penitencialuri sistemis martva adamianis uflebata · pdf filedmitri pankratovi, rusetis...

penitencialuri sistemis marTva

adamianis uflebaTa poziciidan

saxelmZRvanelo penitencialuri sistemis TanamSromlebisaTvis

endriu koili

penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centri

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gamocemulia penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centris mier didi britaneTi q. londoni, SE1 7AW iorkis quCa # 75-79 me-8 sarTuli tel: +44 (0) 20 7401 2559 faqsi: +44 (0) 20 7401 2577 internet-misamarTi: www.prisonstudies.org

© Andrew Coyle 2002

avtoris araqonebrivi uflebebi daculia.

ISBN 0-9535221-5-6

wignis qarTuli versia momzadda da gamoica saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis mier evropis usafrTxoebisa da Tanamegobrobis organizaciis (euTo) finansuri mxardaWeriT Tbilisi, 2007

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winasityvaoba

dResdReobiT adamianis uflebaTa mimarT arsebul

globalur konsensuss precedenti ar gaaCnia.

miuxedavad amisa, msoflios mraval nawilSi ritorika

realobas ar emTxveva. Tu Cven am napralis aRmofxvra

gvinda, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom adamianis uflebaTa

standartebis cxovrebaSi danergva ara mxolod

abstraqtuli Teoriaa. amas praqtikuli gamoyeneba unda

hqondes mTavrobis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi.

me, rogorc britaneTis ministri, romelic

pasuxismgebeli viyavi penitencialur sistemaze gasuli

wlis zafxulamde, Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom is,

Tu rogor eqceva sazogadoeba TavisuflebaSezRudul

adamianebs, lakmusis testia adamianis uflebaTa mimarT

erTgulebis gasazomad. msoflioSi arsebobs penitencialuri samsaxurebis

maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da standartebis farTo

speqtri. britaneTi mxars uWers am xelSekrulebaTa universalur aRsrulebas.

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo miznad isaxavs penitencialur reformasTan

dakavSirebiT sayovelTaod aRiarebuli standartebis gadmocemas praqtikuli

saxelmZRvanelo wesebis saxiT penitencialuri sistemis TanamSromlebisTvis.

igi dawerilia endriu koilis mier, romelmac wlebis ganmavlobaSi daagrova

penitencialuri sistemis marTvis dadebiTi gamocdileba, vidre mas

gagviziarebda penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centris xelmZRvanelis

rangSi. darwmunebuli var, am saxelmZRvanelos dadebiTad Sexvdebian mTavrobis

ministrebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da penitencialuri sistemis

TanamSromlebi.

Tu mopyrobis is standartebi, romlebic am saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli,

Sesrulebuli iqneba, gaizrdeba ndoba da pativiscemac penitencialuri

samsaxurebis mimarT. da Cvenc gadadgmuli gveqneba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

nabiji adamianis uflebaTa universaluri gamoyenebisaken.

misi Rirseba parlamentis wevri jek sTro

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madlierebis sityvebi

winamdebare wignis SeqmnaSi wvlili bevrma adamianma Seitana.

mrCevelTa jgufis wevrebi saxelebiT arian moxsenebuli SesavalSi.

penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centris yvela TanamSromeli, romlebic

dauRalavad muSaoben msoflios sxvadasxva adgilSi penitencialuri sistemis

marTvis gasaumjobeseblad, xels uwyobda am wignis Seqmnas, pirdapir Tu

arapirdapir, Tavisi codniTa da gamocdilebiT.

gansakuTrebuli daxmareba gagviwies endriu barklim da artur de friSingma.

meri merfi muSaobda saxelmZRvanelos Tavdapirvel variantze.

jeims heinsma xelnaweri wakiTxvad formatSi moaqcia da mravali saaTi daxarja

kargi praqtikis nimuSebis Sesagroveblad.

vivien sternma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana saxelmZRvanelos saboloo

teqstisa da formatis CamoyalibebaSi.

penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centris TanamSromlebma – vivien

fransisma, anton Selupanovma, femke van der moilenma da helen ferma

fasdaudebeli administraciuli daxmareba gagviwies.

yvela zemoaRniSnul adamians vuZRvni uRrmes madlobas.

da bolos, winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo ver gamoicemoda, rom ara didi

britaneTis sagareo da Tanamegobrobis samsaxuris sulgrZeli finansuri

mxardaWera.

5

sarCevi

1 Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2 cixis TanamSromlebi da cixis marTva ----------------------------------------------------- 10 zogadi sakiTxebi Rirebulebebi da komunikacia penitencialuri dawesebulebebi mTavrobis struqturaSi kadrebis dakompleqteba kadrebis gadamzadeba TanamSromelTa SromiTi pirobebi 3 patimrebi adamianebi arian --------------------------------------------------------------------------31 zogadi sakiTxebi wameba da arasaTanado mopyroba yovelTvis akrZalulia patimris cixeSi miRebis procedurebi cxovrebis pirobebi religia 4 patimrebi da janmrTelobis dacva ------------------------------------------------------------51 zogadi sakiTxebi janmrTelobis ufleba jansaRi garemo individualuri mkurnaloba jandacvis personali 5 daculi, usafrTxo da mowesrigebuli

penitencialuri dawesebulebebis marTva ------------------------------------------------- 63 zogadi sakiTxebi

balansi usafrTxoebisa da socialuri reintegraciis programebs Soris balansi usafrTxoebasa da garesamyarosTan kavSirs Soris balansi kontrolsa da kargad mowesrigebul sazogadoebas Soris rodesac kontroli da wesrigi irRveva maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis pirobebi rTuli da urCi patimrebi 6 disciplinuri procedurebi da saxdelebi --------------------------------------------------81

zogadi sakiTxebi disciplinuri procedurebis samarTlianoba saxdelebi samarTliani da proporciuli unda iyos samartoo patimroba 7 konstruqciuli saqmianobebi da socialuri reintegracia ------------------ 88

zogadi sakiTxebi patimris aRiareba pirovnebad Sroma da unar-Cvevebis swavleba ganaTleba da kulturuli RonisZiebebi gaTavisuflebisTvis momzadeba 8 kavSiri gare samyarosTan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------102 zogadi sakiTxebi paemnebi, werilebi, telefonebi

xelmisawvdomoba sakiTxav literaturaze, televiziasa da radioze ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis mqone patimrebi

9 Txovnebi da saCivrebi -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------112

zogadi sakiTxebi

saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi

6

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba

10 inspeqtirebis procedurebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------117

zogadi sakiTxebi



informaciis da pasuxebis gacema inspeqtirebisas

11 winaswar gamoZiebaSi myofi patimrebi da sxva patimrebi,

romelTac sasjeli jer ar misjiaT -----------------------------------------------------------123 zogadi sakiTxebi



iuridiuli warmomadgenlobis ufleba

winaswar gamoZiebaSi myofi patimrebis marTva

sxva patimrebi, romelTac sasjeli jer ar misjiaT

12 arasrulwlovani da axalgazrda patimrebi ----------------------------------------------131

zogadi sakiTxebi


praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba 13 mdedrobiTi sqesis patimrebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------137

zogadi sakiTxebi


praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba 14 samudamo da grZelvadiani patimrebi -------------------------------------------------------- 143

zogadi sakiTxebi



asakovani patimrebi

15 sikvdilmisjili patimrebi -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 148

zogadi sakiTxebi



16 gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 151 zogadi sakiTxebi



17 sapatimro da alternatiuli sasjelebis gamoyeneba ------------------------------155

zogadi sakiTxebi

sasjelis misjis Semdgomi RonisZiebebi

arasapatimro sasjelebi

danarTi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------165

adamianis uflebaTa Sesabamisi dokumentebis CamonaTvali

7

1 Sesavali

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mizania, daxmareba gauwios yvela im adamians, visac raime Sexeba aqvs penitencialur dawesebulebebTan. mkiTxvelTa wreSi SeiZleba Sediodnen mTavrobis ministrebi, romelTa mandatia parlamentis winaSe angariSvaldebuleba penitencialur dawesebulebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, saxelmwifo moxeleebi, romlebic muSaoben iusticiis saministros da sxva saministroebis sistemebSi da zedamxedveloben penitencialur dawesebulebebs, agreTve, mTavrobaTaSorisi uwyebebi, rogoricaa gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, evropis sabWo, amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia, afrikuli kavSiri, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti da msoflio jandacvis organizacia. saxelmZRvaneloTi SesaZloa aseve dainteresdnen arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebi, romlebic muSaoben penitencialur dawesebulebebze. SeZlebisdagvarad, saxelmZRvaneloze xeli unda miuwvdebodeT Tavad patimrebsac. magram saxelmZRvanelos upirvelesi auditoriaa is adamianebi, romlebic uSualod muSaoben cixeebSi da patimrebTan. am wreSi Sedis saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi da regionuli penitencialuri dawesebulebebis xelmZRvanelebi. umTavresad ki, es saxelmZRvanelo gamiznulia maTTvis, vinc uSualod muSaobs cixeebSi da patimrebTan urTierToba uxdeba yoveldRiurad.

winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi mimoxiluli sakiTxebi warmoaCens penitencialuri dawesebulebebis marTvis sirTules da unar-Cvevebis farTo speqtrs, romelTa flobac moeTxoveba maT, visac evaleba patimrebis xelmZRvaneloba. am saxelmZRvaneloSi mimoxiluli sakiTxebi aCvenebs, rom arsebobs faqtorebis erTiani krebuli, romlebic, erTobliobaSi aRebuli, warmoadgens penitencialuri dawesebulebebis kargi marTvis models. Tumca, sakmarisi ar aris aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilva vakuumSi. Tanabrad mniSvnelovania agreTve, rom isini Camoyalibdes mkafiod gansazRvruli principebis saxiT. vinaidan am saxelmZRvanelos mizania, gamoiyenebodes msoflioSi arsebul yvela penitencialur dawesebulebaSi, aucilebelia, rom principebis krebuli, romelmac misaTiTebeli wyaros funqcia unda Seasrulos, gamoyenebadi iyos yvela qveyanaSi. es principebi ar unda gamomdinareobdes erTi konkretuli kulturidan an wesebidan, romlebic mxolod erT qveyanaSi an regionSia miRebuli. saxelmZRvanelo akmayofilebs aRniSnul moTxovnas imiT, rom mis yovel TavSi amosaval wertilad miCneulia adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso standartebi.

es standartebi SeTanxmebulia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi, ZiriTadad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis meSveobiT. adamianis uflebaTa mTavari dokumentebi, rogoricaa samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti da ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti, is saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebia, romlebic iuridiulad savaldebuloa yvela im saxelmwifosaTvis, romelmac am xelSekrulebebis ratificireba an maTTan mierTeba moaxdina.

visTvis aris es saxelmZRvanelo

mkafiod gansazRvruli

principebis krebuli

saerTaSoriso standartebi

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aseTi dokumentebis didi nawili Seicavs wesebs TavisuflebaSezRuduli adamianebis mopyrobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, aris rigi saerTaSoriso dokumentebi, romlebic konkretulad patimrebsa da dakavebis pirobebs exeba. am principebSi, minimalur wesebsa da saxelmZRvanelo wesebSi gadmocemuli ufro detaluri standartebi fasdaudebeli danamatia samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebebiT dadgenili zogadi xasiaTis principebisa. kerZod, aq igulisxmeba: patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi (1957w.), principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb (1988w.), patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi (1990w.) da arasrulwlovanTa mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis standartuli minimaluri wesebi (1985w.). arsebobs aseve rigi dokumentebi, romlebic gamiznulia uSualod im personalisTvis, romelic TavisuflebaSezRudul adamianebTan muSaobs. kerZod, es dokumentebia: samarTaldamcavi moxeleebis qcevis kodeqsi (1979w.), samedicino eTikis principebi, romlebic exeba jandacvis personalis, gansakuTrebiT eqimebis, rols patimrebisa da dakavebulebis dacvaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjisgan (1982w.) da samarTaldamcav moxeleTa mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi (1990w.). zemoaRniSnul saerTaSoriso standartebs avsebs rigi adamianis uflebaTa regionuli dokumenti. evropaSi es dokumentebia: konvencia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb (1953w.), evropis konvencia wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis aRkveTis Sesaxeb (1989w.) da evropuli wesebi penitencialuri dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb (1987w.). adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb amerikuli konvencia ZalaSi Sevida 1978 wels, xolo adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis Sesaxeb afrikuli qartia – 1986 wels. regionuli sasamarTlo organoebi sasargeblo sawyaoa imis gasazomad, Tu ramdenad nergaven cxovrebaSi calkeuli saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso standartebs. amerikis saxelmwifoebSi am funqcias asrulebs interamerikuli adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo, xolo evropaSi msgavs funqcias axorcielebs adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlo. evropis sabWos wevr saxelmwifoebSi, dakavebis adgilebSi adamianis uflebaTa standartebis dacvas akvirdeba wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis aRkveTis komitetic. 1997 wels adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis afrikulma komisiam daniSna specialuri momxsenebeli cixis pirobebze. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia muSaobs wamebis winaaRmdeg konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis miRebaze. amiT Seiqmneba sistema, romliTac saerTaSoriso eqspertebis jgufi regularul vizitebs ganaxorcielebs dakavebis adgilebSi, rasac daemateba uwyveti regularuli vizitebi inspeqtirebisTvis Seqmnili damoukidebeli adgilobrivi jgufebis mier. penitencialuri dawesebulebebis kargi marTvis Sesaxeb winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos gamoyenebadoba gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom igi myaradaa dafuZnebuli zemoT aRniSnul adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso standartebze, es standartebi ki mTels msoflioSia aRiarebuli.

regionuli

standartebi

saerTaSoriso

damkvirveblebi

gamoyenebadoba

9

Tumca, maTTvis, vinc penitencialur dawesebulebebzea pasuxismgebeli, sakmarisi araa, mxolod icodnen da uTiTebdnen aRniSnul saerTaSoriso standartebs. Tu maT am standartebis danergva TavianT yoveldRiur SromiT cxovrebaSi surT, maSin maT unda SeeZloT maTi interpretireba da realur samuSao urTierTobebSi gamoyeneba. swored amis gadmocemas isaxavs miznad winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo. am kuTxiT misi gamoyenebadoba gamomdinareobs mis SeqmnaSi monawile adamianebis praqtikuli gamocdilebidan. am wignis mTavarma avtorma 24 weli imuSava penitencialuri dawesebulebis direqtorad. mniSvnelovani mxardaWera iqna aRmoCenili saerTaSoriso mrCevelTa jgufis mier, romlis yovel wevrs msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi cixeebSi muSaobis farTo gamocdileba aqvs. kerZod, am jgufis wevrebi iyvnen:

m. riazuddin ahmedi, penitencialur dawesebulebaTa generaluri direqtoris moadgile, haiderabadi, indoeTi

riCard kuuiri, ganas penitencialuri samsaxuris generaluri direqtori

xulita lemgruberi, braziliis rio de Janeiros Statis penitencialuri dawesebulebebis yofili generaluri direqtori

patrik makmanusi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kanzasis Statis gamasworebeli departamentis yofili direqtori

dmitri pankratovi, ruseTis federaciis iusticiis saministros samarTlisa da marTvis akademiis ufrosis moadgile.

garda amisa, penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centris TanamSromlebma da mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes is farTo gamocdileba, romelic maT daagroves msoflios yvela regionSi penitencialuri dawesebulebebis TanamSromlebTan muSaobisas, adamianis uflebebTan da penitencialuri dawesebulebebis marTvasTan dakavSirebuli uamravi proeqtis farglebSi.

penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centri penitencialuri dawesebulebebis marTvasTan dakavSirebul Tavis yvela praqtikul proeqts axorcielebs adamianis uflebaTa WrilSi. amas ori mizezi aqvs. pirveli, es swori midgomaa. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos bevr TavSi warmoCenilia, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania penitencialuri dawesebulebis marTva eTikur WrilSi, rodesac xdeba penitencialur dawesebulebaSi CarTuli yvela adamianis adamianurobis pativiscema, iqneba es patimrebi, dawesebulebis TanamSromlebi Tu mnaxvelebi. am eTikuri Wrilis gamoyeneba unda xdebodes universalurad da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso dokumentebi iTvaliswineben kidec am universalurobas. garda amisa, penitencialuri dawesebulebebis marTvisadmi zemoaRniSnul midgomas kidev erTi ufro pragmatuli dasabuTeba aqvs. es midgoma ar aris liberaluri an rbili midgoma penitencialuri dawesebulebebis marTvisadmi. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mrCevelTa jgufis wevrebs da mis daweraSi monawile sxva adamianebs namuSevari aqvT msoflios zogierT yvelaze problematur penitencialur dawesebulebaSi. isini darwmunebuli arian, rom dawesebulebebis marTvis aRniSnuli stili aris yvelaze efeqturi da yvelaze usafrTxo. drom da, kvlav, centris TanamSromlebma aCvenes, rom sxvadasxva qveynis, sxvadasxva kulturis sazogadoebebSi penitencialuri dawesebulebebis pirveli safexuris TanamSromlebi pozitiurad arian ganwyobili am midgomis mimarT. misi meSveobiT xdeba saerTaSoriso standartebis dakavSireba maT yoveldRiur

praqtikuli gamocdileba

adamianis uflebebi

penitencialur dawesebulebaTa kargi marTvis

ganuyofeli nawilia

10

samuSaosTan, rac dauyovnebliv TvalsaCino xdeba xolme. am midgomis mTavari azri aris is, rom adamianis uflebebi ara mxolod saswavlo programaSi Sesatani damatebiTi sagania, aramed igi penitencialuri dawesebulebebis karg marTvas avsebs da mis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. bolo wlebSi gamoqveynda rigi naSromebi, romlebic winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi asaxuli sakiTxebis ganxilvas Seexeboda, maT Soris:

adamianis uflebebi da penitencialuri dawesebulebebi: penitencialuri dawesebulebebis moxeleebisTvis adamianis uflebaTa swavlebis saxelmZRvanelo, gamoqveynebuli piloturi gamocemis saxiT, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisariatis mier, Jeneva, 2000w;

rogor avamuSaoT standartebi, gamoqveynebuli saerTaSoriso penitencialuri reformis mier, londoni, 2001w. (meore gamocema);

saxelmZRvanelo wamebis Setyobinebis Sesaxeb, gamoqveynebuli eseqsis universitetis mier, didi britaneTi, 2000w.

imedi gvaqvs, rom winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo Tavis adgils daikavebs am da sxva naSromebis gverdze da gamodgeba sasargeblo saSualebad penitencialuri dawesebulebebis kargi marTvis miznebisTvis. marTalia, es wigni miznad isaxavs masSi mocemuli Temebis amomwuravad mimoxilvas, magram aseTi kompleqsuri sagnis srulad amowurva SeuZlebelia. Cven mizani iyo, SegverCia is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, rac penitencialuri dawesebulebebis marTvas ukavSirdeba. gvesmis, rom penitencialuri dawesebulebebis pirobebTan dakavSirebuli bevri sakiTxi am wignSi Sesuli ar aris. penitencialuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso centri mkiTxvelTa madlieri iqneba maTi reaqciebisa da rekomendaciebis gamo imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra SeiZleba daematos momaval gamocemas.

cixeebi sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi sxvadasxva termini gamoiyeneba Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebTan mimarTebiT imis mixedviT, Tu vin imyofeba am adgilebSi: isini, vinc jer ar gasamarTlebulan, isini, visac ukve Seefarda sasjeli, Tu isini, visac usafrTxoebis sxvadasxva pirobebi Seufardes. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi cixeebs iseT adgilebs uwodeben, sadac imyofebian jer gausamarTlebeli pirebi, romelTa saqmec mcire mniSvnelobis saqmeebis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom unda ganixilos an pirebi, romelTac moklevadiani sasjeli SeefardaT; adgilebs, sadac sasjelmisjili patimrebi imyofebian, ewodeba gamasworebeli dawesebulebebi. ruseTis federaciaSi mTlianad sul 15 cixea, radgan aq es termini niSnavs yvelaze maRali donis usafrTxoebis reJimis mqone dakavebis adgils. sxva msjavrdebuli pirebis yofnis adgilebs ki sasjelaRsrulebis koloniebs uwodeben. patimrebi Sesabamisad, dakavebuli pirebis sxvadasxva kategoriis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva termini. pirebi, romlebic

kidev erTi saSualeba

SeniSvna terminologias-

Tan dakavSirebiT

11

jer ar gasamarTlebulan, miiCnevian winaswar gamoZiebaSi an winaswar dakavebaSi myofebad da maT dakavebulebs uwodeben. winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi termini “cixe” gulisxmobs yvela saxis dakavebis adgils, xolo “patimari” gulisxmobs yvelas, vinc am adgilebSi aris dakavebuli. konteqsti, romelSic es terminebi gamoiyeneba, gasagebi iqneba uSualod teqstidan gamomdinare.

12

2 cixis TanamSromlebi da cixis marTva

zogadi sakiTxebi nebismier demokratiul saxelmwifoSi cixeSi muSaoba sajaro samsaxurs ganekuTvneba. cixeebi, skolebisa da saavadmyofoebis msgavsad, is adgilebia, romlebic unda imarTebodes samoqalaqo xelisuflebis mier sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis xelSewyobis mizniT. cixis administracia garkveulwilad mainc angariSvaldebuli unda iyos arCeuli parlamentis winaSe, xolo sazogadoeba regularulad unda iyos informirebuli cixeebis mdgomareobasa da moTxovnilebebze. mTavrobis ministrebi da maRalCinosani mmarTvelebi unda aCvenebdnen, rom isini afaseben cixis TanamSromlebs maT mier gaweuli samuSaosaTvis da sazogadoebas xSirad unda Seaxsenon, rom muSaoba cixeSi mniSvnelovani sajaro samsaxuria. cixis administraciam eTikis farglebSi unda imuSaos. Zlieri eTikuri konteqstis gareSe mdgomareoba, rodesac adamianebis erT jgufs gacilebiT meti uflebebi aqvs adamianebis meore jgufTan SedarebiT, SeiZleba iolad gadaizardos mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebaSi. eTikuri konteqsti ar gulisxmobs mxolod calkeuli TanamSromlebis mier patimrebisadmi garkveul moqcevas. patimrobis eTikuri safuZvlebis SegrZneba administrirebis procesSi unda gajdes zemodan qvemoT. cixis administraciis mier marTlzomier procedurebze aqcentis gakeTebam, muSaobis efeqturobis moTxovnam an administraciis miznebis misaRwevad zewolam, Tu winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli ar yofila eTikuri imperativebi, SeiZleba Zalze mZime araadamianuroba gamoiwvios. cixis administraciis mier teqnikur procesebsa da procedurebze koncentraciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios is, rom cixis TanamSromlebs daaviwydeT, rom cixe ar aris qarxana, romelic uSvebs avtomobilebs an sarecx manqanebs. cixis marTva upirvelesad adamianebis – cixis TanamSromlebis da patimrebis – marTvas gulisxmobs. es niSnavs, rom aq Cndeba sakiTxebi, romlebic gacilebiT ufro Sors midis, vidre efeqturoba. adamianebis mopyrobaze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli erTi fundamenturi sakiTxi; mTavari kiTxva, romelic yovelTvis unda daisvas, aris “sworia Tu ara, rasac vakeTebT?” cixe xSirad asocirdeba mis fizikur mxaresTan: kedlebi, Robeebi, Senoba Caketili karebebiT da gisosebiani fanjrebiT. sinamdvileSi ki, cixis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxare misi adamianuri ganzomilebaa, radgan cixe umTavresad adamianebs exeba. cixeSi myofi adamianebis ori ZiriTadi jgufia: patimrebi da TanamSromlebi, romlebic meTvalyureoben patimrebs. kargad marTuli cixis gasaRebi adamianebis am or jgufs Soris urTierTobis xasiaTSia.

mniSvnelovani sajaro

samsaxuri

cixis

administraciis eTikuri

safuZvlebi

cixis

TanamSromlebsa da patimrebs

Soris urTierTobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

aqvs

13

isini, vinc cixeebsa da penitencialur sistemaze arian pasuxismgebelni, teqnikur da marTvis mosazrebebze ufro Sors unda iyurebodnen. isini unda iyvnen liderebi, romelTac SeswevT unari, maT daqvemdebarebaSi myof TanamSromlebs ganuviTaron im Rirebulebebis SegrZneba, romliTac TanamSromlebi unda xelmZRvanelobdnen yoveldRiuri rTuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas. isini unda iyvnen is adamianebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT mkafio xedva da neba imisa, rom, cixis administrirebis rTuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas, SenarCunebuli iyos umaRlesi standartebi.

Cveulebriv, cixeebs ar aqvT TavianTi patimrebis arCevis SesaZlebloba; maT unda miiRon yvela, visac gaugzavnis sasamarTlo an sxva kanonieri organo. magram cixeebs aqvT sakuTari TanamSromlebis arCevis SesaZlebloba. aucilebelia, rom kadrebi SeirCes yuradRebiT, moxdes maTi gadamzadeba, xelmZRvaneloba da daxmarebis gaweva. cixis samuSao friad momTxovnia. igi gulisxmobs TavisuflebaaRkveTil qalebTan da mamakacebTan muSaobas, romelTagan bevrs aqvs fsiqikuri aSliloba, sxvadasxva sagnebze damokidebuleba, dabali socialuri da ganaTlebis unar-Cvevebi da modian sazogadoebis marginaluri jgufebidan. zogi maTgani sazogadoebisTvis saSiSroebas warmoadgens, zogierTi saSiSi da agresiulia, sxvebi Zalian cdiloben gaqcevas. arc erT maTgans ar surs cixeSi yofna. TiToeuli maTgani individualuri pirovnebaa.

cixis TanamSromlebis rolia:

patimrebis mopyroba Rirseulad, adamianurad da samarTlianad;

patimrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa; imis uzrunvelyofa, rom saxifaTo patimrebi ver gaiqcnen; wesrigis da kontrolis dacva; patimrebisTvis SesaZleblobis micema, raTa maT cixeSi

yofnis dro gamoiyenon dadebiTad da gaTavisuflebis Semdeg SeZlon xelaxla sakuTari adgilis povna sazogadoebaSi.

aRniSnuli samuSaos profesiulad Sesrulebas didi unari da pirovnuli patiosneba sWirdeba. pirvel rigSi, es imas niSnavs, rom qalebi da mamakacebi, romlebic cixeebSi muSaoben, sifrTxiliT unda iqnen SerCeuli, raTa moxdes iseTi kadrebis mobilizeba, romelTac aqvT Sesabamisi piradi Rirsebebi da ganaTlebis done. maT saTanadod unda Seaswavlon is principebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedeba maT muSaobas, aseve, saWiro adamianuri da teqnikuri unarebi. karieris ganmavlobaSi, maT unda mieceT ganviTarebis da sakuTari unarebis gafarToebis, agreTve, cixis sakiTxebze uaxlesi informaciis da codnis miRebis SesaZlebloba.

Cveulebriv, cixis TanamSromlebi Caketil da izolirebul garemoSi muSaoben, romelmac, droTa ganmavlobaSi, isini SeiZleba viwrod moazrovne da mouqnel adamianebad aqcios. maTi swavleba da marTva unda moxdes ise, rom daculi iqnen am Caketilobisgan. TanamSromlebi unda darCnen adekvaturi farTo sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebisadmi, saidanac modian patimrebi da sadac dabrundebian isini. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maSin, roca cixe daSorebiT aris ganTavsebuli, TanamSromlebi ki cixesTan mimagrebul sacxovrisSi cxovroben.

karg xelmZRvanelobas

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs

kargi TanamSromlebis

aucilebloba

cixis

TanamSromlebis roli

pirovnuli patiosneba

Caketilobis

safrTxe

14

saerTod, cixis TanamSromlebs ufro dabali rangis pirebad miiCneven, vidre sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemis sxva sferoSi, magaliTad, policiaSi momuSave pirebs. xSirad es gamoxatulia cixis TanamSromlebis Sromis anazRaurebis odenobaSic, romelic bevr qveyanaSi Zalian dabalia. Sedegad ki, xSirad Zalian Znelia saTanadod kvalificiuri personalis ayvana cixeSi samuSaod. maRalkvalificiuri personalis mizidvisa da SenarCunebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom maTi xelfasebi dadgindes saTanado odenobiT, xolo SromiTi urTierTobis sxva pirobebi iyos iseTive, rogoric dawesebulia sajaro samsaxuris msgavsi TanamdebobebisTvis. bevr qveyanaSi sazogadoebam bevri araferi icis cixeebis, cixis TanamSromlebis da maTi samuSaos Sesaxeb. Cveulebriv, sazogadoeba aRiarebs jandacvis muSakebis da maswavleblebis mniSvnelovnebas, magram cixis TanamSromlebi ar sargebloben msgavsi sazogadoebrivi pativiscemiT. mTavrobis ministrebi da penitencialuri sistemis maRalCinosnebi unda ecadnen, moawyon sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis programebi da biZgi miscen mediis interess, raTa moxdes sazogadoebis ganaTlebis donis amaRleba im mniSvnelovani rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac cixis TanamSromlebi asruleben samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dacvaSi.

