Olive SARP 29 January 2015

© Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd 2014

Olives

Strategic Agrichemical Review Process

2015 HIA Project - MT10029

January 2015

Olive SARP 29 January 2015

Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited Project Number:

MT10029 – Managing pesticide access in horticulture.

Contact:

Jodie Pedrana Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited

PO Box 12996, George Street Brisbane QLD 4003

Ph: 0404 314 751 Email: jodie.pedrana@horticulture.com.au

Purpose of the report: To investigate the pest problem, agrichemical usage and pest management alternatives for the olive

industry across Australia. The information in this report will assist the industry with its agrichemical

selection and usage into the future.

Funding sources: MT10029 - This project has been funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited using the vegetable

industry levy and across industry funds with matched funds from the Australian Government.

Date of report:

23 January 2015

Disclaimer: Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA Ltd) makes no representations and expressly disclaims all

warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information

in the Olive SARP Report. Users of this material should take independent action before relying on its accuracy in any way.

Reliance on any information provided by HIA Ltd is entirely at your own risk. HIA Ltd is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability

arising in any way (including from HIA Ltd or any other person’s negligence or otherwise) from your use or

non-use of the Olive SARP Report, or from reliance on information contained in the material or that HIA Ltd provides to you by any other means.

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Contents

1. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................................... 2

2. THE AUSTRALIAN OLIVE INDUSTRY ...................................................................................................................... 4

3. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.1. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 3.2. MINOR USE PERMITS AND REGISTRATION ........................................................................................................................ 6 3.3. METHODS ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 3.4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 6

3.4.1. Detail ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 3.4.2 Appendices ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

4. PESTS AND DISEASES OF OLIVE ............................................................................................................................ 7

4.1 DISEASES OF OLIVE ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.1 Priority diseases for control............................................................................................................................ 7 4.1.2 Available and potential products for priority diseases .................................................................................. 8

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Biosecurity diseases .............................................................................................................................................................. 9

4.1.3 Current control options for other diseases .................................................................................................... 9 4.2 INSECTS OF OLIVE ..................................................................................................................................................... 11

4.2.1 Priority insects for control ............................................................................................................................ 11 4.2.2 Available and potential products for priority insects .................................................................................. 12

Olive lace bug ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Scale .................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Apple weevil (Curculio beetle) (Otiorhynchus cribricollis) ................................................................................................... 14 Fruit fly ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Locusts and grasshoppers ................................................................................................................................................... 15 Olive bud mite ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 African black beetle ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Ants ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Cutworms ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Green vegetable bug ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 Lightbrown apple moth ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 Rutherglen bug .................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Thrips .................................................................................................................................................................................. 17

4.2.3 Other insects ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Biosecurity pests ................................................................................................................................................................. 18

4.3 SLUGS AND SNAILS .................................................................................................................................................... 19 4.4 VERTEBRATES .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 4.5. NEMATODES ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 4.6. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION ..................................................................................................................................... 19 4.7 ADJUVANTS............................................................................................................................................................. 19 4.8. WEEDS OF OLIVE ...................................................................................................................................................... 20

5. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 21

6. APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................................... 22

Appendix 1. Current and potential fungicides for disease control in olives ........................................................................ 22 Appendix 2. Current and potential insecticides for control of insects in olives .................................................................. 23 Appendix 3. Brand names associated with active ingredients ............................................................................................ 27 Appendix 4. Olive MRLs ....................................................................................................................................................... 29 Appendix 5. Permits for use in olive .................................................................................................................................... 32

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1. Summary

A Strategic Agrichemical Review Process (SARP) through the process of a desktop audit and industry liaison;

(i) assesses the importance of the diseases, insects and weeds (plant pests) that can affect a

horticultural industry;

(ii) evaluates the availability and effectiveness of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides

(pesticides) to control the plant pests;

(iii) determines any gaps in the pest control strategy and

(iv) identifies suitable new or alternatives pesticides to address the gaps.

Alternative pesticides should ideally be selected for benefits of:

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) compatibility

Improved scope for resistance management

Sound biological profile

Residue and trade acceptance domestically and for export

The SARP for olives was conducted on 24th November 2014 in Adelaide, as a specially convened meeting of industry that included growers and industry experts. The results of the process provide the industry with

pesticide options for the future that the industry can pursue for either registration with the manufacturer,

or minor-use permits with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA).

There is growing interest in the Australian olive industry for lower chemical use production methods and

achieving organic and biodynamic certification, with growers striving to utilise innovative biological controls, improved tree nutrition and other non-chemical solutions. Nevertheless chemicals are needed for pest

control, fruit loosening and spray adjuvants. Whilst the number of product registrations and approvals appears reasonable, there is insufficient chemistry available for alternation.

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The priorities put forward by the olive industry during the 2014 SARP process follow:

Chemical or activity

Active ingredient

Comments Action priority

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

Alternate systemic

TO ACTION: investigate a 3rd systemic fungicide for anthracnose to complement the copper sprays and pyraclostrobin + metiram (AERO)

Medium

Olive lace bug

(Froggattia olivinia)

Olive or vegetable oil

Consideration of fatty acid profile would be required before choosing a potential product, to avoid adulteration of the oil. Note: Robert Spooner-Hart has previously evaluated both petroleum spray oils and canola oil (EcoOil) against olive lace bug. At the highest recommended rate (2% for a Horticulture Mineral Oil), there was efficacy against 1st instars, less for 2nd instars and none for later instars or adults. TO ACTION: Investigate and test further options

High

Cercospora leaf mould (olive leaf spot /cercosporiosis)

(C. cladosporioides /Pseusocercospora cladosporioides).

Olive peacock spot (olive leaf spot) (Spilocaea oleagina)

Alternate chemistry

New chemistry needed. Consider management strategies and worldwide initiatives when selecting an option to adopt. Growers stated a systemic was needed but it is important to check the situation first to ensure it is actually a systemic required.

TO ACTION: Investigate and test new chemistry

Medium

Black scale

(Saissetia oleae)

Armoured scales

(Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Buprofezin Inferior to fenoxycarb but could be useful cheap alternative.

TO ACTION: Pursue permit – generate appropriate data requirements

Medium

Apple weevil (Curculio beetle) (Otiorhynchus cribricollis)

Cyantraniliprole TO ACTION: Pursue permit. Efficacy and residue data required for olives, should work with Dupont if possible.

Medium

Olive bud mite

(Oxycenus maxwelli)

Abamectin Potential. Low-high impact on beneficials: bees (high impact), predatory mites (moderate impact), parasitoids (moderate to high impact), general predators (low impact).

Note: Abamectin is not registered for use against any bug pests in Australia, which suggests it is unlikely to be efficacious against olive lace bug.

TO ACTION: Determine efficacy against OLB before perusing further.

Generate required efficacy and residue data to support a permit application for either, bifenazate or abamectin for the control of olive bud mite. A use pattern will need to be determined through efficacy trials before undertaking residue trials.

Low

Olive bud mite

(Oxycenus maxwelli)

Bifenazate Bifenazate is selective, and does not impact on other insects including beneficials.

TO ACTION: Generate required efficacy and residue data to support a permit application for either, bifenazate or abamectin for the control of olive bud mite. A use pattern will need to be determined through efficacy trials before undertaking residue trials.

Low

NOTE: A high priority for growers is the development of strategies and education materials on

management practices and plant nutrition, with the aim of supporting a growing interest in the Australian Olive Industry for lower chemical use, and in achieving organic / biodynamic certification.

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2. The Australian olive industry

The Australian Olive Industry is a small, but resourceful industry in Australia. The industry began expanding in the 1990s, largely as a result of investment schemes, with around 30,000 hectares of new trees planted

around this time. It is now a mature, technically advanced industry with a strong export focus and a high

quality of fruit and oil product. The previous rapid rate of growth is not expected in the short term as the rate of plantings has declined. Growers strive to be competitive, market on quality and take advantage of

emerging markets. There is also a move away from traditional low and medium planting density towards high and super-high density groves which may generate different pest and disease control issues.

Australian table olive production for the 2013 season is estimated at 2,500 tonne, with a Gross Value of Production estimated at $7.5 million. In 2013 olive oil production was forecast to reach around 18 million

litres, over 50 times the production in 2000.

Olives are grown in all states, though predominantly in the southern states. The yearly output is variable, with weather conditions impacting yield.

Although the industry has grown strongly there are considerable pressures. Imports have stabilised in

recent years (around 33 million litres) but still account for considerable domestic consumption. Australia also faces strong competition in the export market from high volume and often low quality overseas

product.

The profile of olive products has increased over the last decade resulting in overall increased consumption

in Australia (44 million L oil in 2012) and increased consumption of domestic product. As an example, in 2012 Australian consumption of domestic olive oil accounted for an estimated 72% compared to 54% in

2009.

Australian table olive exports in the 2011-2012 were 143 t (down 60% from the previous financial year),

with a total value of $0.67M. The major destinations are New Zealand (40%) and Greece (22%) with smaller volumes going to China, Fiji, PNG, UAE, Indonesia, Japan and Singapore.

Olive oil exports have also fluctuated, having been around 7.2 million litres in 2011 then pulling back to

around 3.2 million litres in 2012. The main olive oil export destinations are USA (36%), China (26%), Italy (17%), Spain (5%), New Zealand (7%) and Japan (5%).

Information on the Australian olive industry is sourced from RIRDC and the Australian Olive Association (www.australianolives.com.au), including data in Australian Food Statistics 2011-12, Australian Government

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 2013.

