pengenalan metabolisma
TRANSCRIPT
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Pengenalan Metabolisma
Disediakan oleh : Nassruto
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Pengenalan
• Sel perlukan tenaga
• Makanan akan ditukarkan kepada tenaga untuk melakukan aktiviti- aktiviti badan melalui proses metabolisma
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The Digestive SystemPrepares food for use by all body cells.
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Digestion
• The chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts.• Lipids to fatty acids • Proteins to individual amino acids• Carbohydrates into simple sugars
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Function
•Produces various chemicals to break down the food.•Filters out harmful substances.
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Digestion
• Chemical• Changes the chemical composition of food with the aid of
digestive enzymes
• Carbohydrate• Protein• Lipid
• Digestive enzymes are special enzymes that help break up large molecules of food into very tiny molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells in the form of nutrition.
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Phases of Digestion
• Ingestion•Movement•Digestion•Absorption• Further digestion
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The Digestive Tract
•Begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.
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The Digestive Tract• Parts of the Digestive Tract
• Mouth• Pharynx• Esophagus• Stomach • Small Intestine• Large Intestine
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Accessory Parts
• Organs that are not in the digestive tract but helps in the digestion
• Teeth• Tongue • Salivary glands• Liver• Gall bladder• Pancreas
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Small Intestine
• Digested nutrients are absorbed through intestinal walls
• Absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood then other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change.
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Metabolisma
Definisi • Satu proses tindak balas kimia yang berlaku dalam sel
badan untuk membolehkan fungsi-fungsi normal badan dapat berjalan dengan lancar.
• Sentiasa berlaku sehingga organisma mati
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Jenis-jenis metabolisma
1) Katabolisma
2) Anabolisma
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Katabolisma
• Proses pemecahan molekul-molekul besar menjadi molekul-molekul kecil
• Contoh: polisakarida monosakarida lemak asid lemakprotein asid amino
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• Menghasilkan tenaga (ATP) yang diperlukan untuk aktiviti
dalam sel
• Tenaga yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk proses anabolisma
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Anabolisma • Proses pembentukan molekul-molekul kecil menjadi
molekul-molekul besar yang baru untuk kegunaan badan dalam pertumbuhan, penjagaan dan pembaikan sel dan tisu.
• Tindakbalas ini memerlukan tenaga
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Peningkatan metabolisma badan
• Semasa bersenam, melakukan aktiviti lasak atau berada dalam keadaan kelaparan atau kebuluran
• Sel akan menggunakan tenaga yang tersimpan• Tenaga yang disimpan habis, protein dan lemak
ditukarkan kepada glukosa dan diproses menghasilkan tenaga
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Enzim
• Sejenis protein yang bertindak sebagai pemangkin dalam tindakbalas kimia (metabolisma)
• Organisma hidup memerlukan enzim untuk hidup.
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Ciri – ciri enzim
• Enzim sangat spesifik untuk substrat dan tindakbalas (dijelaskan melalui Model Mangga dan Kumci)• Enzim boleh mengalami penyahaslian.
(pada suhu 48ºc)
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Model Kunci dan Mangga
• Enzim dan substrat mempunyai bentuk yang sepadan
• Menerangkan tindakan enzim yang spesifik
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Koenzim
• Sebatian yang menggalakkan tindakan enzim.• Memainkan peranan dalam tindakbalas pemindahan
kumpulan kimia• Contoh : NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)