pengantar obat otonom dan ganglion
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PENGANTAR OBAT OTONOM DAN GANGLION
Dimas P.NugrahaDepartemen Farmakologi dan Terapi FK UR
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The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system
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The autonomic nerves innervate smooth muscles, cardiac tissue and glands.
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have ganglia where ACh is the transmitter of the preganglionic fibers; ACh acts on nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic nerves.
ACh is also the neurotransmitter at cells of the adrenal medulla, where it acts on nicotinic ACh receptors to cause release of the catecholamines epinephrine (Epi) and NE into the circulation
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The somatic nerves innervate skeletal muscle directly without a ganglionic relay
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Response to symphatetic activation
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Sympathetic Fight or Flight Response
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Response to parasymphatetic Activation
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Action of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on effector organs
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Efek utama yang dimediasi oleh Alpha and Beta adrenoceptors
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Site at Which Drugs Act To Modify Cell Functions
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Example of Cholonergic and adrenergic Drug Treatment : Glaucoma
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Penyakit glaucoma tipe tertentu dapat diobati dengan memodifikasi aktivitas simpatik dan parasimpatik di bola mata.
Cholinergic agonist seperti pilocarpin dapat meningkatkan pengeluaran aqueos humor melalui canalis schlemm
Adrenergic antagonis seperti Timolol menurunkan aliran masuk aqueos humor sehingga dapat mengurangi gejala glaucoma
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Drugs That act On The Autonomic nervous System
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Process Affected
Drug Example Site Action
Action potential propagation
Local anesthetics, tetrodotoxin,1 saxitoxin2
Nerve axons Block sodium channels; block conduction
Transmitter synthesis
Hemicholinium Cholinergic nerve terminals: membrane
Blocks uptake of choline and slows synthesis
Transmitter storage
Reserpine Adrenergic terminals: vesicles
Prevents storage, depletes
Transmitter release
Botulinum toxin Cholinergic vesicles
Prevents release
Tyramine, amphetamine
Adrenergic nerve terminals
Promote transmitter release
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Process Affected
Drug Example Site Action
Transmitter reuptake after release
Cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants
Adrenergic nerve terminals
Inhibit uptake; increase transmitter effect on postsynaptic receptors
Receptor activation or blockade
Norepinephrine Receptors at adrenergic junctions
Binds receptors; causes contraction
Nicotine Receptors at nicotinic cholinergic junctions (autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular end plates)
Binds nicotinic receptors; opens ion channel in postsynaptic membrane
Tubocurarine Neuromuscular end plates
Prevents activation
Atropine Receptors, parasympathetic effector cells
Binds muscarinic receptors; prevents activation
Enzymatic inactivation of transmitter
Neostigmine Cholinergic synapses (acetylcholinesterase)
Inhibits enzyme; prolongs and intensifies transmitter action
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