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3. Introduction 3.1. Background Growers of some horticultural crops suffer from a lack of legal access to crop protection products (pesticides).

The problem may be that whilst a relatively small crop area is valuable in an agricultural sense, it is not of

sufficient size for agchem manufacturers to justify the expense of registering a product use on that crop. Alternately, the disease, pest, or weed problem may be regional or spasmodic, making agchem companies

unwilling to bear the initial high cost of registering suitable pesticides.

Growers may at times be in a situation where they face severe losses from diseases, pests and weeds if they do nothing to protect their crops, or face penalties if they use a product that is not registered or available via a

permit. The olive industry is aware of the possible consequences of the use of unregistered or non-permitted

pesticides. These can include: produce with unauthorised pesticide residues; rejection at both local and export market levels; placing Australian export trading arrangements in jeopardy, and; fines and penalties.

Environmental concerns, consumer demands, and public opinion are also significant influences in the

marketplace related to pest management practices. Industry/IPM Practitioners must strive to implement

best management practices and tools to incorporate a pest management regime where strategies work in harmony with each other to achieve the desired effects while posing the least risks.

Pesticides have always been an important tool in the production of olives. They control the various diseases,

insects and weeds that affect the crop and can cause severe economic loss in modern high intensity growing operations. Pesticides are utilized to maximise crop yield, quality and customer appeal.

From a pesticide access perspective, the APVMA classifies olives as a minor crop. The crop fits within the

APVMA crop group 005 assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit (edible peel).

As a consequence of the issues facing the olive industry regarding pesticide access, Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA) and the olive industry undertook a review of pesticide requirements via a Strategic

Agrichemical Review Process (SARP). The aim was to determine solutions (primarily pesticide) to current and

future pest threats.

This SARP process identified diseases, insect pests and weeds of major concern to the olive industry. Against these threats, available registered or permitted pesticides, along with non-pesticide solutions, were evaluated

for overall suitability in terms of IPM, resistance, residues, withholding period, efficacy, trade, human safety

and environmental issues. Where tools were unavailable or unsuitable the process aimed to identify potential future solutions.

Chemical or activity Active ingredient

Comments Action priority

Olive lace bug (Froggattia olivinia) Olive or vegetable oil

TO ACTION: Investigate and test further options.

High

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

Alternate chemistry

TO ACTION: Investigate and test new chemistry.

Medium

Cercospora leaf mould (olive leaf spot/cercosporiosis) (C. cladosporioides /Pseusocercospora cladosporioides).

Olive peacock spot (olive leaf spot) (Spilocaea oleagina)

Black scale (Saissetia oleae)

Armoured scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Buprofezin TO ACTION: Pursue permit – generate appropriate data requirements.

Apple weevil (Curculio beetle) (Otiorhynchus cribricollis) Cyantraniliprole

Olive bud mite

(Oxycenus maxwelli)

Abamectin TO ACTION: Generate appropriate data requirements to support a permit application for bifenazate or abamectin.

Low

Bifenazate

This report is not a comprehensive assessment of all pests and control methods impacting on olive production

in Australia but attempts to prioritise the major problems.

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3.2. Minor use permits and registration

Olives are classified as a minor crop by the APVMA. Therefore access to minor use permits can be relatively straight forward as long as a reasonable justification is provided. Possible justification for future permit

applications could be based on:

New disease, insect or weed identified as a cropping issue

No pesticide approved for the problem

Current pesticides ineffective due to resistance

Trade risk - current pesticides unsuitable where crop commodities will be exported

IPM, environment or OH&S issues

Loss of pesticides due to removal from market or chemical review restrictions

Opportunity to extrapolate a use pattern when a new, effective pesticide is registered in another crop

Alternate pesticide has overseas registration or minor use permit

Market failure – insufficient return on investment for registrant.

With each of these options, sound, scientific argument is required to justify any new permit applications. Another option for the industry is for manufacturers to register new pesticides uses in the crop.

3.3. Methods In preparation for the SARP with HIA and the olive industry, consultation involved leading growers,

consultants, government agencies, agchem companies and agricultural reseller staff. The process included gathering, collation and confirmation of information:

Prioritisation of the major pests of olive into high, moderate and low categories.

Identification of the main pesticides and or other control agents used for each pest.

Identification of control gaps and possible solutions.

Prioritisation of actions such as research, data generation and permit applications to provide

management options for priority pests.

Alternatives are assessed for:

IPM compatibility

Improved scope for resistance management

Sound biological profile

Residue and trade acceptance domestically and for export

3.4. Results and discussions

3.4.1. Detail

Results and discussions are presented in the body of this document.

3.4.2 Appendices

Refer to additional information in the appendices: Appendix 1. Current and potential fungicides for disease control in olive

Appendix 2. Current and potential insecticides for control of insects in olive

Appendix 3. Examples of product brand names associated with active ingredients Appendix 4. Olive MRLs

Appendix 5. Olive permits

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4. Pests and diseases of olive 4.1 Diseases of olive 4.1.1 Priority diseases for control

Disease Comment

Major

Anthracnose

(Colletotrichum spp.)

Moderate-major problem. Causes soft circular rots on the fruit, and at high humidity produces an orange slimy mass of spores on the fruit surface. Commonly seen close to harvest when fruit softens. Transmission – survives on infected mummified fruit. Spores are spread by rain splash and wind. Can infect ripe fruit from new spores within 4 days.

Anthracnose infected flowers can lead to reduced fruit quality and premature fruit drop that reduces yield. When pressed the diseased fruit produce a turbid and acidic reddish oil of poor quality; the oil can be downgraded to a quality less than EVOO standard.

Anthracnose is problematic for table olives because of impact on taste and appearance.

Medium

Olive peacock spot (olive leaf spot)

(Spilocaea oleagineum)

Moderate problem in all states but increasing especially in wet springs and most significant. Mainly issue with new plantings. SA reports also on bearing trees. Recent Victorian data shows that peacock spot can be a problem even in dry areas.

Cercospora leaf mould (olive leaf spot or cercosporiosis) (C. cladosporioides / Pseusocercospora cladosporioides).

Often occurs together with peacock spot. The first signs are grey blotches on the underside of the leaves, the top of the leaves will yellow, and defoliation occurs. Moderate problem but increasing and most significant in humid areas. Leaf diseases cause defoliation. Growers don’t notice the effect to the same extent as fruit damage but the economic impact on yield can be significant. Can be managed the same way as peacock spot.

Olive Knot

(Pseudomonas savastanoi)

Symptoms: Rough galls or swellings.

This bacterial disease has been found in several Properties. All cultivars are susceptible, and damage can be severe when weather favours disease. Bacteria survive in the galls and are readily spread by water at all times of the year, infecting at wounds (e.g. leaf scars, pruning wounds).

Verticillium wilt

(Verticillium dahlia)

This is a soil borne fungus, which affects the roots and attacks the vascular tissue of the tree. Initially one or more branches will yellow and wilt, usually early in the growing season, however the tree will eventually die. Common in Australia. Prevalent if planted in soil with previous cotton, potato or brassica plantings. Olive cultivars vary greatly in susceptibility and symptoms may not be seen for 4 to 8 years after planting. Occurring in new groves and WA. Currently management strategies are the only option. Information on strategies needs to be communicated to growers. Note: No fungicides are registered to control this disease and once trees are planted it is difficult to manage. Management is based on avoidance of the fungus and reducing inoculum level in the soil.

Apical end desiccation also referred

to as “soft nose”.

Not a disease but a physiological disorder. This condition is apparently caused by

sudden changes in temperature and humidity. It has also been associated with nutrient deficiencies such as Calcium and Boron. Often secondary rots, including Alternaria will infect the damaged fruit. Currently management strategies are the only option. Information on strategies needs to be communicated to growers.

Minor

Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.)

7 different species have so far been identified as causing problems with olives, usually where excessively wet soils, clay-panning or poor drainage was a problem.

Causes root rots, stem and crown cankers. Leaves wilt, yellow and may drop. Trees may die suddenly or slowly decline over several years. Nursery plants with poor root development are susceptible and is widespread in new plantings.

Charcoal root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina).

Unlike Phytophthora, this fungus appears to like drier soil conditions, particularly where plants have been water-stressed during summer. Causes a root rot. Affected roots have typical black speckles on their surface.

Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia spp.)

Young nursery plants are most affected. Above ground symptoms include tip death, defoliation or death. While Rhizoctonia has been identified in roots of mature plants, it does not seem to cause a problem in otherwise healthy trees.

Stem cankers

(Botryosphaeria sp.)

This fungus is occasionally detected on branches of trees, resulting in yellowing of foliage above the affected area. In Western Australia, the same fungus has been detected on apple and stone fruit trees, which may be responsible for cross infection of nearby olives. This fungus can also be a secondary coloniser of dead wood.

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Disease Comment

Bacterial stem cankers and dieback

(Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas campestris, Ralstonia solanacearum)

These bacteria were likely to have entered plants through pruning wounds or where frost/cold injury had caused stem tissue to crack or peel. Symptoms vary from slow decline of trees and tree death, to localised cankers around wound sites.

Copper can be used as a protectant, but is not able to eradicate established infections.

Minor root rots

Pythium spp., Fusarium spp.

These fungi are common in all soils, but are more prevalent in wet, poorly drained areas. They are not considered to be a major problem with mature trees, but will seriously affect young trees and those weakened by other stresses.

Fruit rots

(Botryosphaeria sp., Alternaria spp. & Coleophoma oleae)

Usually occur on fruit already damaged by other causes, particularly in wet and humid weather. Avoid damage to fruit. Alternaria causes an increase in free fatty acids.

