peg case study: architecture in the expended field

FhFlat Horizontal

4

FH : Situating the Type

Though the utility of the Flat Horizontal in a wide range of programmatic applications makes it difficult to classify func-tionally, it obeys a more or less consistent logic of location and positioning. Its large footprint generally resists density while its associated infrastructure—parking lots, loading docks, and access roads—draw it toward transportation thoroughfares.

The organizational logics of the building tend to trump site specificity. Highway access, limited vegetation and large expanses of flat land are privileged, and where topographic variation is encountered, it is overcome with brute force and rendered sufficiently flat for occupation.

Though it’s spatial flexibility can accomodate a wide range of programs, the economic logic of the Flat Horizontal type is geographically limited. It resists density and is almost invariably suburban.

Flat Horizontal

1.5

Mile

s

Architecture in the Expended Field

6

In this sense, the FH is less a building type than it is an economic logic writ large. It’s power derives from its ability to climatize a large floor area under a single expansive roof.

Flat Horizontal

-+ Floor Area Ratio


The economic efficiency of this operation for enclosing spatially extensive programs has rendered the FH type as the normative space of suburban public life.

8

FH : The Mall at Short Hills

One of the first planned communities in the country, Short Hills was the dream of Stewart Hartshorn who purchased 1,500 acres of land in the late 1800s. Throughout the first half of the century, the suburban community grew quickly, and in 1949 the Prudential Insurance Company of America acquired a large tract of land where The Mall at Short Hills now sits.

Seven years later, B. Altman opened a 130,000-square-foot store on the land and eventually added an additional 50,000 square feet to meet market demands. Local residents contin-ued their demand for expanded retailing and in the early 1960s, a small open-air center opened that included retailers such as FAO Schwarz and Pottery Barn.

Flat Horizontal

The momentum continued as America’s largest Bloomingdale’s premiered on the site in 1967. In 1974, Prudential Insurance Company of America began working with The Taubman Com-pany, The Mall at Short Hills’ current owner. By 1980, the two had completed a two-year, $100 million project to enclose the mall.

The first phase of a major expansion was completed in Novem-ber 1994 adding a 100,000-square-foot, the next expansion phase was completed in August 1995 adding two anchors -- a 137,000 square-foot Neiman Marcus and a 188,000 square-foot Nordstrom -- and many new specialty stores.


Flat Horizontal10

However the FH is not necessarily limited to commercial applications. Its efficiency as a container has made it useful in other spatially consumptive programs of recreation and assembly.

FH : Expanded uses of the ‘Big Box’

The tendency to consolidate resources under one roof (the logic of the suburban shopping center) can expand beyond the purely economic drivers of commercial development. Exam-ples from Dronten, Holland (Demeerpaal) to New Jersey High Schools demonstrate the opportunities that the big box offers as a space of assembly and social interaction.


Community Center, Holland

High School Graduation

Speaking + Performance

Flat Horizontal12

But in the suburban context, these spaces tend to be dispersed (often in schools). But in the current environmental and economic climate, this arrangement can be questioned.

FH : Dispersal of Assembly

By their very nature, recreation centers and spectator facilities pose a major dilemma for schools. Besides their construction cost, they tend to be enormous guzzlers of water (for show-ers, restrooms, concessions, and pools. In addition, they fea-ture large volumes (atriums, natatoriums, gymnasiums) that come with huge air-conditioning requirements and include

energy consumptive programs and often utilize large expans-es of glass that can add significantly to the building’s heat load. Large events likewise burn energy and create moun-tains of solid waste.


*Public Schools

Twin Pines Site

Mercer County

HopewellBoro

HopewellTwp

PenningtonBoro

LawrenceTwp

At the same time, these venues mark a notable point of public assembly in the social networks of the suburbs. Connected as they often are to schools and education facilities, they mark a point of intersection between governmental investment and public use that is unrivaled in the suburban landscape.

FH : Consolidating Resources

The current economic recession has forced many suburban communities to consolidate resources for programs of assem-bly and recreation. Dependent as they are on state educa-tional funding, these facilities are subject to increasingly diffi-cult economic restrictions. As budgets tighten extra-curricular activities are among the first to be cut, and the expensive

construction, maintenance and energy costs of these large facilities becomes increasingly burdensome.