Rirebulebebi da komunikacia demokratiul sazogadoebebSi sazogadoebis fundamentur Rirebulebebs safuZvlad udevs da icavs kanoni. am RirebulebaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania yvela adamianis Tandayolili Rirsebis pativiscema. adamianobis pativiscemis erT-erTi saukeTeso sazomia is, Tu rogor eqceva sazogadoeba maT, vinc Caidina an bralad edeba sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. es is adamianebi arian, romlebsac, SesaZloa, arc TviTon gamouCeniaT sxvaTa Rirsebebisa da uflebebis pativiscema. cixis TanamSromlebs, danarCeni sazogadoebis saxeliT, gansakuTrebuli roli ekisrebaT aseTi adamianebis Rirsebis pativiscemaSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra danaSauli Caidines maT. es principi, romlis mixedviTac, yvela adamians, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra daaSava man, pativiscemiT unda movepyroT, Semdegnairad iqna Camoyalibebuli cnobili yofili patimris da samxreT afrikis yofili prezidentis - nelson mandelas mier: “naTqvamia, rom veravin Seicnobs eris WeSmarit saxes, sanam cixeSi ar moxvdeba. eri unda Sefasdes ara imiT, Tu rogor eqceva is Tavis umaRles safexurze mdgom moqalaqeebs, aramed imiT, Tu rogorc eqceva Tavis yvelaze dabal safexurze mdgomT.”1 swored es aris imis safuZveli, rom cixis administrireba, upirveles yovlisa, eTikur CarCoebSi moeqces. es imperativa arasodes unda gamorCeT mxedvelobidan maRalCinosan administratorebs, cixis administracias da pirveli safexuris cixis TanamSromlebs. eTikuri CarCoebis gareSe cixis marTvis efeqturoba SeiZleba iseTi gziT warimarTos, romelic saboloo jamSi sakoncentracio banakebisa da gulagebis barbarosobamde midis. es principi yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli im pirebis mier, romlebic cixeebis administrirebaze arian pasuxismgebelni. metad rTul garemoebebSi mis gamoyenebas

1 mandela n. (1994), “xangrZlivi svla Tavisuflebisken”, liTl brauni, londoni.

cixis TanamSromlebis

statusi

sazogadoebis ganaTlebis

donis amaRleba cixeebis Taobaze

yvela adamianis Tandayolili

Rirseba

mkafio gzavnili

15

mondomeba sWirdeba. pirveli safexuris cixis TanamSromlebi am mondomebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeinarCuneben, Tu isini sistemaze pasuxismgebeli pirebisgan iReben mkafio da erTgvarovan gzavnils, rom es imperativaa. maT unda esmodeT, rom isini ar arian mxolod mcvelebi, romelTa erTaderTi amocanaa adamianebisTvis Tavisuflebis warTmeva. ra Tqma unda, isini arc linCis wesiT ganmsjeli mosamarTleebi arian, romelTa amocanaa ufro meti sasjelis dakisreba, vidre sasamarTlo xelisuflebam ukve Seufarda. aramed maT unda erTmaneTs SeuTavson dacvis funqcia saganmanaTleblo da gardaqmniT funqcias. amas didi pirovnuli niWiereba da profesionalizmi sWirdeba. cixeSi muSaoba pirovnuli Rirsebebisa da teqnikuri unarebis unikalur kombinacias moiTxovs. cixis TanamSromlebi aRWurvili unda iyvnen iseTi pirovnuli RirsebebiT, romelTa saSualebiT, isini SeZleben yvela patimarTan obieqtur, adamianur da samarTlian urTierTobas, maT Soris, rTul da saSiS patimrebTan. es niSnavs, rom unda arsebobdes kadrebis SerCevisa da miRebis mkacri procesi, raTa samuSaod mxolod saTanado Rirsebebis mqone pirebi iqnen miRebuli. mxolod maSin, roca es procesi uzrunvelyofilia, SesaZlebeli iqneba, cixeSi muSaobas profesia ewodos. bevr qveyanaSi cixeSi samuSaod kadrebis ayvana Zalze rTulia. Sedegad, am adgilebSi samuSaod midian mxolod is adamianebi, romlebic sxva samuSaos ver Souloben. xandaxan isini cixeSi muSaobas iwyeben savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris alternativis saxiT da samuSaos toveben, rogorc ki amis SesaZlebloba miecemaT. imis gamo, rom, imavdroulad, isini arasaTanadod arian momzadebuli da anazRaurebac dabali aqvT, mosalodnelia, rom naklebad ganicdian profesiul siamayes TavianTi samuSaos gamo, rom advilad SesaZlebelia, ver gauZlon korufciis cdunebas da rom ar aqvT survili, Rirseulad imsaxuron sajaro samsaxurSi. aseT TanamSromlebSi saerTo xedvis da imis rwmenis Canergva, rom raRac Rirebuls akeTeben, udidesi samuSaoa cixis sistemaze pasuxismgebeli pirebisTvis. es ver moxdeba TavisiT an SemTxveviT. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs erTgvarovani strategia, dafuZnebuli im winapirobaze, rom sajarod dafasebuli kargi personali gadamwyvetia kargi cixis sistemisTvis. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, muxli 10: yvela TavisuflebaaRkveTil adamians unda moeqcnen humanurad da Tandayolili adamianuri Rirsebis pativiscemiT. samarTaldamcav moxeleTa qcevis kodeqsi, muxli 2: Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebisas, samarTaldamcavi moxele valdebulia, pativi sces da daicvas adamianis Rirseba da uzrunvelyos yvela piris uflebebi. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 46(2): cixis administracia mudmivad unda eswrafodes imas, rom cixis TanamSromlebsa da sazogadoebaSi gaaRviZos da SeinarCunos rwmena, rom es samuSao didi mniSvnelobis mqone socialuri


pirovnuli Rirsebebi

safrTxeebi, romelTac kadrebis araswori

dakompleqteba qmnis

erTgvarovani strategia

16

samsaxuria da, am mizniT, miiRos yvela Sesabamisi zoma sazogadoebis informirebis kuTxiT. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 48: yvela TanamSromeli valdebulia, yovelTvis moiqces ise da Tavisi movaleoba Seasrulos imgvarad, rom sakuTari magaliTiT dadebiTi zegavlena moaxdinos patimrebze da daimsaxuros maTi pativiscema. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba imisaTvis, rom zemoaRniSnuli Rirebulebebi saTanadod iqnes aRqmuli da ganxorcielebuli cixis TanamSromlebis mier, aucilebelia, cixis administraciam mkafiod Camoayalibos Tavisi miznebi. amgvari deklaracia unda efuZnebodes saerTaSoriso dokumentebsa da standartebs da mkafiod unda ganemartos yvelas, vinc cixis sistemaSi muSaobs. amgvari deklaraciis magaliTia ugandis penitencialuri samsaxuris politikis dokumenti. masSi mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli samsaxuris miznebi da gansazRvrulia samsaxuris muSaobis fuZemdebluri Rirebulebebi. am Rirebulebebs Sorisaa dadastureba imisa, rom kadrebis ayvanisa da gadamzadebis efeqtur sistemas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs.

miznebis mkafiod

Camoyalibeba

17

ugandis respublika ugandis penitencialuri samsaxuri

politikis dokumenti ZalaSia 2000 wlidan

miznebis deklaracia

ugandis penitencialuri samsaxuri, rogorc marTlmsajulebis erTiani sistemis nawili, xels uwyobs sazogadoebis yvela wevris dacvas damnaSaveTa gonivruli, usafrTxo, daculi da adamianuri mopyrobis gziT, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli standartebis Sesabamisad da, imavdroulad, mouwodebs da exmareba maT reabilitaciaSi, gardaqmnasa da sazogadoebaSi kanonmorCili moqalaqeebis saxiT reintegraciaSi. Rirebulebebi 1 samarTlianoba – ZiriTadi Rirebuleba

penitencialuri samsaxuri sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemis is komponentia, romelic yvelaze met zegavlenas axdens adamianebis Tavisuflebebsa da uflebebze. amitom, gamasworebel RonisZiebebSi monawile personali valdebulia, pativi sces fundamentur adamianis uflebebs maTi movaleobebis Sesrulebis yvela aspeqtSi da valdebulia, ixelmZRvanelos Semdegi principebisadmi rwmeniT:

● samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba kanonis qveS da mis winaSe;

● adamianebis pativi da Rirseba;

● administrireba patiosnebis da Riaobis safuZvlebze. 2 efeqturi gamasworebeli da marTlmsajulebis sistemisTvis arsebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs imis mtkice rwmenas, rom msjavrdebulebi TviTon arian pasuxismgebeli sakuTar qcevaze da maT aqvT potenciali, icxovron, rogorc kanonmorCilma moqalaqeebma.

3 msjavrdebulTa umravlesobis mimarT efeqturia sazogadoebis wiaRSi arasapatimro gamasworebeli programebis gamoyeneba; Tavisuflebis aRkveTa SezRudulad unda gamoiyenebodes.

4 sazogadoebis dacvis interesebSi, gadawyvetilebebi msjavrdebulebTan dakavSirebiT unda efuZnebodes winaswar gacnobierebul risks da riskis marTvis gaazrebul SesaZleblobas.

5 gamasworebeli sistemis efeqturoba damokidebulia mWidro urTierTobaze sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemis sxva komponentebTan da sazogadoebasTan, rac xels Seuwyobs ufro samarTliani, humanuri da usafrTxo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas.

6 efeqturi gamasworebeli sistemisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs yuradRebiT SerCeul, saTanadod gadamzadebul da kargad informirebul kadrebs.

7 sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba, icodes, ra xdeba penitencialur dawesebulebebSi da unda mieces saSualeba, monawileoba miiRos sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi.

8 gamasworebeli sistemis efeqturoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad Seswevs mas unari, reagireba moaxdinos cvlilebebze da gansazRvros sakuTari momavali.

9 winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi iTvlebian udanaSaulod da maT aseve unda moeqcnen. isini unda moTavsdnen msjavrdebuli pirebisagan gancalkevebiT.

10 mamakacebi da qalebi, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, moTavsebuli unda iyvnen gancalkevebul dawesebulebebSi; Tu erTi dawesebuleba iRebs mamakacebsac da qalebsac, qalebisTvis gankuTvnili Senoba sruliad gancalkevebiT unda iyos.

11 patimroba yovelTvis unda iTvlebodes ukidures RonisZiebad ukanono qmedebis sapasuxo RonisZiebebs Soris.

18

mniSvnelovania, agreTve, rom sazogadoeba da media informirebuli iyvnen im Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb, romelTa farglebSic xdeba cixeebis muSaoba. Tu cixis roli samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi sworad aris gagebuli, ufro savaraudoa, rom sazogadoeba daafasebs penitencialuri dawesebulebebis administraciis mier kargi praqtikis dasamkvidreblad gatarebul RonisZiebebs. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, rom cixis administraciis maRalCinosnebma kargi urTierToba daamyaron adgilobriv sazogadoebasa da mediasTan. arasworia mosazreba, TiTqos sazogadoebam cixeebTan dakavSirebiT unda Seityos mxolod maSin, roca raime uaryofiTi moxdeba; sazogadoebam unda Seityos cixis yoveldRiur cxovrebazec. penitencialuri sistemis mmarTvelebma cixis direqtorebs unda urCion, rom es ukanasknelni regularulad xvdebodnen samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebs, maT Soris, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs da, mizanSewonilobis SemTxvevaSi, iwvevdnen maT cixeSi vizitze. `ganaSi penitencialurma samsaxurma organizeba gaukeTa RonisZiebaTa kvireuls cixeebis muSaobis Taobaze, sazogadoebis informirebulobis amaRlebis mizniT~.

penitencialuri dawesebulebebi mTavrobis struqturaSi ara samxedro patimroba sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sistemis nawilia da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi adamians cixeSi agzavnis samoqalaqo xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli damoukidebeli mosamarTle. cixis sistemac unda eqvemdebarebodes samoqalaqo da ara samxedro xelisuflebas. cixis administrireba ar unda iyos uSualod SeiaraRebuli Zalebis an sxva samxedro samsaxuris xelSi. Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime qveyana, sadac penitencialuri sistemis xelmZRvaneli, imavdroulad, imyofeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis samsaxurSi da igi droebiT mivlinebuli an mimagrebuli iqna penitencialur sistemaze am funqciis Sesasruleblad. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobam mkafiod unda gansazRvros, rom es pirovneba, rogorc penitencialuri sistemis xelmZRvaneli, moqmedebs, rogorc samoqalaqo xelisufali. ara policia funqciebis gamijvnis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebelia, rom policia da penitencialuri sistemis administracia mkafiod iyvnen erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli. zogadad, policiis funqciaa danaSaulis gamoZieba da damnaSavis dakaveba. davebis an dapatimrebis Semdeg ki, piri rac SeiZleba mokle vadaSi unda waredginos sasamarTlo organos, ris Semdegac igi gadaecema cixis meTvalyureobis qveS. bevr qveyanaSi policia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebaSia, xolo penitencialuri sistema – iusticiis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi. es erT-erTi gzaa uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnisa da im mWidro kavSiris gamokveTisTvis, rac unda arsebobdes sasamarTlo xelisuflebasa da penitencialur sistemas Soris. `mkafiod unda iyos gamijnuli policiisa da prokuraturis, sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da gamasworebeli sistemis roli”.

policiis eTikis evropuli kodeqsi, rekomendacia (2001)10 evropis sabWos ministrTa komiteti

sazogadoebis informireba

samoqalaqo samsaxuri

19

saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 46(3): (zemoaRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad) personali unda dainiSnos srul samuSao ganakveTze, rogorc penitencialuri dawesebulebis profesiuli moxeleebi da unda hqondeT samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebis statusi, xolo maTi Tanamdebobaze yofnis vada garantirebuli unda iyos mxolod im pirobiT, rom isini aCveneben kargi yofaqcevas, efeqturobas da fizikur vargisobas. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi penitencialur dawesebulebaTa administraciebi, rogorc wesi, arian sajaro organoebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian mTavrobis saministros. zog qveyanaSi, mag. braziliaSi, indoeTsa da germaniaSi, es saministro, Tavis mxriv, saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi an adgilobrivi mTavrobis daqvemdebarebaSia. bevr qveyanaSi penitencialuri sistema saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivadaa organizebuli da angariSvaldebulia centraluri mTavrobis uwyebis mimarT. sxva qveynebSi, mag. SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi, arsebobs orive modelisgan Semdgari kombinacia. ufro da ufro damaxasiaTebeli gaxda is, rom pasuxismgebeli samTavrobo uwyeba xSirad iusticiis saministroa, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. cixis administraciis daqvemdebareba iusticiis saministrosadmi xazs usvams mWidro kavSirs sasamarTlo warmoebis processa da moqalaqeTa dakavebas Soris. amasTanave, amiT xdeba policiis samuSaos gancalkeveba penitencialuri sistemis samuSaosagan. es mniSvnelovania, radgan gamoZiebis procesi gamocalkevebuli unda iyos winaswari dakavebisgan, raTa ar moxdes eWvmitanilebze zewola. kidev erTi mizezi am ganawilebisTvis aris is, rom zog qveyanaSi policia, faqtobrivad, samxedro qvedanayofebia, aqvs SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wodeba, organizebulia samxedro wesiT da valdebulia, mTavrobis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, imoqmedos, rogorc samxedro Zalam. es ki ar aris srul SesabamisobaSi im moTxovnasTan, rom penitencialuri sistemis TanamSromlebi samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebi unda iyvnen. `bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi afrikaSi penitencialuri dawesebulebebi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebidan gadavida iusticiis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi; kerZod, es moxda beninSi, kot d’ivuarSi, kamerunSi, CadSi, nigeriaSi, togoSi, burkina fasoSi da senegalSi. evropis sabWo imedovnebs, rom misi axali wevri saxelmwifoebi aRmosavleT evropidan moaxdenen penitencialuri dawesebulebebis gadacemas Sinagan saqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebidan iusticiis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi~.

demokratiuli kontroli

policiis gancalkeveba

penitencialuri dawesebulebe-

bisgan

20

unda vaRiaroT, rom zemoaRniSnuli qvemdebarobis gadacemas mTavrobis struqturaSi SeiZleba mZime Sedegebi mohyves TanamSromlebisTvis im qveynebSi, sadac samxedroebs xelfasis specialuri danamatebi da Sromis sxva pirobebi aqvT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ufaso janmrTelobis momsaxureba maTTvis da maTi ojaxebisTvis, ufaso mgzavroba, subsidirebuli sacxovrisi da dasveneba. es sakiTxebi mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli amave TavSi. arsebobs kidev erTi mizezi, Tu ratom unda iyos penitencialuri dawesebulebebi samoqalaqo organos daqvemdebarebaSi. praqtikulad, yvela patimari, roca iqneba, daubrundeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi cxovrebas. imisaTvis, rom maT kanonis farglebSi icxovron, aucilebelia, hqondeT sacxovrebeli adgili, dasaqmebis SesaZlebloba da arsebobdes Sesabamisi socialuri samsaxuri, romelic maT daxmarebas gauwevs. amitom, Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom cixis administracias mWidro kavSirebi hqondes sajaro samsaxuris iseT organoebTan, rogoricaa socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da jandacvis organoebi. aseTi kavSiris damyareba ufro savaraudoa, Tuki cixis administracia TviTon aris samoqalaqo da ara samxedro organizacia. amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom, marTalia, cixis TanamSromlebs samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebis statusi unda hqondeT, magram uSualod cixis sistema, Cveulebriv, rCeba disciplinirebul da ierarqiul organizaciad. cixe ar aris demokratiuli sazogadoeba. saTanadod funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroa mkafiod aRsaqmeli ufros-umcrosobis jaWvis arseboba. asea yvela did organizaciaSi. gansakuTrebiT ki cixeSi, sadac yovelTvis gasagebad gansazRvruli unda iyos, Tundac yvelaze ukeT administrirebul cixeebSi, areulobisa da uwesrigobis Sedegebi. sruliad realuria samoqalaqo samsaxuris statusis, magram kargad disciplinirebuli sistemis arseboba. rogorc winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi iqneba ganxiluli, yvelas, cixis TanamSromlebis da patimrebis, interesebSia, rom cixe kargad mowesrigebuli dawesebuleba iyos. amis miRweva ki, savaraudod, ufro SesaZlebelia misi disciplinirebulad organizebis SemTxvevaSi.

kadrebis dakompleqteba maRali standartebis uzrunvelyofa cixis yvela TanamSromels moeTxoveba maRali pirovnuli da profesiuli Rirsebebi, gansakuTrebiT maT, visac uSualod patimrebTan muSaoba mouwevT, Tanamdebobis miuxedavad. aq igulisxmeba pirveli safexuris TanamSromlebi, formiani TanamSromlebi an guSagebi, agreTve, profesiuli TanamSromlebi, rogoricaa maswavlebeli da instruqtori. TanamSromlebi, romlebic patimrebTan yoveldRiur kontaqtSi Sedian, unda SeirCnen gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT. amdenad, kadrebis dakompleqtebas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs. cixis administracias unda hqondes mkafio politika im TvalsazrisiT, rom xeli Seuwyos Sesaferis pirebs cixeSi samuSaod gancxadebis Sesatanad. Tu penitencialur samsaxurs ukve gansazRvruli aqvs is Rirebulebebi da eTikuri konteqsti, romelTa farglebSic man unda imuSaos, maSin es Rirebulebebi da eTikuri konteqsti gasagebad unda iyos ganmartebuli kadrebis ayvanasTan dakavSirebul dokumentaciasa da procesSi. amis meSveobiT, yvelas, vinc gancxadebiT mimarTavs aRniSnul samuSaoze mosawyobad, ecodineba, rogori saqcieli da damokidebuleba moiTxoveba misgan.

qvemdebarobis gadacemis Sedegebi

kavSiri socialur

organoebTan

disciplini-rebuli da ierarqiuli organizacia

Sesaferisi kadrebis

aucilebloba

21

garda amisa, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom yvelam, visi pirovnuli Rirebulebebic miuRebelia, magaliTad, rasobriv umciresobebTan an qalebTan, anda ucxoelebTan mimarTebiT, Tavi unda Seikavos penitencialur sistemaSi samuSaoze misaRebad gancxadebis Setanisagan. maSinac ki, roca arsebobs iseTi politika, romliTac samuSaoze ayvanis msurvelebs miewodebaT informacia cixeSi muSaobis Taviseburebebze, gancxadebis Semomtani yvela msurveli mainc ar iqneba Sesaferisi. unda arsebobdes procedurebis mkafio krebuli, romelic uzrunvelyofs mxolod Sesaferisi msurvelebis SerCevas cixis sistemaSi samuSaod. pirvel rigSi, es procedurebi unda iZleodes msurvelebis patiosnebis da humanurobis Semowmebis SesaZleblobas, agreTve, imis Semowmebis SesaZleblobas, Tu rogor SeZleben isini yoveldRiuri samuSaos dros mosalodnel rTul situaciebze reagirebas. procedurebis es nawili yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan igi im Tvisebebs exeba, romelic cixeSi muSaobis arsebiT moTxovnas warmoadgens. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba msurvelTa Sesabamisoba aRniSnul moTxovnebTan, procedurebi unda iTvaliswinebdes iseT sakiTxebSi Semowmebas, rogoricaa msurvelTa ganaTlebis done, fizikuri momzadeba, wina samuSao gamocdileba da maT mier axali unar-Cvevebis aTvisebis potenciali. kadrebis SerCevisas diskriminacia dauSvebelia. es niSnavs, rom qalebs da mamakacebs unda mieces Tanabari SesaZleblobebi cixeSi samuSaod, maTi Sromis anazRaureba unda iyos Tanabari, unda gaiaron igive gadamzadebis kursebi da unda hqondeT dawinaurebis igive SesaZleblobebi. patimarTa didi umravlesoba mamakacebia, ris gamoc, bevr qveyanaSi cixeSi muSaoba, tradiciulad, mamakacis samuSaod iTvleba. Tumca, amas dasabuTeba ar aqvs. zog cixeSi patimarTa mniSvnelovani nawili rasobriv an eTnikur umciresobas miekuTvneba. am SemTxvevaSi, cixis administracia unda ecados, samuSaod aiyvanos amave jgufebis warmomadgenlebi sakmarisi proporciiT. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 46: (1) cixis administracia valdebulia, uzrunvelyos personalis TiToeuli rgolis yuradRebiT SerCeva, radgan dawesebulebaTa saTanado administrireba damokidebulia swored personalis patiosnebaze, humanurobaze, profesiul SesaZleblobebsa da samuSaosadmi pirovnul Sesaferisobaze. (3) zemoaRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad, personali unda dainiSnos srul samuSao ganakveTze, rogorc penitencialuri dawesebulebis profesiuli moxeleebi da unda hqondeT samoqalaqo mosamsaxuris statusi, xolo maTi Tanamdebobaze yofnis vada garantirebuli unda iyos mxolod im pirobiT, rom isini aCveneben karg yofaqcevas, efeqturobas da fizikur vargisobas. Sromis anazRaureba unda iyos adekvaturi imisaTvis, rom moziduli da SenarCunebuli iqnen Sesaferisi mamakacebi da qalebi; Sromis damatebiTi SeRavaTebi da samsaxuris pirobebi unda iyos samuSaos xasiaTTan Sesaferisi.

Sesaferisi kandidatebis

SerCeva

ara diskriminacia

22

standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 49:

(1) ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, personali unda Sedgebodes sakmarisi raodenobiT iseT specialistebisgan, rogoricaa fsiqiatrebi, fsiqologebi, socialuri muSakebi, maswavleblebi da xelobis ostatebi.

(2) socialuri muSakebis, maswavleblebisa da xelobis ostatTa momsaxureba garantirebuli unda iyos mudmiv safuZvelze, ise, rom ar moxdes naxevar ganakveTze an moxalised dasaqmebulTa dakargva. samarTaldamcav moxeleTa qcevis kodeqsi, muxli 18: mTavrobam da samarTaldamcavma uwyebebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom yvela samarTaldamcavi moxele SeirCes saTanado Semowmebis procedurebis gziT, hqondes misi funqciebis efeqturad SesrulebisTvis Sesaferisi zneobrivi, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri Rirsebebi da miiRos uwyveti da yovlismomcveli profesiuli gadamzadeba. moxeleebis mier am funqciebisTvis uwyveti vargisoba unda eqvemdebarebodes periodul Semowmebas. konvencia qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, muxli 2: monawile saxelmwifoebi gmoben qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminacias, Tanxmdebian, yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT da dayovnebis gareSe gaataron qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRkveTis politika da, am mizniT, valdebulebas iReben:

(a) erovnul konstituciebsa da sxva Sesabamis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi danergon kacebisa da qalebis Tanasworobis principi, Tu es jer ar momxdara da, kanonmdeblobisa da sxva Sesabamisi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, uzrunvelyon am principis praqtikuli realizeba;

(b) gaataron Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo da sxva RonisZiebebi, maT Soris, sanqciebi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, qalTa mimarT yvelanairi diskriminaciis akrZalvis mizniT;

(c) daadginon qalTa uflebebis samarTlebrivi dacva mamakacebis uflebebis Tanabrad da, kompetenturi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTloebis da sxva sajaro dawesebulebebis meSveobiT, uzrunvelyon qalebis efeqturi dacva diskriminaciis nebismieri qmedebisgan;

(d) Tavi Seikavon qalTa diskriminaciis nebismier qmedebaSi monawileobisgan da uzrunvelyon sajaro xelisuflebis da dawesebulebebis mxridan am valdebulebis Sesabamisi moqmedeba;

(e) gaataron RonisZiebebi nebismieri piris, organizaciis an dawesebulebis mxridan qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRkveTis mizniT;

(f) gaataron yvela Sesabamisi RonisZieba, maT Soris sakanonmdeblo, iseTi arsebuli kanonebis, wesebis, Cveulebebisa da praqtikis Secvlis an gauqmebis mizniT, romlebic warmoadgens qalTa mimarT diskriminacias;

(g) gaauqmon yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi damsjeli debulebebi, romlebic warmoadgens qalTa mimarT diskriminacias. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba xSirad cixis administracias uWirs maRali xarisxis kadrebis ayvana. amas sxvadasxva mizezi SeiZleba hqondes. mizezi SeiZleba iyos dabali Sromis anazRaureba, adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi cixis samuSaos arapopularoba, aseve, sxva samarTaldamcavi uwyebebis, magaliTad, policiis mxridan konkurencia. mizezis

kadrebis ayvanis aqtiuri

politika

23

miuxedavad, cixis administracia unda ecados, gaataros kadrebis ayvanis aqtiuri politika da ar elodos, ubralod, imas, rom samuSaos msurvelebi TviTon miakiTxaven mas. amis miRweva sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba. kadrebis ayvanis aqtiuri politikis saWiroeba kidev ufro amyarebs am Tavis dasawyisSi gamoTqmul arguments sazogadoebis informirebis programis sasargeblod, romliTac sazogadoebas euwyeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba cixeebSi. es xels Seuwyobs araswori varaudebis gabaTilebas da interesis gaRvivebas zogadad sazogadoebaSi da, kerZod, muSaobis potenciur msurvelebSi. Tu samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebma ar ician cixis realuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, maSin naklebad savaraudoa, rom isini dafiqrdebian penitencialur sistemaSi muSaobaze. sazogadoebis informireba ramdenimenairad SeiZleba. erT-erTi gzaa sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebis miwveva cixeSi vizitze, raTa maT Tavad naxon, rogoria igi. kidev erTi gzaa mediis saSualebebTan regularuli kontaqti da maTi waxaliseba imisaTvis, rom gamoaqveynon farTo speqtris informacia da ara mxolod kritikuli reportaJebi, roca saqme cudad wava. garda amisa, cixis administracias SeuZlia, mimarTos calkeul organoebs, romlebsac penitencialuri sistemis kadrebiT momaragebis saSualebebi gaaCniaT. es SesaZloa iyos saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, magaliTad, kolejebi da universitetebi an sazogadoebrivi jgufebi. maT unda miewodoT konkretuli informacia cixis TanamSromlebis rolis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori adamianebi SeiZleba dainteresdnen penitencialur sistemaSi muSaobiT da, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb, rom es sajaro samsaxuris Rirseuli karieraa. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos specializebuli kadrebis ayvanas. ZiriTadad, es is adamianebia, romelTac specializebuli profesia gaaCnia. maT Sorisaa maswavleblebi, instruqtorebi da samedicino personali. zog cixeSi SeiZleba saWiro iyos fsiqiatrebi da fsiqologebi. ar unda vivaraudoT, rom adamianebi, romelTac gavlili aqvT profesiuli swavleba, magaliTad, maswavleblebi, avtomaturad Sesaferisi iqnebian cixis garemoSi samuSaod. es adamianebi yuradRebiT unda iyvnen SerCeulni da roli, romelic maT unda Seasrulon am organizaciaSi, maTTvis mkafiod gasagebi unda iyos. rigi qveynebis gamocdilebam aCvena, rom qalebs iseve kargad SeuZliaT cixis TanamSromlis Cveulebrivi movaleobis Sesruleba, rogorc kacebs. marTlac, SesaZlo konfrontaciis pirobebSi qali TanamSromlebis adgilze yofnam xSirad SeiZleba ganmuxtos umarTavi incidenti. aris garkveuli situaciebi, magaliTad, sanitariuli zonebis zedamxedveloba da piradi Cxreka, rodesac am situaciaSi monawile cixis TanamSromeli imave sqesisa unda iyvnen, romeli sqesis warmomadgenlebic arian patimrebi. garda am SemTxvevebisa, qali TanamSromlebi SeiZleba nebismier sxva movaleobas asrulebdnen.

kadrebis gadamzadeba kadrebis saTanadod SerCevisa da ayvanis Semdeg saWiroa maTi saTanado gadamzadeba. axali TanamSromlebis umetesobas naklebad an saerTod ar gaaCnia cixis samyaros codna da gamocdileba. Tavidan saWiroa maTSi ganmtkicebuli iqnes im eTikuri konteqstis

sazogadoebis informirebis

programa

specializebuli kadrebi

qali TanamSromlebi

ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi

24

pativiscema, romlis farglebSic unda xdebodes cixis administrireba, rogorc es aRwerilia am Tavis dasawyisSi. gasagebad unda ganimartos, rom SemdgomSi saswavl yvela teqnikur unar-Cvevebs safuZvlad udevs imis rwmena, rom cixeSi myof yvela adamians aqvs Rirseba. aq igulisxmeba yvela patimari, vinc ar unda iyos is da ra danaSaulis gamoc ar unda iyos msjavrdebuli, agreTve, yvela TanamSromeli da stumari. TanamSromlebs unda aswavlon sxva adamianebTan (romelTagan zogi SeiZleba Zalian mouxeSavi da rTuli iyos) Rirseulad da adamianurad urTierTobis ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebi. es ar aris mxolod Teoriuli sagani. es pirveli da gadamwyveti nabijia im teqnikuri swavlebisken, romelic amis Semdgom iqneba. zogjer yvelaze ganviTarebul penitencialur sistemaSic ki naklebad esmiT, risTvis xdeba TanamSromlebis gadamzadeba. arasaTanadod fasdeba is ZiriTadi Tvisebebi, romlebic cixis kargad muSaobis safuZvelia. amis Semdgom TanamSromlebs esaWiroebaT aucilebeli teqnikuri gadamzadeba. maT unda icodnen usafrTxoebis wesebi. aq igulisxmeba usafrTxoebis teqnologiis – gasaRebebi, saketebi, sameTvalyureo aRWurviloba – srulyofili Seswavla. maT unda iswavlon, rogor awarmoon dokumentebi da rogori patakebi daweron. upirveles yovlisa ki, maT unda esmodeT patimrebTan uSualo kontaqtis mniSvneloba. saketisa da gasaRebis usafrTxoebas unda daematos imis codnac, Tu vin arian patimrebi da rogori SeiZleba iyos maTi saqcieli. es dinamiuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebia, romlebic am saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSia ganxiluli. rac Seexeba wesrigis SenarCunebas, cixis axalma TanamSromlebma unda iswavlon, rom uwesrigobis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis jobia mis mogvarebas mas Semdeg, rac is ukve momxdaria. uwesrigoba gulisxmobs incidentebs dawyebuli erTi patimris monawileobiT da damTavrebuli masobrivi daumorCileblobiT da amboxebiT. uwesrigobis spontanurad moxdena Zalian iSviaTia. rogorc wesi, manamde adgili aqvs mraval gamafrTxilebel niSans, rom problema mzadebaSia. saTanadod momzadebuli cixis TanamSromeli amoicnobs am niSnebs da imoqmedebs problemis aRmosafxvrelad. es is unaria, romelic SeiZleba aswavlo. TanamSromelTa saTanado gadamzadeba is moTxovnaa, romelic iwyeba samuSaoze ayvanidanve da uwyvetad grZeldeba samuSaos sabolood datovebamde. saWiroa, arsebobdes yvela asakisa da yvela rangis TanamSromlis uwyveti ganviTarebis regularuli SesaZleblobebi. amiT TanamSromlebi iswavlian yvelaze Tanamedrove unarebs. aq aseve igulisxmeba specializebul sferoebSi momuSave TanamSromlebisTvis konkretuli unar-Cvevebis, xolo ufro maRali rgolis TanamSromelTaTvis _ marTvis unar-Cvevebis swavleba. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 47:

(1) personali unda iyos adekvaturi ganaTlebis da inteleqtis donis mqone.

(2) movaleobis Sesrulebis dawyebamde personals unda Cautardes swavlebis kursi maTi zogadi da konkretuli movaleobebis Sesaxeb da unda moeTxovos Teoriuli da

teqnikuri swavleba

uwesrigobis Tavidan acileba

uwyveti gadamzadeba

25

praqtikuli gamocdis Cabareba. (3) movaleobis Sesrulebis dawyebis Semdeg da karieris ganmavlobaSi personalma

unda SeinarCunos da ganiviTaros codna da profesiuli unarianoba samsaxurebrivi swavlebis kursebis gavlis gziT, romlebic unda Catardes mizanSewonili intervalebiT.


(1) dawesebulebis direqtori adekvaturad unda Seesabamebodes mis samuSaos xasiaTiT, administraciuli unarianobiT, saTanado swavlebiTa da gamocdilebiT.

(2) man mTeli Tavisi dro unda miuZRvnas samsaxurebriv movaleobebs da ar unda iqnes daniSnul naxevar ganakveTze.

(3) is unda cxovrobdes dawesebulebis SenobaSi an mis uSualo siaxloves. (4) Tu direqtoris daqvemdebarebaSia ori an meti dawesebuleba, man xSiri

intervalebiT unda moinaxulos orive dawesebuleba. TiToeul aseT dawesebulebaSi adgilze unda iyos pasuxismgebeli moxele.


(1) dawesebulebis direqtori, misi moadgile da danarCeni TanamSromlebis umravlesoba unda laparakobdes im enaze, romelzec laparakobs an romelic esmis patimarTa yvelaze did umravlesobas.

(2) saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes Tarjimnis momsaxureba. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 52:

(1) im dawesebulebebSi, romlebic sididis gamo moiTxovs erTi an meti srul ganakveTze myofi eqimis momsaxurebas, erT-erTi maTgani mainc unda cxovrobdes dawesebulebis SenobaSi an mis uSualo siaxloves.

(2) sxva dawesebulebebSi eqimi unda mivides yoveldRe da unda cxovrobdes sakmarisad axlos imisaTvis, rom gadaudebel SemTxvevebSi SeeZlos dauyovnebliv adgilze gamocxadeba.


(1) kacebisa da qalebisTvis gankuTvnil dawesebulebaSi, qalebisTvis calke gamoyofili dawesebulebis nawils unda xelmZRvanelobdes pasuxismgebeli qali moxele, romelsac unda ebaros dawesebulebis am nawilis yvela gasaRebi.

(2) dauSvebelia mamakaci TanamSromlis Sesvla qalebisTvis gamoyofil dawesebulebis nawilSi, Tu mas Tan ar axlavs qali moxele.

(3) qal patimrebs unda uvlidnen da zedamxedvelobdnen mxolod qali moxeleebi. Tumca, es xels ar uSlis mamakac TanamSromlebs, kerZod, eqimebs da maswavleblebs, ganaxorcielon TavianTi profesiuli movaleoba qalebis dawesebulebaSi an dawesebulebis qalebisTvis gamoyofil nawilSi.

standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 54: (1) dawesebulebis moxeleebma patimrebTan urTierTobaSi ar unda gamoiyenon Zala,

garda Tavdacvis mizniT an gaqcevis mcdelobisas an kanoniT an kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT dadgenili wesrigisTvis aqtiuri an pasiuri winaaRmdegobis gawevisas. Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, moxelis mier gamoyenebuli Zala ar unda aRematebodes im zomas, romelic ukiduresad aucilebelia. moxele valdebulia, Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv acnobos dawesebulebis direqtors.

