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![Page 1: Pegasor Particle Sensor PPS-M New Tool for … · Pegasor Particle Sensor – PPS-M New Tool for Industrial PM Measurement Juha Tikkanen, VP Sales & Marketing Pegasor Ltd. Finland](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081605/5b95da6009d3f2de4a8c8cc8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pegasor Particle Sensor – PPS-M New Tool for Industrial PM Measurement
Juha Tikkanen, VP Sales & Marketing Pegasor Ltd.
Finland
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Content
• Pegasor background
• Pegasor company
• Key research partner
• Pegasor particle sensor (PPS-M) technology
• Operation parameters
• PPS-M installation; On board vehicle, engine dyno/raw
exhaust
• Customer results
• Pegasor OBD
• Conclusion
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Since 2003 the Pegasor team has been developing and testing novel sensor technologies for measuring particle emissions (PM) from the tailpipe.
In 2008 Pegasor team was put together to commercialize a new sensor innovation that enables on board emission measurements in passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles
Low cost, service free operation, high sensitivity and real-time operation of the sensor opens other very lucrative markets both in engine emission measurements and air quality monitoring.
Pegasor background
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Company
Established Team has
– Long experience in innovation, development and commercialization of fine particle emission monitoring and control technologies
– Managed a technology start-up company from its inception to a more than 3 M€ turnover company - based on income money
– Extensive collaboration network from industry, academia
and officials built over 10 years
• Pegasor Head office in Tampere, Finland
– European activities
– OBM/D development, other applications
– Vehicle inspection market activities
• Branch office in Tucson, Arizona USA
– US and Asia activities
– US EPA & California Air Resources Board (CARB)
– Diesel manufacturers
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Key research and testing partner - LAT
• Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics (LAT), Univ. of Thessaloniki
has been the technical advisor of the European Commission in all major vehicle emission control legislation including: • OBD for Euro 5 passenger cars (sole advisor – three contracts)
• OBD for Euro 6 heavy duty vehicles (w. TU Graz)
• Euro 5 and 6 Passenger Cars & Heavy Duty Vehicles (w. Ricardo, TNO)
• Euro 3 Mopeds and Motorcycles (sole advisor)
• LAT has complete engine and vehicle emission testing facilities • Semi-transient HD engine test cell
• Fully-transient diesel/gasoline engine test cell and chassis dyno
• Complete range of gas and particle analyzers and access to a range of diesel particle filters
• Several engines/vehicles for testing
• One of the world’s most powerful aftertreatment modeling code (AxiSuite)
• Facilities and experience is made available for Pegasor
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PPS-M Operation and Advantages
• Advantages – Real-time
– Continuous operation
– Non collective
– Raw exhaust measurement possible without dilution
– Sensor reading independent of measured gas conditions • Pressure fluctuations
• flow velocity
– Wide range of operating temperatures
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PPS-M Dimensions
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Pegasor Particle Sensor (PPS-M)
Inlet
Outlet
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Operational parameters
• Temperature range will stand DPF regeneration
• Concentrations from about 0,01 (outdoor air version 1 g/m3) to 250 mg/m3
• Response time 0,3-0,4 s
• Analog input filtering 10Hz. Sampling rate up to 100 Hz
• Operation parameters
• Clean air flow 2 LPM @ 1.5 bar overpressure
• Sample flow 5 LPM (ejector driven)
• High voltage ~3kV
• Power consumption 2,5 W, 10-30 VDC, capable to supply 5A of external power for heaters
• Data communication RS 485 (for universal use)
– Total mass and total number reported
• Self diagnostics included
• Port for external thermocouple included
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Conducted studies
• So far PPS-M has been tested by several vehicle manufacturers and independent laboratories with several different types of engines and exhaust aftertreatment systems including
– Heavy and light duty diesels
– Pre and post DPF
– Spark ignition engine
• Comparison has in most cases been done with the AVL Micro Soot Sensor (MSS)
– Therefore, presented data focuses on those results
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On Board Vehicle Measurement Set-Up
PPS-M
DOC
DPF Silencer
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On Board Vehicle Installation
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Engine Dyno Measurement Set-Up
20% Defected DPF
Break & Electronics
PPS-M
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Engine Dyno/Raw Exhaust Installation
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-10
0
10
20
30
40so
ot ra
te (m
g/m
3)MVEG
FROID
2885.xls
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-50
0
50
100
150
soot
mas
s (m
g)
Time (s)
12 mg/km : MVEG cold start
= MSS
= PPS-M (Pegasor Particle Sensor)
(Micro Soot Sensor / AVL)
• Euro 6 Not-To-Exceed (NTE) limit 9 mg/km
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-5
0
5
10
15so
ot ra
te (m
g/m
3)MVEG
CHAUD
2906.xls
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200-20
0
20
40
60
soot
mas
s (m
g)
Time (s)
6 mg/km : MVEG hot start
= MSS
= PPS-M
• Euro 6 Not-To-Exceed (NTE) limit 9 mg/km
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Instrument Stability – 3 Measurements
PPS-M average stability ± 7%
MSS 4.16 mg/m3 ± 10 %
= 8 mg/m3 ± 9 %
Time[s]
Time[s]
Sta
bili
ty [
%]
Sta
bili
ty [
%]
MS
S [
mg
/m3]
PP
S-M
x 1
00
[m
V]
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Dynamic Repeatibility – 11 Measurements
PPS-M average stability ± 8%
MSS average stability ± 10 %
Sta
bili
ty
Sta
bili
ty
Time[s]
Time[s]
PP
S-M
x 1
00
[m
V]
MS
S [
mg
/m3]
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PPS-M average stability ± 8%
MSS average stability ± 13 %
Sta
bili
ty [
%]
PP
S-M
x 1
00
[m
V]
Sta
bili
ty [
%]
MS
S [
mg
/m3]
Time[s]
Time[s]
Dynamic Repeatibility – 8 Measurements
PPS-M D/A Converter
set to 450 mA max.