14

Strained budgets have already prompted a pooling of resources in service of recreational programs. But this consolidation could be intensified.

Flat Horizontal

$$

$

$

$$

$$$$

Twin Pines Site

Mercer County

HopewellBoro

HopewellTwp

PenningtonBoro

LawrenceTwp


Flat Horizontal16

The Twin Pines project currently includes facilities for performance and recreation, but is lacking a significant interior space that would allow for a wider range of types of assembly.

FH : Consolidating Resources

The Twin Pines site is one such example of combining re-sources to create a space of recreation. It marks a combined effort between 4 municipalities and the County government to establish a shared facility for sports and recreation on a former airfield in Hopewell Township.

Flat Horizontal18

Rather than repeating the typical programs of recreation and assembly in each school, the FH type be used to consolidate these resources in a single structure.


*Public Schools

Twin Pines Site

Mercer County

HopewellBoro

HopewellTwp

PenningtonBoro

LawrenceTwp

Flat Horizontal20

The relative effectiveness of such a proposition can then be weighed against the design criterion outlined by the State of New Jersey for construction of public schools.

FH : The NJSCC 21st Century Schools Design Criterion

The NJSCC has identified 25 design criterion that impart spe-cific (and increasingly stringent) requirements on the perfor-mance of school buildings.


1. ACOUSTIC COMFORT2. THERMAL COMFORT3. VISUAL COMFORT4. DAYLIGHTING5. INDOOR AIR QUALITY6. SAFETY AND SECURITY7. ENERGY PERFORMANCE8. LIFE CYCLE COST9. COMMISSIONING10. LEARNING CENTERED DESIGN11. STIMULATING ARCHITECTURE12. ACCESSIBILITY13. FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY14. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY15. HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING ENVELOPE16. RENEWABLE ENERGY17. HIGH PERFORMANCE HVAC18. HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC LIGHTING19. ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIVE SITE PLANNING20. ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS21. WATER EFFICIENT22. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT23. COMMUNITY USE24. CATALYST FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT25. SERVICE LIFE PLANNING

22

The NJSCC design criterion generally impart two sets of demands on the envelope those relating to the needs of the interior (internal pressures) and those relating to a larger cultural, political, economic, and environmentally conscious world (external pressures).

Flat Horizontal

1. ACOUSTIC COMFORT 2. THERMAL COMFORT3. VISUAL COMFORT4. DAYLIGHTING5. INDOOR AIR QUALITY6. SAFETY AND SECURITY7. ENERGY PERFORMANCE8. LIFE CYCLE COST9. COMMISSIONING10. LEARNING CENTERED DESIGN11. STIMULATING ARCHITECTURE12. ACCESSIBILITY13. FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY14. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY15. HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING ENVELOPE16. RENEWABLE ENERGY17. HIGH PERFORMANCE HVAC18. HIGH PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC LIGHTING19. ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIVE SITE PLANNING20. ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS21. WATER EFFICIENT22. COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT23. COMMUNITY USE24. CATALYST FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT25. SERVICE LIFE PLANNING

ACOUSTIC

THERMAL

LIGHTING

LIGHTING

INDOOR AIR QUALITY

SECURITY & ACCESS

ENERGY

ENVIRONMENT

ENERGY

ICONICITY

ICONICITY

SECURITY & ACCESS

FLEXIBILITY

ENERGY

ENERGY

ENERGY

ENERGY + LIGHTING

SITE AND CLIMATE

ENVIRONMENTAL

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

SECURITY & ACCESS

SITE AND CLIMATE

ENERGY


Flat Horizontal24

Daylight Harvesting

Moisture FlowThermal InsulationSecondary Structure

Primary Structure

Acoustic Insulation

Lighting

FH : A Logic of Parts

In order to meet these requirements, the typical gynmasium obeys a logic of economic organization. that promotes a high degree of off-the-shelf production.


Daylight Harvesting

Moisture FlowThermal InsulationSecondary Structure

Primary Structure

Acoustic Insulation

Lighting

26

Badminton

Gymnastics

Table Tennis

Banquet

Basketball

Roller Skating

Tennis

Auditorium Spectator Stands

Boxing

Indoor Soccer

Volleyball

Flat Horizontal

FH : A Multitude of Requirements

Despite some up-front savings, this logic of construction is invariably limiting when viewed against the requirements out-lined by the NJSCC.