(2) cixis moxeleebs unda CautardeT specialuri fizikuri swavleba, raTa maT SeeZloT agresiuli patimrebis SezRudva.

(3) Tu gansakuTrebul garemoebebs ar aqvs adgili, is TanamSromlebi, romelTa movaleobac iTvaliswinebs uSualo kontaqts patimrebTan, ar unda iyvnen SeiaraRebuli. garda amisa, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, dauSvebelia, TanamSromels mieces iaraRi, Tu mas ar gaaCnia misi gamoyenebis saTanado momzadeba.

samarTaldamcav moxeleTa qcevis kodeqsi, muxli 3:

samarTaldamcav moxeles Zalis gamoyeneba SeuZlia mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi da im zomiT, rac sakmarisia misi movaleobis Sesasruleblad.

26


samarTaldamcavi moxelisTvis cnobili konfidencialuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi daculi unda iqnes saidumlod, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu movaleobis Sesrulebis an marTlmsajulebis interesebi imperatiulad sxvagvarad moiTxovs.


samarTaldamcav moxeles ufleba ar aqvs, miayenos, waaqezos an Seeguos wamebis an sxva sastik, arahumanur an damamcirebel qmedebas an dasjas; samarTaldamcav moxeles aseve ufleba ar aqvs, wamebis an sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli qmedebis an dasjis gasamarTleblad miuTiTos zemdgomi piris brZanebasa an gansakuTrebul garemoebebze, rogoricaa saomari mdgomareoba an saomari mdgomareobis safrTxe, erovnuli uSiSroebis safrTxe, Sida politikuri arastabiluroba an sxva nebismieri sazogadoebrivi gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba.


samarTaldamcavi moxele valdebulia, uzrunvelyos misi zedamxedvelobis qveS myofi piris janmrTelobis dacva da, kerZod, valdebulia, miiRos dauyovneblivi zomebi samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.


samarTaldamcavi moxele valdebulia, daicvas kanoni da es kodeqsi. amave dros, ramdenadac mis SesaZleblobebSi Sedis, valdebulia, Tavidan aicilos da mZlavrad gauwios winaaRmdegoba mis darRvevas.

samarTaldamcav moxeleTa mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 4:

movaleobis Sesrulebisas samarTaldamcavi moxele valdebulia, SeZlebisdagvarad, mimarTos araZaladobriv saSualebebs Zalis an iaraRis gamoyenebamde. mas SeuZlia, gamoiyenos Zala da iaraRi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva saSualebebi araefeqturi gamodga an aSkaraa, rom maTi meSveobiT ver iqneba miRweuli dasaxuli Sedegi.


samarTaldamcav moxeles ar aqvs iaraRis gamoyenebis ufleba piris mimarT, garda Tavdacvis an sxvaTa dacvis mizniT, sikvdilis an mZime fizikuri dazianebis gardauvali safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, sicocxlisTvis saSiSi gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis Cadenis Tavidan asacileblad, aseTi safrTxis Semcveli da misTvis winaaRmdegobis gamwevi piris dasakaveblad, an aseTi piris gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad, da mxolod maSin, rodesac naklebad ukiduresi saSualebebi arasakmarisia aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, iaraRis ganzrax momakvdinebeli gamoyeneba dasaSvebia maSin, rodesac es ukiduresad aucilebelia sicocxlis dasacavad.


dakavebul pirebTan urTierTobisas samarTaldamcav moxeles ar aqvs Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac es ukiduresad aucilebelia dawesebulebaSi usafrTxoebis da wesrigis SesanarCuneblad an rodesac safrTxe eqmneba pirad usafrTxoebas.


dakavebul pirebTan urTierTobisas samarTaldamcav moxeles ar aqvs iaraRis gamoyenebis ufleba piris mimarT, garda Tavdacvis an sxvaTa dacvis mizniT, sikvdilis an mZime fizikuri dazianebis gardauvali safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, an rodesac es ukiduresad aucilebelia im dakavebuli piris gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad, romelic warmoadgens me-9 principSi aRniSnul safrTxes.

27

samedicino eTikis principebi, romlebic exeba jandacvis personalis, gansakuTrebiT eqimebis, rols patimrebisa da dakavebulebis dacvaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjisgan, principi 1:

jandacvis personali, gansakuTrebiT eqimebi, romelTac patimrebsa da dakavebulebze zrunva evalebaT, valdebulni arian, uzrunvelyon isini fizikuri da fsiqologiuri janmrTelobis dacviT da avadmyofobis mkurnalobiT, imave xarisxiTa da standartiT, rac gaTvaliswinebulia maTTvis, vinc ar aris patimari an dakavebuli.

deklaracia qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, muxli 10:

1. yvela saWiro RonisZieba unda gatardes, raTa daqorwinebuli da dauqorwinebeli qalebi uzrunvelyofili iqnen mamakacTa Tanabari uflebebiT ekonomikuri da socialuri saqmianobis sferoSi, kerZod, Semdegi uflebebiT: (a) ufleba, qorwinebis mdgomareobis an sxva nebismieri safuZvliT

diskriminaciis gareSe, miiRon profesiul-teqnikuri ganaTleba, Sromis ufleba, profesiisa da samuSaos Tavisuflad arCevis da profesiuli da profesiul-teqnikuri dawinaurebis ufleba;

(b) mamakacebis Tanabari Sromis anazRaurebis da Tanabari donis samuSaoze Tanabari mopyrobis ufleba;

(c) anazRaurebadi Svebulebis, samsaxuridan wasvlasTan dakavSirebuli privilegiebis da umuSevrobis, avadmyofobis, moxucebulobis an sxva Sromisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyofis ufleba;

(d) ojaxTan dakavSirebiT danamatebis miRebis ufleba mamakacebis Tanabrad. 2. qorwinebis an mSobiarobis gamo qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis Tavidan

acilebis da Sromis efeqturi uflebis uzrunvelsayofad, miRebuli unda iqnes zomebi, raTa ar moxdes maTi samsaxuridan daTxovna qorwinebis an mSobiarobis SemTxvevaSi, moxdes maTi uzrunvelyofa anazRaurebadi mSobiarobis SvebulebiT samuSao adgilze dabrunebis garantiiT da maTi uzrunvelyofa aucilebeli socialuri momsaxurebiT, maT Soris bavSvze zrunvis saSualebebiT.

TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanTa dacvis wesebi, wesi 82:

administraciam unda uzrunvelyos yvela donis da tipis personalis yuradRebiT SerCeva da samuSaoze ayvana, radgan dakavebis adgilebis jerovani marTva damokidebulia am personalis patiosnebaze, humanurobaze, unarsa da profesiul SesaZleblobebze arasrulwlovnebTan urTierTobaSi, agreTve, samuSaosTvis maT pirovnul Sesaferisobaze.

TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanTa dacvis wesebi, wesi 85:

personalma unda miiRos iseTi gadamzadeba, romlis saSualebiTac maT SeeZlebaT TavianTi movaleobebis efeqturad ganxorcieleba, kerZod, momzadeba bavSvis fsiqologiaSi, bavSvis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi, aseve, adamianis uflebaTa da bavSvis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso standartebsa da normebSi, am wesebis CaTvliT.

arasrulwlovanTa mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 22:

1. profesiuli ganaTlebis, samsaxurebrivi gadamzadebis, ganmeorebiTi kursebis da swavlebis sxva Sesabamisi meTodebis meSveobiT, unda Camoyalibdes da SenarCundes yvela im personalis aucilebeli profesiuli unarianoba, romelTac Sexeba aqvT arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebTan.

2. arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebaSi monawile personali unda asaxavdes im arasrulwlovanTa mravalgvarobas, romlebic SexebaSi modian arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sistemasTan. miRebuli unda iqnes zomebi im mizniT, rom qalebi da umciresobebi samarTlianad iyvnen warmodgenilni arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis dawesebulebebSi.

28

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixis axal TanamSromelTa swavlebis done da xangrZlivoba Zalze cvalebadia qveynebis mixedviT. yvelaze martivia situacia, rodesac axal TanamSromlebs aswavlian gamocdili TanamSromlebis gverdigverd muSaobis gziT. maT utareben Zalze zedapirul instruqtaJs saketebis gasaRebebis asxmis gadacemamde, ris Semdegac toveben Tavisi samuSaos pirispir. es Zalian saxifaTo praqtikaa. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, es niSnavs, rom axal TanamSromlebs ar eqnebaT warmodgena imis Taobaze, Tu realurad ras gulisxmobs maTi samuSao da Zveli TanamSromlebisgan gadaiReben Cvevebs, romlebic saukeTeso praqtikad ver CaiTvleba. uares SemTxvevaSi, es niSnavs, rom axali TanamSromlebi iolad moeqcevian gavleniani patimrebis zewolis qveS, romlebic isargebleben maTi gamoucdelobiT da maTze daimkvidreben Zalauflebas ise, rom dasustdeba usafrTxoeba da wesrigi. zog qveyanaSi axlad miRebul TanamSromlebs agzavnian ramdenimekvirian swavlebaze skolasa an kolejSi, sadac isini swavloben maTi samuSaos safuZvlebs cixeSi movaleobis Sesrulebis Sedgomamde. sxva qveynebSi pirveli safexuris TanamSromlebi gadian orwlian kursebs cixis kvalificiur moxeleebad muSaobis dawyebamde. rig qveynebSi penitencialuri sistema axali TanamSromlebisgan moiTxovs erToblivad saklaso da praqtikuli swavlebis gavlas. magaliTad, ganaSi axali TanamSromlebi sam Tves atareben gadamzadebis skolaSi, momdevno sam Tves – cixeSi, xolo amis Semdeg kidev sam Tves gadamzadebis skolaSi. miRwevis meTodebis miuxedavad, cixis yovel axal TanamSromels mkafiod unda ganemartos principebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ras gulisxmobs maTi samuSao da unda mieces sakmarisi teqnikuri codna Tavisi ZiriTadi samuSaos Sesasruleblad, sanam igi cixeSi daiwyebs muSaobas. amis Semdeg man unda imuSaos gamocdili TanamSromlebis gverdiT, romelTac, administraciis SexedulebiT, SeuZliaT, axal TanamSromlebs aCvenon saukeTeso magaliTi da Caunergon maT Tavisi samuSaos Sesrulebisas Tavdajerebuloba. cixis ufrosi TanamSromlebisaTvis swavlebis ufro daxvewili formaa saWiro. es samarTliania imis miuxedavad, isini am safexurze moxvdnen pirdapiri daniSvnis gziT Tu ufro dabali wodebis TanamSromlad muSaobis Semdeg dawinaurebis gziT. ar SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom mxolod gamocdileba sakmarisia cixis administraciis maRal safexurebze samuSaod. im TanamSromlebsac ki, romelTac dabal safexurebze mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi umuSaviaT cixeSi, esaWiroebaT daxmareba damatebiTi unar-Cvevebis gasaviTareblad, sanam isini administrirebis funqciis ganxorcielebas Seudgebian. zog qveyanaSi, magaliTad, ruseTSi, ufros Tanamdebobebze pirdapir iniSnebian; cixeSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze muSaobis dawyebamde maT moeTxovebaT ramdenimewliani sadiplomo an akademiuri xarisxis kursis damTavreba. cixeSi kulturisa da ganwyobilebis damkvidrebaSi cixis direqtori da misi moadgileebi ZiriTad rols asruleben. maTi SerCeva unda moxdes yuradRebiT, maTi pirovnuli Rirsebebis mixedviT da unda CautardeT intensiuri swavleba.

Tavdapirveli gadamzadeba

ufros TanamSromelTa

gadamzadeba

29

specializebuli funqciebis mqone TanamSromlebs, magaliTad, maswavleblebsa da instruqtorebs, TavianTi funqciebis jerovnad Sesasruleblad damatebiTi swavleba esaWiroebaT. es gansakuTrebiT samedicino personals exeba. eqimebma unda gaiazron, rom cixeSi samuSaod misvlasTan erTad, Tan unda miitanon maTi profesiis yvela eTikuri valdebuleba. marTalia, es adamianebi cixeSi arian, eqimis upirvelesi movaleobaa am adamianebis avadmyofobis mkurnaloba, iqneba es fizikuri Tu fsiqikuri avadmyofoba. es unda ganemartos yvela eqims, vinc cixeSi samuSaod midis. `avstraliis niu sauT uelsis gamasworebel dawesebulebaTa jandacvis samsaxurma, romelic gancalkevebulia penitencialuri sistemisgan, magram mWidrod muSaobs masTan, niu sauT uelsis cixeebSi myofi patimrebisTvis jandacvis samsaxuris gawevis kuTxiT, 1999 wels SeimuSava qcevisa da eTikis kodeqsi sakuTari TanamSromlebisTvis~. cixis TanamSromlebs, romelTac patimarTa specialur jgufebTan muSaoba mouwevT, unda CautardeT specialuri swavleba, rac aucilebelia am jgufebTan samuSaod. gansakuTrebiT es exeba TanamSromlebs, romlebic muSaoben arasrulwlovan da axalgazrda patimrebTan. zogjer aris tendencia, rom aseTi samuSao ratomRac naklebmniSvnelovnad an naklebmomTxovnad iqnes miCneuli zrdasrul patimrebTan muSaobasTan SedarebiT. realoba ki xSirad sapirispiroa. arasrulwlovani patimrebi xSirad ufro aramdgradi da momTxovnebi arian, vidre zrdasruli patimrebi. garda amisa, ufro savaraudoa, rom isini pozitiurad ganewyon swavlisa da waxalisebis mimarT. axalgazrda patimrebTan momuSave TanamSromlebis erT-erTi mTavari funqciaa maTi daxmareba mowiful zrdasrulebad CamoyalibebaSi, romlebsac kanonierad cxovrebis unari eqnebaT. aseTive swavlebaa saWiro im TanamSromlebisTvis, romlebic qal patimrebTan, fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone da, aseve, iseT patimrebTan muSaoben, romlebic usafrTxoebis gansakuTrebul zomebs saWiroeben. Tavdapirveli gadamzadeba, romelic cixis TanamSromlebs utardeba, mxolod dasawyisi unda iyos maTi ganviTarebis gzaze. cixe dinamiuri dawesebulebaa, romelic mudmivad icvleba da romelzec gavlenas axdens ganviTarebadi codna da gare faqtorebi. TanamSromlebs regularulad unda hqondeT TavianTi codnis Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSi SenarCunebis da unar-Cvevebis daxvewis SesaZlebloba. es moiTxovs ganviTarebas cixis administraciis da, agreTve, sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebisa da socialuri keTildReobis sistemis SigniT. ganviTareba unda gagrZeldes cixis TanamSromelTa mTeli karieris manZilze. cixeebis umravlesobaSi drois umetesi xnis ganmavlobaSi patimrebi mSvidad xvdebian kanonier wesrigs. maT ar surT cixeSi yofna, magram eguebian realobas da iqcevian instruqtaJis Sesabamisad. drodadro calkeuli patimrebi an patimarTa jgufebi Zaladobas avlenen da maTi kontroli aseve Zalis gamoyenebiT unda moxdes. es sakiTxi ganxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi. mniSvnelovania, rom gadamzadebis dawyebidanve yvela TanamSromels ganemartos is garemoebebi, rodesac dasaSvebia Zalis gamoyeneba patimrebis mimarT.

specializebuli TanamSromlebis, gansakuTrebiT,

samedicino personalis gadamzadeba

gadamzadeba patimarTa specialur jgufebTan samuSaod

ganviTareba da gadamzadebis

uwyvetoba

gadamzadeba Zalis

gamoyenebis sakiTxebSi

30

umTavresi principia is, rom Zalis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod misi absoluturi aucileblobisas da mxolod aucilebeli zomiT. es niSnavs, rom unda arsebobdes mkafio procedurebi, romlebSic aRwerilia garemoebebi, rodesac SeiZleba Zalis gamoyeneba da gamosayenebeli Zalis xasiaTi. nebismieri Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba unda miiRos mocemul dros cixis morige TanamSromelTagan yvelaze maRali rangis TanamSromelma. Zalis gamoyenebis faqti da misi mizezi unda dafiqsirdes werilobiT. yvela TanamSromels unda aswavlon im kanonieri saSualebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes moZalade patimrebis fizikurad SesazRudad. saamisod SerCeul TanamSromlebs unda CautardeT maRali donis gadamzadeba. kontrolisa da fizikuri SezRudvis formebTan dakavSirebuli saswavlo kursi, romelsac did britaneTSi iyeneben penitencialuri dawesebulebebi, Zalis minimaluri gamoyenebis magaliTia. zog penitencialur dawesebulebaSi cixis zogierTi TanamSromeli iaraRs atarebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos imis uzrunvelyofas, rom es TanamSromlebi iyvnen saTanadod gaTviTcnobierebulni da mkafiod esmodeT is garemoebebi, romlebSic dasaSvebia iaraRis gamoyeneba. ar aris rekomendebuli, rom uSualod patimrebTan momuSave TanamSromlebi SeiaraRebulni iyvnen. amis mizania is, rom iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba arasodes moxdes naCqarevad da rom iaraRi ar CauvardeT xelSi patimrebs. sasikvdilo iaraRis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, rodesac es uSualod aucilebelia sicocxlis xelyofis Tavidan asacileblad. es niSnavs, rom vinmes sicocxles unda emuqrebodes dauyovneblivi da aSkarad aRsaqmeli safrTxe. magaliTad, sasikvdilo gasrola dauSvebelia mxolod imis gamo, rom patimari gaqcevas cdilobs. sasikvdilo gasrolis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod maSin, rodesac aseTi gaqceva warmoadgens dauyovnebliv safrTxes vinmes sicocxlisTvis.

TanamSromelTa SromiTi pirobebi imisaTvis, rom am saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSnuli cixis kargi marTvis principebis realizeba moxdes, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs kargad motivirebuli TanamSromlebis yolas, romlebic arian momzadebulni maRal doneze da erTgulni _ maTze dakisrebuli sajaro funqciebisa. am TavSi garkveulwilad ganmartebul iqna, Tu ra igulisxmeba amaSi. Tumca, sakmarisi ar aris unariani adamianebis daqiraveba, maTi gaJRenTva profesionalizmis grZnobiT da gadamzadeba maRali standartebiT. Tu maT ar aqvT saTanado Sromis anazRaureba da SromiTi pirobebi, nakleb savaraudoa, rom isini darCebian cixeSi samuSaod. sanacvlod, SeiZleba isargeblon maTTvis Catarebuli saswavlo kursebiT da Semdgom aq SeZenili unar-Cvevebi moaxmaron sxva samuSaos, sadac ukeTes SromiT pirobebs SesTavazeben. bolo wlebSi es realur problemad iqca bevri penitencialuri samsaxurisTvis yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi, sadac axal TanamSromlebs jer kidev sTavazoben maRali donis ganaTlebas, gansakuTrebiT, xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze, magram Semdgom ver uxdian sakmarisad imisaTvis, rom SeinarCunon isini samsaxurSi ramdenime welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi.

Zalis gamoyenebis

procedurebi

Zalis minimaluri gamoyeneba

gadamzadeba cecxlsasroli

iaraRis gamoyenebaSi

iaraRis gamoyeneba

mxolod sicocxlis xelyofis

Tavidan acilebis

mizniT

kargi pirobebis aucilebloba

31

dRevandel msoflioSi profesiis mdgradoba didwilad izomeba imiT, Tu ra odenobis Sromis anazRaurebis mozidva SeuZlia mas. saukeTeso profesionalebi naklebad daTanxmdebian Zalian dabal Sromis anazRaurebas. cixeSi muSaoba erT-erTi yvelaze rTulia sajaro samsaxuris saxeobebidan. es ki unda aisaxos yvela donis cixis TanamSromlis xelfasze. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cixis TanamSromelTa Sromis anazRaurebis gansasazRvrad sxvadasxva SedarebiTi jgufi gamoiyeneba. zogan es SeiZleba iyos sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebis sxva organoebi, rogoricaa policia. sxva qveynebSi SedarebiTi jgufis saxiT SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes iseTi sajaro moxeleebi, rogoricaa maswavleblebi da meddebi. miuxedavad imisa, romeli SedarebiTi jgufi iqneba gamoyenebuli, mTavrobam unda aRiaros, rom cixis TanamSromlebs aqvT saTanado Sromis anazRaurebis miRebis ufleba im rTuli da xandaxan saSiSi samuSaosTvis, romelsac isini asruleben. rig qveynebSi mxedvelobaSi iReben aseve im faqtors, rom, Tu TanamSromlebs saTanadod ar uxdian, isini SeiZleba Caebnen pirdapiri an arapirdapiri xasiaTis korufciul saqmianobaSi. bevr qveyanaSi cixeebi Zalian izolirebul adgilebSia ganTavsebuli, dasaxlebuli centrebidan moSorebiT. es zegavlenas axdens ara mxolod cixis TanamSromlebze, aramed maT ojaxebzec. zegavlenaSi igulisxmeba skolebze, samedicino dawesebulebebze, maRaziebsa da sxva sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze xelmisawvdomoba. aseT garemoebebSi ki, sxva SromiTi pirobebi, gansakuTrebiT ojaxis wevrebTan dakavSirebiT, iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc Sromis anazRaurebis odenoba. zog SemTxvevaSi, TanamSromlebs uzrunvelyofen ufaso an subsidirebuli binadrobiT, cixis Sors mdebareobis, adgilze sacxovrisis povnasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis an imis gamo, rom binadrobiT uzrunvelyofen zogadad yvela sajaro moxeles. amave mizezebis gamo, TanamSromlebs da maT ojaxebs eZlevaT cixis samedicino saSualebebiT ufaso sargeblobis ufleba. zemoT ukve naxsenebi iqna evropis sabWos moTxovna, romelsac is mierTebis msurvel yvela axal saxelmwifos uyenebs, rom cixeebis daqvemdebareba Sinagan saqmeTa saministrodan unda gadavides iusticiis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi. imas, Tu ratom iTvleba es pozitiur ganviTarebad sistemis angariSvaldebulebis TvalsazrisiT, dasabuTebuli mizezebi aqvs. Tumca, imavdroulad, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, rom aseTi gadacemis Sedegad cixis TanamSromlebs, rogorc Sinagan saqmeTa saministros yofil moxeleebs da maT ojaxebs, hqondaT ufaso jandacva, ufaso ganaTleba, ufaso sacxovrisi da ufaso an subsidirebuli transporti da Svebuleba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, es SeRavaTebi akompensirebdnen Sromis anazRaurebis dabal odenobas. iusticiis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi gadasvlisas ki, am SeRavaTebidan bevri gauqmda da TanamSromlebs Zalian gauWirdaT TavianTi ojaxebis Rirseulad Senaxva. am sirTuleebidan gamosavali aris TanamSromlebisTvis gonivruli odenobis xelfasis gadaxda, rom isini ar iyvnen damokidebuli naturiT gadaxdaze. es xSirad Zalzed Znelia im qveynebSi, sadac saxelmwifo resursebi mwiria. TanamSromlebisa da maTi ojaxebisTvis umjobesia, icxovron Cveulebriv sazogadoebaSi da ara im sazogadoebaSi, romelic mxolod cixis TanamSromlebisgan Sedgeba. es maT gauadvilebs samsaxuris garda sxva interesebis ganviTarebis da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobas. garda amisa, amiT maTi ojaxis wevrebs da Svilebs SeeZlebaT cixis getos gareT

Sromis anazRaurebis

odenoba

sxva SromiTi pirobebi

sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis

upiratesoba

32

normaluri cxovrebiT cxovreba. srulfasovani cxovreba, Tavis mxrivac, xels Seuwyobs TanamSromlebs imaSi, rom ufro erTgulad emsaxuron Tavis saqmes. am saxelmZRvanelos me-16 TavSi saubaria imis aucileblobaze, rom umciresobas mikuTvnebuli patimrebis mimarT adgili ar hqondes raime diskriminacias. rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi iyo aRniSnuli, igive principebi exeba cixis TanamSromlebs. qal TanamSromlebs unda hqondeT mamakaci TanamSromlebis Tanabari xelfasi da muSaobis sxva pirobebi. maT aseve unda hqondeT dawinaurebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi. igive principebi exeba umciresobaTa warmomadgenel TanamSromlebs, miuxedavad imisa, isini miekuTvnebian rasobriv, religiur, kulturul Tu seqsualur umciresobebs. zogierT penitencialur sistemaSi TanamSromlebs uwevT sxva cixeSi gadayvanasTan Segueba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes ara mxolod TanamSromlebis, aramed maTi ojaxebis interesebic. magaliTad, Tu TanamSromlis bavSvi gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare _ skolis _ asakSia, maTma gadayvanam sxva adgilas SeiZleba seriozulad negatiuri Sedegi iqonios maT Semdgom ganviTarebaze. amgvari faqtorebi mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli. iSviaTi ukiduresi situaciebis garda, yovelTvis unda moxdes TanamSromlebTan winaswari konsultacia, sanam gadayvana ganxorcieldeba da, SeZlebisdagvarad, maTgan miRebuli unda iqnes Tanxmoba gadayvanaze. gadayvana arasodes unda iqces TanamSromlis mimarT disciplinuri saxdelis formad. umeteswilad, cixeebi disciplinirebuli dawesebulebebia. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom TanamSromlebs unda moeqcnen aragonivrulad an maTi mdgomareobis upativcemlod. bevr qveyanaSi TanamSromlebs aqvT profesiul kavSirebSi gawevrianebis ufleba, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, cixis administraciasTan awarmoeben molaparakebebs maTi Sromis anazRaurebis da SromiTi pirobebis Taobaze. profesiuli kavSirebis warmomadgenlebi ar unda daisajon imisaTvis, rom isini warmoadgenen cixis TanamSromlebis interesebs.

Tanabari mopyroba

gadayvana

TanamSromelTa profesiuli

warmomadgenloba

33

3 patimrebi adamianebi arian

zogadi sakiTxebi

adamianuri Rirseba

dakavebuli an patimrobaSi myofi adamianebi ar kargaven adamianobas miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad mZime danaSaulSi arian isini braldebuli an msjavrdebuli. maTi saqmis ganmxilvelma sasamarTlom an sxva sasamarTlo organom daadgina, rom maT unda aRekveToT Tavisufleba da ara is, rom maT unda CamoerTvaT adamianis statusi. cixis TanamSromlebs arasodes unda gamorCeT mxedvelobidan, rom patimrebi adamianebi arian. cixis TanamSromlebma mudmivad unda gauwion winaaRmdegoba cdunebas, rom patimari miiCnion mxolod rogorc raime nomris mqoned da ara _ srulyofil adamianad. cixis TanamSromlebs arc imis ufleba aqvT, patimrebi damatebiT dasajon imiT, rom maT moeqcnen rogorc ufro dabalxarisxovan adamianebs. patimrebis arasaTanado mopyroba yovelTvis kanonsawinaaRmdegoa. amasTan, amgvari qceva akninebs Tavad misi avtori cixis TanamSromlis adamianobasac. cixis administraciis da TanamSromlebis mier eTikur CarCoebSi muSaobis aucileblobaze saubari iyo am saxelmZRvanelos me-2 TavSi. winamdebare Tavi ki amis praqtikul Sedegebs Seexeba. dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebi inarCuneben adamianis yvela uflebas, garda im uflebebisa, romlebic maT dakarges Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Sedegad. cixis administracias da cixis TanamSromlebs mkafiod unda esmodeT, ras gulisxmobs es principi. zogi ram Zalzed naTelia. magaliTad, wameba da ganzrax sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyroba mTlianad akrZalulia. gasagebi unda iyos, rom es akrZalva ar exeba mxolod uSualo fizikur da fsiqikur zewolas. igi exeba aseve mTlianad im pirobebs, romelSic patimrebi imyofebian. `adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirobebi, romelSic patimari imyofeboda oTxi wlisa da aTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi dakavebis adgilas ruseTSi, ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis uflebaTa evropis konvenciis me-3 muxls. me-3 muxli krZalavs arahumanur an damamcirebel mopyrobas. saqme aRZruli iqna vladimer kalaSnikovis mier, romelic patimrobaSi imyofeboda magadanSi 1995-2000 wlebSi. sasamarTlom gamoarkvia, rom magadanSi, dakavebis adgilas, batoni kalaSnikovi moTavsebuli iyo sakanSi, sadac TiToeul patimarze modioda 0.9-dan 1.9 kvadratul metramde farTi. mZime gadatvirTva niSnavda imas, rom patimrebs eZinaT rigrigobiT. sakanSi sinaTle iyo yovelTvis anTebuli da patimrebis mravalricxovnebidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis iyo xmauri. amis gamo Zili SeuZlebeli xdeboda. sasamarTlom aseve gaiTvaliswina ventilaciis ukmarisoba da rom patimrebisTvis nebadarTuli iyo sakanSi sigaretis moweva, rom kedlebi savse iyo parazitebiT, saknisa da tualetis sibinZure, pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlad yofnis SeuZlebloba da is faqti, rom valeri kalaSnikovi daavadda kanis avadmyofobebiT da

patimrebs aqvT ufleba, iyvnen

daculi adamianis uflebaTa

samarTliT

patimari, rogorc

pirovneba

wamebis da sastiki,

arahumanuri an damamcirebeli

mopyrobis sruli akrZalva

34

sokos infeqciiT. sasamarTlo SeaSfoTa im faqtma, rom baton kalaSnikovs amyofebdnen imave sakanSi, sadac sifilisiT da tuberkuloziT daavadebuli adamianebi iyvnen moTavsebulni. 2002 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom bolo dros magadanis dakavebis adgilas pirobebi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda da gaiziara mosazreba, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan adgili ar hqonia batoni kalaSnikovis damcirebis an Seuracxyofis ganzraxvas~. “adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirobebi, romelSic patimari imyofeboda sul cota ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi saberZneTis cixeSi, ewinaaRmdegeboda adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis me-3 muxls, romelic krZalavs arahumanur an damamcirebel mopyrobas. saqme aRZrul iqna donal piersis mier, romelic imyofeboda koridalosis cixeSi winaswar dakavebaSi 1994 wels misi dakavebis Semdeg. sasamarTlom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia imas, rom baton pierss TiToeuli 24-saaTiani periodis mniSvnelovani wilis gatareba uwevda sakanSi, sadac ar iyo ventilacia da fanjara da romelSic xSirad autanlad cxeloda. garda amisa, is iZulebuli iyo tualetiT esargebla sxva patimris TandaswrebiT da TviTonac iqve yofiliyo, rodesac misi Tanapatimari sargeblobda tualetiT. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom es pirobebi amcirebda batoni piersis adamianur Rirsebas da masSi iwvevda tanjvisa da arasrulfasovnebis gancdas, romelic akninebda da Seuracxyofda mas da, savaraudod, texda mis fizikur da moralur winaaRmdegobas. sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom xelisuflebis mxridan adgili ar hqonia batoni piersis damcirebis an Seuracxyofis pozitiur ganzraxvas, magram daadgina: is faqti, rom xelisuflebam ar miiRo zomebi dakavebis obieqturad miuRebeli pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad, miuTiTebda batoni piersis arasaTanado pativiscemaze~. yuradRebiT unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu romeli uflebebi izRudeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Sedegad. gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 13) aSkarad izRudeba patimrobis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, iseve, rogorc Sekrebis Tavisufleba (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 20). TviT am uflebebis mTlianad CamorTmevac ki ar xdeba, radgan patimrebs iSviaTad amyofeben srul izolaciaSi, xolo Tu amyofeben, amisaTvis unda arsebobdes Zalian mtkice da konkretuli dasabuTeba. ojaxTan urTierTobis uflebis (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 12) CamorTmeva mTlianad ar xdeba, magram igi SeiZleba sakmaod SeizRudos. cixis garemocvaSi, magaliTad, mamas ar aqvs SvilTan yofnis SeuzRudavi ufleba da piriqiT. ojaxis Seqmnisa da yolis ufleba (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 16) kidev sxva uflebaa, romelic sxvadasxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa mowesrigebuli. zog qveyanaSi patimrebs ar aqvT TavianT partniorebTan an meuRleebTan intimuri kavSiris ufleba; zog qveyanaSi sqesobrivi urTierToba dasaSvebia Zalian SezRuduli pirobebiT; sxva qveynebSi patimrebs rTaven nebas, hqondeT faqtobrivad normaluri urTierToba drois garkveul periodebSi. es sakiTxebi mimoxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos me-8 TavSi. gansakuTrebuli midgoma esaWiroeba dedaTa da bavSvTa ojaxuri cxovrebis uflebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, rigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi ganxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos me-12 da me-13 TavebSi.

romeli uflebebia

SezRuduli?