Secondary infection only.

Green & Blue moulds

Fungal pathogens of Penicillium digitatum (green mould) and P. italicum (blue mould).Secondary infection only.

Sooty mould

(Capnodium sp.)

Occurs as a consequence of scale infestation. Scale must be controlled to avoid the spread of sooty mould.

Biosecurity

Pierce’s disease

(Xylella fastidiosa)

A bacterium not yet detected in Australia olive groves, but an exotic high priority plant pest for a number of industries. The key vector of primary is the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis) which is also exotic to Australia; though any number of xylem feeding/sap sucking insects are potential vectors of the bacterium. This disease is called “quick decline” in Italy

Glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)

4.1.2 Available and potential products for priority diseases

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Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

azoxystrobin (PER14580, exp Aug 2019)

11 21 Systemic Only systemic fungicide available. Current permit has two applications per season.

Low toxicity to birds, earthworms, beneficial insects, predaceous mites

copper oxychloride M1 1 Contact, protectant

Registered. Commonly used in winter and spring. 2-4 applications/yr

copper (PER11360, exp Mar 2017)

M1 1 Contact, protectant

Note that the EU does not want copper used close to harvest because of impact on oil quality.

Commonly used in winter and spring - 2-4 x/yr

pyraclostrobin + metiram (AERO^)

(PER14908, exp Mar 2020)

11+M2

Protectant, curative

Generally shown to be superior to azoxystrobin against anthracnose, and as it contains two different fungicides Pyraclostrobin: Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. Metiram more disruptive to beneficials

COMPLETE: Efficacy data was generated through project OL13002 and residue data through OL130041.

Alternate – not yet identified

New chemistry needed.

Growers have expressed an interest in investigation of a 3rd systemic fungicide for anthracnose to complement the copper sprays. However the OL13002 project has only just

completed and no other alternatives were identified at this stage.No action on permits / registrations can be taken now as no chemical options available yet.

Crop management practices are the only area for new options at present.

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Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.)

furalaxyl D

NR systemic Registered. Nurseries ONLY

(Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp. – damping off, root rots, collar rots.)

copper hydroxide M1 x 1 contact, protectant

Registered

Phytophthora stem rot

phosphorous (phosphonic) acid

R systemic Potential

(Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.)

1-3 applications/yr, spring and autumn.

Victoria. Foliar, young trees only. Other states – efficacious through dippers.

Trunk injection needs to be investigated. Trial data available (Modern Olives). No US MRL required. EU MRL set.

systemic Potential.

Phytophthora stem rot.

Permit application once a suitable use pattern is decided – foliar spray using existing grove equipment or via irrigation systems. However not all groves have a suitable irrigation system; efficacy of root uptake in all soil types needs to be considered; it is known that phosphorous based fertilisers have a problem in high iron soils (e.g. WA) and it is not known if phosphonic acid would behave similarly.

TO ACTION: Clarify the understanding of the situation

Biosecurity diseases

Growers need greater understanding of identified high risk exotic diseases. A revised Olive Biosecurity Plan

to investigate these diseases and develop strategies is a priority for action.

4.1.3 Current control options for other diseases

Registered or permitted fungicides for situations that are not priorities for action.

Disease Active Use -

rating Use Situation Chemical group IPM

rating WHP, days

Efficacy

Alternaria fruit rot copper oxychloride Alternaria controlled when copper used to control other diseases - very effective.

Olives M1 1

Bacterial diseases peracetic acid + hydrogen peroxide

Fruit - Post-harvest

- NR

Bacterial diseases, Fungal diseases

iodine Fruit-Trop./Sub-trop.-Post-harvest

M NR

Blue & green moulds copper oxychloride Commonly used but not main target

Olives M1 1

Disinfectant, Bacterial diseases, Fungi, Shelf life extension

quaternary ammonium

V Disinfectant. Some

reports of efficacy Sheds and equipment only

chlorine as Ca hypochlorite

Fruit - Post-harvest

- - NR

Various fungal leaf spots, including Peacock spot (Spilocea oleaginea) and various fruit rots, including Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.)

copper (PER11360, exp Mar 2017)

Commonly used but not main target.

Olives M1 1

10

Disease Active Use - rating

Use Situation Chemical group IPM rating

WHP, days

Efficacy

Olive leaf spot or

peacock spot, Grey leaf spot, Fruit round rot, Anthracnose. Other general fruit rot Cladosporium sp., Penicillium, sp., Fusarium fruit rot, Geotrichum fruit rot, Alternaria sp, Phompsis sp.

copper oxychloride

Olive Knot (Pseudomonas savastanoi)

copper (PER11360, exp Mar 2017)

Preventative, controlled when copper used for other diseases

Olives M1 1

Rots - Post-harvest bromochlorodimethylhydantoin (NYLATE^)

x Fruit - Post-harvest

- - NR

Sooty mould (Capnodium sp.)

copper oxychloride Commonly used but not main target

Olives M1 1

Pytophtora stem canker

copper as ammonium complex, copper hydroxide, copper oxide, copper sulphate (tribasic)

Fruit - Tropical M1 1

TABLE KEY: Note that blank fields in the table indicate no information has been provided. Use – rating: Grower’ rating of the likelihood of use, ranging from: = Some use to = Commonly used; R = Anecdotal reports of unapproved use being tested by growers; X= Not used. NOTE that use ratings were only investigated for the high priority uses. IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from: = limited to = Good, V= variable, depending on beneficial. Efficacy: Growers’ rating of efficacy from: = Some efficacy to = Good efficacy R = Anecdotal reports of efficacy in unapproved situation V= Variable reports of efficacy WHP = Withholding period NR = Not required.

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4.2 Insects of olive

4.2.1 Priority insects for control

Insect Comment

Major

Olive lace bug – (Froggattia olivinia)

Major problem - Qld & NSW and rapidly becoming of concern in WA. Also recorded in Vic & SA; increasing problem in other states. Olive lace bug can defoliate whole groves, resulting in

no fruit the following season.

All stages attack leaves with piercing mouthparts, causing yellow spotting. Black tar spots

occur on undersides of leaves. Leaf drop and twig dieback may occur in severe infestations. Lace bugs attack yellow spots in leaves. Nutrition management is important – increasing

nutrients to increase chlorophyll can increase tree health and reduce lace bug.

Approved control options are currently limited*. The native green lacewing is commercially available.

* OL13004 project still underway and new bioassays were incorporated in the revised project schedule. The bioassays were to be conducted with a maximum of 3 products supplied by Bayer CropScience. The candidate products recommended by Bayer (Mr Rob Vitelli, Senior Development Specialist) were Movento® (spirotetramat), and two coded products, DC 123 and DC 124.

Black Scale- (Saissetia oleae)

Armoured scales

(Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Major problem in all growing areas. Equal importance to olive lace bug in Tasmania. Scale does not get on fruit. Some growers use IPM program: monitoring, mapping, spot spraying, softer chemicals, beneficials (Metaphycus spp.).

For pesticides, good tree coverage is the main influencer on efficacy – targeted at crawlers and young nymphal stages and alternation of chemical groups.

Curculio beetle, Apple weevil (Otiorhynchus cribricollis)

Curculio beetle, Apple weevil has a significant economic impact on trees in the south of Western Australia. Adults are nocturnal and flightless, and climb trees to chew leaf margins.

Large numbers can damage growing tips, especially in young trees. The soil-dwelling larvae may damage tree roots. Major problem in WA, minor in Vic and SA.

Approved insecticide products which effectively control Curculo beetle and cutworms are extremely limited.

Non-chemical controls: Prune to keep branches from touching the ground; Barrier - a sticky

barrier applied in a band around the trunk will stop the insects moving into the tree; fluffy Dacron trunk bands with and without “hot chilli” help exclude weevils from the canopy.

Medium

Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni ) -NSW,

QLD

Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) - WA

Moderate problem – Qld & NSW only.

Fruit fly has not been reported as a serious issue in Australia for olives. There have been reports of fruit fly attacking olives in Queensland when other food resources have been scarce

for the pest. It is likely that the technique of using baited fly traps would be the preferred strategy.

Plague locusts,

Spur-throated locust,

Migratory locust, Wingless grasshoppers

Plague locust is the most devastating of the locusts, although wingless grasshopper can be a serious pest in southern and western Australia.

During plagues, immediate action is essential. Permits for pesticide use are normally issued in

plague outbreak years.

Olive bud mite – (Oxycenus maxwelli)

Whilst not a widespread problem (WA reports), heavy infestations of olive bud mite at flowering time is linked with poor fruit set. Most severe in young trees under conditions of warm temperatures and high humidity.

Natural enemies – predatory mites (family Phytoseiidae) and small ladybirds.

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Insect Comment

Minor

African black beetle

Heteronychus arator

Black beetle adults only impact newly planted trees and are only a problem in WA. There is no observable impact on mature trees. Using vineyard type Grow Guards buried to approximately

3 cm on newly planted trees excludes beetles and prevents ringbarking.

Risk period -Spring and early summer. Dry springs and summer favour build-up in numbers.

Ants – Many species Low-moderate problem. Various species are involved. No direct damage on trees. Ants enter the tree canopy searching for honeydew secreted by the scale and interfere with predators

and parasites, thereby favouring the development of black scale infestations.

No options for organic growers.

Subterranean termites Only a problem in first year. Using IPM, management techniques

Green vegetable bug -

Nezara viridula

GVB is a multi-crop emerging pest in Northern NSW. It appears to come into olives from other

crops (e.g. soybeans), attacking mainly table olive fruit, increasing fruit rots such as anthracnose, but also causing direct sucking damage.