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Dynamic Test Raw Signal – 11 Measurements P
PS
-M x
100
[m
V]
MS
S [
mg
/m3]
PP
S-M
MS
S
Time[s]
Time[s]
Time[s]
PPS-M
MSS
Average
a
PPS-M
MSS
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Time Response of PPS vs. Particle Number Measuring Instruments
PPS-M sensor can also be used for particle number monitoring (diesel)
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• PPS-M could be developed to measure particle number
concentration from gasoline engines – Euro 7
Clio 3 1.2 L
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.00E+10
1.00E+11
1.00E+12
1.00E+13
1.00E+14
11/01/10 14/01/10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
CPC 3022 aval
Particules/km Clone PMP aval
Particules/km Somme mV
PEGASOR
Clio 3 1.2L
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Signal Behavior During Active DPF Regeneration
DPF Temp.
PSS-M
MSS
RPM
Regeneration start Regeneration end
• PPS signal directly proportional to active surface area in this study
• Peaks on MSS data from large particles coming off the DPF
PP
S-M
x 1
00
[m
V]
Te
mp
era
ture
[°C
]
Limited amount of volatiles Lot of volatiles
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Time Response of PPS vs. MSS
• 3 second time delay and 7 second averaging downgrades PPS-M data comparable with the MSS
0
10
20
30
40
0
100
200
300
400
1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240
MSS
[mg
/m³]
Pe
gaso
r [m
V]
time [s]
Pegasor mV
Pegasor filtered, τ = 7, td= -3 s
MSS mg/m³
0
10
20
30
40
0
100
200
300
400
1080 1100 1120 1140
MSS
[mg
/m³]
Pe
gaso
r [m
V]
time [s]
Pegasor mVPegasor filtered, τ = 7, td= -3 sMSS mg/m³
Confidential
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Time Response of PPS vs. Engine Data
• PM emissions essentially immediately during torque change
• Use of averaging instruments can be challenging for engine development
• Use of true real-time instruments increase productivity significantly
Confidential
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
100
200
300
400
500
1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240
N [U
/min
], M
[Nm
]
PP
S-M
[m
V]
time [s]
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0
100
200
300
400
1040 1060 1080 1100 1120 1140 1160 1180 1200 1220 1240time [s]
PP
S-M
, M/1
0
0
10
20
30
40
MSS
[m
g/m
³]
PPS-M [mV]
M/10 [Nm]
MSS [mg/m³]
0
100
200
300
400
1080 1100 1120 1140time [s]
PP
S-M
, M/1
0
0
10
20
30
40
MSS
[m
g/m
³]
PPS-M [mV]
M/10 [Nm]
MSS [mg/m³]
Time Response of PPS vs. MSS on Engine Torque
Use of not true real-time instruments hide the data and reasons behind it
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Soot Deposits on Sensor Parts
Soot deposition
caused by
Thermophoresis
and space charge
-cold clean air flow
-heaters are
available
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Usage Tips for PPS-M
Water condensation around ion outlet -
sensor heater should be used to avoid
condensation inside the sensor
Sensor after one week of continuous
operation – when heaters are not used
(sample inlet, sensor) – heaters should be
used to increase continuous operation
time
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Summary and Conclusions
• Pegasor particle sensor is the world’s first continuously operating sensor with capabilities for permanent installation on board vehicle
• Most cost effective solution for real-time PM measurement
• Low capital cost
• Low maintenance cost
• Fastest Time Response, down to 0,3 s time resolution
• Calibrated for total mass and total number of particles. User calibration recommended for most accurate results
• Sensitive to fine particles – important regarding health effects
• Can be installed upstream or downstream DPF
• Could be miniaturized to an affordable OBD sensor
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particle sensors for a clean future
Juha Tikkanen , Chairman of the Board [email protected] Juha Kaartinen, CEO [email protected]
"In a modern world city, people should have the opportunity to live and work without fear of being poisoned by the air they breathe.“ - Ken Livingstone (mayor of London -5/2008)