35

yvelas ufleba _ monawileoba miiRos Tavisi qveynis marTvaSi uSualod an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 21), SesaZloa aseve SeizRudos patimrobisas. samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis 25-e muxlis Tanaxmad, es ufleba xorcieldeba arCevnebze xmis micemis meSveobiT. zog samarTlebriv sistemaSi patimrebi, romlebsac msjavri jer ar dasdebiaT, sargebloben xmis uflebiT; sxva samarTlebriv sistemaSi yvela patimars aqvs xmis ufleba. zog qveyanaSi ki, dakavebaSi myof arc erT pirs ar aqvs arCevnebze xmis ufleba da es akrZalva SeiZleba vrceldebodes sasjelis moxdis da cixidan gamosvlis Semdgom periodzec ki. cixeSi myofi kacebi, qalebi da bavSvebi adamianebad rCebian. maTi adamianoba gacilebiT ufro farToa, vidre is faqti, rom isini patimrebi arian. imavdroulad, cixis TanamSromlebic adamianebi arian. is, Tu ramdenad cnobs es ori jgufi da icavs Cveulebriv adamianobas – Rirseuli da adamianuri cixis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sazomia. rodesac es pirobebi ar arsebobs, adamianis uflebaTa Selaxvis realuri safrTxe warmoiSoba. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 10: yvela TavisuflebaSezRudul adamians unda moepyron humanurad da adamianisTvis Tandayolili Rirsebis pativiscemiT. patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 1: yvela patimars unda moeqcnen misi, rogorc adamianis, Tandayolili Rirsebisa da faseulobis pativiscemiT. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 1: nebismieri formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs unda moepyron adamianurad da adamianisTvis Tandayolili Rirsebis pativiscemiT. afrikuli qartia adamianis da xalxebis uflebebis Sesaxeb, muxli 5: yvela adamians aqvs ufleba, pativi scen adamianisTvis Tandayolil mis Rirsebas da aRiaron misi samarTlebrivi statusi. adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia, muxli 5(2): TavisuflebaaRkveTil yvela pirs unda moeqcnen adamianisTvis Tandayolili Rirsebis pativiscemiT. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixis TanamSromlebis mxridan patimrebisadmi saTanado mopyroba am saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi gakveTilia. Tu TanamSromeli ar eqceva patimars, rogorc pirovnebas, pativiscemiT da ar aRiarebs mis Tandayolil adamianur Rirsebas, maSin individualuri adamianis uflebebis dacva SeuZlebeli xdeba. cixeSi administrirebis nebismier RonisZiebas safuZvlad unda daedos cixis TanamSromlebis saqcieli da maTi mxridan patimrebisadmi humanuri da Rirseuli mopyroba. es ar aris mxolod adamianis

adamianuri urTierTobebi patimrebsa da

cixis TanamSromlebs

Soris

adamianis uflebaTa dacva

aumjobesebs administrirebis

efeqturobas

36

uflebaTa principebis sakiTxi. administrirebis TvalsazrisiT, es imavdroulad aris cixis administrirebis yvelaze efeqturi da warmatebuli gza. am valdebulebis darRvevas, adamianis uflebebis darRvevasTan erTad, xSirad Sedegad moaqvs samarTlebrivi Sedegebic cixis administraciisTvis. `1994 wlis 27 noembers kristofer edvardsi, romelsac 1994 dausves savaraudo diagnozi – Sizofrenia, daakaves imis gamo, rom igi miuaxlovda axalgazrda qals quCaSi. igi winaswar patimrobaSi gagzavnes inglisis Celmsfordis cixeSi. meore dRes igi moaTavses sakanSi sxva axalgazrda kacTan erTad, romelsac adre xSirad hqonda Cadenili Zaladobrivi gamovlinebebi da Tavdasxmebi. 29 noembers, dilis pirvel saaTamde cota xniT adre, cixis TanamSromlebma kristofer edvardsi sakanSi ipoves mkvdari. igi sasikvdilod ecema mis Tanapatimars, romelic SemdgomSi msjavrdebul iqna gaufrTxileblobiT mkvlelobisTvis, SezRuduli Seracxadobis gamo. kristofer edvardsis mSoblebma saqme aRZres adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTloSi. 2002 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom daadgina, rom darRveuli iyo me-2 muxli (sicocxlis ufleba) kristofer edvardsis gardacvalebis garemoebebTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, dadginda me-2 muxlis darRveva imis gamoc, rom ar momxdara misi gardacvalebis garemoebebis efeqturi gamoZieba da me-13 muxlis darRveva (efeqturi dacvis saSualebis ufleba), vinaidan mis mSoblebs ar miecaT saTanado saSualeba maTi saCivris dasadastureblad, rom xelisuflebam ver daicva maTi Svilis sicocxlis ufleba~.

wameba da arasaTanado mopyroba yovelTvis dauSvebelia adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso dokumentebi ar tovebs adgils eWvis an gaurkvevlobisTvis wamebasa da arasaTanado mopyrobasTan dakavSirebiT. isini mkafiod adgenen, rom ar arsebobs aranairi garemoeba, romelSic wameba an sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyroba an dasja SeiZleba odesme gamarTlebuli iyos. wameba gansazRvrulia, rogorc nebismieri qmedeba, romliTac pirs ganzrax adgeba mwvave fizikuri an fsiqikuri tkivili an tanjva, garda im tkivilisa an tanjvisa, romelic Tandayolilia dakavebis an patimrobisaTvis. wamebis akrZalva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im adgilebTan dakavSirebiT, sadac dakavebaSi imyofebian dasakiTxi an gamoZiebaSi myofi pirebi, radgan aq SeiZleba iyos zewolis gamoyenebis mcdeloba sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gasaxsnelad aucilebeli informaciis miRebis mizniT. amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia, rodesac patimari aRiarebs danaSaulis Cadenas gamoZiebisas misdami gamoyenebuli arasaTanado mopyrobis Sedegad. es mniSvnelovani argumentia im dawesebulebebis erTmaneTisgan gasacalkeveblad, romlebic iZieben danaSauls da romlebic akaveben braldebul pirebs. uflebis Semlaxveli qmedebebis dausjelad CadenisaTvis cixis daxuruli da izolirebuli garemo SeiZleba xelsayreli aRmoCndes, zogjer organizebuli formiT, zogjer ki cixis calkeuli TanamSromlebis mier. arsebobs safrTxe, rom qveynebSi an dawesebulebebSi, sadac cixis damsjelobiT funqcias upiratesoba eniWeba, wamebis an arasaTanado mopyrobis Tanabari qmedebebi, rogoricaa rutinulad Zalis ukanono gamoyeneba da cema, TanamSromlebisTvis “normalur” qcevad iqces.

arc erTi garemoeba

arasodes ar amarTlebs

wamebas

aRiarebis miReba wamebis

meSveobiT akrZalulia

arasaTanado mopyroba arasodes

SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli

normalurad

37

saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 5:

aravin SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas an sastik, arahumanur an damamcirebel mopyrobas an dasjas.

konvencia wamebis an sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis winaaRmdeg, muxli 1.1:

... termini “wameba” niSnavs nebismier qmedebas, romliTac xdeba fizikuri an fsiqikuri mwvave tkivilis an tanjvis miyeneba pirisTvis, misgan an mesame pirisgan informaciis an aRiarebis miRebis, misi an mesame piris mier Cadenili an CadenaSi eWvmitanili qmedebisaTvis dasjis, anda misi an mesame piris daSinebis an iZulebis mizniT an nebismieri saxis diskriminaciaze dafuZnebuli sxva nebismieri mizeziT, Tu am tkivilis an tanjvis miyeneba xdeba saxelmwifo moxelis an oficialuri uflebamosilebiT moqmedi piris waqezebiT, TanxmobiT an codniT. tkivili an tanjva, romelic gamowveulia, damaxasiaTebelia an gamomdinareobs kanonieri sanqciebidan, ar igulisxmeba.

konvencia wamebis an sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis winaaRmdeg, muxli 2:

1. TiToeuli monawile saxelmwifo valdebulia, gaataros efeqturi sakanonmdeblo, administraciuli, sasamarTlo an sxva RonisZiebebi maTi iurisdiqciis teritoriaze wamebis qmedebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

2. dauSvebelia raime gamonaklisi garemoeba, iqneba es saomari an omis safrTxis Semcveli mdgomareoba, Sida politikuri arastabiluroba an nebismier sxva sazogadoebrivi gadaudebeli SemTxveva, gamoyenebul iqnes wamebis gasamarTleblad.

3. dauSvebelia ufrosi moxelis an sajaro organos brZaneba gamoyenebuli iqnes wamebis gasamarTleblad.

konvencia wamebis an sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis winaaRmdeg, muxli 10:

TiToeuli monawile saxelmwifo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom wamebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb swavleba da informacia Setanili iqnes samarTaldamcavi moxeleebis, samoqalaqo da samxedro moxeleebis, samedicino personalis, sajaro moxeleebis da sxva im pirebis swavlebis programaSi, romlebic monawileobas iReben nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dakavebaSi, dakiTxvasa an mopyrobaSi.


samarTaldamcav moxeles Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba aqvs mxolod ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi da im zomiT, rac aucilebelia misi movaleobis Sesasruleblad.

principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 34:

Tu dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli piris mier sasjelis moxdis an misi patimrobis dros adgili aqvs mis gardacvalebas an gauCinarebas, gardacvalebis an gauCinarebis mizezi gamoZiebuli unda iqnes sasamarTlo an sxva organos mier, sakuTari iniciativiT an am piris ojaxis wevris an saqmis mcodne nebismieri piris SuamdgomlobiT.

38

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba penitencialuri sistemis administrirebaze pasuxismgebeli yvela organo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom cixis yvela TanamSromeli da sxva cixesTan dakavSirebuli pirebi srulyofilad iyvnen informirebuli wamebis da sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis srulad akrZalvis Sesaxeb. xelisuflebam unda uzrunvelyos, rom cixis Sinaganawesi arasodes iqnes gagebuli cixis TanamSromlebis mier ise, TiTqos maT aqvT patimrebis mimarT aseTi mopyrobis nebarTva. es gansakuTrebiT exeba Sinaganawesis im debulebebs, romlebic rTul an obstruqciul patimrebs da izolirebul saknebSi myof patimrebs exeba. arsebobs rigi ZiriTadi momentebi, romlebic gansazRvraven ganwyobilebas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda moeqcnen cixis TanamSromlebi patimrebs. erT-erT maTgans adgili aqvs xolme cixeSi patimris pirvelad miRebisas. Tu rogor epyrobian patimars am dros – misTvis da sxvebisTvis es mniSvnelovani indikatoria imisa, Tu ra iqneba Semdeg. cixeSi pirvelad Sesvlisas, zogi daTrgunuli da SeSinebulia. sxvebi SeiZleba iqceodnen gamomwvevad an imyofebodnen narkotikebis an alkoholis zemoqmedebis qveS. mniSvnelovania, rom miRebisas cixis TanamSromlebi TiToeul patimars moeqcnen Rirseulad da pativiscemiT. ganawesis debulebebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nawili exeba patimrebs, romlebic arian moZaladeebi, arRveven cixis wesebs an romlebic sxvagvarad rTulad samarTavni arian. am SemTxvevaSi, mopyroba SeiZleba iyos mtkice da gadamwyveti xasiaTis, magram, imavdroulad, ar unda Seicavdes sisastikis an arahumanurobis niSnebs. patimrebi daucvelni arian seqsualurad borotad gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. es SeiZleba maT aiZulon an es SeiZleba iyos privilegiebis sanacvlod zewolis an barteris Sedegi. damrRvevi zogjer SeiZleba iyos cixis TanamSromeli an, ufro xSirad, sxva patimari. xSir SemTxvevebSi, patimarTa seqsualurad borotad gamoyenebas cixis TanamSromlebi SemgueblobiT ekidebian, rogorc dasjis an kontrolis formas. rig qveynebSi cixeSi gaupatiureba farTod gavrcelebul da seriozul problemad iqca. fizikur da fsiqologiur zianTan erTad, es iwvevs imunodeficitis virusis/Sidsis da sxva daavadebebis gavrcelebas. cixis administracia valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom patimrebi, gansakuTrebiT qalebi, daculi iyvnen seqsualurad borotad gamoyenebis safrTxisgan. `SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom `cixeSi Zaladobrivi Seuracxyofa ar aris, ubralod, im sasjelis nawili, romelsac sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebi ixdian sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebisTvis~. amitom senatSi ganixileba kanonproeqti (2002 wlis kanoni cixeSi gaupatiurebis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb), romlis mizani, cixeSi gaupatiurebis Tavidan acilebasa da dasjasTan erTad, iqneba im cixeebis gamovlena, sadac gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebi xSiria~. TanamSromlebs mkafiod unda ganemartoT, rom patimris saqcieli arasodes SeiZleba gamodges mis mimarT wamebis an arasaTanado mopyrobis gasamarTleblad. rodesac Zalis gamoyeneba saWiroa, es unda moxdes dadgenili proceduriT da mxolod im zomiT, rac

TanamSromlebs unda

ganemartos, rom wameba

akrZalulia

arasaTanado mopyrobis saxifaTo momentebi

borotad gamoyeneba

seqsualuri TvalsazrisiT

Zalis gamoyenebis regulireba

39

aucilebelia patimris SesazRudad. unda arsebobdes konkretuli wesebi, romlebSic gawerili iqneba fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis yvela meTodi, maT Soris, iseTi SezRudvis saSualebebi, rogoricaa xelborkili, sxeulis qamrebi da jaWvebi da xelketebi. cixis TanamSromlebs ar unda hqondes xelborkilebis, sxeulia qamrebis da damawynarebeli perangebis SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba; kerZod, es saSualebebi unda inaxebodes centralur adgilas cixeSi da maTi nebismieri gamoyeneba unda moxdes ufrosi TanamSromlis winaswari nebarTviT. aRniSnuli aRWurvilobis gatanis da gamoyenebis TiToeuli SemTxveva srulyofilad werilobiT unda dafiqsirdes. bevr qveyanaSi cixis TanamSromlebze gaicema xelketi piradi gamoyenebisTvis. unda arsebobdes mkafio instruqcia im garemoebebis Sesaxeb, rodesac xelketebis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia. es yovelTvis dakavSirebuli unda iyos pirad TavdacvasTan da, araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ dasjasTan. yoveldRiuri movaleobis Sesrulebisas TanamSromlebs xelketebi Riad ar unda ekavoT xelSi. es da sxva sakiTxebi ufro vrclad am saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSia mimoxiluli, romelic usafrTxoebasa da wesrigs exeba. arsebobs mravalgvari teqnika agresiuli patimrebis gasakontroleblad Zalis minimalurad gamoyenebis meTodebis meSveobiT. es meTodebi amcirebs rogorc TanamSromlebis, ise patimrebis mZimed dazianebis mosalodnelobas. TanamSromlebs es meTodebi unda aswavlon; swavleba unda iyos ganaxlebuli da regularuli. Zaladobis faqtis SemTxvevaSi, an rodesac saWiroa patimris daSoSmineba, adgilze, rac SeiZleba swrafad, unda gamocxaddes cixis ufrosi TanamSromeli da ar unda datovos adgili incidentis amowurvamde. unda arsebobdes oficialuri da Ria procedurebi, romelTa meSveobiT, patimrebs SeeZlebaT, dasjis SiSis gareSe, saCivrebiT mimarTon damoukidebel organos wamebis an sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis nebismier faqtTan dakavSirebiT. am saxelmZRvanelos me-9 TavSi mimoxilulia patimrebis ufleba saCivrebis wardgenaze. unda arsebobdes sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs mosamarTlis an sxva damoukidebeli pirebis mier cixeSi Sesvlis uflebas, raTa adgili ar hqondes wamebis an sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis faqtebs. damoukidebeli inspeqtirebis saWiroebis Sesaxeb saubaria am saxelmZRvanelos me-10 TavSi.

patimris cixeSi miRebis procedurebi dakavebulebi da patimrebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian dakavebis an patimrobis adgilze pirvelad misvlisas. saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiarebs, rom sicocxlis uflebas da wamebisa da arasaTanado mopyrobisgan Tavisuflebis uflebas am periodSi dacvis gansakuTrebuli CarCo esaWiroeba. rig saerTaSoriso dokumentSi aRniSnulia dapatimrebuli piris uflebebi da cixis TanamSromlebis valdebulebebi dakavebis adgilze pirvelad miRebis dros imisaTvis, rom garantirebuli iyos dacva wamebis, arasaTanado mopyrobis, gauCinarebis, kanongareSe mkvlelobis da TviTmkvlelobisgan.

xelketebis gamoyeneba

Zalis minimalurad gamoyenebis

meTodebi

wamebasa da arasaTanado mopyrobasTan

dakavSirebuli saCivrebi

xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa damoukidebeli

damkvirveblebis-Tvis

cixeSi miRebis dros patimari

naklebad daculia zianisgan

40

msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi damkvidrebulia kargi praqtika, romelic magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba cixis TanamSromlebma ganaxorcielon cixeSi miRebis procedurebi ara mxolod kanonierad, aramed dakavebuli piris keTildReobisa da Tandayolili Rirsebisadmi pativiscemiT. am kargi praqtikis safuZvelze, SeiZleba rigi rekomendaciebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic universaluri gamoyenebis iqneba da romlebic SeiZleba moergos adgilobriv Cveulebebs, kulturul tradiciebs da social-ekonomikur dones. es uflebebi yvela patimars ekuTvnis imis miuxedavad, imyofebian isini winaswar patimrobaSi Tu ukve SeefardaT sasjeli. mniSvnelovani xasiaTis damatebiT sayuradRebo mosazrebebi exeba patimarTa calkeul jgufebs, kerZod, romelTac sasjeli jer ar SefardebiaT, arasrulwlovnebs da axalgazrda patimrebs da qalebs. maTi specifikuri saWiroebebis Sesaxeb saubaria am saxelmZRvanelos me-11 – me-16 TavebSi. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi venis konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, muxli 36: 1 gamomgzavni saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan dakavSirebiT sakonsulo funqciebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobis mizniT:

(a) sakonsulo TanamSromlebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT gamomgzavni saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan dakavSireba da maTTan daSveba. gamomgzavni saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs aseve Tavisuflad SeuZliaT gamomgzavni saxelmwifos sakonsulo TanamSromlebTan dakavSireba da maTTan daSveba;

(b) moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, mimRebi saxelmwifos kompetenturi organoebi valdebuli arian, dayovnebis gareSe Seatyobinon gamomgzavni saxelmwifos sakonsulo ganyofilebas, rom mis sakonsulo teritoriaze am saxelmwifos moqalaqe dapatimrebulia cixeSi, imyofeba winaswar patimrobaSi sasamarTlo ganxilvamde an TavisuflebaSezRudulia sxva nebismieri formiT. dapatimrebuli, winaswar patimrobaSi myofi an sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris mier sakonsulo ganyofilebisadmi mimarTuli nebismieri Setyobineba aseve unda gaegzavnos aRniSnul organoebs dayovnebis gareSe. aRniSnuli organoebi valdebulni arian, Sesabamis pirs acnobon misi am qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis Sesaxeb;

(c) sakonsulo TanamSromlebs ufleba aqvT, moinaxulon gamomgzavni saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelic dapatimrebulia, winaswar patimrobaSi imyofeba an sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRudulia, masTan saubrisa da mimoweris, agreTve misTvis iuridiuli warmomadgenlobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. maT aseve ufleba aqvT, moinaxulon gamomgzavni saxelmwifos nebismieri moqalaqe, romelic dapatimrebulia, winaswar patimrobaSi imyofeba an sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRudulia maT sakonsulo teritoriaze, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze. imavdroulad, sakonsulo TanamSromlebma Tavi unda Seikavon dapatimrebuli, dakavebuli an sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRuduli moqalaqis saxeliT raime qmedebis ganxorcielebisgan, Tu igi aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba aseT qmedebas. 2 am muxlis pirvel punqtSi aRniSnuli uflebebis ganxorcieleba unda moxdes mimRebi saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, magram im pirobiT, rom aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba

cixeSi miReba adamianuri Rirsebis

pativiscemiT

yvela patimars aqvs es

uflebebi

41

unda iZleodes am muxliT miniWebuli uflebebis miznebis srulad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas.

kanongareSe, TviTneburi da gamartivebuli wesiT dasjis efeqturad Tavidan acilebisa da gamoZiebis Sesaxeb principebi, muxli 6:

mTavrobebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom TavisuflebaaRkveTili pirebi imyofebodnen oficialurad gansazRvrul dakavebis adgilebSi da rom maTi dakavebisa da adgilsamyoflis Sesaxeb zusti informacia, maT Soris gadayvanis Sesaxeb informacia, droulad miewodos TavisuflebaaRkveTili piris naTesavebs da advokats an sxva ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs.

deklaracia nebismieri piris iZulebiTi gauCinarebisagan dacvis Sesaxeb, muxli 10:

yovel dakavebis adgilas unda warmoebdes TavisuflebaaRkveTili pirebis oficialuri ganaxlebuli reestri. garda amisa, TiToeulma saxelmwifom unda gaataros RonisZiebebi aseTive centralizebuli reestrebis warmoebisaTvis.

patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 7:

(1) yvelgan, sadac imyofebian patimrebi, unda warmoebdes akinZuli saregistracio Jurnali danomrili gverdebiT, romelSic TiToeuli Semosuli patimris Sesaxeb Caiwereba Semdegi informacia:

(a) informacia vinaobis Sesaxeb; (b) dakavebis mizezebi da organo, romlis pasuxismgeblobis qveSac imyofeba

piri; (c) Semosvlisa da gasvlis dRe da saaTi.

(2) dauSvebelia piris miReba dawesebulebaSi dakavebis kanonieri brZanebis gareSe, romlis monacemebic winaswar unda iyos reestrSi Setanili.


(1) cixeSi miRebisas TiToeul patimars unda miawodon werilobiTi informacia misi kategoriis patimrebis mopyrobis wesebis, dawesebulebi disciplinuri wesebis, informaciis moTxovnis da saCivrebis wardgenis nebadarTuli meTodebis da yvela sxva sakiTxis Sesaxeb, rac aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom patimarma icodes misi uflebebi da valdebulebebi da SeeZlos dawesebulebis cxovrebisadmi misadageba.

(2) Tu patimarma wera-kiTxva ar icis, zemoaRniSnuli informacia mas unda miewodos zepirad.

principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 16:

(1) dapatimrebidan an dakavebis an patimrobis erTi adgilidan meore adgilas gadayvanis SemTxvevaSi, dayovnebis gareSe, dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs ufleba aqvs, Seatyobinos an mosTxovos kompetentur organos, rom am ukanasknelma Seatyobinos misi ojaxis wevrebs an, misi arCevaniT, sxva pirebs misi dakavebis an dapatimrebis an gadayvanis Sesaxeb da im adgilis Sesaxeb, sadac igi imyofeba patimrobaSi.

(2) Tu dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli piri ucxoelia, mas aseve dayovnebis gareSe unda acnobon, rom mas ufleba aqvs, Sesabamisi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, daukavSirdes im saxelmwifos sakonsulo an diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas, romlis moqalaqec aris an romelsac sxvagvarad ufleba aqvs, miiRos aseTi Setyobineba saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisad, an, Tu igi ltolvili an mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciis dacvis qveS myofi piria – kompetenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciis warmomadgenels.

(3) Tu dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli piri arasrulwlovania an ar SeuZlia misi uflebebis gacnobiereba, kompetenturi organo valdebulia, sakuTari iniciativiT ganaxorcielos winamdebare principSi aRniSnuli Setyobineba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces mSoblebis an kanonieri warmomadgenlebis Setyobinebas.

42

principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 18: dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs aqvs Tavis advokatTan dakavSirebis da konsultaciis ufleba. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 24: dakavebis an dapatimrebis adgilas miyvanidan umokles vadaSi dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs unda SesTavazon saTanado samedicino Semowmeba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mas unda gauwion samedicino mzrunveloba da Cautaron mkurnaloba. es mzrunveloba unda gaewios da mkurnaloba Cautardes ufasod. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 24: dakavebis adgilas miyvanidan umokles vadaSi da SemdgomSic, saWiroebisamebr, TiToeuli patimari unda naxos da gasinjos eqimma, gansakuTrebiT, Semdegi miznebiT: fizikuri an fsiqikuri avadmyofobis gamovlena da yvela aucilebeli zomis miReba; infeqciiT an gadamdebi daavadebiT savaraudod daavadebuli patimrebis gamocalkeveba; fizikuri da fsiqikuri dazianebebis gamovlena, romelic xels uSlis reabilitacias da TiToeuli patimris Sromisunarianobis dadgena. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 38:

(1) ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqe patimrebs unda mieceT gonivruli SesaZleblobebi imisaTvis, rom daukavSirdnen maTi saxelmwifos diplomatiur da sakonsulo warmomadgenlebs.

(2) im ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs, romelsac ar aqvs diplomatiuri an sakonsulo warmomadgenloba qveyanaSi, agreTve, ltolvilebs da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs unda mieceT aseTive SesaZleblobebi, daukavSirdnen im saxelmwifos diplomatiur warmomadgenels, romelic iTvaliswinebs mis interesebs an nebismier adgilobriv an saerTaSoriso organos, romlis funqciebSi Sedis aseTi pirebis dacva. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba yvela patimars aqvs ufleba, amyofon mxolod oficialurad gansazRvrul dakavebis adgilas. cixis administraciis upirvelesi movaleobaa, Seamowmos, rom namdvilad arsebobs cixeSi miyvanili TiToeuli piris dakavebis kanonieri brZaneba. es brZaneba gacemuli da xelmowerili unda iyos sasamarTlo organos an sxva kompetenturi organos mier. cixis administraciam unda awarmoos yvela dakavebulis ganaxlebuli oficialuri reestri, rogorc dakavebis adgilze, aseve, Tu SesaZlebelia, centralur adgilze. reestrSi unda aRiniSnos cixeSi miRebis TariRi da dro, agreTve organo, romlis patimrobis qveSac imyofeba piri. reestrSi Setanili monacemebi xelmisawvdomi unda iyos sasamarTloebisTvis da sxva kompetenturi organoebisTvis, agreTve sxva pirebisTvis, romelTac informaciisadmi kanonieri interesi gaaCniaT. TiToeul patimarze Setanili monacemebi sakmarisi unda iyo am patimris identificirebisTvis. amis mizania, adamiani cixeSi imyofebodes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu masze arsebobs dakavebis kanonieri sanqcia, araumetes kanoniT gansazRvruli vadiT da adamianis uflebaTa iseTi darRvevebisagan dasacavad, rogoricaa

unda arsebobdes sasamarTlos

ZalaSi Sesuli brZaneba

patimrebi unda iyvnen

registrirebulni

reestri unda aikinZos, xolo masSi Setanili

Canawerebi dainomros

43

`gauCinareba~, wameba an arasaTanado mopyroba da kanongareSe mkvleloba. reestri unda iyos akinZuli, xolo masSi Setanili Canawerebi _ danomrili, raTa SeuZlebeli iyos Canawerebis waSla an damateba rigiTobis daurRvevlad. im pirebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic dakavebuli arian, magram sasjeli jer ar SefardebiaT, dakavebis kanonier werilobiT sanqciaSi aRniSnuli unda iyos piris kanonier organoSi gamocxadebis momdevno TariRi. cixeSi miRebul yvela pirs unda mieces SesaZlebloba, rac SeiZleba mokle vadaSi, acnobos mis kanonier warmomadgenels da ojaxs Tavisi adgilsamyoflis Sesaxeb. es SesaZlebloba uzrunvelyofili unda iyos maSinac, rodesac patimari gadahyavT sxva cixeSi an dakavebis adgilas. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi patimrebis uflebebi mimoxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos me-11 TavSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces imas, rom axalgazrda patimrebs SeeZloT maT ojaxebTan dakavSireba; amasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT am saxelmZRvanelos me-12 Tavi. garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon is garemoeba, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, rom patimris pasuxismgeblobis qveS imyofeba misi ojaxis moxuci, axalgazrda an avadmyofi wevri; es xSiria qali patimrebis SemTxvevaSi. ucxoeTis moqalaqe patimrebs, gansakuTrebiT, romlebic winaswar patimrobaSi imyofebian, unda mieceT yvela gonivruli saSualeba maTi saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebTan dakavSirebisa da SexvedrisaTvis. Tu isini arian ltolvilebi da imyofebian mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciis dacvis qveS, maSin maT ufleba aqvT daukavSirdnen da Sexvdnen kompetenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciis warmomadgenlebs. unda gvaxsovdes, rom aseTi kontaqti SeiZleba moxdes mxolod dakavebulis TanxmobiT. SeiZleba adgili hqondes SemTxvevebs, rodesac ucxoeTis moqalaqe patimrebs esaWiroebaT im saxelmwifoSi gaZevebis an repatriaciisgan dacva, romelSic, arsebobs safuZveli varaudisTvis, rom isini daeqvemdebarebian wamebas an arasaTanado mopyrobas. cixeSi miRebidan rac SeiZleba mokle vadaSi pirs unda SesTavazon saTanadod kvalificirebuli eqimis mier samedicino Semowmebis Catareba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, unda SesTavazon aseve samedicino mkurnaloba. yvela es momsaxureba unda gaewios ufasod. `wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitets miaCnia, rom samedicino Semowmeba unda moxdes cixeSi miRebis dResve. [wamebis Tavidan acilebis komitetis angariSi 1992 wels fineTSi vizitTan dakavSirebiT]~ `Zaladobis yovelgvari SemCneuli niSnebi ... dauyovnebliv unda dafiqsirdes werilobiT, rasac Tan unda daerTos patimris mier amasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli gancxadebebi da eqimis daskvna. Tu patimari moiTxovs, eqimma mas unda gadasces misi fizikuri dazianebebis amsaxveli cnoba. [wamebis Tavidan acilebis komitetis angariSi 1995 wels bulgareTSi vizitTan dakavSirebiT]~ wamebis Tavidan acilebis komitets aucileblad miaCnia cixeSi axlad miRebuli patimrebis samedicino Semowmeba, gansakuTrebiT gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis,

winaswar patimrobaSi

myofi pirebis registracia

ojaxTan

dakavSireba da iuridiuli

warmomadgenloba

ucxoeTis moqalaqe patimrebi

samedicino Semowmeba

aucilebelia

44

TviTmkvlelobis Tavidan acilebis da fizikuri dazianebebis drouli dafiqsirebis mizniT. [wamebis Tavidan acilebis komitetis angariSi 1997 wels TurqeTSi vizitTan dakavSirebiT] zog cixeSi SeiZleba rTuli iyos imis organizeba, rom patimrebis cixeSi miRebisTanave, isini erTdroulad gasinjos eqimma. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos rezidenti eqimis aryofna an patimarTa imdenad didi raodenoba, rom eqims ar SeeZlos TiToeuli patimrisTvis srulyofili klinikuri gamokvlevis erTdroulad Catareba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu patimrebi saRamos moiyvanes. aseT dros, adgilze unda iyos kvalificiuri eqTani, romelic yvela patimars gaesaubreba. eqimi Seamowmebs mxolod maT, vinc aSkarad kargad ar grZnobs Tavs. am pirobebSi, eqimi yvela axal patimars srulad Seamowmebs miRebidan momdevno dRes. patimarTa ufleba jandacvis xelmisawvdomobaze, jandacvis xarisxis standartebi da sxva masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi mimoxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos me-4 TavSi. im qali patimrebis didi raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic SesaZloa daeqvemdebaron seqsualurad borotad gamoyenebas, patimrebis miRebaSi monawile cixis TanamSromlebs unda CautardeT damatebiTi gadamzadeba, raTa isini erkveodnen Sesabamis delikatur sakiTxebSi. Cveulebriv, cixeSi pirvelad miyvanisas yvela patimars piradad Cxreken. CxrekasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi amomwuravad mimoxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi. pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobis, ojaxis, sacxovrebeli adgilis da mimoweris pativiscemis da Rirsebisa da reputaciis dacvis ufleba (muxli 17), zogadi komentari 16, paragrafi 8: `rac Seexeba pirad Cxrekas, efeqturi RonisZiebebiT uzrunvelyofili unda iyos, rom aseTi Cxreka Catardes gasaCxreki piris RirsebasTan Sesabamisi maneriT. piris gaCxreka saxelmwifo moxeleebis mier an saxelmwifos saxeliT moqmedi samedicino personalis mier dasaSvebia mxolod imave sqesis pirebis mier.~2 `1993 wels kanadis uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom cixis mamakacma TanamSromlebma qali patimrebi ar unda gaCxrikon, Tundac am ukanasknelT tanT ecvaT, magram sasamarTlos ar gamoutania daskvna, rom qalma TanamSromlebma ar unda gaCxrikon mamakaci patimrebi, radgan sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom sapirispiro sqesis pirebis monawileobiT Cxrekisas, Cxrekis Sedegi gansxvavebuli da ufro saxifaToa qalebisTvis, kacebTan SedarebiT~. cixeSi cxovreba unda daiwyos da gagrZeldes marTlmsajulebis da samarTlianobis farglebSi ise, rom minimumamde iyos dayvanili patimrebis mier uZlurebis SegrZneba. patimrebi unda grZnobdnen, rom isini rCebian uflebebisa da movaleobebis mqone moqalaqeebad. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania patimris cixeSi pirvelad miyvanisas. cixeSi miRebis pirveli proceduridan SeZlebisdagvarad umokles vadaSi patimars unda gaacnon cixis Sinaganawesi, ra moeTxoveba mas da ras SeiZleba moelodes igi cixis TanamSromlebisgan. Tu SesaZlebelia, patimrebs unda mieceT cixis Sinaganawesis individualuri asli.