A small egg parasite wasp, Trissolcus basalis, has been introduced and is established in many

districts.

Lightbrown apple moth – Epiphyas postvittana

LBAM – is a native species of leafroller. It damages growing tips or inflorescences of olives, tying them together with silken threads to form a protected area within which it feeds.

Rare, but can occur in young trees in grape-growing areas.

Trichogramma carverae and Bacillus thuringiensis are commercially available.

Rutherglen bug

Nysius vinitor

Rutherglen bug is a sap sucking insect that lives in pasture, and can seriously impact young trees in some seasons. As trees mature and grow higher, their impact is insignificant.

Plague thrips, Thrips imaginis

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Thrips are not a widespread problem and are not economically damaging. Both species have

been recorded in olive flowers. Heavy infestations of thrips at flowering time have previously been linked with poor fruit set but a number of field investigations have shown this not to be

scientifically valid.

Biosecurity

Olive fly, Bactrocera oleae Not currently in Australia. The industry needs sufficient expertise with this type of pest so that an olive fly eradication program could be activated at short notice if required.

4.2.2 Available and potential products for priority insects

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Olive lace bug

bifenthrin (PER13703, exp Mar 2017)

3A Need to confirm

X 42 Systemic, contact

Available via permit. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. There is interest in retaining this use, depending on efficacy and availability of alternatives, and on having a resistance management strategy.

dimethoate (PER13999, exp Oct 2015)

1B Need to confirm

x 42 Broad spectrum contact, systemic

Available via permit. Toxic to beneficials.

Refer to permit – Not to be used on olive trees that are producing table fruit.

fatty acids - K salt (PER14414, exp Sep 23)

- NR Contact Primarily useful for organic growers. Effective if sprayed early and good coverage is achieved. IPM fit - not persistent

paraffinic oil - R

V

R Contact Potential – approved for other uses. Confirm efficacy

Moderate suppression of newly hatched nymphs - timing critical. Not phytotoxic if applied correctly. This is an option for organic growers, although they prefer plant oils such as canola. Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low-- toxicity to parasitoids.

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thiamethoxam 4A Contact, stomach, systemic

Potential. Thiamethoxam is in the same chemical group as clothianidin so both cannot be developed. These were evaluated as alternatives to fenthion for OLB. The decision was to pursue clothianidin only: it has superior efficacy and is likely to be registered in Australia as a control for fruit flies, which can also be an occasional pest in olives.

clothianidin (SAMURAI)

Permit application in assessment)

4A Systemic Recent efficacy trials1 indicate that thiamethoxam and clothianidin are superior to fenthion. Esfenvalerate (SUMI ALPHA-FLEX) is also highly efficacious but is disruptive to beneficials.

Clothianidin and Thiamethoxam are neonicotinoids from the same chemical group;

IN PROGRESS: HIA permit submission made using recently generated efficacy and residue data1. Application being assessed by APVMA)

potassium carbonate

M2 R

Contact Potential. Incidental use - Potassium carbonate has been used very successfully by a number of growers as a foliar nutrient spray with the beneficial effect of controlling black scale and olive lace bug. Sometimes used in conjunction with mineral oil.

Strategies could be developed to recognise potential of this chemical in a management program. Investigate place in organic programs. There are no registered products so an approval would be expensive and need to address chemistry and toxicology in addition to efficacy and safety.

DECISION: leave as a foliar nutrient

potassium bicarbonate

M2 Contact Potential. Potassium bicarbonate may also be used as a fertiliser. There are a few potassium bicarbonate products registered, with the only commercial one being ECOCARB^. A permit for potassium bicarbonate as a fungicide is possible.

With regard to organic use, potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate are organically certified by Australian Organics but neither potassium nor sodium carbonate is.

Strategies could be developed to recognise potential of this chemical in a management program. Investigate place in organic programs.

Consider a permit for this use.

DECISION: leave as a foliar nutrient

olive or vegetable oil

- - Potential value as more likely to persist than water soluble products. Consideration of fatty acid profile would be required before choosing a potential product, to avoid adulteration of the oil. Efficacy would also need to be determined.

TO ACTION: Investigate and test options

flupyradifurone (SIVANTO^)

t Foliar -contact/translaminar;

Soil - systemic, xylem mobile

Potential once registered in Australia by Bayer Crop Sciences

spirotetramat (MOVENTO^)

23 Under test

Under test

Contact, systemic

Potential. Good IPM profile

As above

esfenvalerate (SUMI-ALPHA^)

3A x Potential. Disruptive to beneficials so not preferred option. Data indicates good efficacy. Residue trials just contracted and should be completed within 12 to 18 months. Home garden registration for non-bearing trees.

COMPLETE: Efficacy data available through OL13002

IN PROGRESS: Residue trials contracted October 2014 – OL14006

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Scale

botanical oil - emulsifiable

-

NR Contact Registered. Two applications at 7 day intervals. Very effective. Monitoring and timing is critical.

fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^) (PER14785, exp Aug 2015).

7B V

60 Insect growth regulator.

SA growers report that it does not work, while Vic growers say it is effective. Monitoring and timing is critical. Used successfully in WA. 1-3 applications per year

paraffinic oil - V

NR Contact Registered. Very effective, but timing of application critical (young nymphs). Not phytotoxic if used correctly. 2-6 applications/yr

buprofezin 16 R

R IGR.

Contact & vapour activity, residual

Potential. Registered in US and EU in olives.IR4 project. Inferior to fenoxycarb but could be useful alternative.

TO ACTION: Pursue permit

imidacloprid 4A R

R Systemic,

ingestion, neurotoxin

Potential. Registered in other tree crops. NSW, Vic - systemic, very effective. WA - butt spray, but may not be effective on large trees. May have a fit in young trees. No MRL.

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide

3A R

1 Contact Potential – approved in other situations. Used in hot spots, effective. Not a priority to pursue as already approved for a range of other insects

pyriproxyfen 7C

V

NR Ingestion, residual, Insect growth regulator

Registered. 0-2 applications/yr.

Monitoring and timing is critical. Used in NSW & WA - only used in young trees.

thiamethoxam 4A Contact, stomach, systemic

Potential More detail required or it should be removed

Apple weevil (Curculio beetle) (Otiorhynchus cribricollis)

cyantraniliprole 28

R Systemic Potential. Dupont advises this chemical would be more suitable

than indoxacarb for apple weevil.

TO ACTION: Efficacy and residue data required for olives, should work with Dupont if possible.

alpha-cypermethrin (PER14791, exp Nov 2015)

3A x NR, *

Contact 1 application per year. The permit includes all states excluding Vic but this is a WA problem only.

Alpha-cypermethrin is a broad spectrum synthetic pyrethroid, but used as a butt spray helps preserve beneficials. It can be used during the 16 week WHP of indoxacarb. Longer term, another chemical needs to be identified to replace indoxacarb.

Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. It is recommended that this treatment NOT be applied to trees older than 2 years.

Permit renewed for 1 yr to allow residue data generation.

IN PROGRESS: Two residue decline trials (including one processing study for olive oil using fruit from the site with the higher detectable residue levels) being conducted in 2014-15.

indoxacarb (AVATAR^) (PER14565, exp Mar 2016)

22A

112 ingestion, contact

Available via permit.

Not ideal due to its lipo-solubility, hence long WHP of 16 weeks.

Low impact on beneficials. Permit will not be renewed.

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Fruit fly

fipronil + acetoxyphenylbutanone (AMULET CUE-LURE^)

2B X NR Contact, ingestion, neurotoxin

Registered, bait stations only

maldison 1B x 3 Contact Registered, bait

maldison + attractant 1B x x NR Systemic, contact

Registered, bait

methyl bromide 8A - 3 Contact fumigant

Registered. Fruit - Post-harvest, use under license. Permit for olives(PER12389, exp Aug 2015, NT only) (PR11092, exp Oct 2020, Qld only)

spinosad 5 x

NR Ingestion, contact

Registered. Useful in IPM program for suppression only. Soft on bees

trichlorfon 1B x 2 Contact, ingestion

Registered as a general fruit fly foliage bait i.e. not a specific olive registration

Locusts and grasshoppers

maldison 1B Situation: Australian plague locust / fruit trees

Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum spores

- NR Situation: wingless and pest grasshoppers, Australian plague locust nymphs / Agricultural areas

Metarhizium (Green Guard®)

Green Guard® is a biological control agent sold by BASF which can be used in environmentally-sensitive areas and in areas of organic farming or chemical sensitivity. The agent is derived from a naturally-occurring Australian fungus (Metarhizium anisopliae) that attacks locusts. Green Guard® can take 8-18 days to have an effect so should only be used to treat immature locusts, early in their lifecycle. It is not suitable for treating adult locusts. No withholding periods and/or slaughter intervals apply when using Green Guard®.

Olive bud mite

dicofol UN

7 Contact Potential – registered for two-spotted (red spotted mite).

Impact predatory mites for up to 6 weeks, minimal impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus.

etoxazole UN

7 Systemic, contact

Potential.

bifenazate UN V

7 Contact Bifenazate can be used to control the adults, etoxazole is effective on juveniles. Both of these chemicals are very selective, and do not impact on other insects including beneficials. A permit for bifenazate should be the priority.Impact predatory mites for up to 6 weeks, minimal

impact on beneficial insects such as lacewings, lady beetles, and Aphytis melinus,

TO ACTION: befenazate only – pursue permit

abamectin 6 V

Systemic, translaminar, neurotoxic

Potential.