Classroom

Classroom (Lecture)

Demonstration

Art Production

Office Work (Private)

Officework (Open)

Meeting

Videoconferencing

Auditorium

Social Event

Dancing (Disco)

Dancing (Ballroom)

Exhibiting

General Gym

Archery

Basketball

Boxing/Wrestling

Gymnastics

Racquetball/Squash

Roller Skating

Indoor Soccer

Tennis

Volleyball

Fencing

Table Tennis

Badminton

Lobby

Cafeteria

Kitchen

Lockers/Shower

Toilets

Storage

Corridors

x: 8y: 12z: 4.2

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 32y: 36.5

z: 9.1

x: 7.5y: 37

z: 3

x: 27y: 45

z: 7

x: 18y: 18

z: 7

x: 26y: 36z: 7.6

x: 6y: 10

z: 6

x: 30y: 60z: 5.5

x: 27y: 45

z: 9

x: 20y: 37

z: 10.67

x: 20y: 37z: 9.1

x: 10.5y: 14.4

z: -

x: 7y: 14

z: 4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

a: 96v: 403.2

a: 224v: 1232

a: 224v: 1232

a: 112v: 470.4

a: 20

a: 95

a: 30

a: 30

a: 1200v: 8400

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a: 1168v: 10630

a: 277.5v: 832.5

a: 1215v: 8505

a: 324v: 2268

a: 936v: 7113.6

a: 60v: 360

a: 1800v: 9900

a: 1215v: 10935

a: 740v: 7895.8

a: 1215v: 11056

a: 151.2v: -

a: 98v: 392

a: 189v: 1587.6

a: 100

a:

a: 500

a: 250

a: 100

a: 100

a:v:

Main Hall1x

2x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

2x

2x

1x

included in Gross (1.4 Gross Factor)

4519 m²

6326.6 m²

Net

Gross

x: 33y: 60z: max 10.67

a: 1800v: varies

Must be able to adjust between 30-1500 luxMust be able to calibrate between maximum daylighting and minimum daylightingMust perform between the noise ratings of 35-50 RC(N)Must provide air-change of 0.3 - 0.9 cfm/ftMust be able to control temperature precisely according to humidity levels

Classroom

Classroom (Lecture)

Demonstration

Art Production


Officework (Open)

Meeting

Videoconferencing

Auditorium

Social Event

Dancing (Disco)

Dancing (Ballroom)

Exhibiting

General Gym

Archery

Basketball

Boxing/Wrestling

Gymnastics

Racquetball/Squash

Roller Skating

Indoor Soccer

Tennis

Volleyball

Fencing

Table Tennis

Badminton

Lobby

Cafeteria

Kitchen

Lockers/Shower

Toilets

Storage

Corridors

x: 8y: 12z: 4.2

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 32y: 36.5

z: 9.1

x: 7.5y: 37

z: 3

x: 27y: 45

z: 7

x: 18y: 18

z: 7

x: 26y: 36z: 7.6

x: 6y: 10

z: 6

x: 30y: 60z: 5.5

x: 27y: 45

z: 9

x: 20y: 37

z: 10.67

x: 20y: 37z: 9.1

x: 10.5y: 14.4

z: -

x: 7y: 14

z: 4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

a: 96v: 403.2

a: 224v: 1232

a: 224v: 1232

a: 112v: 470.4

a: 20

a: 95

a: 30

a: 30

a: 1200v: 8400

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a: 1168v: 10630

a: 277.5v: 832.5

a: 1215v: 8505

a: 324v: 2268

a: 936v: 7113.6

a: 60v: 360

a: 1800v: 9900

a: 1215v: 10935

a: 740v: 7895.8

a: 1215v: 11056

a: 151.2v: -

a: 98v: 392

a: 189v: 1587.6

a: 100

a:

a: 500

a: 250

a: 100

a: 100

a:v:

Main Hall1x

2x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

2x

2x

1x


4519 m²

6326.6 m²

Net

Gross

x: 33y: 60z: max 10.67

a: 1800v: varies


Classroom

Classroom (Lecture)

Demonstration

Art Production


Officework (Open)