2 gaeros adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso dokumentebi, HRC/Gen I/Rev. 5, 2001 wlis 26 aprili.

kvalificiuri eqTanis roli

qalebs specialuri

dacva esaWiroebaT

piradi Cxreka

patimrebis uzrunvelyofa informaciiT

45

uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes, rom maTac, vinc ver laparakobs adgilobriv enaze, vinc wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria an invalidia, miiRon da gaacnobieron es mniSvnelovani informacia. es sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba gakeTdes: SesaZlebelia, vinmem waukiTxos da ganumartos wesebi, SeiZleba hyavdeT patimris enaze mosaubre adamiani, zog qveynebSi gamoiyeneba videoCanaweric. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom patimrebs ecnoboT, rom maT aqvT gancxadebiT an saCivriT mimarTvis ufleba, rogorc es aRwerilia am saxelmZRvanelos me-9 TavSi. Tu rogor asruleben patimrebis cixeSi miRebaSi monawile cixis TanamSromlebi TavianT samuSaos, SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos yoveldRiurad Semomavali da gamavali patimrebis raodenobaze. cixeebSi, sadac patimrebi grZelvadian sasjels ixdian, TveSi mxolod ramdenime patimari SeiZleba miiRon an gaweron. am SemTxvevaSi, cixis TanamSromlebs didi datvirTva ar aqvT da SeuZliaT gonivrulad saWiro dro dauTmon TiToeul patimars. qalaqSi mdebare did cixeebSi ki, sadac ZiriTadad winaswar patimrobaSi myofi, sasjelis momlodine patimrebi an moklevadiani msjavrdebulebi imyofebian, yoveldRiurad gamSveb punqtSi SeiZleba Semodiodes da gadiodes aTobiT an asobiT patimari da xSirad _ ramdenime saaTis SualedSi. aseT situaciaSi cixis TanamSromlebs esaWiroebaT saTanado mxardaWera da zedamxedveloba cixis administraciis mxridan. gamSvebi punqti SeiZleba Zalian damaSinebel gavlenas axdendes cixeSi axalmosulebze. mimRebi TanamSromlebi specialurad unda gaiwvrTnan imaSi, Tu rogor daiWiron rTuli balansi mtkice kontrols, romelic naTels xdis yvelasaTvis, rom cixe kargad organizebuli adgilia, da im stresis gacnobierebas Soris, romelsac patimari ganicdis am axal ucxo samyaroSi Sesvlisas. ara yvela TanamSromelia vargisi am samuSaosTvis. gamSveb punqtSi momuSave TanamSromlebi gansakuTrebulad unda iqnen SerCeuli da gawvrTnili imisaTvis, rom TavianTi samuSao maT Seasrulon sifrTxiliT da TavdajerebiT.

cxovrebis pirobebi arsebobs rigi ZiriTadi fizikuri moTxovnebi, romlebic saxelmwifom unda daakmayofilos imisaTvis, rom Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba patimris adamianuri Rirsebis pativiscemasa da patimarze zrunvasTan dakavSirebiT. aq igulisxmeba adekvaturi dabinavebiT, higienuri pirobebiT, tansacmliTa da TeTreuliT, sakvebiT, sasmeliT da varjiSiT uzrunvelyofa. rodesac sasamarTlo organo vinmes cixeSi agzavnis, saerTaSoriso standartebi garkveviT acxadeben, rom dakisrebuli sasjeli aris mxolod Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. patimroba ar unda moicavdes cixis TanamSromlebis an sxva patimrebis mier fizikuri an fsiqologiuri faqtorebis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxes. patimroba ar unda Seicavdes fizikuri pirobebis an arasaTanado zrunvis mizeziT mZime daavadebis an, metic, gardacvalebis saSiSroebas. qveynebSi, sadac mosaxleobis cxovrebis saerTo done Zalian dabalia, xandaxan amboben, rom patimrebi ar imsaxureben Rirseul da adamianur pirobebSi yofnas. Tu adamianebs, romlebic ar arian cixeSi, uwevT arsebobisTvis brZola, radgan maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis an Svilebis gamokveba, maSin ratom unda izrunos

wera-kiTxvis ucodinari patimrebis

uzrunvelyofa informaciiT

didi raodenobiT patimrebis

miReba

patimrebis cixeSi miRebaSi monawile cixis TanamSromlebis

gadamzadeba

sasjeli – Tavisuflebis

aRkveTaa

zrunvis valdebuleba

46

vinmem imaze, Tu ra pirobebSi iqnebian kanondamrRvevebi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Znelia, magram SesaZlebelia. martivad rom vTqvaT, Tu saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs uflebas, CamoarTvas vinmes Tavisufleba, ra mizeziTac ar unda iyos es, maSin man imis valdebulebac unda aiRos Tavis Tavze, rom TavisuflebaCamorTmeul pirs moeqcnen Rirseulad da adamianurad. is, rom patimrobaSi armyofi moqalaqeebisTvis Rirseulad cxovreba Znelad xelmisawvdomia, verasodes gamoadgeba saxelmwifos mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis Rirseulad armopyrobis gasamarTleblad. es principi swored demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad birTvs ukavSirdeba, romelSic saxelmwifos organoebi nimuSi unda iyvnen imisa, Tu rogor epyrobian isini yvela moqalaqes. ufro pragmatulad Tu SevxedavT, saxelmwifos resursebis ukmarisoba SeiZleba kidev erT mizezad iqnes miCneuli imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifom cixe gamoiyenos mxolod yvelaze saSiSi kriminalebisTvis da ara marginaluri pirebis sazogadoebidan moSorebis mizniT. patimroba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes bevri adamianis erTad yofnas Zalian SezRudul garemoSi, sadac Zalian mcirea an saerTod ar aris gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba. es rig seriozul problemebs iwvevs. pirvel yovlisa, arsebobs janmrTelobisaTvis seriozul safrTxe. magaliTad, mwvave infeqciuri avadmyofobiT, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, daavadebuli adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen iseT viwro da cudad ganiavebad pirobebSi, rom maTTan erTad myofi patimrebi aRmoCndnen daavadebis gadadebis didi safrTxis qveS. adamianebs, romelTac ar aqvT dabanis an tansacmlis garecxvis SesaZlebloba, SeiZleba daemarToT kanis daavadebebi an parazitebi da, sawolebis an TeTreulis ukmarisobis gamo, gadasdon sxvebs. patimars, romelsac civ klimatur pirobebSi ar aqvs Tbili tansacmeli, SeiZleba daemarTos filtvebis anTeba. Tu patimars ar aqvs varjiSis saSualeba, agreTve mzis sinaTle da sufTa haeri, mas SeiZleba daemarTos kunTovani masis seriozuli dakargva da vitaminebis nakleboba. saWiro raodenobis an/da siTxis ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi, patimris janmrTelobas SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miadges. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 9-21:

9 (1) Tu saZinebeli adgili ganTavsebulia erTkacian sakansa an oTaxSi, TiToeuli patimari RamiT unda ganTavsdes am sakansa an oTaxSi.

(2) saerTo sacxovreblis tipis adgilis SemTxvevaSi, aseT adgilas unda ganTavsdnen yuradRebiT SerCeuli patimrebi, romelTac SeuZliaT erTad yofna aseT pirobebSi. RamiT unda xdebodes regularuli zedamxedveloba, dawesebulebis xasiaTis Sesabamisad.

10 patimrebis yofnisTvis gankuTvnili yvela adgili da, gansakuTrebiT, saZinebeli unda akmayofilebdes janmrTelobis yvela moTxovnas, klimaturi pirobebis da, gansakuTrebiT, haeris kuburi moculobis, iatakis minimaluri farTis, jerovani ganaTebis, gaTbobis da ventilaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.

11 yvela adgilas, romelic gankuTvnilia patimrebis cxovrebis an muSaobisTvis: (a) fanjrebi unda iyos sakmarisad farTo imisaTvis, rom

mwiri resursebis gamoyeneba

janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli

riskebi

47

patimrebs SeeZloT kiTxva da muSaoba bunebriv sinaTleze da mowyobili unda iyos imgvarad, rom Tavisuflad moZraobdes sufTa haeri, miuxedavad imisa, mowyobilia Tu ara xelovnuri ventilacia. (b) xelovnuri sinaTle unda iyos sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom patimrebs SeeZloT kiTxva an muSaoba mxedvelobis dauzianeblad.

12 sanitaria adekvaturi unda iyos imisaTvis, rom TiToeul patimars SeeZlos bunebrivi saWiroebebis dakmayofileba saWiroebisamebr, sufTad da Rirsebis Seulaxavad.

13 mowyobili unda iyos adekvaturi saabazano da saSxape saSualebebi imisaTvis, rom TiToeul patimars SeeZlos da moeTxovos abazanis an Sxapis miReba, klimatis Sesabamis temperaturaze, imdenjer, ramdenjerac aucilebelia saerTo higienisTvis sezonisa da geografiuli regionis mixedviT, magram sul cota kviraSi erTxel, klimatis Sesabamisi temperaturiT.

14 patimrebis mier regularulad gamoyenebadi dawesebulebis yvela adgili yovelTvis jerovnad movlili da unaklod sufTa unda iyos.

15 patimrebs unda moeTxovoT piradi higienis dacva da, am mizniT, isini uzrunvelyofili unda iyvnen wyliTa da tualetis im sagnebiT, rac aucilebelia janmrTelobis da sisufTavis dasacavad.

16 imisaTvis, rom patimrebma SeinarCunon sakuTari Tavmoyvareobis Sesabamisi normaluri garegnoba, uzrunvelyofili unda iyvnen Tmisa da wveris movlisTvis saWiro saSualebebiT, mamakacebs regularulad gaparsvis SesaZlebloba unda hqondeT.

17 (1) TiToeul patimars, romelsac ar aqvs sakuTari tansacmlis tarebis ufleba, unda mieces tansacmlis iseTi kompleqti, romelic Sesabamisia klimatis da sakmarisia normaluri janmrTelobis mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad. dauSvebelia aseTi tansacmeli ramenairad iyos damamcirebeli an Seuracxmyofeli. (2) yvela saxis tansacmeli unda iyos sufTa da saTanado mdgomareobaSi. sacvlebi unda gamoicvalos da gairecxos imdenad xSirad, ramdenadac saWiroa higienis SesanarCuneblad. (3) gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, rodesac patimari nebadarTuli mizniT gahyavT dawesebulebidan, mas unda darTon neba, Caicvas sakuTari an araTvalSisacemi tansacmeli.

18 Tu patimrebisTvis nebadarTulia sakuTari tansacmlis tareba, maSin patimris dawesebulebaSi miRebisas unda uzrunvelyon, rom tansacmeli iyos sufTa da gamosayeneblad vargisi.

19 TiToeul patimars, adgilobrivi an erovnuli standartebis mixedviT, unda mieCinos calke sawoli, sakmarisi sawolis TeTreuli. gacemisas TeTreuli unda iyos sufTa da unda gamoicvalos imdenjer, ramdenjerac saWiroa misi sisufTavisTvis.

20 (1) cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom TiToeul patimars Cveulebriv saaTebSi mieces iseTi Semcvelobis sakvebi, romelic sakmarisia janmrTelobisa da fizikuri energiis SesanarCuneblad, xarisxobrivad srulfasovania da kargadaa momzadebuli da mirTmeuli. (2) sasmeli wyali patimars unda mieces, rodesac igi amas moiTxovs.

21 (1) TiToeul patimars, romelic ar muSaobs, unda hqondes sufTa haerze sul cota erTsaaTiani varjiSis SesaZlebloba, Tu amindi amis saSualebas iZleva. (2) axalgazrda patimrebs da Sesabamisi asakisa da fizikuri monacemebis mqone sxva patimrebs unda hqondeT fizikuri da gamajansaRebeli varjiSis SesaZlebloba. am mizniT, uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes farTi, saSualebebi da aRWurviloba.

48

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba sacxovrebeli adgili, sadac patimrebi cxovroben, rig ZiriTad standartebs unda akmayofilebdes. saerTaSoriso standartebi garkveviT adgenen, rom patimrebs unda hqondeT sacxovreblad sakmarisi adgili da, janmrTelobis SenarCunebis mizniT, sakmarisi xelmisawvdomoba haersa da sinaTleze. bevr qveyanaSi erT-erTi seriozuli problema cixeebSi patimrebis siWarbea. amas gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTi gavlena winaswar patimrobaSi myof pirebze aqvs. patimarTa siWarbe SeiZleba ramdenime formiT iyos gamoxatuli. zog SemTxvevaSi, es niSnavs, rom sakani, romelic erT adamianzea gaTvlili, gamoiyeneba bevri adamianisTvis. uares situaciaSi, es niSnavs Tormetamde an TxuTmetamde adamians TiTo sakanSi, romelic rva kvadratuli metric ar iqneba. sxva SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba adgili hqondes situacias, rodesac asamde adamiani SekuWulia erT did oTaxSi. zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso dokumentebi ar iTvaliswinebs TiToeuli patimrisTvis gamosayof minimalur farTs an moculobas. bolo wlebSi wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetis mier am mimarTulebiT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga.

imis gadawyvetisas, Tu ra farTi unda gamoeyos TiToeul patimars sacxovreblad, mniSvnelovania, mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli, Tu ramdeni xani unda gaataros patimarma am farTSi ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi. mcire farTi naklebad sazianoa, Tu is mxolod dasaZineblad gamoiyeneba da patimari dRis ganmavlobaSi sxva adgilas imyofeba, sxva saqmiTaa dakavebuli. cixis gadavsebis yvelaze uaresi SemTxveva aris maSin, rodesac patimrebs TiTqmis mTeli drois gatareba uwevT am saknebsa an oTaxebSi da gareT gamodian mxolod jgufurad varjiSisTvis an individualurad dakiTxvis an stumarTan SexvedrisTvis. swored ase xdeba zog qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki im cixeebSi, sadac winaswar dakavebaSi myofi patimrebi an moklevadiani msjavrdebulebi arian. zedmetad gadavsebul cixeebSic ki, aucileblad gamoiZebneba iseTi adgilebi, romelTa srulad gamoyeneba ar xdeba. marTalia, patimrebis oTaxebi SeiZleba metad gadatvirTuli iyos, magram mainc iqneba momijnave oTaxebi, romlebic iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. zog cixeSi farTo da grZeli koridorebia, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes patimrebis mier dRis ganmavlobaSi saknebidan gareT gamosasvlelad da maT mier sxvadasxva saqmianobiT dasakaveblad. damatebiT gamoyenebuli SeiZleba iyos cixis samlocvelo da sxva, locvisTvis gankuTvnili adgilebi. am pirobebSi ki SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sxvadasxva farTo speqtris saganmanaTleblo, saxelosno an sxva SromiTi saqmianobis mowyoba. erT-erTi dasabuTeba imisa, rom patimrebi Caketili hyavdeT maT sacxovrebel farTSi, aris maTze zedamxedveli cixis TanamSromlebis ukmarisoba. es argumenti yuradRebiT unda iqnes Semowmebuli operaciul safuZvlebze. Cveulebriv, cixis TanamSromlebis raodenoba sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom patimrebi rigrigobiT gamouSvan xolme gareT. aseve SesaZlebelia, zogi patimari sxva patimrebs exmarebodes ganaTlebis, magaliTad, wera-kiTxvis swavlebis an saxelosno kuTxiT.

sacxovrebeli farTi

gadavsebuli cixeebi

sakansa an sacxovrebel

farTSi yofnis dro

arsebuli farTis srulad

gamoyeneba

arsebuli resursebis

srulad gamoyeneba

49

pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobisadmi da martoobisadmi damokidebuleba gansxvavdeba kulturisadmi kuTvnilebis mixedviT. dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi, magaliTad, patimrebs urCevniaT marto eZinoT. es norma asaxulia evropuli cixis wesebSi. sxva kulturebSi oTaxSi marto yofna SeiZleba gamocalkevebis an dasjis raime formad miiCneodes da amitom patimrebs SeiZleba erCivnoT proporciuli zomis komunalur oTaxebSi cxovreba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, saWiro gaxdes damatebiTi kriteriumebis dadgena TiToeul oTaxSi patimrebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, raTa susti patimrebi ar aRmoCndnen Zlieri patimrebis mowyalebaze damokidebulni. saerTaSoriso standartebi saxelmwifos akisrebs valdebulebas, patimari uzrunvelyos iseTi tansacmliT, romelic sakmarisia siTbos an sigrilis SesanarCuneblad, misi janmrTelobis moTxovnilebis mixedviT; amave standartebiT, akrZalulia patimrebis damamcirebeli an Seuracxmyofeli tansacmliT Semosva. es standartebi agreTve iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos valdebulebas, uzrunvelyon tansacmlis sufTad da higienurad SenarCuneba an uzrunvelyon patimrebi aseTi saSualebebiT. bevr qveyanaSi patimrebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, ataron cixis mier maTTvis gamoyofili uniforma. Cveulebriv, amas amarTleben usafrTxoebisa da Tanasworobis argumentebiT. albaT, garda im zogierTi patimrisa, romelic maRali usafrTxoebis dones moiTxovs da romlis gaqcevis safrTxec maRalia, ar arsebobs raime mkafio mizezi imisaTvis, rom uniforma savaldebulo iyos. zog saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia sakmarisi resursebi patimrebis oficialuri tansacmliT uzrunvelsayofad da patimrebisgan moelian sakuTari tansacmlis tarebas. sxva qveynebSi, patimrebs, romelTa gaqcevis safrTxec dabalia, ufleba aqvT Seimoson sakuTari tansacmliT. bevr qveyanaSi qal patimrebs samoqalaqo tansacmlis tarebis ufleba aqvT. patimrebi daafaseben, Tu maT eqnebaT SesaZlebloba, ataron tansacmeli, romelic maTTvis nacnobia gare samyarodan da romelic maTSi aZlierebs individualurobas. cixis uniforma ar unda iyos damsjeli RonisZiebis nawili da arc patimris dasamcireblad iyos gamiznuli. amitom, cixis administraciebma miatoves is arasaWiro praqtika, rodesac patimrebisgan isrebiani da zolebiani uniformis tarebas moiTxovdnen. TiToeul patimars xeli unda miuwvdebodes samrecxao saSualebebze, raTa yvela saxis tansacmeli, gansakuTrebiT, romelic kanTan axlo SexebaSia, regularulad irecxebodes. es SeiZleba moxdes komunalurad an individualurad patimris mier. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli qali patimrebis specialuri saWiroebebi amasTan dakavSirebiT, razec saubaria am saxelmZRvanelos me-13 TavSi. sawoli da TeTreuli SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos adgilobrivi tradiciidan gamomdinare. bevr qveyanaSi normad iTvleba aweul sawolze Zili. sxva qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT, Tbili klimatis regionebSi, SeiZleba gavrcelebuli iyos pirdapir miwaze sawolis gaSlis an noxis dagebis Cveuleba. patimrebis sawolic adgilobrivi Cveulebis mixedviT unda moewyos. mTavaria, rom yvela patimars hqondes sakuTari sawoli an sasawole noxi, sufTa TeTreuli da sakuTari saZinebeli farTi. zog qveyanaSi cixeebi imdenad gadavsebulia, rom patimrebs rigrigobiT uwevT Zili da

erTkaciani Tu komunaluri

saknebi

patimris tansacmeli

cixis forma

sawolebi

50

aseve rigrigobiT sargebloben saZinebeli farTiT da sawolebiT. aseTi mowyoba dauSvebelia. Tu patimarTa raodenoba aseT siWarbes aRwevs, cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom xelisuflebis organoebi, romlebic xalxs cixeSi agzavnian, Cayenebul iqnen saqmis kursSi cixeSi arsebuli mdgomareobis da am cixeebSi adamianebis gagzavnis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. radgan cixeSi myofi adamianebis gadaadgileba xSirad mkacrad SezRudulia, aucilebelia, rom maT regularulad SeeZloT sanitaruli saSualebebiT sargebloba. patimrebs SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba unda hqondeT sapirfareSo saSualebebze da sufTa wyalze. regularulad banaobis an Sxapis misaRebad adekvaturi saSualebebi unda arsebobdes. es sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac patimrebs didxans uwevT gadavsebul sacxovrebel adgilas yofna. am mizniT gatarebuli RonisZiebebi ar unda iyos patimrebisTvis damamcirebeli, magaliTad, maT ar unda moeTxovoT sajarod Sxapis miReba. iseve, rogorc yvela adamianis ufleba, daicvas piradi higiena da SeinarCunos Tavmoyvareoba, mniSvnelovania isic, rom cixeSi saTanado sanitaruli saSualebebi xelmisawvdomi iyos, patimrebsa da cixis TanamSromlebs Soris daavadebaTa gavrcelebis riskis Semcirebis mizniT. sanitaruli saSualebebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi, sufTa da sakmarisad privatuli imisaTvis, rom daculi iyos patimris Rirseba da Tavmoyvareoba. qali patimrebis specialuri saWiroebebi sanitariis TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi Rirsebis pativiscemiT. zrunvis erT-erTi uZiriTadesi valdebulebaa is, rom cixis administraciam yvela patimari uzrunvelyos sakmarisi sakvebiT da sasmeliT, raTa patimrebi ar itanjebodnen SimSiliT an arasakmarisi kvebiT gamowveuli avadmyofobebiT. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT im dilemis Sesaxeb, romlis winaSec cixis administraciebi dganan im qveynebSi, sadac saerTo mosaxleoba SimSils ganicdis saTanado kvebiTi Rirebulebis mqone sakvebis ukmarisobis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi, zogi ambobs, rom dasaSvebad unda iqnes miCneuli patimrebis arasakmarisad uzrunvelyofa sakvebiT, radgan kanonmorCili moqalaqeebi am mxriv uzrunvelyofili ar arian. gasagebia es mosazreba, magram adamianebisTvis Tavisuflebis CamorTmeviT saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas, jerovnad izrunos maTze. es absoluturi movaleobaa, romlidan gadaxveva dauSvebelia. sakvebis ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi, cixis administraciam yvela Rones unda mimarTos imisaTvis, rom cixis SigniT an cixis kuTvnili miwa gamoiyenos dasamuSaveblad da organizeba gauwios patimrebis dasaqmebas am kuTxiT. `malaviSi cixis administraciam, arasamTavrobo organizacia `cixis saerTaSoriso reformasTan” mWidro TanamSromlobiT, SeimuSava cixis meurneobebis da maTi produqtiulobis gaumjobesebis proeqti. es am qveynis cixeebs exmareba sakvebi produqtebiT TviTmomaragebaSi, patimrebis, cixis TanamSromlebisa da maTi ojaxebis gamokvebaSi, agreTve, patimrebisTvis soflis meurneobis saqmis swavlebaSi~. sakvebi unda miewodos regularulad gansazRvrul intervalebSi mTeli 24-saaTiani periodis ganmavlobaSi. kvebis sakiTxi imgvarad unda moewyos, rom patimrebma sakvebi miiRon saTanado pirobebSi.

sapirfareSo da saabazano

saSualebebi

sakvebi da sasmeli

51

maT unda mieceT individualuri WurWeli da maTi sufTad SenarCunebis SesaZlebloba. Cveulebriv, maT ar unda aiZulon imave oTaxSi sakvebis miReba, sadac sZinavT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kvebisaTvis calke adgili unda gamoiyos. aucilebelia, rom patimrebs regularulad hqondeT sufTa wyalze xelmisawvdomoba. aseTi wylis maragi gamocalkevebuli unda iyos im wylisgan, romelic sanitaruli saWiroebebisTvis gamoiyeneba.

bevri patimari, gansakuTrebiT winaswar patimrobaSi myofni, dRis udides nawils atareben CaketilSi, SedarebiT viwro garemoSi da sinaTlesa da sufTa haerze SezRuduli xelmisawvdomobiT. am pirobebSi, fizikuri da fsiqologiuri janmrTelobis mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, rom maT mieceT sakmarisi dro yoveldRiurad gareT yofnisaTvis, agreTve, seirnobisa an sxva saqmis keTebisaTvis.

sufTa haerze yofnis minimaluri rekomendebuli droa erTi saaTi dReSi. am periodSi patimrebs unda SeeZloT SedarebiT farTo adgilas seirnoba. zog qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli praqtika, rom yoveldRiurad TiTo saaTiT didi raodenobiT patimari gahyavT viwro, kedlebiT SemozRudul ezoebSi, rac praqtikulad igive sakania, oRond TavRia, ar akmayofilebs Ria garemoSi varjiSis SesaZleblobis micemis valdebulebas. Ria garemoSi varjiSis ufleba aqvs yvela patimars, maT Soris maTac, vinc raime formiT gamocalkevebuli an dasjilia.

religia religiuri rwmenisa da am religiis wesebis dacvis Tavisuflebis ufleba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis uflebaa da igi aqvs rogorc yvela patimars, ise yvela Tavisufal adamians. cixis Sinaganawesi unda iTvaliswinebdes Sesabamisi religiis warmomadgenlebis mier cixeebSi regularulad Sesvlis uflebas patimrebTan Sesaxvedrad. yvela patimars, romelsac surs Tavisi religiuri movaleobebis aRsruleba, unda mieces amisaTvis saWiro saSualebebi. aq, sxva uflebaTa Soris, igulisxmeba dRis an Ramis garkveul SualedebSi ganmartoebiT locvis ufleba, dabanis sxvadasxva wesebis Sesrulebis an garkveuli saxis tansacmlis tarebis ufleba. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 18: yvelas aqvs azris, sindisis da religiis Tavisufleba; es ufleba moicavs religiis an rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas, agreTve, marto an sxvebTan erTad, sajarod an kerZod, religiis an rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas swavlebiT, praqtikiT, sakulto msaxurebiT da wesebis SesrulebiT. samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 18(1): yvelas aqvs azris, sindisis da religiis Tavisufleba; es ufleba moicavs sakuTari arCevaniT religiis an rwmenis qonis an miRebis Tavisuflebas, agreTve, individualurad an sxvebTan erTad, sajarod an kerZod, religiis an rwmenis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas sakulto msaxurebiT, wesebis SesrulebiT, praqtikiT da swavlebiT.

varjiSi sufTa haerze

52

standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb:

41. (1) Tu dawesebulebaSi imyofeba sakmarisi raodenobiT erTi da igive religiis mqone patimari, iq unda dainiSnos an daSvebul iqnes am religiis kvalificiuri wamomadgeneli. patimarTa raodenobis da pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseTi warmomadgenlis saqmianoba uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes mudmiv safuZvelze. (2) pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad daniSnul an daSvebul kvalificiur wamomadgenels unda mieces SesaZlebloba, regularulad aRasrulos msaxureba da ganmartoebiT moinaxulos misi religiis aRmsarebeli patimrebi saWiro dros. (3) arc erT patimars uari ar unda eTqvas nebismieri religiis kvalificiur warmomadgenelTan xelmisawvdomobaze. meore mxriv, Tu patimari uars ambobs romelime religiur warmomadgenelTan Sexvedraze, mis mosazrebas srulad unda eces pativi. 42. SeZlebisdagvarad, TiToeul patimars unda mieces saSualeba, daikmayofilos religiuri cxovrebis moTxovnilebebi dawesebulebaSi aRvlenil msaxurebaze daswrebiT da mis religiasTan dakavSirebul wignebze xelmisawvdomobiT. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ar unda moicavdes sakuTari religiis wesebis Sesrulebis aRkveTas. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom:

patimrebs hqondeT SesaZlebloba, ilocon, ikiTxon religiuri wignebi da daicvan TavianTi religiis sxva tradiciebi, rogoricaa CacmulobasTan da dabanasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi, imdenjer, ramdenjerac maTi religia moiTxovs.

erTi da igive religiis mqone patimrebs unda mieceT SesaZlebloba, jgufurad Seikribon religiuri msaxurebisaTvis maTi religiiT gaTvaliswinebul wminda dReebSi.

patimrebs unda mieceT SesaZlebloba, isini moinaxulos maTi religiis kvalificiurma warmomadgenelma individualuri locvebisa da jgufuri msaxurebisTvis. aRniSnuli debulebebi exeba yvela aRiarebuli religiis aRmsarebel jgufs da maTi gamoyeneba ar unda SeizRudos mxolod qveyanaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi religiebiT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos umciresobis jgufebis warmomadgeneli patimrebis religiur saWiroebebs. aseve mniSvnelovania imis uzrunvelyofa, rom patimrebs, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian arc erT religiur jgufs, an romelTac ar surT religiis aRmsarebloba, ar aiZulon amis gakeTeba. patimrebs ar unda mieceT damatebiTi privilegiebi da ar unda icxovron ukeTes pirobebSi maTi religiuri kuTvnilebis an praqtikis gamo.

religiuri wesebis

Sesruleba

yvela aRiarebuli

religiis pativiscema

53

4 patimrebi da janmrTelobis dacva

zogadi sakiTxebi patimrobaSi myofi adamianebi inarCuneben fundamentur uflebas karg fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobaze da uflebas, miiRon samedicino zrunva iseTi xarisxiT, rac uTanabrdeba, sul cota, farTo sazogadoebisTvis gaweuli samedicino zrunvis xarisxs. saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa Sesaxeb (muxli 12) adgens “yvelas uflebas, isargeblos fizikuri da fsiqologiuri janmrTelobis yvelaze maRali xelmisawvdomi standartiT”. yvela adamianis fundamentur uflebebTan erTad, patimrebs, maTi statusidan gamomdinare, aqvT damatebiTi garantiebi. rodesac saxelmwifo adamians arTmevs Tavisuflebas, igi Tavis Tavze iRebs mis janmrTelobaze zrunvis pasuxismgeblobas, rogorc patimrobaSi yofnis pirobebis, ise am pirobebidan gamomdinare aucilebeli individualuri mopyrobis TvalsazrisiT. kargi janmrTeloba yvelasaTvis mniSvnelovania. es gavlenas axdens adamianebis qcevasa da sazogadoebis wevrebad funqcionirebis unarze. igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania cixis daxuruli sazogadoebis pirobebSi. Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, patimrobis mdgomareobam SeiZleba damazianebeli efeqti iqonios patimrebis rogorc fizikur, ise fsiqologiur keTildReobaze. amitom cixis administracia movalea, uzrunvelyos ara mxolod samedicino mzrunveloba, aramed patimrebsac da cixis TanamSromlebsac Seuqmnas kargad yofnis pirobebi. patimrebi ar unda gavidnen cixidan imaze uares mdgomareobaSi, romelSic isini iyvnen Semosvlisas. es exeba cixeSi cxovrebis yvela aspeqts, magram gansakuTrebiT – janmrTelobas. xSirad patimrebs cixeSi miyvanisas aqvT manamde warmoSobili janmrTelobis problemebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos uyuradRebobiT, cudi mopyrobiT an patimris manamdeli cxovrebis wesiT. xSirad patimrebi sazogadoebis uRaribesi fenebidan arian gamosuli da es asaxulia maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobazec. maT Tan moaqvT xolme sxvadasxva avadmyofoba, raimeze avadmyofuri damokidebuleba, agreTve fsiqikur janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. aseT patimrebs gansakuTrebuli xelSewyoba sWirdebaT, iseve rogorc sxvebs, romelTa fsiqikur janmrTelobazec patimrobam mniSvnelovnad da uaryofiTad imoqmeda. `gadavsebuli cixeebi daavadebuli patimrebiT da cudi higienuri da sanitariuli mdgomareobiT regionSi gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebis mniSvnelovan safrTxes warmoadgens. janmrTelobis mdgomareoba cixeSi prioriteti unda iyos.~ mTavrobaTa meTaurebis gancxadeba, gakeTebuli baltiis zRvis saxelmwifoTa me-4 samitze gadamdebi daavadebebis safrTxesTan dakavSirebiT, sankt-peterburgi, 2002 wlis 10 ivnisi.

kargi janmrTelobis

ufleba

patimrebs damatebiTi

garantiebi aqvT

riskebis minimumamde

dayvana

patimrebs Tan moaqvT TavianTi janmrTelobis

problemebi

54

bevr qveyanaSi patimrebis didi nawili daavadebulia gadamdebi sneulebebiT, rogoricaa tuberkulozi, hepatiti da imunodeficitis virusi/Sidsi. cixis administracias valdebuleba aqvs cixeSi momsvlelTa – gansakuTrebiT patimrebis, magram, aseve, cixis TanamSromlebisa da stumrebis – mimarT, rom uzrunvelyos maTi dacva inficirebis safrTxisgan. am pirobebis Seusrulebloba niSnavs imas, rom cixis TanamSromlebisa da stumrebis urTierTobis meSveobiT isini iqcevian sazogadoebis janmrTelobis problemad cixesa da farTo sazogadoebas Soris kontaqtis da, saboloo jamSi, patimrebis gaTavisuflebis Sedegad. zog qveyanaSi xangrZlivi an ganusazRvreli vadiT sasjelis mzardi gamoyeneba iwvevs cixis mosaxleobaSi asakTan dakavSirebuli samedicino problemebis momravlebas. es damatebiT moTxovnebs ayenebs cixis administraciis winaSe, kerZod, man unda uzrunvelyos saTanado jandacvis RonisZiebebis dagegmva. xanSi Sesul patimrebTan dakavSirebuli zogadi sakiTxebi mimoxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos me-14 TavSi. bevri qveyana did siZneleebs ganicdis zogadad mosaxleobisTvis maRali xarisxis jandacvis momsaxurebis miwodebis TvalsazrisiT. am pirobebSic ki, patimrebs aqvT ufleba, miiRon maqsimalurad maRali xarisxis jandacvis momsaxureba da Tanac _ ufasod. wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetma ganacxada, rom mZime ekonomikuri siduxWiris drosac ki, veraferi gaaTavisuflebs saxelmwifos im movaleobisgan, rom man cxovrebisaTvis saWiro pirobebiT uzrunvelyos isini, visac is Tavisuflebas arTmevs. komitets aseve naTlad aqvs naTqvami, rom cxovrebisTvis saWiro pirobebi moicavs sakmaris da saTanado samedicino uzrunvelyofasac. 3

janmrTelobis ufleba patimrebi, maTi danaSaulis kategoriis miuxedavad, inarCuneben yvela fundamentur uflebas, romelic maT, rogorc adamianebs, gaaCniaT, maT Soris, fizikuri da fsiqologiuri janmrTelobis yvelaze maRali xelmisawvdomi standartebiT sargeblobis uflebas. specializebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi ufro dazustebiT gansazRvravs, Tu ras gulisxmobs es, kerZod, rogori standartis jandacva unda uzrunvelyos cixis administraciam. patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 4: patimrebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis da sazogadoebis danaSaulisgan dacvis funqcia cixeebma unda ganaxorcielon saxelmwifos sxva socialur miznebTan da sazogadoebis yvela wevris keTildReobisa da ganviTarebis xelSewyobis fundamentur funqciebTan SesabamisobaSi. patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 9: patimrebs xeli unda miuwvdebodeT qveyanaSi arsebul jandacvis momsaxurebaze, maTi samarTlebrivi statusis safuZvelze, diskriminaciis gareSe.