ACTION: pursue permit for olive bud mite.

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African black beetle

chlorpyrifos (PER14575, exp Mar 2019)

1B X NR Contact Butt and ground spray to control beetle adults around the trees.

Only used in WA.

Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

Slow release chlorpyrifos polymer suSCon Green insecticide would likely be effective also.

TO ACTION: If industry seek to pursue use in bearing trees, a minimum of 2 residue trials are required – Permit expires 31-Mar-19

Trials should be contracted by March 2017 to allow sufficient time to generate data and for the regulatory submission timeframes.

Ants

indoxacarb (ADVION^)

22A x

NR Ingestion, contact

Registered - red imported fire ants

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide

3A 1 Contact Registered. Low impact on beneficials – broad spectrum but not persistent.

pyriproxyfen 7C

V NR Ingestion,

residual, Insect growth regulator

Registered

chlorpyrifos (PER14575, exp Mar 2019)

1B x NR Contact Butt and ground spray to control ants around the trees. 1 application per year

TO ACTION: If industry seek to pursue use in bearing trees, a minimum of 2 residue trials are required – Permit expires 31-Mar-19

Trials should be contracted by March 2017 to allow sufficient time to generate data and for the regulatory submission

timeframes.

chlorpyrifos 1B x

R Contact Potential – subterranean termites. Bait station use. Available

via permit for other insects but different use pattern.

Fipronil is used more commonly in termite bait stations – would this be a better option?

High toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids if applied as foliar spray.

Cutworms

alpha-cypermethrin (PER14791, exp Nov

2015)

3A v x NR, * Contact Approved insecticide products which effectively control

Curculio beetle / Apple weevil and cutworms are extremely

limited. Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. It is recommended that this treatment NOT be applied to trees older than 2 years.Permit renewed for 1 yr to allow residue data generation.

IN PROGRESS: Two residue decline trials (including one processing study for olive oil using fruit from the site with the higher detectable residue levels) being conducted in 2014-15.

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Green vegetable bug

clothianidin (SAMURAI)

4A Could be added to olive lace bug permit PER 14897.

DECISION: no action for now

Lightbrown apple moth

garlic + chilli + pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide (BEAT-A-BUG^)

3A 1 Contact, deterrent

Registered

Bacillus thuringiensis 11 NR Ingestion Registered

chlorpyrifos (PER14575, exp Mar 2019)

1B x NR Systemic, contact

If industry seek to pursue use in bearing trees, a minimum of 2 residue trials are required – Permit expires 31-Mar-19

Trials should be contracted by March 2017 to allow sufficient time to generate data and for the regulatory submission timeframes.

Rutherglen bug

dimethoate (PER13999, exp Oct 2014, renewal submitted)

1B x

42 Broad spectrum contact & systemic

Registered. WA - effective in control on young trees. Not used specifically for this pest, but controlled when applied for other pests. Toxic to beneficials

garlic + chilli +

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide (BEAT-A-BUG^)

3A 1 Contact,

deterrent

Registered.

Alternate product – none nominated to date.

Rutherglen bug could be included on a permit / label for similarly controlled pests.

Methomyl has some activity, clothianidin and spirotetramat may have activity3.

DECISION: No action for now

Thrips

fatty acids - K salt - x NR Contact Registered. Useful in IPM – not persistent.

methyl bromide (PER12389, exp Aug 2015, NT only) (PR11092, exp Oct 2014, Qld only)

8A - 3 Contact fumigant

Registered.

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide

3A x 1 Contact Registered. Useful in IPM – broad spectrum but not persistent.

garlic + chilli + pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide (BEAT-A-BUG^)

3A x 1 Contact, deterrent

Registered. For plague thrips.

Products not specified

- - - - - - Strategies for thrips control need investigation but are a low priority.

Methomyl may have a role here if it is pursued for Rutherglen or GVB.

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4.2.3 Other insects

Insecticides available for situations that are not priorities for action.

Insect Active ingredient Use - rating

Use Situation Chemical group

IPM rating

WHP, days

Efficacy

Aphid - black citrus, cabbage, peach, rose

garlic + chilli + pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide (BEAT-A-BUG^)

Fruit trees 3A 1

Aphids (aphids have low pest status in olives)

fatty acids - K salt Fruit trees - NR

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide Fruit trees 3A 1

Caterpillars Bacillus thuringiensis Fruit 11 NR

garlic + chilli + pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide (BEAT-A-BUG^)

Fruit trees 3A 1

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide Fruit trees 3A 1

Caterpillars - looper

Bacillus thuringiensis Fruit 11 NR

Earwigs pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide x Fruit 3A 1

If earwigs are a pest of olives consider a permit similar to PER14868 for chlorpyrifos beetle bait

Olives

Grapevine moth (registration but not likely a pest of olives)

Bacillus thuringiensis x Fruit 11 NR

Helicoverpa Bacillus thuringiensis x Fruit 11 NR

Leafhoppers pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide x Fruit trees 3A 1

Mealybugs (registration but not likely a pest of olives)

fatty acids - K salt

Fruit trees - NR

Painted vine moth

Bacillus thuringiensis Fruit 11 NR

Swarming leaf beetles

beta-cyfluthrin (PER8659, exp Mar 2016) x Fruit - Tropical, non-bearing ONLY

3A x NR

Thrips fatty acids - K salt x Fruit trees - NR

methyl bromide (PER12389, exp Aug 2015, NT only) (PR11092, exp Oct 2014, Qld only)

Fruit - Post-harvest, use under license, NT only

8A - 3

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide x Fruit trees 3A 1

Whiteflies (registration but not likely a pest of olives)

fatty acids - K salt Fruit trees - NR

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide x Fruit 3A 1

Whitefly – greenhouse (registration but not likely a pest of olives)

garlic + chilli + pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide (BEAT-A-BUG^)

x Fruit trees 3A 1

Biosecurity pests

Growers need greater understanding of identified high risk exotic pests. A revised Olive Biosecurity Plan to investigate these pests and develop strategies is a priority for action.

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4.3 Slugs and snails

Slugs and snails are a low priority

Molluscicide options

Active ingredient Use rating Use Situation Chemical

group WHP, days

copper as complex x Fruit trees M1 1

iron Applied prior to autumn rains

- NR

metaldehyde - 7

silicate salts+Cu (SOCUSIL^) x - NR

Table key: refer to notes following the Fungicide options table in section 4.13.

4.4 Vertebrates

Birds can be a major problem. Growers are interested in cross industry investigation of bird control as a priority.

4.5. Nematodes

There are no issues with nematodes in olives at this stage as most plantings are on new ground. As the

industry matures, and replanting occurs nematodes may become an issue.

4.6. Plant growth regulation

Residue trials will be required for ethephon registration or permit renewal.

Issue Active ingredient Availability Use rating

Use Situation Chemical group

WHP, days

Fruit loosening ethephon (PER14460, exp Jun 2017)

A Good efficacy.

1 application/yr.

Generating data to maintain permit. No registrants are interested in label extensions

Olives - 7

Sucker control carfentrazone-ethyl A Olives G NR

NR = not required

4.7 Adjuvants

Suitable adjuvants are required by olive growers. They perform a range of roles: spreader / sticker (wetter),

spray drift reduction, rainfast improvement. Note: Consideration of fatty acid profile of oils would be required before choosing a potential product, to avoid adulteration of the oil There are no proposals to extend the range of available products.

Adjuvants registered for use in olives.

Active ingredient Situation

botanical oil - emulsifiable Fruit trees, plantations

canola oil Fruit trees

trisiloxane ethoxylate (DU-WETT^) Olives

vegetable oil Plantations

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4.8. Weeds of olive

Weeds are a moderate problem. Fleabane is a problem and control options are needed. Fluoroxypr has

been used in trials and may be of interest. There are no MRLs so the option would need to be investigated before being pursued further.

Herbicide options

Active ingredient Situation Use - rating

Weed Chemical group

amitrole Fruit orchards Grass and broadleaf.

Only used as spot spray for fleabane in Vic and SA.

Systemic

Q

carfentrazone-ethyl Fruit trees, tropical, sub-tropical

Broadleaf G

clethodim Fruit trees, non-bearing

x Grass, selective A

dichlobenil Fruit orchards x Broad spectrum, grasses and annual broadleaf O

glufosinate ammonium Olives Broad spectrum knockdown, grass and broadleaf

2-4 applications/yr.

Used in NSW, Tas, Vic & SA - effectively controls all weeds.

Used in alternation with glyphosate and diquat+paraquat

N

glyphosate Olives Broad spectrum knockdown, grass and broadleaf

2-4 applications/yr.

Used in alternation with glufosinate ammonium and diquat+paraquat.

Good efficacy

M

HalAoxyfop-P as methyl

Plantations Post-Emergent Grass Selective A

isoxaben Fruit trees x Selective, Pre-Emergence Broadleaf O

oryzalin Olives - Non-bearing

Pre-emergent, pre-plant residual, grass and broadleaf

Only used in nurseries

D

oxyfluorfen Olives, dormant, at 3 yrs old

Residual, grass and broadleaf

Used as spike with glyphosate

G

paraquat + diquat (PER14528, exp Sep 2017)

Olives General knockdown pre-plant and desiccation,

Grass and broadleaf

Used on treelines.

Used in rotation with glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium.