Meeting

Videoconferencing

Auditorium

Social Event

Dancing (Disco)

Dancing (Ballroom)

Exhibiting

General Gym

Archery

Basketball

Boxing/Wrestling

Gymnastics

Racquetball/Squash

Roller Skating

Indoor Soccer

Tennis

Volleyball

Fencing

Table Tennis

Badminton

Lobby

Cafeteria

Kitchen

Lockers/Shower

Toilets

Storage

Corridors

x: 8y: 12z: 4.2

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 32y: 36.5

z: 9.1

x: 7.5y: 37

z: 3

x: 27y: 45

z: 7

x: 18y: 18

z: 7

x: 26y: 36z: 7.6

x: 6y: 10

z: 6

x: 30y: 60z: 5.5

x: 27y: 45

z: 9

x: 20y: 37

z: 10.67

x: 20y: 37z: 9.1

x: 10.5y: 14.4

z: -

x: 7y: 14

z: 4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

a: 96v: 403.2

a: 224v: 1232

a: 224v: 1232

a: 112v: 470.4

a: 20

a: 95

a: 30

a: 30

a: 1200v: 8400

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a: 1168v: 10630

a: 277.5v: 832.5

a: 1215v: 8505

a: 324v: 2268

a: 936v: 7113.6

a: 60v: 360

a: 1800v: 9900

a: 1215v: 10935

a: 740v: 7895.8

a: 1215v: 11056

a: 151.2v: -

a: 98v: 392

a: 189v: 1587.6

a: 100

a:

a: 500

a: 250

a: 100

a: 100

a:v:

Main Hall1x

2x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

2x

2x

1x


4519 m²

6326.6 m²

Net

Gross

x: 33y: 60z: max 10.67

a: 1800v: varies


Classroom

Classroom (Lecture)

Demonstration

Art Production


Officework (Open)

Meeting

Videoconferencing

Auditorium

Social Event

Dancing (Disco)

Dancing (Ballroom)

Exhibiting

General Gym

Archery

Basketball

Boxing/Wrestling

Gymnastics

Racquetball/Squash

Roller Skating

Indoor Soccer

Tennis

Volleyball

Fencing

Table Tennis

Badminton

Lobby

Cafeteria

Kitchen

Lockers/Shower

Toilets

Storage

Corridors

x: 8y: 12

z: 4.2

x: 14y: 16

z: 5.5

x: 14y: 16

z: 5.5

x: 8y: 14

z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14

z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14

z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14

z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14

z: 4.2

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 32y: 36.5

z: 9.1

x: 7.5y: 37

z: 3

x: 27y: 45

z: 7

x: 18y: 18

z: 7

x: 26y: 36

z: 7.6

x: 6y: 10

z: 6

x: 30y: 60

z: 5.5

x: 27y: 45

z: 9

x: 20y: 37

z: 10.67

x: 20y: 37

z: 9.1

x: 10.5y: 14.4

z: -

x: 7y: 14

z: 4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18

z: 8.4

a: 96v: 403.2

a: 224v: 1232

a: 224v: 1232

a: 112v: 470.4

a: 20

a: 95

a: 30

a: 30

a: 1200v: 8400

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a: 1168v: 10630

a: 277.5v: 832.5

a: 1215v: 8505

a: 324v: 2268

a: 936v: 7113.6

a: 60v: 360

a: 1800v: 9900

a: 1215v: 10935

a: 740v: 7895.8

a: 1215v: 11056

a: 151.2v: -

a: 98v: 392

a: 189v: 1587.6

a: 100

a:

a: 500

a: 250

a: 100

a: 100

a:v:

Main Hall1x

2x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

2x

2x

1x


4519 m²

6326.6 m²

Net

Gross

x: 33y: 60z: max 10.67

a: 1800v: varies


Classroom

Classroom (Lecture)

Demonstration

Art Production


Officework (Open)

Meeting

Videoconferencing

Auditorium

Social Event

Dancing (Disco)

Dancing (Ballroom)