3 wamebis da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetis angariSi moldovas respublikis mTavrobis mimarT moldovaSi ganxorcielebul vizitTan dakavSirebiT, 2001 wlis 10-22 ivnisi [CPT/Inf (2002)11, paragrafebi 69 da 95].

gadamdebi daavadebebi

farTod gavrcelebadia

xanSi Sesuli patimrebi

valdebuleba valdebulebaa,

Tundac ekonomikuri siduxWiris

dros

saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT

dadgenili standartebi

55

principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 24: dakavebis an patimrobis adgilas miyvanisTanave, dayovnebis gareSe, dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs unda SesTavazon saTanado samedicino Semowmeba, agreTve, amis Semdgom igi uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes samedicino mzrunvelobiTa da mkurnalobiT saWiroebis mixedviT. es mzrunveloba da mkurnaloba unda gaewios ufasod. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 22:

(1) TiToeul dawesebulebaSi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos sul cota erTi kvalificiuri eqimis momsaxureba, romelic unda flobdes garkveul codnas fsiqiatriaSi. samedicino momsaxurebis organizeba unda moxdes adgilobrivi an saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi jandacvis administraciasTan mWidro urTierTobiT. es momsaxureba unda Seicavdes fsiqiatriul diagnostikas da, Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi, fsiqikuri aSlilobis mkurnalobas.

(2) avadmyofi patimrebi, romelTac specializebuli mkurnaloba esaWiroebaT, unda gadaiyvanon specializebul dawesebulebaSi an samoqalaqo saavadmyofoSi. Tu dawesebulebaSi aris saavadmyofo, maSin iq arsebuli aRWurviloba, danadgarebi da farmacevtuli saSualebebi sakmarisi unda iyos avadmyofi patimrebis samedicino zrunvisa da mkurnalobisTvis, xolo misi kadrebi dakompleqtebuli unda iyos saTanadod naswavli TanamSromlebiT.

(3) TiToeul patimars xeli unda miuwvdebodes kvalificiuri stomatologis momsaxurebaze. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 25:

(1) eqimi unda zrunavdes patimrebis fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobaze da yoveldRiurad naxulobdes yvela avadmyof patimars: patimrebs, romlebic uCivian avadmyofobas da patimrebs, romelTa Taobazec misi yuradReba gansakuTrebiT miapyres. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 62: dawesebulebis samedicino samsaxuri unda cdilobdes, aRmoaCinos da gankurnos fizikuri an fsiqikuri avadmyofobebi an xarvezebi, romlebic xels uSlis patimris reabilitacias. amisaTvis uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes yvela saWiro samedicino, qirurgiuli da fsiqiatriuli momsaxureba. gaeros samedicino eTikis principebi, romlebic exeba jandacvis personalis, gansakuTrebiT eqimebis, rols patimrebisa da dakavebulebis dacvaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjisgan, wesi 1: 1. jandacvis personali, gansakuTrebiT eqimebi, romelTac patimrebsa da dakavebul pirebze zrunva evalebaT, movaleni arian, uzrunvelyon isini fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacviT da avadmyofobis mkurnalobiT, imave xarisxiTa da standartebiT, rac gaTvaliswinebulia maTTvis, vinc ar aris dapatimrebuli an dakavebuli. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba rodesac es SesaZlebelia, patimrebs srulad unda miuwvdebodeT xeli farTo sazogadoebisTvis arsebul samedicino saSualebebze. umravlesoba saxelmwifoebSi es xelmisawvdomoba Semoifargleba mxolod specializebuli mkurnalobiT, xolo saerTo samedicino

zrunvis Tanabari

pirobebiT uzrunvelyofa

56

mzrunvelobis gaweva xdeba uSualod cixeSi an specialur cixis samedicino dawesebulebebSi. cixis administraciis mier uzrunvelyofili samedicino mkurnaloba an eqTanis momsaxureba unda iyos sul cota imave donis, rac xelmisawvdomia cixis gareT myofi sazogadoebisTvis. TiToeul cixeSi cixis administraciam, rogorc minimum, unda uzrunvelyos:

cixeSi miRebisas Tavdapirveli samedicino Semowmeba; regularuli ambulatoriuli konsultaciebi; gadaudebeli samedicino mkurnaloba; patimrebis konsultirebisa da mkurnalobisaTvis

Sesaferisad aRWurvili Senoba; kvalificiuri farmacevtebis mier gamoSvebuli Sesabamisi

medikamentebis adekvaturi maragi; fizioTerapiisa da mkurnalobis Semdgomi sareabilitacio

saSualebebi; specialuri sakvebi, Tu amas moiTxovs samedicino saWiroeba.

cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos gadaudebel SemTxvevebSi saerTo samedicino momsaxurebaze xelmisawvdomoba nebismier dros da dayovnebis gareSe (standartuli minimaluri wesi 52). `1997 wels, oTxma patimarma, romelTac imunodeficitis virusze dadebiTi pasuxi aRmoaCndaT, saCivriT mimarTa samxreT afrikis umaRles sasamarTlos. isini amtkicebdnen, rom Tavad da sxva imunodeficitis virusze dadebiTi reaqciis mqone patimrebi ar iRebdnen maTi mdgomareobis Sesabamis samedicino mzrunvelobas, maT Soris, iseT specialur preparats, rogoricaa AZT. isini moiTxovdnen aRniSnuli mkurnalobis ufasod gawevas. gamasworebeli samsaxuris departamenti acxadebda, rom mas Tanxebi ar hyofnida aseTi maRali donis momsaxurebis gasawevad. mosamarTlem gadawyvetileba patimrebis sasargeblod gamoitana da ganacxada, rom maT unda miiRon Sesabamisi samedicino mkurnaloba saxelmwifos xarjze~.4 samedicino zrunvis yvela aspeqtTan dakavSirebiT, penitencialuri dawesebulebis administracia unda ecados, daamyaros da SeinarCunos mWidro urTierToba cixis gare jandacvis samsaxurebTan. es ara mxolod mkurnalobis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnis, aramed saSualebas miscems patimrebsa da cixis TanamSromlebs, isargeblon mkurnalobis saSualebebis, profesiuli standartebisa da swavlebis Tanamedrove miRwevebiT. `sazogadoebrivi jandacvis umaRlesi komitetis 1993 wlis angariSis safuZvelze, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo cixeebSi arsebuli problemebi, cixis jandacvis samsaxuri 1994 wlis ianvris kanonis ZaliT gadavida iusticiis saministrodan, romelic safrangeTis cixeebis administrirebas axdens, sazogadoebrivi saavadmyofoebis seqtoris daqvemdebarebaSi. gadasvlis mizani iyo im moTxovnis dakmayofileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, patimrebi uzrunvelyofili unda iqnen jandacvis imave standartebiT, rac xelmisawvdomia cixis gareT myofi mosaxleobisTvis. pirveli nabijis saxiT da jandacvis am momsaxurebaze daSvebis miniWebis mizniT, yvela patimari avtomaturad CaerTo socialuri usafrTxoebis, sazogado jandacvis da orsulobis dazRvevis sqemebSi~.

4 van bilJoni gamasworebeli samsaxuris ministris winaaRmdeg, 1997w. SACR 50 (C).

saerTo samedicino

momsaxureba

kavSirebi jandacvis

sazogadoebriv samsaxurebTan

57

cixeSi jandacvis mniSvnelovani principia, rom yvela aucilebeli samedicino zrunva da mkurnaloba uzrunvelyofili iyos ufasod (gaeros principebis krebuli, principi 24). es sakiTxi specialuri yuradRebis gamaxvilebas moiTxovs im saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, sadac ufaso samedicino mzrunveloba samoqalaqo sazogadoebas SezRudulad miewodeba. gansakuTrebiT problematuri SeiZleba iyos mdgomareoba maSin, rodesac izrdeba grZelvadiani patimrebis ricxvi da maT, rTuli an ganukurnebeli avadmyofobis gamo, Zviri mkurnaloba esaWiroebaT. cixis administraciam sakiTxi Sesaferisad unda moagvaros ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes patimrebis saWiroebebi da saWiro mkurnaloba ar SeizRudos siZviris safuZvliT mxolod imitom, rom pacienti patimaria. cixeSi pirvelad misvlisas samedicino Semowmebis Sesaxeb saubari iyo am saxelmZRvanelos me-3 TavSi. arsebobs ramdenime mniSvnelovani mizezi imisa, Tu ratom unda SesTavazon patimrebs samedicino Semowmeba cixeSi pirvelad miyvanisas:

es saSualebas aZlevs samedicino personals, gamoarkvion manamde ukve arsebuli janmrTelobis mdgomareoba da uzrunvelyon adekvaturi mkurnaloba;

es iZleva saSualebas, saTanado daxmareba gaewios maT, vinc ganicdis narkotikebze uaris Tqmis Sedegebs;

es saSualebas iZleva, gamovlenil iqnes sxeulis dazianebebi, romlebic SesaZloa miyenebuli iyo Tavdapirvelad dakavebisas;

es saSualebas aZlevs Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis TanamSromlebs, Seafason patimris fsiqikuri mdgomareoba da saTanadod daexmaron maT, vinc SeiZleba midrekili iyos TviTdazianebis miyenebisaken. yovelTvis SesaZlebeli ar iqneba, rom eqimma Caataros yvela patimris samedicino Semowmeba maTi cixeSi miyvanisTanave. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom patimari daaTvalieros sul cota Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis mqone eqTanma, romelic saWiro sakiTxebis Sesaxeb moaxsenebs eqims. cixeSi miRebis proceduriT, patimrebma gasagebad unda miiRon informacia cixeSi arsebuli jandacvis saSualebebis da samedicino konsultaciis miRebis meTodebis Sesaxeb. saerTo samedicino, stomatologiuri da fsiqiatriuli mkurnalobis aRniSnul saSualebebTan erTad, cixis administraciam agreTve unda uzrunvelyos specialistis konsultaciis da hospitaluri mkurnalobis SesaZleblobebi. es moiTxovs mWidro kavSirs cixis administraciasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis samedicino samsaxurebs Soris, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom cixis jandacvis samsaxurs TviTon SeeZlos yvela saxis specialistis momsaxurebis gaweva. specializebuli mkurnalobis dagegmvisas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces mowyvladi jgufebis, gansakuTrebiT, qalebisa da moxuci patimrebis saWiroebebs. specializebul saSualebebze xelmisawvdomoba xSirad moiTxovs patimris gadayvanas sxva adgilas. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom patimris eskortireba iyos Sesaferisi da ar iwvevdes mkurnalobis dayovnebas an patimris damatebiT

samedicino momsaxurebis gaweva unda

moxdes ufasod

Tavdapirveli Semowmeba

specializebuli saSualebebi

58

nerviulobas. patimris transportirebis pirobebi unda Seesabamebodes mis samedicino mdgomareobas. drodadro patimrebs warmoeSobaT iseTi samedicino problemebi, romlebic hospitalur mkurnalobas saWiroebs. am momsaxurebis gawevis ramdenime gza arsebobs. bevri cixis administracias Seqmnili aqvs cixis saavadmyofoebi, sadac mkurnaloben naklebad mwvave iseT problemebs, romlebic hospitalizacias moiTxovs. sxvagan usafrTxoebis sakiTxi mogvarebuli aqvT imiT, rom samoqalaqo saavadmyofoebSi Seqmnilia cixis ganyofilebebi. Tumca, xSirad patimrebs SeiZleba hospitalizaciur mkurnalobas uwevdnen samoqalaqo saavadmyofos Cveulebriv pirobebSi. am SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT mSobiare qalebTan da ganukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobil patimrebTan mimarTebiT, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes usafrTxoebis Sesaferisi zomebi. wamebis Tavidan acilebis komitetma Tavis mesame zogad angariSSi aRniSna, rom: `... saavadmyofoSi samkurnalod gadayvanili patimrebi ar unda iyvnen sawolze an sxva avejze fizikurad mijaWvuli usafrTxoebis mizezTa gamo~.5

jansaRi garemo saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi garda imisa, rom cixis administraciam unda daakmayofilos avadmyofi patimrebis saWiroebebi, man aseve unda uzrunvelyos, rom patimrobis pirobebi ar auaresebdes fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 10: patimrebisTvis gankuTvnili yvela adgilsamyofeli da, gansakuTrebiT saZinebeli adgili, unda pasuxobdes janmrTelobis yvela moTxovnas da saTanadod iTvaliswinebdes klimatur pirobebs, agreTve, gansakuTrebiT, haeris moculobas, minimalur farTs, ganaTebas, gaTbobas da ventilacias. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 12: sanitaruli aRWurviloba adekvaturi unda iyos imisaTvis, rom TiToeul patimars SeeZlos saWiroebisamebr bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba sufTad da Rirsebis dacviT. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 13: mowyobili unda iyos adekvaturi saabazano da saSxape saSualebebi imisaTvis, rom TiToeul patimars SeeZlos da moeTxovos abazanis an Sxapis miReba, klimatis Sesabamis temperaturaze, imdenjer, ramdenjerac aucilebelia saerTo higienisTvis sezonisa da geografiuli regionis mixedviT, magram sul cota kviraSi erTxel, klimatis Sesabamisi temperaturiT. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 26:

(1) eqimi regularulad unda amowmebdes da rekomendacias aZlevdes direqtors Semdeg sakiTxebze:

5 evropis sabWo, me-3 zogadi angariSi wamebis Tavidan acilebis komitetis mier 1992 wlis 1 ianvridan 31 dekembramde periodSi gaweuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb, [CPT/Inf (93)12, paragrafi 36].

rodesac patimrebs

hospitalizacia esaWiroebaT

59

(a) sakvebis raodenoba, xarisxi, momzadebis da mirTmevis pirobebi;

(b) dawesebulebebisa da patimrebis higiena da sisufTave; (c) dawesebulebis sanitaria, gaTboba, ganaTeba da

ventilacia; (d) patimarTa tansacmlisa da TeTreulis Sesaferisoba

da sisufTave; (e) fizikur aRzrdasa da sportTan dakavSirebuli

wesebis Sesruleba – Tu am sakiTxebisTvis ar aris gamoyofili calke teqnikuri personali. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba saxelmwifos ekisreba absoluturi valdebuleba, daicvas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, aRadginos im pirTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, romlebzec is pasuxismgeblobas iRebs maTTvis Tavisuflebis CamorTmeviT. pirobebs, romlebSic patimrebi imyofebian, arsebiTi gavlena aqvs maT janmrTelobasa da kargad yofnaze. amitom, am pasuxismgeblobisaTvis Tavis garTmevis mizniT, cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi standartebi yvela im sferoSi, romelic gavlenas axdens patimrebis janmrTelobasa da higienaze. adgilsamyoflis fizikuri pirobebi, sakvebi da higienisa da sanitariis pirobebi – yvelaferi es ise unda iyos mogvarebuli, rom daexmaros maT, vinc ver grZnobs Tavs janmrTelad, aseve, maqsimalurad Tavidan iqnes acilebuli janmrTeli adamianebisTvis infeqciis gadadebis safrTxe. bevri saxelmwifo dgas iseTi mZime problemis winaSe, rogoricaa gadavsebuli cixeebi; amave dros, resursebis mwvave ukmarisoba xelSemSleli barieria cixeSi jansaRi pirobebis misaRwevad. TiToeuli patimrisTvis gamoyofili farTi da xelmisawvdomoba bunebriv sinaTlesa da sufTa haerze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebasa da patimrebis fsiqikur mdgomareobaze. wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetma Tavis angariSSi, moldovaSi 2001 wels vizitis Sesaxeb, aRniSna, rom bunebrivi sinaTle da sufTa haeri patimarTa fundamenturi uflebebia; komiteti miesalma im faqts, rom ramdenime cixeSi, romelic man moinaxula, fanjrebidan moxsnes Jaluzebi.6 gadamdebi daavadebebi bevri cixis administraciisTvis ZiriTad problemad iqca. aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis zog qveyanaSi tuberkulozis SemTxvevam epidemiis maCveneblebs miaRwia, swrafad vrceldeba imunodeficitis virusi/Sidsic. afrikis zog nawilSi imunodeficitis virusiT/SidsiT bevri patimaria daavadebuli. zogierTi cixis administraciam am problemebTan brZola Tavdapirveli SemowmebiTa da mkurnalobis programebiT daiwyo, romlebic xSirad saerTaSoriso uwyebebTan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT xorcieldeba. `wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetma Sinagan saqmeTa da jandacvis saministroebTan erTad 1998 wels daiwyo tuberkulozis kontrolis programis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos cixeebSi. am programis farglebSi:

SemoRebul iqna patimrebis Semowmeba; garemontda tuberkuloziT daavadebulTa cixe-

6 wamebis da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetis angariSi moldovas respublikis mTavrobis mimarT moldovaSi ganxorcielebul vizitTan dakavSirebiT, 2001 wlis 10-22 ivnisi [CPT/Inf (2002)11, paragrafi 85].

cixis garemos gavlena

gadamdebi daavadebebi

60

kolonia usafrTxo samuSao garemos da patimrebisTvis ukeTesi cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT;

moxda eqimebis da eqTanebis gadamzadeba; SemoRebul iqna programa DOTS-iT mkurnaloba.

programis meSveobiT miRweul iqna gankurnebis maRali maCvenebeli im pirTa Soris, romlebmac daasrules mkurnalobis kursi.~7 saxelmwifoebSi, sadac gadamdebi daavadebebis maRali maCvenebelia, cixis administraciebma unda SeimuSaon cixis TanamSromlebis swavlebis programa gadamdebi daavadebebis sakiTxebsa da im damcav meTodebTan dakavSirebiT, rac aucilebelia maT mier samuSaos normalurad Sesasruleblad. zog qveyanaSi TanamSromlebs regularulad sTavazoben hepatitis sawinaaRmdego ufaso acras. patimrobis pirobebi seriozul gavlenas axdens patimarTa fsiqikur janmrTelobaze. cixis administraciam unda miiRos zomebi, raTa Seamciros am gavlenis masStabebi da SemoiRos procedurebi, romlebic SesaZlebels gaxdis individualur patimrebze aRniSnuli gavlenis Sedegebis monitorings. miRebul unda iqnes zomebi im patimrebis gamosavlenad, romlebic midrekilni arian TviTdazianebis an TviTmkvlelobisaken. TanamSromlebi saTanadod unda iyvnen gawvrTnili imisaTvis, rom amoicnon TviTdazianebis potenciuri SesaZleblobis indikatorebi. Tu patimrebs dausvamen fizikuri avadmyofobis diagnozs, isini ar unda amyofon cixeSi, aramed unda gadaiyvanon Sesaferisad aRWurvil fsiqiatriul dawesebulebaSi. saerTaSoriso dokumentebi specialur valdebulebas akisrebs cixis samedicino personals, TavianTi profesiuli codnis gamoyenebiT, Caataron inspeqtireba da daafiqsiron yvela is piroba, romelic gavlenas axdens patimrebis janmrTelobasa da higienaze. jandacvis personals mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis im Segnebis damkvidrebaSi, rom jandacva gulisxmobs ara ubralod mkurnalobas, aramed jansaRi garemos Seqmnis yvela aspeqts da rom amis miRweva cixeSi yvelas urTierTTanamSromlobas moiTxovs. es gansakuTrebiT problematuria xolme resursebis simwiris pirobebSi.

individualuri mkurnaloba TiToeul patimars aqvs Sesaferisi donis samedicino konsultaciaze regularuli, konfidencialuri xelmisawvdomobis ufleba; am konsultaciis done ar unda iyos imaze naklebi, rac xelmisawvdomia samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis. nebismieri samedicino gadawyvetileba da mkurnaloba unda efuZnebodes individualuri patimris da ara administraciis saWiroebebs. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 25:

(1) eqimi unda zrunavdes patimrebis fizikur da fsiqikur janmrTelobaze da yoveldRiurad naxulobdes yvela avadmyof patimars: patimrebs, romlebic uCivian avadmyofobas da patimrebs, romelTa Taobazec misi yuradReba gansakuTrebiT miapyres.

7 ix. cixeebSi janmrTelobis siaxleebi, nomeri 1, 2002 wlis gazafxuli, penitencialur kvlevaTa saerTaSoriso centri, kings koleji, londoni.


informireba daavadebaTa

gadacemis sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT

fsiqikuri aSliloba

cixis saerTo pirobebis

monitoringi



61

patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 62: dawesebulebis samedicino samsaxuri unda cdilobdes, aRmoaCinos da gankurnos fizikuri an fsiqikuri avadmyofobebi an xarvezebi, romlebic xels uSlis patimris reabilitacias. amisaTvis uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes yvela saWiro samedicino, qirurgiuli da fsiqiatriuli momsaxureba. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixis administraciam unda gaataros Sesabamisi zomebi imisaTvis, rom patimrebs, romlebic avad arian an uCivian janmrTelobas, yoveldRiurad miuwvdebodeT xeli Sesaferisi kvalifikaciis mqone eqimis momsaxurebaze. pirobebi, romlebSic aseTi konsultaciebi unda Catardes, unda iyos iseTi, rom daculi iyos patimris Rirseba da iZleodes konfidencialurobis SenarCunebis saSualebas. Tu gasaTvaliswinebelia usafrTxoebis mosazrebebi, maSin eqimTan konsultacia unda Catardes ise, rom cixis guSagebi vizualurad xedavdnen, magram ver ismendnen saubars. pirobebi, romlebSic patimrebs esaubrebian maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, Tanabari unda iyos im pirobebisa, romlebic samoqalaqo samedicino praqtikiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. SeZlebisdagvarad, aseTi gasaubreba unda xdebodes Sesaferisad aRWurvil sakonsultacio oTaxSi. dauSvebelia konsultacia moxdes erTdroulad patimrebis jgufTan an sxva patimrebis an arasamedicino personalis TandaswrebiT. konfidencialurobis ufleba aseve moiTxovs, rom patimrebi ar daavaldebulon, eqimis moTxovniT, maT mimarTon cixis sxva TanamSromlebs. nebismier garemoebaSi dauSvebelia, maT moeTxovoT imis gamJRavneba, Tu ratom iTxoven eqimis konsultacias. samedicino konsultaciis miRebis procedurebis Sesaxeb patimrebs gasagebad unda ecnoboT cixeSi miRebisas. individualuri patimrebis Sesaxeb samedicino Canawerebi unda iyos eqimis gankargulebaSi da ar unda iqnes gamJRavnebuli patimris winaswari werilobiTi Tanxmobis gareSe. zog qveyanaSi cixis jandacvis samsaxurebi uwyebrivad samoqalaqo jandacvis samsaxurebs eqvemdebarebian. im dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, romlebic ganxilulia zemoT, nawilSi “janmrTelobis ufleba”, amgvari uwyebrivi mowyoba xels Seuwyobs imis mkafiod gansazRvras, rom samedicino Canawerebi ar warmoadgenen cixis sxva davTrebis nawils. konsultaciisa da diagnozirebis Sedegad daniSnuli mkurnaloba unda iyos iseTi, romelic mocemuli patimris interesebSia. gadawyvetilebebi ar unda daefuZnos xarjebis odenobas an cixis administraciisTvis sasurvelobas. jandacvis im problemebis marTvasTan erTad, romlebic cixeSi iCens Tavs, eqimebi aseve pasuxismgebeli arian iseTi meqanizmis danergvaze, romelic Seqmnis manamde arsebuli janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamovlenisa da masze reagirebis SesaZleblobas. isev da isev, es moiTxovs Sesaferis kavSirebs gare jandacvis organoebTan.

samedicino konsultaciaze

xelmisawvdomoba

piradi saidumloebis

dacva

konfidencia-luroba

samedicino davTrebi

mkurnaloba

mkurnaloba msjavrdebamde

da msjavrdebis Semdgom

62

zog qveyanaSi dasaSvebia im patimrebis vadamde gaTavisufleba, romlebic ganukurnebeli seniT arian Sepyrobili. cixis medpersonalis mier gakeTebuli an SeTavazebuli rekomendacia unda efuZnebodes profesiul gadawyvetileba da Seesabamebodes patimris saukeTeso interesebs. aseTi patimrebis vadamdel gaTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi cixis administraciis gasaTvaliswinebeli da Sesafasebelia. jandacvis saerTaSoriso organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo wesebi cixeebSi imunodeficitis sindromTan da SidsTan dakavSirebiT, Jeneva, 1993 wlis marti 51. Tu es SesaZlebelia, usafrTxoebis interesebis da samarTlebrivi procedurebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganviTarebuli Sidsis virusiT daavadebuli patimrebi, TanagrZnobis motiviT, rac SeiZleba adre, vadamde unda iqnen gaTavisuflebuli, raTa xeli Seewyos maT ojaxebTan da axloblebTan dakavSirebas da mieceT maT sikvdilTan Rirseulad da TavisuflebaSi Sexvedris SesaZlebloba.

jandacvis personali saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi TiToeul cixes unda gaaCndes sakmarisi raodenobiT Sesaferisi kvalifikaciis mqone jandacvis personali, romelic daakmayofilebs cixis mosaxleobis saWiroebebs. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 22: (1) TiToeul dawesebulebaSi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos sul cota erTi kvalificiuri eqimis momsaxureba, romelic unda flobdes garkveul codnas fsiqiatriaSi. samedicino momsaxurebis organizeba unda moxdes adgilobrivi an saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi jandacvis administraciasTan mWidro urTierTobiT. es momsaxureba unda Seicavdes fsiqiatriul diagnostikas da, Sesabamis SemTxvevebSi, fsiqikuri aSlilobis mkurnalobas. (3) TiToeul patimars xeli unda miuwvdebodes kvalificiuri stomatologis momsaxurebaze. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 49: (1) ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, personali unda moicavdes sakmarisi raodenobiT iseT specialists, rogoricaa fsiqiatri, fsiqologi, socialuri muSaki, maswavlebeli da xelobis maswavlebeli. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba 1979 wels cixis samedicino samsaxurebis saerTaSoriso sabWom daamtkica eTikis kodeqsi, romelic aTenis ficis saxeliTaa cnobili da, romlis Tanaxmad, am samsaxurebma aiRes Semdegi valdebuleba: `hipokrates ficis suliskveTebidan gamomdinare, Cven vecdebiT, rac SeiZleba saukeTeso xarisxis jandacvis momsaxureba gavuwioT maT, vinc nebismieri mizeziT patimrobaSi imyofeba cixeSi, Cveni Sesabamisi profesiuli eTikisTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe da mis farglebSi.

ganukurnebeli seniT

Sepyrobili patimrebi

cixis pirobebSi momuSave

jandacvis personalis

eTikis kodeqsi

63

Cven vaRiarebT patimrobaSi myofi pirebis uflebas, miiRon rac SeiZleba saukeTeso xarisxis jandacvis momsaxureba. Cven valdebulebas viRebT: 1 Tavi SevikavoT nebismieri saxis fizikur dasjaze Tanxmobis micemisgan an amis mowonebisgan. 2 Tavi SevikavoT nebismieri formiT wamebaSi monawileobisgan. 3 ar miviRoT monawileoba nebismieri formiT adamianebze eqsperimentebis Catarebisgan patimrobaSi myofi pirebis gamoyenebiT, am ukanasknelTa gacnobierebuli Tanxmobis gareSe. 4 davicvaT patimrobaSi myof pirebTan Cveni profesiuli urTierTobis Sedegad CvenTvis cnobili nebismieri informaciis konfidencialuroba. 5 Cven mier miRebuli samedicino gadawyvetilebebi efuZnebodes mxolod Cveni pacientebis saWiroebebs da sargeblobdes upiratesobiT sxva nebismier arasamedicino sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT.~ cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom patimrebs xeli miuwvdebodeT kvalificiur samedicino personalze, romelTa raodenoba da kvalifikaciis done sakmarisia maTi saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad. xSirad amis yvelaze ukeT mogvareba SesaZlebelia saerTo samoqalaqo mosaxleobis momsaxure jandacvis dawesebulebebTan kavSirebis damyarebiT. cixis yvela samedicino da jandacvis personali unda iyos Sesaferisi kvalifikaciis mqone sul cota imave doneze, rac moiTxoveba cixis gareT analogiur Tanamdebobebze. aseve, maTi xelfasebic da SromiTi pirobebic ekvivalenturi unda iyos. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis samedicino eTikis principebi yvela jandacvis personals da gansakuTrebiT eqims akisrebs valdebulebas, uzrunvelyon patimrebi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacviT da avadmyofobis mkurnalobiT. amitom, maTi upirvelesi prioritetia pacientebis janmrTeloba da ara cixis administracia. aTenis fici, romlis amonaridic zemoTaa mocemuli, kidev ufro gasagebs xdis, rom samedicino gadawyvetilebebi unda efuZnebodes pacientebis saWiroebebs da unda sargeblobdes upiratesobiT sxva nebismier arasamedicino sakiTxebTan SedarebiT. cixeSi momuSave samedicino personali ar aris cixis disciplinuri an administraciuli TanamSromlebis nawili. zog saxelmwifoSi, sadac samedicino personali uSualod cixis administraciis mieraa daqiravebuli, isini arian mocemuli cixisgan damoukidebeli calke mmarTveli struqturis daqvemdebarebaSi. arsebobs rigi sakiTxebi, rodesac samedicino personalma zRvari unda gaavlos cixis administraciis moTxovnebsa da janmrTelobaze zrunvis profesiul eTikas Soris. qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime mniSvnelovani magaliTi da aseT SemTxvevebSi Sesaferisi reagirebis nimuSebi. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom cixeSi momuSave samedicino personals Cautardes saTanado daxmareba da Cautardes gadamzadeba rogorc cixis medicinis specifikuri moTxovnebis, ise ufro zogadi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. kvalificiuri medpersonali, romelic mzadaa, imuSaos cixeSi, xSirad naklebad moipoveba. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom maTi codna-gamocdileba ar miimarTos maTTvis Seusabamo samuSaoebis

Tanabari zrunva

patimrebi, rogorc

pacientebi

jandacvis personalis

daxmareba

64

Sesrulebisken. am mizniT isini unda uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi damxmare da sakancelario daxmarebiT. 1998 wels eqTanTa saerTaSoriso sabWom SeimuSava gancxadeba, romelic, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, adgens, rom eqTanTa Sidasaxelmwifoebrivma asociaciebma cixis eqTanebs unda gauwion konfidencialuri rCeva, konsultacia da daxmareba [eqTanebis roli patimrebsa da dakavebulebze zrunvaSi, eqTanTa saerTaSoriso sabWo, 1998w]. 1999 wels profesiulma da adamianis uflebaTa organizaciebma da individualurma pirebma SeimuSavebs principebis krebuli wamebis an arasaTanado mopyrobis efeqturi dokumentirebis Sesaxeb, romelic cnobilia, rogorc stambulis oqmi [wamebis da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis efeqturi dokumentirebis principebi (stambulis oqmi), 1999w.]. 1993 wels msoflio samedicino asociaciam miiRo gancxadeba patimarTa pirad gasinjvasTan dakavSirebiT, romelSic, sxva sakiTxTa Soris, naTqvamia, rom eqimis mier patimrisTvis samedicino mzrunvelobis gawevis valdebuleba ar unda iqnes dakninebuli cixis usafrTxoebis sistemaSi monawileobis valdebulebiT. Tu aseTi gasinjvis Catareba saWiroa, igi unda Catardes ara im eqimis mier, romelic patimars samedicino mzrunvelobas uwevs [gancxadeba patimarTa piradi gasinjvis Sesaxeb, msoflio samedicino asociacia, 1993w.]. 1991 da 1992 wlebSi msoflio samedicino asociaciam miiRo saxelmZRvanelo wesebi gaficul moSimSileebze mzrunveli eqimebisaTvis, romlebSic, sxva sakiTxTa Soris, xazgasmiT aRniSnulia eqimsa da pacients Soris urTierTobaSi Tanxmobis da konfidencialurobis mniSvneloba, agreTve is, rom gadawyvetileba samedicino Carevis an Caurevlobis Sesaxeb unda miiRos uSualod eqimma ise, rom amaSi ar Caerion mesame mxareebi, romelTa mTavar interess pacientis keTildReoba ar warmoadgens [maltis deklaracia gaficul moSimSileebze, msoflio samedicino asociacia, 1991w., 1992w.]. 1981 wels da Semdgom kidev 2000 wels msoflio samedicino asociaciam daadgina, rom eqimebisTvis araeTikuria sikvdiliT dasjasa an misi aRsrulebis procesis nebismier etapSi monawileoba nebismieri saxiT [dadgenileba sikvdiliT dasjaSi eqimebis monawileobis Sesaxeb, msoflio samedicino asociacia, 1981w. 2000w]. cixis sazogadoebis buneba iseTia, rom samedicino momsaxurebaTa mTeli speqtris uzrunvelyofis valdebulebasTan erTad, cixis administraciam unda gaacnobieros, rom cixis yvela TanamSromels unda esmodes jandacvis elementaruli sakiTxebi. Zalze xSirad, cixeSi incidentis moxdenisas, rodesac vinmes esaWiroeba dauyovnebeli pirveli samedicino daxmareba, SemTxvevis adgilze pirvelad misuli ar aris jandacvis personali, magram maT moeTxovebaT gadaudebeli daxmarebis gaweva. amitom saWiroa maTi saTanado swavleba, raTa SeeZloT aRniSnuli daxmarebis gaweva.

cixis eqTanebis daxmareba

wamebis dokumentireba

piradi gasinjva

gaficva SimSilobiT

sikvdiliT dasjaSi

monawileoba

yvela TanamSromlis

gadamzadeba

65

5 daculi, usafrTxo da

mowesrigebuli

cixis administrireba

zogadi sakiTxebi samxreT afrikis gamasworebeli samsaxuris departamentis xelaxali gadamzadebisa da adamianis uflebaTa proeqtis oficialur gaxsnaze warmoTqmul sityvaSi samxreT afrikis yofilma prezidentma nelson mandelam aRniSna cixis administrirebisas rogorc usafrTxoebis, ise samarTlianobis mniSvneloba: `cixeebis usafrTxoeba arsebiTia imisaTvis, rom Cveni marTlmsajulebis sistema danaSaulis winaaRmdeg efeqtur iaraRad iqces. rodesac patimrebs – msjavrdebulebs Tu winaswar patimrobaSi myofT – Tqven gabareben, maT unda icodnen da sazogadoebamac unda icodes, rom isini iq darCebian kanoniT dadgenili wesiT gaTavisuflebamde... amasTanave, Cveni cixeebis mier qveyanaSi danaSaulis donis SemcirebaSi Setanili wvlili gamoixateba imiTac, Tu rogor epyrobian isini patimrebs. sityvebi arasakmarisia imis aRsaniSnavad, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania profesionalizmic da adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemac~.

