher f`kìhfhkt

`kd dljufhkt`telk`c sgeccs. Xctef`thcy, tbhy whrh òch tl rhiesthr tbher khwKIL wetb tbh `pprlpre`th ùtblretehs.

Ousekhss _hslurjh Jhkthrs

Zlfh Z^@ ir`kts bhcp supplrt tbh hstòcesbfhkt la ousekhss

rhslurjh jhkthrs tb`t prlvedh ekalrf`telk kd ltbhr ssest`kjh

tl phrslks cllgeki alr hfpclyfhkt. Z^@ ir`kts supplrthd ouse-

khss jhkthrs ek shvhr`c jluktrehs ek Hurlph, tbh Fhdethrr`kh`k,`kd @se`, ekjcudeki Xzohgest`k, Zclv`ge`, Flcdlv`,`kd G`z`gbst`k. Ek tbh

Z`f`rg`kd rhielk la Xzohgest`k,tbhrh `rh ahw, ea `ky, shrvejhs tb`t f`tjb hf-

pclyhrs wetb qu`ceaehd mlo `ppcej`kts. @ Qlcukthhr `kd tbh hjlklfejs dhp`rt-

fhkt la tbh clj`c ukevhrsety prlplshd tbh jrh`telk la ` j`rhhr jhkthr, wbejb


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92 h jh Jlrps

OXZEKHZZ

wlucd ekjcudh ` jhktr`c mlo rhiestry `kd jch`rekiblush alr up-tl-d`th hfpcly-

fhkt ekalrf`telk. Xseki Z^@ ir`kt tl purjb`sh ` jlfputhr kd slatw`rh, tbhy

hstòcesbhd `k lk-cekh rhiestry la hfpclyfhkt lpplrtuketehs `kd plthkte`c hf-

pclyhhs `kd tbher qu`ceaej`telks. Tbh prlmhjt `csl trèkhd mlo `ppcej`kts ek tbh

sgeccs khhdhd tl lotèk prldujtevh hfpclyfhkt. Ztàa la tbh j`rhhr jhkthr whrh

trèkhd ek jlfputhrs, ek fldhrk fhtblds la thsteki, `kd ek tbh sjrhhkeki `kd

shchjtelk la qu`ceaehd ppcej`kts. Xshrs la tbh jhkthrs shrvejhs wecc p`y sf`cc

ahh tl jlvhr tbh jhkthrs jlsts ek tbh auturh. Tbh puocejety ihkhr`thd oy tbh

prlmhjt es jlktreouteki tl efprlvhd `w`rhkhss la fhret-o`shd bereki.

Zlfh ousekhss rhslurjh jhkthrs laahr trèkeki `kd jhrteaej`telk tl plthkte`c mlo

`ppcej`kts. Ek Zclv`ge`,` rhslurjh jhkthr laahrhd trèkeki ek ousekhss dhvhclp-

fhkt `s whcc `s Hkicesb c`kiuìh trèkeki `kd jhrteaej`telk. Hkicesb c`kiuìh

sgeccs b`vh ohjlfh queth efplrt`kt tl clj`c ousekhss lphr`telks.

Ohylkd trèkeki, f`ky ousekhss jhkthrs prlvedh ekalrf`telk tl sf`cc ousekhss

lwkhrs p`rtejuc`rcy ek tbh `rh` la f`rght rhsh`rjb `kd prldujt dhvhclpfhkt.

Tbh Xst-G`fhklilrsg Hktrhprhkhu

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