L

pendimethalin Olives x Residual, grass and broadleaf D

trifluralin Fruit Residual, pre-emergent

Annual grass and broadleaf

D

Table key:

Use – rating: Grower’ rating of the likelihood of use, ranging from: = Some use to = Commonly used; R = Anecdotal reports of unapproved use being tested by growers; X= Not used. NOTE that use ratings were only investigated for the high priority uses. IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from: = limited to = Good, V= variable, depending on beneficial. Efficacy: Growers’ rating of efficacy from: = Some efficacy to = Good efficacy R = Anecdotal reports of efficacy in unapproved situation V= Variable reports of efficacy WHP = Withholding period, NR = Not required.

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5. References

DAFF: Australian Food Statistics 2011-12, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 2013. www.daff.gov.au, accessed June 2014.

Australian Olive Association website- www.australianolives.com.au, accessed June 2014.

Codex MRL database

RIRDC: Australian olive industry RD&E Plan 2010-15. Australian Government, Rural Industries Research

and Development Corporation. 2010

Dal Santo, P.: AgAware Consulting. RIRDC. Strategic Agrichemical Review Process, 2009.

IR-4 Project. Website- http://ir4.rutgers.edu/index.html

The Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority website- www.apvma.gov.au

EPPO 2014. https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/special_topics/Xylella_fastidiosa/Xylella_fastidiosa.htm

Broughton, S. and Learmonth, S. (2011). Management of black scale and apple weevil in olives. Final report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Project No. NPP06-22. 71pp.

HIA Projects OL13002 - Evaluation of key chemicals for pest management in the olive industry.

OL13004 - Residue data for key chemicals in the Australian Olive Industry.

Acronyms AOA …….. Australian Olive Association APVMA …….. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority DPI …………. Department of Primary Industries EVOO ………… Extra Virgin Olive Oil HIA ………… Horticulture Innovation Australia Ltd IPM ………… Integrated pest management IR-4 ………… Interregional Research Program 4 (USA) MRL ………… Maximum residue limit (mg/kg or ppm) RIRDC ….. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation DAFF …... Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry SARP ………. Strategic Agrichemical Review Process WHP ………… Withholding period Australian states and territories: NSW (New South Wales), NT (Northern Territory), Qld (Queensland), SA (South Australia), Tas (Tasmania), Vic (Victoria), WA (Western Australia)

Acknowledgement APVMA: All staff

Government agencies: Each state DPI or equivalent as excellent sources of information Thanks go to the many industry people who contributed information and collaborated on the review of this

report.

Noelene Davis, Checkbox 3D Pty Ltd

Industry experts should be consulted on technical projects. The following consultants have been referred to

in this document: 1 Robert Spooner-Hart and Len Tesoriero 3 Stewart Learmonth

^Trademark

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6. Appendices

Appendix 1. Current and potential fungicides for disease control in olives

Active ingredient Disease Availability Crop IPM rating

WHP, days

Chemical group

Activity Data required

azoxystrobin (PER14580, exp Aug 2019)

Anthracnose A Olives 21 11 Systemic No

bromochlorodimet hylhydantoin (NYLATE^)

Rots - Post-harvest A Fruit - Post-harvest

- NR - Contact

chlorine as Ca hypochlorite

Disinfectant, Bacterial diseases, Fungi, Shelf life extension

A Fruit - Post-harvest

- NR - Contact

copper (PER11360, exp Mar 2017)

Anthracnose A Olives 1 M1 Contact, protectant

Fruit rot/spots

Leaf diseases/spots

Leaf diseases/spots – Grey leaf spot (Cercospora cladosporioides) Olive Knot (Pseudomonas savastanoi) Olive peacock spot (Spilocaea oleagina)

copper as ammonium complex

Phytophthora stem canker Fruit - Tropical

copper hydroxide Phytophthora stem rot

Phytophthora stem canker

copper oxide Phytophthora stem rot

Phytophthora stem canker

copper oxychloride Olive leaf spot or peacock spot, , Olives

Grey leaf spot, Fruit round rot

Anthracnose.

Other general fruit rot Cladosporium sp., Penicillium, sp., Fusarium fruit rot, Geotrichum fruit rot, Alternaria sp, Phompsis sp.

copper sulfate (tribasic)

Phytophthora stem canker Fruit - Tropical

iodine Bacterial diseases, Fungal diseases A Fruit-Trop./Sub-trop.-Post-harv.

NR M Contact

peracetic acid + hydrogen peroxide

Bacterial diseases A Fruit - Post-harvest

NR - Contact, oxidiser

phosphorous (phosphonic) acid

Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora sp.)

P Olives Systemic Trial data available

Desktop permit application

pyraclostrobin + metiram (AERO^), PER14908

Anthracnose A Olives 11+M2 Protectant, curative

quaternary ammonium

Disinfectant A Sheds and equipment ONLY

Contact

Note that blank fields in the table indicate no information has been provided. Availability: A = Available via either registration or permit approval; P = Potential i.e. a possible candidate to pursue for registration or permit; P-A = Potential, already approved in the crop for another use; IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from; = limited to = Good;

V= variable, depending on beneficial. WHP = Withholding period, NR= Not required

23

Appendix 2. Current and potential insecticides for control of insects in olives

Active ingredient

Insect Availability Crop IPM rating

IPM suitability WHP, days

Chemical group

Activity Data required

abamectin Olive bud mite P Olives V Low-high impact:

bees (high impact), predatory mites (moderate impact), parasitoids (moderate To high impact), general predators (Low impact)

6 Systemic, translaminar, neurotoxic

alpha-cypermethrin (PER14791, exp Nov 2015)

Apple weevil (Curculio beetle) (Otiorhynchus cribricollis)

A Olives x Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids. It is recommended that this treatment NOT be applied to trees older than 2 years.

NR 3A Contact 2 residue trials, including processing

Cutworms

Bacillus thuringiensis

Caterpillars A Fruit NR 11 Ingestion

Lightbrown apple moth

Painted vine moth

Mite – olive bud

Olive lace bug

Scale - black

beta-cyfluthrin (PER8659, exp Mar 2016)

Scale - black A Fruit - Tropical, non-bearing ONLY

X Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

NR 3A Broad spectrum, contact

bifenazate Ants – subterranean termites

P Olives V

Low toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds & lacewings. Slightly toxic to parasitoids.

7 UN Contact Potential desktop permit application

bifenthrin (PER13703, exp Mar 2017)

Locusts, grasshoppers

A Olives x Moderate-high toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

42 3A Contact

botanical oil - emulsifiable

African black beetle A Olives

buprofezin Ants P Potential permit application

chlorpyrifos Lightbrown apple moth

P-A Olives 2 residue trials

Olive lace bug

chlorpyrifos (PER14575, exp Mar 2019)

Apple weevil (Curculio beetle) (Otiorhynchus cribricollis)

A

clothianidin (SAMURAI^ permit submitted)

Thrips - plague P Olives 4A Systemic Data generated, permit submitted

cyantraniliprole Green vegetable bug

P Olives 28 Systemic, contact

Efficacy and residue data required. Dupont has residue data and EU registration and would likely support a permit.

dicofol Olive lace bug P-A Olives

Impact predatory mites for up to 6 weeks, minimal impact on beneficial insects

7 UN Contact

Rutherglen bug A

24

Active ingredient

Insect Availability Crop IPM rating

IPM suitability WHP, days

Chemical group

Activity Data required

dimethoate Olive lace bug P-A Olives x Harsh on beneficials

1B Broad spectrum contact and systemic

dimethoate (PER13999, exp Oct 2014, renewal submitted)

Mite – olive bud A Olives, oil producing only

42

Aphids

Mealybugs

esfenvalerate (SUMI-ALPHA^)

Mite - two-spotted (Red spider)

P Olives x x 3A Residue trials will be tendered out in 2014 alongside the alpha-cypermethrin work.

etoxazole Thrips P Olives

Impact predatory mites for up to 6 weeks, minimal impact on beneficial insects

7 UN Systemic, contact

Potential desktop permit application

fatty acids - K salt Whiteflies A Fruit trees

Not persistent NR - Contact

Olive lace bug

Scale - black (brown olive)

Fruit fly – QFF, lesser QFF

Olive lace bug

fatty acids - K salt (PER14414, exp Sep 23)

Aphid - black citrus Low priority to add to label

fenoxycarb (INSEGAR^) (PER14785, exp Aug 2015). Label extension expected end 2014.

Aphid - cabbage A Olives

Low toxicity to predatory mites; low-high toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low toxicity to parasitoids

60 7B Insect growth regulator.

Syngenta currently preparing a submission seeking to register this permit use pattern. Registration expected in 2015.

fipronil + acetoxyphenylbutanone (AMULET CUE-LURE^)

Aphid - green peach

A Fruit, bait stations

x High toxicity to predatory mites, ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

NR 2B Contact, ingestion, neurotoxin

flupyradifurone (SIVANTO^)

Aphid - rose p Low bee toxicity Foliar -contact/ translaminar; Soil - systemic, xylem mobile

Bayer Crop Science Currently not registered in Australia.

garlic + chilli + pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide (BEAT-A-BUG^)

Cabbage white butterfly

A Fruit trees

1 3A Contact, deterrent

Caterpillars

Lightbrown apple moth

Rutherglen bug

Thrips - plague

Whitefly – greenhouse

Scale - black (brown olive)

Ant - red imported fire ant

Apple weevil (Curculio beetle) (Otiorhynchus cribricollis) Fruit flies

imidacloprid Locust - Australian plague

P Olives

Very persistent in soil. Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds, lacewings & parasitoids.