(krunStadi, 1998 wlis 25 ivnisi) 1990 wels inglisis cixeebSi momxdari ramdenime Zalzed seriozuli janyis Taobaze lordi mosamarTle vulfis mier Sedgenil moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani daskvna iyo is, rom swori balansis SenarCuneba usafrTxoebas, kontrolsa da samarTlianobas Soris gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa cixis efeqturi administrirebisTvis.8 `arsebobs sami kriteriumi, romelsac penitencialuri sistema unda akmayofilebdes imisaTvis, rom igi iyo stabiluri; esenia: usafrTxoeba, kontroli da samarTlianoba. winamdebare miznebisTvis, “usafrTxoeba” niSnavs penitencialuri samsaxuris valdebulebas, Tavidan aicilos patimrebis gaqceva. “kontroli” niSnavs penitencialuri samsaxuris valdebulebas, Tavidan aicilos patimrebis mier areulobis mowyoba. “samarTlianoba” niSnavs penitencialuri samsaxuris valdebulebas, patimrebs moeqces humanurad da samarTlianad da moamzados isini sazogadoebaSi dasabruneblad...~ usafrTxoebas, kontrolsa da samarTlianobas Soris balansis miRwevisa da SenarCunebis mniSvneloba unda esmodes cixis yvela mmarTvels. arasworia imis Tqma, rom patimrebis humanurad da

8 1990 wlis aprilis cixis areulobebis Taobaze Catarebuli gamoZiebis moxseneba, 1991w., misi udidebulesobis kancelaria, londoni.

usafrTxoeba da samarTlianoba

swori balansi

usafrTxo garemo

66

samarTlianad mopyroba gamoiwvevs usafrTxoebis an kontrolis Semcirebas. piriqiT, gaqcevis Tavidan acilebisa da kontrolis uzrunvelyofis mizani yvelaze ukeT SeiZleba miRweul iqnes kargad mowesrigebul garemoSi: romelic usafrTxoa patimrebisa da cixis TanamSromlebisTvis; romelSic cixis sazogadoebis yvela wevri Tvlis, rom mas eqcevian samarTlianad; romelSic patimrebs aqvT konstruqciul saqmianobebSi monawileobis miRebis da gaTavisuflebisTvis sakuTari Tavis momzadebis SesaZlebloba; profesionali cixis mmarTveli mudmivad unda eswrafodes am balansis SenarCunebas. yvela kargad mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba, cixis CaTvliT, unda muSaobdes iseTi wesebis safuZvelze, romlebsac sazogadoebis wevrebi samarTlianad miiCneven. cixeSi aseTi wesebi miznad isaxavs TiToeuli adamianis – rogorc cixis TanamSromlebis, ise patimrebis – usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas da adamianebis orive jgufs ekisreba am wesebis Sesrulebis pasuxismgebloba. patimrebi unda waxalisdnen kargi qcevisaTvis da daisajon cudi qcevisaTvis. cixis TanamSromlebma unda icodnen, rom maTac moeTxovebaT wesebis yovelTvis dacva. cixis sazogadoebas unda hqondes saCivrebisa da gancxadebebis ganxilvis sistema, disciplina da sanqciebi maTTvis, vinc arRvevs SeTanxmebul wesebs, romlebic samarTlianad da miukerZoeblad gamoiyeneba. cixis administracia valdebulia, patimrobaSi hyavdes isini, visac sasamarTlo organoebis gadawyvetilebiT Tavisufleba aRekveTa. patimrebs ar moswonT cixeSi yofna, magram bevri maTgani egueba misi mdgomareobis realobas. Tu maT mimarT gamoiyeneba Sesaferisi usafrTxoebis zomebi da samarTliani damokidebuleba, isini ar ecdebian gaqcevas an cixis normaluri cxovrebis tempis arevas. meore mxriv, zogma patimarma SeiZleba yvela Rone iRonos gaqcevisaTvis. Tu isini marTlac moaxerxeben gaqcevas, zogierTi maTgani safrTxes Seuqmnis sazogadoebas, zogi ki – ara. es yvelaferi miuTiTebs imaze, rom penitencialurma organoebma sworad unda gansazRvron TiToeuli individualuri patimris safrTxis done, raTa TiToeul maTganze gavrceldes usafrTxoebis Sesaferisi zomebi, arc Zalian maRali da arc Zalian dabali. msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas arsebul bevr cixeSi arsebobs mdgomareoba, rodesac cixis administraciis mxridan samarTlianobis xarjze damkvidrebulia Warbi usafrTxoeba da kontroli:

despoturi usafrTxoebis zomebi, romelic gamoricxavs yovelgvar reabilitaciis programas;

kontrolis sastiki meTodebi; disciplinuri ganxilvebis usamarTloba; da ukanono sasjelebi.

zog qveyanaSi penitencialur sistemebSi cixis administratorebs dakarguli aqvT kontroli maT dawesebulebebze da patimrebis Zlier jgufebs nebas aZleven, ganaxorcielon kontrolis ukanono sistema patimrebzec da cixis TanamSromlebzec.

mkafiod gansazRvruli Sinaganawesis

saWiroeba

usafrTxoebis Sesaferisi

donis sworad gansazRvra

Warbi usafrTxoeba da

kontroli SeiZleba

saxifaTo iyos

67

orive SemTxvevaSi, mowesrigebuli sazogadoeba irRveva, rac iwvevs patimrebisa da cixis TanamSromlebis mxridan Zaladobrivi da marTlsawinaaRmdego qcevis, areulobis, gaqcevis albaTobas da patimrebisTvis konstruqciuli saqmianobebis ararsebobas. mxolod ukidures SemTxvevebSi, rodesac adgili aqvs wesrigis srul darRvevas da individualurad an koleqtiurad gamoyenebuli yvela sxva saSualeba uSedego aRmoCndeba, dasaSvebia Zalis, rogorc wesrigis aRdgenis kanonieri saSualebis gamoyeneba. es unda iyos ukanaskneli saSualeba. vinaidan cixe daxuruli sazogadoebaa, romelSic aseT garemoebebSi advili SesaZlebelia uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyeneba, Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb unda arsebobdes konkretuli da gamWvirvale procedurebi. am sakiTxze saubaria agreTve me-2 da me-3 TavebSi.

balansi usafrTxoebisa da socialuri reintegraciis programebs Soris saerTaSoriso dokumentebi patimrobis miznad gansazRvraven sazogadoebis dacvas danaSaulisgan ara ubralod damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebiT, aramed imis mcdelobiT, rom, SeZlebisdagvarad, moxdes maTi reabilitacia. am miznis misaRwevad cixis administraciam Sesaferisi balansi unda daamyaros usafrTxoebasa da im programebs Soris, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia patimrebis sazogadoebaSi reintegraciisTvis. am balansis miRweva ufro savaraudoa, Tu arsebobs mkafio procedurebi, romlebiTac gansazRvrulia cixis da TiToeuli patimris usafrTxoebis Sesaferisi done. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 4: patimrebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis da sazogadoebis danaSaulisgan dacvis funqcia cixeebma unda ganaxorcielon saxelmwifos sxva socialur miznebTan da sazogadoebis yvela wevris keTildReobisa da ganviTarebis xelSewyobis fundamentur funqciebTan SesabamisobaSi. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 58: Tavisuflebis aRkveTis sasjelis an msgavsi Tavisuflebis aRmkveTi sxva RonisZiebis mizani da dasabuTeba saboloo jamSi sazogadoebis danaSaulisgan dacvaa. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu patimrobis vada, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebaSi dabrunebis Semdeg damnaSaves ara mxolod surdes, aramed SeeZlos kidec kanonmorCili da TviTuzrunvelyofadi cxovrebiT cxovreba. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 63(2): sasurvelia sxvadasxva donis usafrTxoebis dadgena sxvadasxva jgufis saWiroebebis mixedviT. Ria dawesebulebebi, romlebic ar iyeneben gaqcevis sawinaaRmdegod fizikur usafrTxoebas, aramed eyrdnobian patimrebis TviTdisciplinas, yvelaze ukeTes pirobebs qmnian yuradRebiT SerCeuli patimrebis reabilitaciisTvis. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 33: SezRudvis instrumentebi, rogoricaa xelborkili, jaWvebi, rkinis qamrebi da damawynarebeli perangebi, arasodes SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli dasjis saxiT. SezRudvis aRniSnuli instrumentebi ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, Semdegi garemoebebis garda:

Zalis gamoyeneba,

rogorc ukanaskneli saSualeba

68

(a) usafrTxoebis RonisZiebis saxiT, gadayvanisas gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad, im pirobiT, rom isini unda moixsnas, rodesac patimars waradgenen sasamarTlo an administraciuli organos winaSe;

(b) samedicino safuZvelze, eqimis miTiTebiT; (c) direqtoris brZanebiT, Tu kontrolis sxva meTodebi

uSedegoa, imisaTvis, rom patimarma ar daizianos Tavi an ar daazianos sxvebi an raime qoneba; aseT SemTxvevebSi, direqtorma unda gamarTos dauyovneblivi konsultacia eqimTan da moaxsenos zemdgom administraciul organos. evropis cixis wesebi, wesi 39: es wesi patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebis 33-e wess umatebs Semdeg pirobebs:

(a) saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, usafrTxoebis RonisZiebis saxiT, gadayvanisas gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad, im pirobiT, rom isini unda moixsnas, rodesac patimars waradgenen sasamarTlo an administraciuli organos winaSe, Tu aseTi organo sxvagvarad ar gadawyvets;

(b) samedicino safuZvelze, eqimis miTiTebiT da misi zedamxedvelobis qveS; jaWvebis da rkinis qamrebis gamoyeneba akrZalulia. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba patimrebis mimarT gamoyenebuli usafrTxoebis zomebi unda iyos minimalurad aucilebeli maTi patimrobis usafrTxoebis misaRwevad. am midgomas, sul cota, sami dasabuTebuli mizezi aqvs: cixis TanamSromlebs ukeT ecodinebaT im patimrebis Sesaxeb, romelTac marTlac esaWiroebaT maRali donis usafrTxoeba, Tu aseTi patimrebis raodenoba SeizRudeba; rac ufro dabalia usafrTxoebis done, miT metad humanuri iqneba mopyroba; mesame mizezi pragmatuli xasiaTisaa; usafrTxoeba Zviria da rac maRalia usafrTxoeba, miT metia misi xarji. finansurad ar aris mizanSewonili, rom patimrebi saWiroze meti usafrTxoebis pirobebSi imyofebodnen. cixeSi pirvelad miRebisas, unda moxdes patimris Sefaseba, raTa ganisazRvros: ra safrTxes Seuqmnis patimari sazogadoebas gaqcevis SemTxvevaSi; patimris gaqcevis albaToba, damoukideblad an gare daxmarebis gamoyenebiT. amis Semdgom patimars unda dauweson usafrTxoebis iseTi pirobebi, romlebic aRniSnul safrTxes Seefereba. usafrTxoebis klasifikaciis gadasinjva unda xdebodes mudmivad, sasjelis moxdis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi. maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis pirobebi niSnavs, rom gaqceva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia da maTi gamoyeneba unda moxdes mxolod yvelaze saSiSi patimrebis mimarT. es pirobebi gulisxmobs maRali xarisxis fizikur usafrTxoebas, rogorc perimetris garSemo, ise SigniT cixeSi. patimrebis SigniT gadaadgileba xdeba cixis TanamSromlebis zedamxedvelobis qveS da, Tu saWiroa, TiToeuli

usafrTxoebis klasifikacia

usafrTxoebis sxvadasxva done

69

patimris individualuri gacilebiT. nebismier sistemaSi usafrTxoebis aseTi done mxolod patimrebis Zalze mcire raodenobas esaWiroeba. minimaluri usafrTxoeba (rogorc zogjer uwodeben, Ria pirobebi) gamoiyeneba im patimrebis mimarT, romlebic dabal safrTxes warmoadgenen, an saerTod ar arian saSiSni sazogadoebisTvis da romelTa ndoba SeiZleba imaSi, rom ar gaiqcevian. aseT pirobebSi fizikuri usafrTxoebis done dabalia. xSirad adgilze ar aris daculi perimetris usafrTxoeba. cixis SigniT usafrTxoeba Semoifargleba mxolod Ramis saaTebSi patimarTa yofnis adgilebis CaketviT. es pirobebi Sesaferisia im patimrebisTvis, romlebmac Caidines araZaladobrivi danaSauli, agreTve, grZelvadiani patimrebisTvis, romelTac male gauvaT patimrobis vada. saSualo usafrTxoebis pirobebi Sesaferisia patimarTa didi raodenobisTvis, romlebsac gadawyvetili ar aqvT gaqceva, magram romelTac ndoba minimaluri usafrTxoebis pirobebSi ar SeiZleba. rogorc wesi, es pirobebi gulisxmobs usafrTxo perimetrs, rogoricaa Robe. cixis SigniT yvela karebi Caketilia, magram patimrebs SeiZleba endon cixis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadaadgilebaSi cixis TanamSromlebis uSualo zedamxedvelobis gareSe. bolo wlebSi zogma saxelmwifom mniSvnelovani resursebis investireba ganaxorciela dawesebulebebSi maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis dasanergad. unda aRiniSnos, rom arasodes ar aris mizanSewonili patimrebis moTavseba aseT dawesebulebebSi mxolod imitom, rom adgili iqnes dakavebuli. martoobis sakanSi xangrZlivad moTavsebis, rogorc usafrTxoebis klasifikaciis formis, gamoyenebisgan yovelTvis unda moxdes Tavis Sekaveba. es sakiTxi mimoxilulia me-6 TavSi. riskis Sefaseba SesaZlebels gaxdis im patimrebis gamovlenas, romlebic safrTxes warmoadgenen sakuTari TavisTvis, TanamSromlebisTvis, sxva patimrebisa an farTo sazogadoebisTvis. usafrTxoebis riskis Sefasebis kriteriumebi bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs. mxedvelobaSi misaRebi sakiTxebia: safrTxe, romelic SeiZleba sazogadoebas Seeqmnas patimris gaqceviT; gaqcevis da amisaTvis gare daxmarebis miRebis manamde ganxorcielebuli mcdelobebi; winaswar patimrobaSi myofi patimrebis SemTxvevaSi – mowmeebis mimarT potenciuri safrTxe; im danaSaulis xasiaTi, romlis gamoc patimari aris msjavrdebuli; sasjelis vada, romelic, rogorc wesi, danaSaulis xasiaTs gamoxatavs; sxva patimrebisTvis safrTxis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. bevr penitencialur sistemaSi arsebobs varaudi, rom winaswar patimrobaSi myofi yvela piri unda imyofebodes maRali usafrTxoebis pirobebSi. es ki yovelTvis ase ar aris da SesaZlebeli unda iyos usafrTxoebis riskis Sefaseba am jgufis patimrebis mimarTac iseve, rogorc msjavrdebuli patimrebis mimarT.

martoobis sakanSi

moTavseba

riskis Sefaseba

usafrTxoebis done winaswar

patimrobaSi myofi

pirebisTvis

70

zog qveyanaSi patimris usafrTxoebis reJimis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasjelis Semfardebeli mosamarTle. sxva qveynebSi, patimrebs, romlebsac misjili aqvT samudamo patimroba an romlebic gasamarTldnen specialuri kanoniT, avtomaturad uweseben usafrTxoebis yvelaze maRal pirobebs, miuxedavad pirovnuli riskis Sefasebisa. es ar aris usafrTxoebis donis gansazRvris saukeTeso gza. sasamarTlo organom unda gansazRvros sasjelis Sesaferisi vada konkretuli danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, magram usafrTxoebis reJimi, umjobesia, gansazRvron penitencialurma organoebma profesionalurad SeTanxmebuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze. patimrebisTvis dawesebuli usafrTxoebis donis gadasinjva unda xdebodes individualurad da regularulad, sasjelis moxdis mTel periodSi. rogorc wesi, sasjelis vadis gasvlasTan erTad patimari usafrTxoebis ufro naklebi riskis Semcveli xdeba. amasTanave, usafrTxoebis ufro dabal kategoriaze gadasvlis perspeqtiva SeiZleba kargi qcevis stimuladac iqces. fizikuri usafrTxoebis aspeqtebi gulisxmobs cixis Senobebis konstruqcias, am Senobebis kedlebis simkvrives, fanjris gisosebs, saknebis karebebs, perimetris kedlisa da mesris teqnikur specifikas, saguSago koSkebs da sxva. aq aseve igulisxmeba usafrTxoebis fizikuri damxmare saSualebebi, rogoricaa saketebi, saTvalTvalo kamerebi, gangaSis sistemebi, radiogadamcemebi da sxva misTana. usafrTxoebis fizikuri aspeqtebis mowyobisas dacul unda iqnes balansi usafrTxoebis saWiro donis miRwevasa da adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemas Soris. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia iseTi konstruqciuli dizainis gamoyeneba, romelic erTdroulad saknisa da saerTo sacxovreblis fanjrebis usafrTxoebasac uzrunvelyofs da bunebrivi sinaTlisa da sufTa haeris moTxovnebsac akmayofilebs. usafrTxoebis fizikuri damxmare saSualebebi, rogoricaa saTvalTvalo kamerebi, monitoringisa da gangaSis sistemebi Tavisi xasiaTiT gulisxmobs pirad cxovrebaSi Carevas. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas imis Taobaze, Tu sad unda iqnes es saSualebebi damontaJebuli, daculi unda iyos balansi usafrTxoebis kanonier moTxovnebsa da piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis valdebulebas Soris. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli individualuri patimrebis usafrTxoebac. xSirad cixis dizaini iwvevs iseTi adgilebis Seqmnas, sadac patimrebs meTvalyureobis gareSe SeuZliaT Sekreba. es ki SeiZleba potenciuri safrTxis wyarod iqces rogorc cixis, ise individualuri patimrebis usafrTxoebisTvis. cixis administraciam unda miiRos zomebi aseTi adgilebis gamosavlenad da samarTavad. aq saubaria im procedurebze, romelTa dacva aucilebelia gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad. amaTgan ramdenime mniSvnelovani procedura exeba rogorc fizikuri adgilebis, ise adamianebis Cxrekas. yovel cixeSi unda arsebobdes yvelasaTvis gasagebi procedurebi, romlebic detalurad aregulirebs garemoebebs Cxrekis Casatareblad, gamosayenebel meTodebs da misi Catarebis sixSires. es procedurebi unda iyos iseTi, rom SesaZlebeli iyos gaqcevis Tavidan acilebac da patimrebisa da maTi stumrebis Rirsebis dacvac.

usafrTxoebis donis sakiTxs

cixis administracia unda wyvetdes

usafrTxoebis donis

regularuli gadasinjva

fizikuri usafrTxoeba

proceduruli usafrTxoeba

71

unda arsebobdes patimrebis sacxovrebeli, samuSao da TavSesayreli adgilebis regularuli Cxrekis procedurebi. aq igulisxmeba, maT Soris, iseTi adgilebis Cxreka, rogoricaa sacxovrebeli adgilebi, magaliTad, saknebi da saerTo sacxovreblebi, imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes usafrTxoebis iseTi nivTebis dazianeba, rogoricaa karebebi da saketebi, fanjrebi da gisosebi. patimris usafrTxoebis kategoriis mixedviT, misi piradi nivTebic unda gaiCxrikos periodulad. cixis TanamSromlebi specialurad unda iyvnen gawvrTnilni Cxrekis imgvarad Casatareblad, rom daafiqsiron da Tavidan aicilon gaqcevis mcdeloba an kontrabandis brunva da, amave dros, pativi scen patimrebis Rirsebasa da maT pirad nivTebs. aseTi Cxrekis procedura patimars saSualebas unda aZlevdes, daeswros Cxrekis Catarebas. individualuri patimrebi, gansakuTrebiT, romlebic saSualo da maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis SezRudul pirobebSi imyofebian, aseve regularulad unda gaiCxrikon, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnes iseTi nivTebis ararseboba, romlebic SeiZleba gaqcevis mcdelobisTvis gamoiyenon an daazianon sxvebi an sakuTari Tavi, amas garda, gamoiricxos maT xelSi narkotikebis moxvedris SesaZlebloba. aseTi Cxrekis intensiuroba damokidebulia garemoebebze. magaliTad, rodesac patimrebi did jgufebad gadaadgildebian samuSao adgilidan sacxovrebel adgilas, sakmarisia maTi xelis SexebiT gasinjva, rogorc es dResdReobiT xdeba sahaero reisis yvela mgzavris mimarT. sxva SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu arsebobs eWvi varaudisTvis, rom calkeul patimrebs SeiZleba Tan hqondeT raime, rasac malaven, an Tu isini miiCnevian maRali riskis patimrebad, saWiro iqneba e.w. Cxreka gaSiSvlebiT. am SemTxvevaSi, patimrebma unda gaixadon yvelaferi, rac tanT acviaT da aCvenon, rom arafers malaven. unda arsebobdes procedurebis detaluri krebuli, romelic cixis TanamSromlebma unda Seasrulon piradi Cxrekis Catarebisas. es procedurebia: unda xdebodes gansazRvra im garemoebebisa, rodesac dasaSvebia aseTi Cxrekis Catareba; uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes, rom Cxrekis procesi ar iyos damamcirebeli patimrebisTvis, magaliTad, ar SeiZleba adamianis mTlianad gaSiSvleba; patimrebi unda gaCxrikon imave sqesis cixis TanamSromlebma; usafrTxoebis TanamSromlebs unda ekrZalebodeT patimris sxeulis SigniT gasinjva. garda amisa, unda arsebobdes mkafiod gansazRvruli procedurebi imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom patimrebTan misuli stumrebi ar ecadon usafrTxoebis gonivruli moTxovnebis darRvevas. es gulisxmobs, maT Soris, stumris pirad Cxrekasac. aseTi procedurebi unda iTvaliswinebdes, rom stumrebi ar arian patimrebi da rom cixis usafrTxoebis dacvis valdebuleba dabalansebuli unda iyos stumrebis uflebiT maT pirad cxovrebaSi CaurevlobasTan dakavSirebiT. stumarTa Cxrekis procedura sifrTxiliT unda epyrobodes bavSvebis, qalebis da sxva mowyvladi jgufebis saWiroebebs. profesiuli stumrebis, rogoricaa iuristebi, socialuri muSakebi da eqimebi, Cxrekis procedurebi SeTanxmebuli unda iyos Sesabamis profesiul organoebTan, raTa damyarebul iqnes balansi usafrTxoebasa da konfidencialur profesiul daSvebaze uflebas Soris.

patimrebis gaCxreka

Cxrekis procedurebi

stumrebis gaCxreka

72

mniSvnelovania imis gacnobierebac, rom cixis TanamSromlebsac SeuZliaT usafrTxoebisTvis safrTxis Seqmna cixeSi akrZaluli an ukanono nivTebis SetaniT. isinic unda eqvemdebarebodnen Sesabamis Cxrekis procedurebs. sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba Seamcirebs imis albaTobasac, rom cixis TanamSromlebze patimrebma da sxva pirebma moaxdinon zewola cixeSi akrZaluli nivTebis SetanasTan dakavSirebiT. arsebobs usafrTxoebis sxva procedurebic, romlebic, bunebrivia, unda Sesruldes. maT Soris: siis amokiTxva dRis gansazRvrul dros; gaTavisuflebis procedurebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs konkretulad im patimris gaTavisuflebas, romelic unda gaTavisufldes; werilobiTi fostisa da satelefono zarebis SerCeviTi cenzura. amis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad saubaria me-8 TavSi. marTalia, fizikuri da proceduruli usafrTxoebis RonisZiebebi cixis cxovrebis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebia, isini TavisTavad mainc araa sakmarisi. usafrTxoeba aseve damokidebulia im TanamSromlebis yuradRebaze, romlebic urTierToben patimrebTan, romlebmac ician, ra xdeba cixeSi da romlebic uzrunvelyofen patimrebis pozitiur aqtivobas. xSirad amas dinamiur usafrTxoebas uwodeben. SeerTebul StatebSi dinamiuri usafrTxoebis principebiT moqmed cixeebs zogjer uSualo zedamxedvelobis cixeebs uwodeben. cixis TanamSromlebsa da patimrebs Soris regularuli kontaqtisas yuradRebiT myofi guSagi reagirebas axdens situaciebze, romlebic normis gareTaa da romlebmac SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas cixis usafrTxoebas. patimrebTan amgvar urTierTobebSi myof TanamSromlebs SeuZliaT gaqcevis Tavidan acileba, radgan ician, ra xdeba cixis sazogadoebaSi manam, sanam incidents eqneba adgili. dinamiuri usafrTxoebis Zlieri mxare is gaxlavT, rom misi dacvisunarianobis albaToba maRalia, radgan igi SesaZlebels xdis safrTxis arsebobis pirvelive etapebze amocnobas. igi yvelaze kargad imuSavebs iq, sadac arian profesionali da kargad gawvrTnili TanamSromlebi. `SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom uSualo zedamxedvelobis cixeebis meSveobiT patimrebis kontroli ukeT xorcieldeba, mxolod Zaladoba, xmauri da vandalizmi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba. cixis TanamSromlebsa da patimrebs Soris meti urTierTobis Sedegad, cixis moxeleebs SeuZliaT problemebis prognozireba da maTi Tavidan acileba. garda amisa, arsebobs mosazreba, rom uSualo zedamxedvelobis cixis pirobebSi, patimrebs ukeTesi SesaZlebloba aqvT, sasjelis moxdis Semdgom icxovron produqtiuli cxovrebiT~.9 zogi cixis administracia sadazvervo informacias, kontrolis an usafrTxoebis dagegmili darRvevebis Sesaxeb, moipovebs calkeuli patimrebis meSveobiT, romlebic administracias anonimurad awvdian informacias sxva patimrebis Sesaxeb. am proceduras Tan bevri saSiSroeba axlavs. informatoris gamJRavnebis SemTxvevaSi sxva patimrebma SeiZleba TavianTi brazi ukiduresi ZaladobiT

9 uSualo zedamxedveloba: ufro usafrTxo, ufro efeqturi cixe (osvegos sagrafos Serifis ganyofileba, niu iorki).


gaCxreka

usafrTxoebis sxva

procedurebi

dinamiuri usafrTxoeba

cixis informatorebi

73

gamoxaton. informatorebma SeiZleba araswori informacia miawodon imisaTvis, rom miaRwion sxva patimrebis dasjas an maTze kontrolis SenarCunebas. informatorebis sistemis arsebobis an misi arsebobis Sesaxeb eWvis faqtma SeiZleba cixeSi Seqmnas daZabulobis, eWvis da Zaladobis klimati. iseTi sistemis ganviTareba, rodesac cixis TanamSromlebi icnoben patimrebs individualurad, razedac mTels am saxelmZRvaneloSia saubari, gacilebiT ufro sando informaciis miRebas gaxdis SesaZlebels usafrTxoebisa da kontrolis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. TiToeul penitencialur sistemas unda hqondes mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da gamWvirvale procedurebi fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da ZiriTadi personali gawvrTnili unda iyos maT gamoyenebaSi. am procedurebiT dadgenili unda iyos:

garemoebebi, romlebSic dasaSvebia SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba;

vis aqvs maT gamoyenebaze nebarTvis gacemis ufleba; rogor unda moxdes maTi gamoyeneba; vin unda gauwios zedamxedveloba imas, sworad

xorcieldeba Tu ara dadgenili procedurebi. fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebi, rogoricaa xelborkilebi, jaWvebi, damawynarebeli qamrebi da damawynarebeli Jiletebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. maTi gamoyeneba ar unda moxdes usafrTxoebis sxva fizikuri saSualebebis alternativis saxiT. magaliTad, yovelTvis dauSvebelia individualurad an jgufurad patimrebis mijaWveba kedelsa an grZel rkinis gisosze qusliT an majiT mxolod imitom, rom Senobis fizikuri usafrTxoebis done Zalian sustia. fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba avtomaturad ar unda moxdes patimris erTi adgilidan meoreze gadayvanisas, iqneba es cixis SigniT Tu mis gareT. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba unda moxdes konkretuli patimrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli safrTxis individualuri Sefasebis safuZvelze. SezRudvis saSualebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc ukanaskneli saSualeba im moZalade patimris gasakontroleblad, romelic safrTxes uqmnis sxvaTa usafrTxoebas. rogorc ki patimari Sewyvets Zaladobriv saqciels, SezRudvis saSualebac unda moixsnas. mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyeneba, imisaTvis, rom patimarma ar daizianos sakuTari Tavi. kargi praqtika aCvenebs, rom es iSviaTad Tu iqneba saWiro, radgan TviTdazianebis Tavidan acilebis alternatiuli meTodebic arsebobs. fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyenebis nebarTvas unda gascemdes da maT saTanadod gamoyenebaze kontrols axorcielebdes cixis ufrosi morige TanamSromeli. cixis direqtorma da eqimma rac SeiZleba swrafad unda moinaxulon Zaladobrivi qcevis an TviTdazianebis gamo fizikur SezRudvas daqvemdebarebuli patimari da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, neba darTon SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyenebis gaxangrZlivebaze. SezRudvis saSualebebis gamoyenebis Taobaze TiToeuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas da gamoyenebis proceduras yuradRebiT unda adevnebdes Tvals zemdgomi Tanamdebobis piri, da, rogorc kargi praqtikiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli, uflebamosili damoukidebeli damkvirvebeli.