Exhibiting

General Gym

Archery

Basketball

Boxing/Wrestling

Gymnastics

Racquetball/Squash

Roller Skating

Indoor Soccer

Tennis

Volleyball

Fencing

Table Tennis

Badminton

Lobby

Cafeteria

Kitchen

Lockers/Shower

Toilets

Storage

Corridors

x: 8y: 12z: 4.2

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 14y: 16z: 5.5

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 8y: 14z: 4.2

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 30y: 40

z: 7

x: 32y: 36.5

z: 9.1

x: 7.5y: 37

z: 3

x: 27y: 45

z: 7

x: 18y: 18

z: 7

x: 26y: 36z: 7.6

x: 6y: 10

z: 6

x: 30y: 60z: 5.5

x: 27y: 45

z: 9

x: 20y: 37

z: 10.67

x: 20y: 37z: 9.1

x: 10.5y: 14.4

z: -

x: 7y: 14

z: 4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

x: 10.5y: 18z: 8.4

a: 96v: 403.2

a: 224v: 1232

a: 224v: 1232

a: 112v: 470.4

a: 20

a: 95

a: 30

a: 30

a: 1200v: 8400

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a:v:

a: 1168v: 10630

a: 277.5v: 832.5

a: 1215v: 8505

a: 324v: 2268

a: 936v: 7113.6

a: 60v: 360

a: 1800v: 9900

a: 1215v: 10935

a: 740v: 7895.8

a: 1215v: 11056

a: 151.2v: -

a: 98v: 392

a: 189v: 1587.6

a: 100

a:

a: 500

a: 250

a: 100

a: 100

a:v:

Main Hall1x

2x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

1x

2x

2x

1x


4519 m²

6326.6 m²

Net

Gross

x: 33y: 60z: max 10.67

a: 1800v: varies



Flat Horizontal28

FH : From Part to Whole

In order to achieve the a wide variety of light, temperature, acoustic, and spatial conditions, these buildings rely heavily on HVAC systems to control interior coniditions. Today, as en-ergy costs climb and environmental awareness grows, the real costs of this logic are increasingly apparent.


On-site Power Generation

Engagement with Ground

Security& Access

Energy

EnvironmentalLife Cycle

Site & Climate

IconicityLighting

Air Quality

Acoustics

Thermal

FlexibilityI AMFH

Offsite Carbon Offsetting

Heavy reliance on HVACleads to shorter lifecycles

recreatelight

reliance onexternal systems

100% OffsitePower Generation

Security& Access

Energy Use

Environmental CostLife Cycle

IconicityLighting

Air Quality

Acoustics

Thermal

FlexibilityI AMFH

HVAC

Site & Climate

denied

“Re-flattening” of Ground

Flat Horizontal30

Common Big Box strategies privilege a flat ground plane and a decorated frontage, effectively divorcing the imperatives of iconicity and performance.

FH : Reconsidering the Relationship of Building to Ground


Retaining Wall

Retaining Wall

RoofWall

On GradeIconicity /Cultural

Friendliness

Performance / Environ Friendliness

32

Land

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Hal

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Jaco

bse

n

Ber

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elo

dro

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Do

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Per

raul

t

LGjo

vik

Oly

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oun

tain

Hal

lM

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Levo

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Hal

sten

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Sp

ort

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And

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Buc

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po

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Factors influencing the building/ground relationship range from NJ’s climate (which necessitates a high degree of ther-mal performance) and the iconicity achieved by exposing the

building’s roof surface to an at-grade viewer. In addition a 35 foot height restriction mandated by local zoning can be negoti-ated by partially embedding the building in the ground.

Flat Horizontal

FH : Reconsidering the Relationship of Building to Ground

Iconicity TemperatureControl

Daylight Ventilation

Elevated

Mounded

On Grade

Depressed

Sunken

Embedded

Buried


Flat Horizontal34

An alternative relationship between building and ground could not only produce better environmental performance but also combine the representational and conditioning functions of the building into a single surface.


Iconicity /Cultural

Friendliness

Performance /Environ

Friendliness+

Roof

Flat Horizontal36

Part Logic(Truss + Corrugated Deck)

Whole Logic(Hyperpolic Parabaloid)

Expansion of Parts(Hyperbolic Spanning Elements)

Individuation of Parts(Elements Adjusted to External and

Internal Pressures)

FH : Merging the Logics of Part and Whole

Accepting the duallt inconic and performative functions of the roof impart a set of pressures that can then begin to inform geometry, structure, and programmatic variation.

peg case study: architecture in the expended field

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