4A Systemic, ingestion, neurotoxin

25

Active ingredient

Insect Availability Crop IPM rating

IPM suitability WHP, days

Chemical group

Activity Data required

indoxacarb (ADVION^)

Fruit fly - QFF A Fruit, bait

Low impact on beneficials

NR 22A Ingestion, contact

indoxacarb (AVATAR^) (PER14565, exp Mar 2016)

Wingless grasshopers, pest grasshoppers, Australian plague locust

A Olives

Low impact on beneficials

112 22A ingestion, contact

1-2 residue trials

maldison Fruit flies A Fruit trees, bait

x 3 1B Contact

Thrips

maldison + attractant

Olive lace bug A Fruit orchards, bait

x NR 1B Systemic, contact

Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum spores

Olive lace bug A Agricultural areas

NR - Fungicide, slow impact, prevantative

methyl bromide (PER12389, exp Aug 2015, NT only) (PR11092, exp Oct 2014, Qld only)

Scale, including black (brown olive), soft, olive, red

A Fruit - Post-harvest, use under license, NT ONLY

- 3 8A Contact fumigant

Scale insects

Olive or vegetable oil

Olive lace bug P Olives Contact Efficacy, chemistry

paraffinic oil Scale - black (brown olive)

P-A Olives V

Low-moderate toxicity to predatory mites; low toxicity ladybirds & lacewings; low-moderate toxicity to parasitoids.

NR - Contact

Ants A

petroleum oil Aphids A Fruit trees

Potassium carbonate

Caterpillars P-A Olives M2 Contact Research potential. Available as fertiliser Diamondback

(Cabbage) moth

pyrethrins +piperonyl butoxide

Earwigs A Fruit trees

Broad spectrum but not persistent

1 3A Contact

Leafhoppers A

Scale - black (brown olive)

A

Thrips A

Whiteflies A

Ants A

Scale - black (brown olive)

P-A

Fruit flies A

Olive lace bug A

pyriproxyfen Scale - black (brown olive)

A Olives

V Reports it can affect some ladybird beetles.

NR 7C Ingestion, residual, Insect growth regulator

Scale - black (brown olive)

spinosad Fruit flies A Fruit trees

soft on bees NR 5 Ingestion, contact

spirotetramat (MOVENTO^)

P Olives

Low toxicity on beneficials

23 Contact, systemic

Bioassay results will determine further work

thiacloprid P Low impact on bees, parasitic wasps and predators

4A Contact, systemic

thiamethoxam P Olives Toxic to Coleoptera 4A Contact, stomach, systemic

trichlorfon A Food crops, foliage bait

x 2 1B Contact, ingestion

Note that blank fields in the table indicate no information has been provided.

26

Availability: A = Available via either registration or permit approval; P = Potential i.e. a possible candidate to pursue for registration or permit;

P-A = Potential, already approved in the crop for another use; IPM rating: Grower rating of IPM suitability from; = limited to = Good;

V= variable, depending on beneficial. WHP = Withholding period, NR= Not required

27

Appendix 3. Brand names associated with active ingredients

Active ingredient Examples of product brand names

2,4-D

Abamectin Abamectin, ABASECT,CATCHER, ABAKEN, VANTAL, APPARENT, WHISTLER, BIOMECTIN, SORCERER, WIZARD, VERTIMEC

Acetamiprid Acetamiprid, PRIMAL, CROWN, INTRUDER, SUPREME

Acephate Acephate, ORTHENE, LANCER, SUBMARINE, ERASER

Alpha-cypermethrin Alpha-cypermethrin, ASTOUND DUO, MASCOT, FASTAC, ZENITH, DOMINEX

Aluminium ammonium sulfate D-TER, KEEP OFF, GET OFF, SCAT

Azinphos-methyl GUSATHION, BENTHION

Azoxystrobin AMISTAR, AZAKA, ASTRONOME, MIRADOR, numerous other generic azoxystrobin

Bacillus Thuringiensis DIPEL, DELFIN, AGREE, BIOCRYSTAL, FULL-BAC

Beta-cyfluthrin BULLDOCK, MAXUMPRO, SOLFAC PRO, TEMPO

Bifenazate DURAMITE, FLORAMITE, ACRAMITE

Bifenthrin Bifenthrin – numerous. TALSTAR and others

Bromochloro dimethylhydantoin YM-FAB NYLATE

Buprofezin Buprofezin, APPLAUD, PRAISE, CLAP, SCALE & BUG

Carbaryl Carbaryl

Carfentrazone-ethyl HAMMER, PUNCH, NAIL, SHARK, TASK, numerous other generic carfentrazone-ethyl

Chlorantraniliprole CORAGEN, ALTACOR

Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil, BARRACK, BRAVO, CHEERS, FUNG-O-NIL, WHACK, UNITE, ECHO

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos, CYREN, STRIKE-OUT, FORTUNE, LORSBAN

Clethodim SELECT, PLATINUM, BLADE, numerous other generic clethodim

Clofentezine APOLLO

Clothianidin SAMURAI, SHIELD

Cyantraniliprole EXIREL

Copper Copper, KOCIDE, CHAMP, BLU-COP, VITRA, CUPROFIX, TRIBASIC, BLUE SHIELD

Diazinon Diazinon, DIAZOL

Dichlorvos BINKILL, DELTA FORCE, INSECTIGAS

Difenoconazole Difenoconazole, SCORE, BOGARD, ACE, BULLS-EYE, DEFEND, DIGGER, DIVINO

Dimethoate Dimethoate, DANADIM, ROVER

Diquat + paraquat SPRAY SEED, PARADYM, SCORCHER, SPRAY-PLANT, SPEEDY, ALARM, EOS, REVOLVER, numerous generic

Ethyl formate VAPORFAZE, EMATE

Etoxazole PARAMITE, SWOOP

Fatty acids - Potassium salt NATRASOAP, ECOPROTECTOR, HITMAN, BUGGARD

Fenbutatin oxide TORQUE, VENDEX

Fenoxycarb INSEGAR

Fenthion LEBAYCID

Fipronil Fipronil, REGENT, IMPEDE, REGAL, VISTA, ONSLAUGHT, ATTRATHOR,

Fluazifop Fluazifop, FUSILADE, RESILIENCE, ROOTOUT

Flubendiamide BELT

Fludioxonil MAXIM, SCHOLAR

Fosetyl as Al salt Fosetyl, ALLIETTE, FOSTAL, AUTOGRAPH, NOBILITY, KATANGA

Garlic + chilli + pyrethrins + pip.but. BEAT-A-BUG

Glufosinate Glufosinate

Glyphosate Numerous generic glyphosates, ROUNDUP

Haloxyfop VERDICT, CONVICT, JUDGEMENT, EXERT, HERMES, RECON, numerous generic Haloxyfop

Hydroxy phenyl butanone acetate Cue-Lure

Imidacloprid Imidacloprid, CONFIDOR, COURAZE, KOMONDOR, SAVAGE, NUPRID

Indoxacarb AVATAR, STEWARD, AIRLON,

Iodine various

Maldison Maldison, FYFANON, HY-MAL

Mancozeb Mancozeb, MASQUERADE, KENCOZEB, MANCOFLO, MANCOZZ, MANZATE, PENNCOZEB, MANFIL, UNIZEB

Mandipropamid REVUS

Metalaxyl Metalaxyl, MEDLEY, MANTLE, ZEE-MIL, RAMPART

Metalaxyl-M Metalaxyl-M, RIDOMIL GOLD, APRON XL, SUBDUE MAXX,

Metaldehyde DEFENDER, SLUGGER, SCUTTLE, numerous generic metaldehyde

Methidathion RIDACIDE, SUPRATHION

Metarhizium Grren Gaurd

28

Active ingredient Examples of product brand names

Methomyl Methomyl, LANNATE, NUDRIN, ELECTRA, SENECA, SINMAS, MARLIN, MAYHEM

Methoxyfenozide PRODIGY

Methyl bromide Various generics

Milbemectin MILBENKNOCK, ULTIFLORA

Oryzalin Oryzalin, SURFLAN, CAMEO, SHARP SHOOTER, PROLAN

Oxyfluorfen BARON, CONVERT, GOAL, CAVALIER, POINT, STRIKER, numerous generic oxyfluorfen

Paraffinic oil Numerous product names

Pendimethalin Pendimethalin, STOMP, numerous product names

Petroleum oil Numerous product names

Phosphorous acid AGRI-FOS, numerous product names

Potassium bicarbonate ECO-CARB

potassium oleate + citronella oil CLENSEL

Prochloraz Prochloraz, SPORTAK, OCTAVE, PROTAK, MIRAGE, RAVE

Propargite Propargite, OMITE, COMITE, BULLET, TREBLE, DYNA-MITE, MITIGATE, BETAMITE, UNMITE

Pyraclostrobin CABRIO

Pyraclostrobin + metiram AERO

Pyrethrins PYGANIC

Pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide Numerous product names

Pyriproxyfen ADMIRAL, SUMILARV, PICTUS, AVANTE

Silicate salts + Cu SOCUSIL

Spinetoram SUCCESS NEO

Spirotetramat MOVENTO

Spinosad SUCCESS, NATURALYTE

sulfoxaflor TRANSFORM

Sulphur Numerous product names

Tebuconazole Tebuconazole, FOLICUR, LAUNCH, STINGRAY, ORIUS, REBUKE, BLAST, LAGUNA, ULTRATEB, TURBULENCE, TEBAZAL, MICRONISED, TEBUHEX, TEBCON, TRIPOD, BUZZ ULTRA

Tebufenozide MIMIC

Thiabendazole TECTO, STORITE, VORLON

Trichlorfon DIPTEREX, LEPIDEX

Trifloxystrobin FLINT

Thiram BARMAC Thiram

29

Appendix 4. Olive MRLs

Where available for olive export destinations, MRLs relevant to the chemical compounds discussed in this

SARP are included in the following table. See also links on the APVMA website: http://www.apvma.gov.au

NOTES:

Some countries have a default MRLs when no MRL exists:

- EU 0.01 mg/kg. - Japan 0.01 mg/kg.

