Peace Movements• As the war progressed, a number of groups & individuals attempted to arrange a peace. They all failed.• Apr 1915: Women’s Peace Conference in The Hague with representatives from 150 countries passed 20 peace resolutions, some similar to what would become Wilson’s Fourteen Points.• In GBR, former Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald (Dec 1916) & Lord Lansdowne (Nov 1917) both vilified for calling for peace.

Peace Movements• International socialist conferences (Sept 1915, Apr 1916) express opposition to war.• Pope Benedict XV had called for peace in Nov 1914 & Jul 1915. In Aug 1917, he proposed a 7 point peace plan. The Central Powers were interested but FRA & GBR were not. The USA (previously happy for a ‘peace without victory’) eventually replied that the Kaiser would have to go before peace could occur.

Peace Movements• Sept 1917: Stockholm Peace Conference abandoned when FRA/GBR refused to attend.

• Experience of WWI changed attitudes towards war. Whilst war could not be avoided, it were no longer looked forward to.

• A strong anti-war/pacifist response was evident in post-war literature & art.