- New Zealand recognises CODEX MRLs. Otherwise the default is 0.1 mg/kg. - Fiji, PNG, Indonesia, Singapore recognise CODEX MRLs.

- If an MRL is not established in the GCC MRL standard (not updated since 1994), UAE may accept

CODEX MRLs, but this is not an official deferral. A default MRL of 0.1 mg/kg applies. - China maintains a national MRL list and does not defer to other markets' standards. China does not

have a default MRL policy. Although China does not officially defer to Codex, China has stated that it will consider Codex MRLs in cases where there is a residue dispute on specific shipments.

Active Commodity MRL, mg/kg

Codex Description APVMA US Codex EU

Abamectin Olives, table and oil production 0.01 *0.01

Acephate Olives, table 0.02 *0.01

Acephate Olives, oil production *0.02

Acetamiprid Olives, table and oil production 0.01 *0.01

Acrinathrin Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Amitraz Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Atrazine Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Azoxystrobin FT 0305 Olives T2 *0.05

Bifenazate Olives, table and oil production *0.01

Bifenthrin FT 0305 Olives T0.5 0.05 *0.05

Boscalid Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Bupirimate Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Buprofezin FT 0305 Olives T0.5 3.5 5 5

Buprofezin OC 0305 Olive oil, crude T2

Carbaryl DM 0305 Olives, processed 1

Carbaryl FT 0305 Olives 10 10 30 *0.01

Carbaryl Olives, oil production *0.02

Carfentrazone-ethyl Olives, table and oil production 0.1 *0.01

Carfentrazone-ethyl FT 0026 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - edible peel

*0.05

Chlorantraniliprole Olives, table and oil production 4 *0.01

Chlorothalonil FT 0307 Persimmon, Japanese T5 *0.01

Clofentezine Olives, table and oil production *0.02

Chlorpyrifos FT 0305 Olives T*0.05 0.1 *0.05

Clothianidin Olives, table and oil production 0.09

Copper NS 0000 Fruits 10 30

Cyantraniliprole All other foods 0.05

Cyfluthrin FT 0307 Persimmon, Japanese T0.1 0.05 *0.02

Cypermethrin FT 0305 Olives T*0.05 *0.05 *0.05

Cyproconazole Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Cyprodinil Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Deltamethrin FT 0305 Olives 0.05 1 1

Diazinon Olives, table *0.01

30

Active Commodity MRL, mg/kg

Codex Description APVMA US Codex EU

Diazinon Olives, oil production *0.02

Diazinon OC 0305 Olive oil, crude 2 *0.05

Dicofol Olives, table *0.02

Dicofol Olives, oil production *0.02

Dicofol NS 0000 Fruits 5 *0.02

Difenoconazole FT 0305 Olives 2 2

Dimethoate FT 0305 Olives 0.5 2

Diquat NS 0000 Fruits *0.05 *0.05

Dithianon NS 0000 Fruits 2 *0.01

Dithiocarbamates Olives, table and oil production 5

Diuron Olives, table 1 *0.02

Diuron Olives, oil production *0.01

Diuron NS 0000 Fruits 0.5

Dodine Olives, table and oil production 20

Ethephon Olives, oil production 10

Ethephon FT 0305 Olives T5 5

Etoxazole Olives, table and oil production *0.02

Fenitrothion NS 0000 Fruits 1 *0.01

Fenoxycarb FT 0305 Olives T1 1

Fenthion FT 0305 Olives T0.2 1 *0.01

Fenthion OC 0305 Olive oil, crude T0.5

Fipronil Olives, table and oil production *0.005

Fluazifop-butyl Olives, oil production 0.2

Fluazifop-butyl FT 0305 Olives *0.02

Flumioxazin 5

Gamma cyhalothrin 0.01

Glufosinate and Glufosinate ammonium

FT 0305 Olives *0.1 0.15 *0.5

Glyphosate FT 0305 Olives *0.1 0.2 1

Imidacloprid Olives, table 0.5

Imidacloprid Olives, oil production 1

Indaziflam 0.01

Indoxacarb FT 0305 Olives T0.2 *0.02

Iprodione Olives, table and oil production *0.02

Isoxaben Olives, table *0.01

Isoxaben Olives, oil production *0.02

Isoxaben FT 0026 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - edible peel

*0.01

Isoxaflutole Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Kresoxim-methyl FT 0305 Olives 0.2 0.2

Maldison NS 0000 Fruits 2 *0.02

Mandipropamid Olives, table and oil production *0.01

Metaldehyde NS 0000 Fruits 1 *0.05

Methidathion FT 0305 Olives T1 0.05 1 *0.02

Methidathion OC 0305 Olive oil, crude T2

Methiocarb Olives, table 0.02

Methiocarb Olives, oil production 0.2

Methiocarb NS 0000 Fruits T0.1

Methyl bromide NS 0000 Fruits T*0.05

31

Active Commodity MRL, mg/kg

Codex Description APVMA US Codex EU

Novaluron Olives, table and oil production 0.01 *0.01

Omethoate NS 0000 Fruits 2

Oryzalin NS 0000 Fruits 0.1 0.05 *0.01

Oxyfluorfen FT 0305 Olives 0.05 0.05 1

Paraquat FT 0305 Olives 1 0.1 *0.02

Pendimethalin FT 0305 Olives *0.05 0.1 *0.05

Permethrin FT 0305 Olives 1 *0.05

Pethoxamid Olives, table and oil production *0.01

Phosphine FT 0026 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - edible peel

T*0.01 0.05

Piperonyl butoxide NS 0000 Fruits 8 10

Pirimicarb NS 0000 Fruits 0.5 1

Pirimiphos-methyl FT 0305 Olives *0.05

Pyraclostrobin Olives, table and oil production 0.02

Pyrethrins NS 0000 Fruits 1 1 1

Pyriproxyfen FT 0305 Olives 1 1 *0.05

Pyriproxyfen OC 0305 Olive oil, crude 3

Simazine NS 0000 Fruits *0.1 0.2 *0.01

Spinetoram Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Spinosad Olives, table and oil production 0.02 *0.02

Spirotetramat Olives, table and oil production *0.1

Spiroxamine Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Tebuconazole Olives *0.05 *0.05

Tebufenozide FT 0307 Persimmon, Japanese 0.1 *0.05

Tetradifon NS 0000 Fruits 5 *0.01

Thiabendazole Olives, table and oil production *0.05

Thiacloprid Olives, table and oil production 4

Thiamethoxam Olives, table and oil production 0.02 0.5

Thiometon NS 0000 Fruits 1

Trichlorfon FT 0026 Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - edible peel

T3 *0.01

Trifluralin NS 0000 Fruits *0.05 *0.01

* Indicates that an MRL is at the limit of Quantitation

T=Temporary

32

Appendix 5. Permits for use in olive

Permit ID Description States Date issued

Expiry date Permit holder

PER14791 Alpha-cypermethrin / Olives / Curculio Beetle, Cutworms

All except Vic 6-May-14 30-Nov-15 AOA

PER14580 Azoxystrobin (Amistar) / Olives / Anthracnose

All except Vic 23-May-14 31-Aug-19 AOA

PER13703 Bifenthrin / Olive / Olive lace bug All except Vic 31-Jan-14 31-Mar-17 Agaware Consulting

PER14575 Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) / Olives / Ants, African black beetle, light brown apple moth

All except Vic 23-Dec-13 31-Mar-19 AOA

PER11360 Copper / Olives / Fungal leaf spot and fruit rot.

All except Vic 24-Mar-09 31-Mar-17 AOA

PER13999 Dimethoate / Olives / Various insect pests

All states 19-Apr-13 05-Oct-15

AOA

PER14460 Ethephon / Olives / Fruit loosening All except Vic 1-Jun-14 30-Jun-17 AOA

PER14564 Indoxacarb (Avatar) / Olives / Apple Weevil

All except Vic 10-Apr-14 31-Mar-16 AOA

PER14785 Insegar (fenoxycarb) / Olives / Black Olive Scale

All except Vic 7-May-14 Aug 2015

Label extension expected end 2014

EE Muir & Sons

PER14414 Fatty acids (Natrasoap) / Olives / Lace bug

All except Vic 04-Oct-13 30-Sep-23 AOA

PER12389 Methyl Bromide / Fruit & Fruiting Vegetables, Food producing plants & ornamentals / Fruit Fly, Silverleaf Whiteflies & Thrips for Biosecurity decontamination

NT, use by persons with license to apply

1-Sept-10 31-Aug-15 Dept Resources, NT

PER11092 Methyl Bromide / Fruit & Fruiting Vegetables, Food producing plants & ornamentals / Fruit Fly & Thrips Quarantine treatment

Qld Only 19-Oct-09 30-Oct-20 Growcom

PER14528 Paraquat & Diquat (Spray Seed) / Olives / Range of broadleaf & grass weeds (as per label)

All except Vic 18-Nov-13 30-Sep-17 NRIA c/o Agaware Consulting

PER14908 Pyraclostrobin + Metiram (Aero) / Olives / Anthracnose

All except Vic 8-Jan-15 31-Mar-20 AOA