fizikuri SezRudvis

saSualebebis gamoyeneba

fizikuri SezRudvis gamoyeneba,

rogorc ukanaskneli saSualeba

fizikuri SezRudvis

gamoyenebaze nebarTvis micema

74

cixis perimetris gareT, magaliTad, sxva cixeSi, sasamarTlosa an samoqalaqo saavadmyofoSi gadayvanisas, patimris dakavebaSi yofnaze pasuxismgebeli unda iyvnen penitencialuri organoebi an sxva Sesabamisi organo. specialuri yuradReba unda daeTmos usafrTxoebis dones, romelic patimars esaWiroeba saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis periodSi. garemoebebis miuxedavad, usafrTxoebis mosazrebebi xels ar unda uSlides mkurnalobas. aseT dros saWiro fizikuri usafrTxoebis xasiaTi SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes individualuri patimris usafrTxoebis riskis mixedviT, magram saxelmZRvanelo principia is, rom gamoyenebul unda iqnes yvelaze dabali usafrTxoebis done, rac aucilebelia patimrobaSi usafrTxoebis SesanarCuneblad. aseT garemoebebSi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadi fizikuri SezRudvis saSualeba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, aris xelborkili. rodesac patimars fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebis TanxlebiT miiyvanen sasamarTloSi, es saSualebebi unda moexsnas sasamarTlo sxdomis dawyebamde, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu mosamarTle an arbitri sxvagvarad ar gadawyvets.

balansi usafrTxoebasa da gare samyarosTan kavSirs Soris patimrebis usafrTxoebis saTanado reJimSi yofnis aucilebloba unda dabalansdes gare samyarosTan kavSiris uflebiT. miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad myaria usafrTxoebis mosazrebebi, kavSiri garesamyarosTan, gonivruli pirobebis dacviT, mainc unda xorcieldebodes. es mniSvnelovani elementia TiToeuli patimris uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad. aman aseve SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos calkeuli patimrebis reabilitaciis process. garda amisa, swored cixis administraciis interesebSia patimrebis waxaliseba gare samyarosTan kavSirisaken, radgan es aZlierebs stabilurobas cixis SigniT. me-8 TavSi ufro detaluradaa saubari patimrobis periodSi gare samyarosTan kavSiris Sesaxeb. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi deklaracia nebismieri piris iZulebiTi gauCinarebisagan dacvis Sesaxeb, muxli 7: dauSvebelia nebismier garemoebaze, maT Soris, omis safrTxeze, omis mdgomareobaze, Sida politikur arastabilurobasa an nebismier sxva sazogadoebrivad sagangebo mdgomareobaze miTiTeba iZulebiTi gauCinarebis gasamarTleblad. deklaracia nebismieri piris iZulebiTi gauCinarebisagan dacvis Sesaxeb, muxli 10(2): aRniSnuli pirebis dakavebis da maTi dakavebis adgilis an adgilebis Sesaxeb zusti informacia droulad unda miewodos maTi ojaxis wevrebs, advokats an informaciis miRebaSi marTlzomieri interesis mqone sxva pirebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu aRniSnulma pirebma gamoxates sawinaaRmdego neba. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 18: gasaubreba dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirsa da mis advokats Soris SeiZleba moxdes samarTaldamcavi moxelis mxedvelobis, magram ara smenis, arealSi.

usafrTxoeba cixis gareT

75

principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 19: dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs ufleba aqvs, monaxulebul iqnes misi ojaxis wevrebis mier da hqondes maTTan mimowera. mas unda mieces gare samyarosTan dakavSirebis adekvaturi SesaZlebloba, kanoniT an kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gonivruli pirobebisa da SezRudvebis farglebSi. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 29:

1 Sesabamisi kanonebisa da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis mkacr Sesrulebaze zedamxedvelobis mizniT, dakavebis adgilebs regularulad unda inaxulebdnen kvalificiuri da gamocdili pirebi, romlebic daniSnuli arian kompetenturi organos mier, romelic ar aris dakavebis an patimrobis adgilis administrirebaze uSualod pasuxismgebeli organo.

2 dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs ufleba aqvs, Tavisuflad da konfidencialurobis sruli dacviT daukavSirdes pirebs, romlebic inaxuleben dakavebis an dapatimrebis adgilebs winamdebare principis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad, im gonivruli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac aucilebelia aRniSnuli adgilis usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis uzrunvelsayofad. evropis konvencia wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, Tavi III, muxli 8, 2(c): [wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitets aqvs] SeuzRudavi daSveba nebismier adgilze, sadac pirebs aRkveTili aqvT Tavisufleba, maT Soris, aseTi adgilebis SigniT SeuzRudavad gadaadgilebis ufleba. evropis konvencia wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, Tavi III, muxli 8, 3: komitets SeuZlia, TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirebs gaesaubros calke. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba me-3 TavSi, romelic cixeSi patimris miRebis procedurebs exeboda, saubari iyo saWiroebaze, pirisTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTisas, acnobon misi ojaxis wevrebs da kanonier warmomadgenlebs. arasodes arsebobs raime iseTi garemoeba, romelic gaamarTlebs penitencialuri organoebis uars, Seatyobinos piris ojaxis wevrebs an advokats misi dakavebis da imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad aris igi dakavebuli. erTaderTi gamonaklisia, rodesac Tavad piri iTxovs sxvagvarad. TavisuflebaaRkveTil yvela pirs aqvs advokatze xelmisawvdomobis ufleba da ufleba, es ganaxorcielos konfidencialurad, anu cixis TanamSromlebis smenadobis arealis miRma. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebis advokatze xelmisawvdomobis ufleba ganxilulia me-11 TavSi. me-10 TavSi saubaria dakavebis adgilebis damoukidebel monitoringsa da inspeqtirebaze. wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis aRkveTis evropis komiteti aseTi inspeqtirebis formis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia. evropis konvencia wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZvelzec aris

ojaxTan da advokatebTan dakavSirebis

ufleba

damoukidebeli monitoringi, rogorc gare

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Seqmnili komiteti, adasturebs, rom komitetis wevrebs aqvT ganusazRvreli xelmisawvdomobis ufleba TavisuflebaaRkveTil adamianebze da maTTan konfidencialurad gasaubrebis ufleba. es principi adgilobriv damoukidebel damkvirvebel struqturebzec unda gavrceldes.

balansi kontrolsa da kargad mowesrigebul sazogadoebas Soris Sinaarsobrivad patimroba Tavisuflebis aRkveTas da, Sesabamisad, gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas gulisxmobs. penitencialuri organoebi valdebuli arian, SearCion usafrTxoebis iseTi SezRudvebi, rac aucilebelia imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom patimrebi ar gaiqcnen kanonieri patimrobidan da rom cixe iyos usafrTxo adgili, sadac yvela, visac es exeba, asrulebs Tavis marTlzomier funqciebs sakuTari fizikuri keTildReobisadmi SiSis gareSe. patimrebis yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da gadaadgilebaze kontrolis done ar unda iyos imaze meti, vidre saWiroa am moTxovnebis uzrunvelsayofad. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 27: disciplina da wesrigi unda SenarCundes myarad, magram ar unda iTvaliswinebdes imaze met SezRudvas, rac aucilebelia usafrTxo patimrobisTvis da sazogadoebis mowesrigebulad cxovrebisTvis. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 60(1): dawesebulebis reJimi unda iyos iseTi, rom minimumamde dahyavdes gansxvaveba cixeSi cxovrebasa da TavisuflebaSi cxovrebas Soris. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 57: patimroba da sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic damnaSavis gare samyarosgan mowyvetas iwveven, tanjvis Semcvelia mxolod im faqtis gamoc, rom pirs Tavisuflebis CamorTmeviT erTmeva TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. amitom, penitencialurma sistemam, Tu es damaxasiaTebeli ar aris marTlzomieri gamocalkevebis an disciplinis SenarCunebisTvis, ar unda daamZimos aseTi mdgomareobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tanjva. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 28(1): dauSvebelia dawesebulebis momsaxurebaSi patimris gamosayeneblad misTvis raime disciplinuri uflebamosilebis miniWeba. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba penitencialuri organoebis funqciaa, aRasrulon sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli sasjeli patimrebisTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT. maTi funqcia ar aris patimrebisTvis damatebiTi SezRudvebis daweseba, romlebic am sasjelisTvis damaxasiaTebel tanjvas zrdian. piriqiT, maT yvelaferi unda gaakeTon imisaTvis, rom minimumamde daiyvanon gansxvaveba cixis cxovrebasa da TavisuflebaSi cxovrebas Soris. amis erT-erTi mizezi, romelic me-7 TavSia ganxiluli, aris imis albaTobis gazrda, rom sasjelis moxdis Semdeg patimari xelaxla daubrundeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebas kanonmorCili moqalaqis saxiT. cixis TanamSromlebs aseve unda esmodeT, rom cixis marTvis aseTi meTodi xels uwyobs usafrTxoebas, daculobas da wesrigs.

aucilebelze meti

SezRudvebis dauSvebloba

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kargad marTul cixeSi yvela patimars Tanasworad epyrobian. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, isini unda waaxalison, raTa cixeSi maTi yofnis periodSi monawileoba miiRon me-7 TavSi aRniSnul konstruqciul saqmianobebSi. aq SeiZleba igulisxmebodes cixis yoveldRiuri gaZRolis zogierTi aspeqti, rogoricaa samzareulosa an lazareTSi muSaoba. patimrebi, romelTac aqvT garkveuli unar-Cvevebi da ganaTleba, SeiZleba aseve waaxalison sxva patimrebisTvis am sakiTxebSi daxmarebis gawevisaken. magram yovelTvis dauSvebelia patimrebis gamoyeneba sxva patimrebis gasakontroleblad. es xandaxan xdeba cixis personalis naklebobis SemTxvevaSi. aseT patimrebs xSirad gansakuTrebuli mopyroba aqvT binadrobis, sakvebisa da sxva saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT, raTa isini waaxalison sxva patimrebis dakvirvebis an marTvis mizniT. saqmis amgvarad dayeneba yovelTvis SeiZleba cudad damTavrdes da misi gamoyeneba arasodes unda iyos nebadarTuli. cixis administraciis profesionali xelmZRvanelobis winaSe mdgari gamowvevaa imis uzrunvelyofa, rom cixeebi iyos usafrTxo, daculi da kargad mowesrigebuli, magram, amave dros, ar imarTebodes isini despoturad an mxecurad. amisaTvis saWiroa Tanmimdevruli midgoma, romelic arc mkacri iqneba da arc liberaluri. patimrebis didi umravlesoba dadebiTad xvdeba cixis personalis mxridan mtkice da samarTlian marTvas, radgan, Tu TanamSromlebi ver akontroleben cixes, maSin warmoSobil vakuums Seavseben mtkice nebis mqone patimrebi. an kidev, Tu zemdgomi xelmZRvaneloba ar aris mtkice, cixis TanamSromlebma SeiZleba SemoiRon TavianTi araoficialuri kontrolis formebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, mdgomareoba Zalzed arasasiamovno iqneba patimrebis didi nawilisTvis.

rodesac kontroli da wesrigi irRveva wesrigis darRvevis potenciali saukeTesod marTul cixeebSic ki arsebobs. yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, calkeuli patimari Tavs daesxas cixis TanamSromels an sxva patimrebs winaswar dagegmilad an uecari gabrazebis gamo. msgavsadve, patimarTa jgufma SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom isini ar arian mzad cixis marTlzomieri wesebis Sesasruleblad da Seecadon urTierTSeTanxmebuli ajanyebis mowyoba, buntis mowyobis an mZevlebis ayvanis gziT. yovel cixeSi unda arsebobdes mkafio procedurebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda gakeTdes aseTi incidentis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnuli procedurebi unda Seiqmnas saerTaSoriso dokumentebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 54(3):

(4) dawesebulebis moxeleebma patimrebTan urTierTobaSi ar unda gamoiyenon Zala, garda Tavdacvis mizniT an gaqcevis mcdelobisas an kanoniT an kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT dadgenili wesrigisTvis aqtiuri an pasiuri winaaRmdegobis gawevisas. Zalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, moxelis mier gamoyenebuli Zala ar unda aRematebodes im zomas, romelic ukiduresad aucilebelia. moxele valdebulia, Zalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv acnobos dawesebulebis direqtors.

(5) cixis moxeleebs unda CautardeT specialuri fizikuri swavleba, raTa maT SeeZloT agresiuli patimrebis SezRudva.

patimrebi arasodes unda

iqnen gamoyenebuli

sxva patimrebis gasakontro-

leblad

mtkice, magram marTlzomieri

marTva arsebiTia

78

(6) Tu gansakuTrebul garemoebebs ar aqvs adgili, is TanamSromlebi, romelTa movaleobac iTvaliswinebs uSualo kontaqts patimrebTan, ar unda iyvnen SeiaraRebuli. garda amisa, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, dauSvebelia, TanamSromels mieces iaraRi, Tu mas ar gaaCnia misi gamoyenebis saTanado momzadeba. samarTaldamcav moxeleTa mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 9: samarTaldamcav moxeles ar aqvs iaraRis gamoyenebis ufleba piris mimarT, garda Tavdacvis an sxvaTa dacvis mizniT, sikvdilis an mZime fizikuri dazianebis gardauvali safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, sicocxlisTvis saSiSi gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis Cadenis Tavidan asacileblad, aseTi safrTxis Semcveli da misTvis winaaRmdegobis gamwevi piris dasakaveblad, an aseTi piris gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad, da mxolod maSin, rodesac naklebad ukiduresi saSualebebi arasakmarisia aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, iaraRis ganzrax momakvdinebeli gamoyeneba dasaSvebia maSin, rodesac es ukiduresad aucilebelia sicocxlis dasacavad. samarTaldamcav moxeleTa mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 15: dakavebul pirebTan urTierTobisas samarTaldamcav moxeles ar aqvs Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac es ukiduresad aucilebelia dawesebulebaSi usafrTxoebis da wesrigis SesanarCuneblad an rodesac safrTxe eqmneba pirad usafrTxoebas. samarTaldamcav moxeleTa mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 16: dakavebul pirebTan urTierTobisas samarTaldamcav moxeles ar aqvs iaraRis gamoyenebis ufleba piris mimarT, garda Tavdacvis an sxvaTa dacvis mizniT, sikvdilis an mZime fizikuri dazianebis gardauvali safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, an rodesac es ukiduresad aucilebelia im dakavebuli piris gaqcevis Tavidan asacileblad, romelic warmoadgens me-9 principSi aRniSnul safrTxes. samarTaldamcav moxeleTa mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 17: zemoaRniSnuli principebi zians ar ayenebs cixis moxeleebis uflebebs, movaleobebsa da funqciebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebiT, kerZod 33-e, 34-e da 54-e wesebiT. interamerikuli konvencia wamebis aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb, muxli 5: wamebis gamarTleba dauSvebelia rogorc dakavebulis an patimris saSiSi xasiaTiT, ise penitencialur dawesebulebaSi arsebuli susti usafrTxoebiT. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba pirveli gzavnili, rac cixis TanamSromlebma unda gaigon, aris is, rom Tavidan acileba yovelTvis sjobs ukve momxdarze reagirebas. Zalian iSviaTia seriozuli incidentis moxdena winaswari gafrTxilebebis gareSe. TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs winaswari miniSneba, rom iwyeba daZabuloba individualur an jgufur doneze. swored aq warmoCindeba dinamiuri usafrTxoebis dadebiTi mxareebi. sacxovrebel an samuSao nawilSi Sesvlisas,

Tavidan acileba yovelTvis

sjobs reagirebas

79

sadac daZabuloba mzaddeba, yuradRebiani TanamSromeli dauyovnebliv amoicnobs, rom atmosferoSi raRac ucnauroba SeiniSneba. is igrZnobs haerSi arsebul daZabulobas. is Tavis yvela patimars icnobs, amitomac mas SeuZlia, amoicnos, vin aris aforiaqebuli an vin SeiZleba Zaladoba gamoavlinos. Sedegad, mas SeuZlia sakiTxis ise gadawyveta, rom Zaladoba dasawyisSive iqnes Tavidan acilebuli. garda amisa, problemis Seqmnis msurvel patimrebs gauWirdebaT sxva patimrebis ayolieba, Tu cixis TanamSromlebis mxridan saerTo damokidebuleba samarTliani da Tanmimdevrulia. Tumca, iqac ki, sadac dinamiuri usafrTxoeba muSaobs, SesaZloa, adgili hqondes Zaladobis individualur an koleqtiur afeTqebas. cixis TanamSromlebsa da patimrebs Soris kargi profesionaluri urTierToba dinamiuri usafrTxoebis arsebiTi elementia. aseTi urTierTobebis arsebobisas, isini SeiZleba dadebiTad miimarTos potenciuri incidentebis deskalaciisa an wesrigis aRdgenisken, dialogisa da molaparakebis gziT. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es meTodebi ar gaWris an iTvleba araSesaferisad, dasaSvebia wesrigis aRdgenisaTvis fizikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis ganxilva. cixis yvela TanamSromeli, romelic uSualo kontaqtSia patimrebTan, gawvrTnili unda iyos im meTodebis gamoyenebaSi, romelTa saSualebiT, mas SeeZleba patimris damorCileba minimaluri Zalis gamoyenebiT. TanamSromlebi ar unda eyrdnobodnen problematuri patimrebis gadaZalvas, ubralod, meti fizikuri Zalis CvenebiT. xSirad es SeuZlebelic kia. Tundac SesaZlebeli iyos, Sedegad SeiZleba miviRoT mZimed dazianebuli TanamSromlebi da patimrebi. arsebobs kontrolisa da SezRudvis sxvadasxva meTodi, romelTa gamoyenebaSic unda moxdes cixis TanamSromlebis gawvrTna, ris Sedegadac maT SeeZlebaT kontrolis aRdgena TavianTi Tavis an patimrebis dazianebis gareSe. xelmZRvanelobam unda icodes am meTodebis Sesaxeb da uzrunvelyos TanamSromlebisTvis ZiriTadi unarebis swavleba, agreTve, mowinave meTodebis swavleba sakmarisi raodenobis TanamSromlebisTvis. cixis TanamSromlebs, romlebic uSualod patimrebTan muSaoben, SeuZliaT ataron iseTi iaraRi, rogoricaa xelketi, sakuTari Tavdacvis mizniT. kargi praqtika gulisxmobs, rom aseTi iaraRi ar unda ataron demonstraciulad an damaSineblad. Cveulebrivi praqtikis Tanaxmad, xelkets atareben Sarvalze damagrebul specialur CasadebSi ise, rom igi dafarulia, magram misi amoReba iolia. ufro didi zomis xelketebi yovelTvis Tan ar unda ataron, aramed unda Seinaxon strategiul adgilebSi, rom gadaudebeli mdgomareobis dros maTi aReba SesaZlebeli iyos swrafad. ar aris kargi praqtika, rodesac uSualod patimrebTan momuSave cixis TanamSromlebs cecxlsasroli an sxva msgavsi iaraRis tarebis uflebas aZleven, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia maTi arasaTanado gamoyeneba an patimrebis xelSi moxvedra. zog penitencialur sistemaSi cixis perimetris dacvaSi myofi cixis TanamSromlebi cecxlsasrol iaraRs atareben. am TanamSromlebs unda hqondeT mkafio instruqcia im garemoebebis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis SeiZleba am iaraRis gamoyeneba. es dasaSvebi unda iyos mxolod mocemuli moxelis an sxvisi sicocxlisTvis uSualo safrTxis arsebobisas. dauSvebelia patimrisTvis srola

dialogisa da molaparakebis

saWiroeba

minimaluri Zalis

gamoyeneba

iaraRi

cecxlsasroli iaraRis

gamoyeneba

80

mxolod imitom, rom is garbis. unda arsebobdes kidev damatebiTi gamonaklisi garemoebebi, rodesac msroleli daaskvnis, rom gamqcevi patimari warmoadgens uSualo safrTxes sxva piris sicocxlisTvis da misi sxvagvarad SeCereba SeuZlebelia. samarTaldamcav moxeleTa mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi principebi calsaxad am pozicias asaxaven. cixis administraciam unda Seqmnas nebismieri Zalis da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis mkafio wesebi da procedurebi da, imavdroulad, gadamzadebis programa cixis TanamSromlebisTvis, romelTac unda mieceT Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba. procedurebi unda iTvaliswinebdes Zalis an cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis yoveli SemTxvevis gamoZiebas. zemoT mimoxiluli zogierTi sakiTxi aRniSnulia me-2 TavSi.

maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis pirobebi zog saxelmwifoSi patimarTa jgufebs mudmivad amyofeben izolaciaSi da maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis pirobebSi. zogjer es pirobebi SesaZloa sasamarTlos mier iyos gansazRvruli, rogorc sasjelis nawili; sxva SemTxvevebSi, patimrebs am pirobebs ganusazRvraven cixis administraciis mier Catarebuli usafrTxoebis Sefasebis safuZvelze. saerTaSoriso dokumentebi garkveviT adgenen, rom yvelanairi SezRudva dayvanil unda iqnes aucilebel minimumze. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 27: disciplina da wesrigi mtkiced unda iqnes SenarCunebuli, magram ara imaze meti SezRudvebis gamoyenebiT, rac aucilebelia usafrTxo patimrobisa da sazogadoebis mowesrigebuli cxovrebisTvis. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba rodesac didi raodenobiT patimrebs akuTvneben gansakuTrebuli maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis ganyofilebebs, arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom bevri maTganisTvis es pirobebi iqneba gadaWarbebuli da im potenciuri safrTxis araproporciuli, romelsac TviTon warmoadgenen. rogorc wesi, patimrebs gansakuTrebuli maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis pirobebSi aTavseben maSin, rodesac maT mier gamovlenili saqcieli iseT safrTxes uqmnis usafrTxoebas da daculobas, rom cixis administracias sxva arCevani aRar rCeba. aseT pirobebSi moTavseba unda iyos rac SeiZleba mokle vadiT da unda eqvemdebarebodes mudmiv gadasinjvas individualuri patimris qcevis gaTvaliswinebiT. gansakuTrebuli usafrTxoebis ganyofilebebi aseve gulisxmobs patimrebis faqtobriv izolaciaSi moTavsebas, rodesac maT saerTod ar aqvT an minimaluri urTierToba aqvT cixis TanamSromlebTan an sxva patimrebTan. es TavisTavad gulisxmobs patimrisTvis SesaZleblobis CamorTmevas, aCvenos, rom is aRar iqceva ise, ra saqcielisTvisac igi ZiriTadad moaTavses aRniSnul pirobebSi.

gansakuTrebuli maqsimaluri

usafrTxoebis minimaluri gamoyeneba

faqtobriv izolacias unda

moveridoT

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rTuli da urCi patimrebi drodadro patimarTa mcire raodenoba SeiZleba ar daemorCilos cixeSi kontrolisa da wesrigis saWiroebas da maT mimarT saWiro gaxdes specialuri zomebis miReba. mniSvnelovania, rom aseTi zomebi dayvanili iqnes absolutur minimumamde. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendacia wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi # R(82)17 saSiSi patimrebis patimrobis pirobebisa da mopyrobis Sesaxeb: ministrTa komiteti, evropis sabWos wesdebis 15.b muxlis Sesabamisad ... rekomendacias uwevs monawile saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebs:

1 ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, saSiSi patimrebis mimarT gamoiyenon Cveulebrivi cixis pirobebi;

2 gamoiyenon usafrTxoebis saSualebebi mxolod im zomiT, ramdenadac maTi gamoyeneba ukiduresad aucilebelia;

3 gamoiyenon usafrTxoebis zomebi adamianis Rirsebisa da uflebebis pativiscemis dacviT;

4 uzrunvelyon, rom usafrTxoebis zomebi iTvaliswinebdes saSiSroebis sxvadasxva saxis sxvadasxva moTxovnas;

5 imoqmedon gaZlierebuli usafrTxoebis pirobebis SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis SeZlebisdagvarad Sesamcireblad;

6 yuradReba miaqcion janmrTelobis problemebs, romlebic SeiZleba usafrTxoebis gaZlierebam gamoiwvios;

7 usafrTxoebis moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, uzrunvelyon ganaTlebis, profesiuli ganaTlebis, samuSaos da dasvenebis drois saqmianobebis da sxva saqmianobebis micema;

8 hqondeT regularuli gadasinjvis sistema imisaTvis, rom gaZlierebuli usafrTxoebis pirobebSi patimrobisas gatarebuli dro da usafrTxoebis gamoyenebuli zoma ar aWarbebdes saWiro normas.

9 gaZlierebuli usafrTxoebis ganyofilebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, uzrunvelyon, rom am ganyofilebebSi iyos adgilebis saTanado raodenoba, personali da yvela aucilebeli saSualeba;

10 Sesaferisi gadamzadeba Cautaron saSiSi patimrebis zedamxedvelobasa da mopyrobaSi monawile yvela TanamSromels. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba moZalade da damrRvevi patimrebis marTvis sul cota ori modeli arsebobs. pirveli gulisxmobs maT moTavsebas izolirebul pirobebSi, marto an erT an or sxva patimarTan erTad. am SemTxvevaSi, patimrebi mTel dResa da Rames sacxovrebel adgilas atareben. am pirobebis yvelaze eqstremalur variantSi patimrebs ar aqvT raime saqme an gare stimuli da saerTod arafers akeTeben. maT SeiZleba darTon neba, erTi saaTi martodmarto gaataron Senobis gareT mdebare cariel savarjiSo galiaSi. saknis yovel datovebaze maT Cxreken gaSiSvlebis meTodiT da adeben borkilebs. zog saxelmwifoSi patimrebi wlebs atareben aseT reJimSi. patimrebis mopyrobis aseTi meTodi, rogori saSiSic ar unda iyos patimari, ar aris kargi praqtika da xSirad gamowveulia xelmZRvanelobis arasaTanado codniT.

izolacia ar aris kargi

praqtika

82

gacilebiT dadebiTi modelia problemuri patimrebis moTavseba mcire saknebSi, araumetes aTi patimrisa, im winapirobiT, rom rTuli patimrebis pozitiur reJimSi SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia maTi “jgufuri izolaciiT” dakmayofilebiT da ara individualurad gancalkevebiT. am saknebis muSaobis principia is, rom profesionalurad gawvrTnil TanamSromlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, ganaviTaron pozitiuri da aqtiuri reJimi yvelaze saSiSi patimrebisTvisac ki. amis mizania, rom, daculi perimetris farglebSi, patimrebs SeeZloT SedarebiT Tavisuflad gadaadgileba saknebSi da cixis Cveulebriv pirobebSi cxovreba. aseT garemoSi patimrebs izolaciaSi moaTavseben mxolod yvela sxva saSualebis amowurvis SemTxvevaSi da isic mxolod mokle vadiT. zemoT aRniSnuli evropis sabWos rekomendaciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani daskvna gaxlavT, rom aseTi patimrebi gamonaklisia da ara norma. es ar axasiaTebs arc grZelvadian patimrebs da maTi problemuroba ar unda gavrceldes patimarTa ufro farTo jgufze, romlebic grZelvadian sasjels ixdian. is, Tu rogor epyrobian cixis moxeleebi Zalian moZalade patimrebis mcire jgufs, romlebic uars amboben kanonieri moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze, ara mxolod udidesi gamowvevaa cixis TanamSromlebis profesionalizmisadmi, aramed is, Tu rogor reagirebas aCvenebs cixis administracia, sazogadoebis danarCeni nawilis saxeliT, im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic Zalian mcired an saerTod ar scemen pativs sxva adamianebs, aseve yvelas adamianobis namdvili testia.

gancalkeveba mcire saknebSi

gamonaklisi da ara norma

profesiona-lizmis testi

83

6 disciplinuri procedurebi da

saxdelebi

zogadi sakiTxebi mniSvnelovania, vaRiaroT, rom kanonis uzenaesoba ar mTavrdeba cixis WiSkarTan. magaliTad, Tu pirs cixeSi daesxmian Tavs, mas sisxlis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul iseTive dacvis saSualebebze aqvs ufleba, rogorc sxvas, romelsac sazogadoebriv adgilas daesxnen Tavs. yvela cixeSi normaluri praqtika unda iyos is, rom, mZime sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis Cadenis an aseTis eWvis SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebdes samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi arsebuli gamoZiebis sistemis msgavsi sistema. zog saxelmwifoSi cixeSi, am funqciis Sesasruleblad, specialuri mosamarTleebi an prokurorebi iniSnebian. sxva qveynebSi Setyobineba egzavneba samoqalaqo prokurors an policias da es ukanasknelni gamoZiebas atareben iseve, rogorc Caatarebdnen danaSaulis cixis gareT Cadenis SemTxvevaSi. SeiZleba, raime incidenti, romelic seriozulia cixis pirobebSi, gamoZiebis Rirsad ar CaTvalos sisxlis samarTlis sagamoZiebo organoebma, magaliTad, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom patimars aqvs mcire raodenobiT narkotikebi piradi gamoyenebisTvis an adgili hqonda Sexla-Semoxlas, romelSic mZimed aravin daSavebula. meore mxriv, Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac gamoyenebuli iyo iaraRi an Sedegad mohyva Zvlis an kiduris motexva, Cveulebriv, ecnobeba xolme prokurors an policias. am sakiTxebis mogvarebis erT-erTi gzaa, rom cixis administracia da sagamoZiebo organoebi SeTanxmdnen, ra saxis incidentebis Sesaxeb unda moxsendes prokurors an policias. Tavisi xasiaTiT, cixe daxuruli dawesebulebaa, romelSic xalxis did jgufebs amyofeben maTi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, SezRudul pirobebSi. drodadro gardauvalia zogi patimris mier cixis wesebis sxvadasxvagvari darRveva. es SeiZleba gamoixatos sxva pirze fizikuri TavdasxmiT, iseTi ramis aRebiT, rac mas ar ekuTvnis, yoveldRiuri ganawesis Sesrulebaze uaris TqmiT, marTlzomieri wesrigis daumorCileblobiT, cixeSi akrZaluli sagnebis Setanis mcdelobiT an raime sxva saxiT. aseTi incidentebis ganxilva-gadawyvetisaTvis saWiroa arsebobdes mkafiod gawerili procedurebi. saxelmZRvanelos am TavSi saubaria cixis disciplinis iseT darRvevebTan dakavSirebul procedurebze, romlebic upiratesad administraciuli xasiaTisaa da romlebic ar gadaecema gare sagamoZiebo an sasamarTlo organoebs. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gare organoebia CarTuli saqmeSi, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes igive kriteriumebi, rac gamoyenebuli iqneboda maSin, braldebuli patimari rom ar yofiliyo.

cixeSi kanoni unda iyos uzenaesi

disciplinuri samarTaldar-

Rvevebis ganxilva-

gadawyvetisTvis gasagebi

procedurebis arsebobis saWiroeba

administraci-uli disciplina

gare standartebi

84

disciplinuri procedurebis samarTlianoba saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 30:

1 dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli piris iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic warmoadgens disciplinur samarTaldarRvevas dakavebis an patimrobis periodSi, disciplinuri saxdelis dadeba da xangrZlivoba da aseTi saxdelis dadebis uflebamosilebis mqone xelisuflebis organo unda ganisazRvros kanoniT an kanonis Sesabamisad gamocemuli aqtebiT, romlebic unda iyos gamoqveynebuli.

2 dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs ufleba aqvs, mousminon mas disciplinuri RonisZiebis gatarebamde. mas ufleba aqvs, aseTi RonisZieba gaasaCivros zemdgom organoebSi. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 35:

(1) cixeSi miRebisas TiToeul patimars unda miawodon werilobiTi informacia misi kategoriis patimrebis mopyrobis wesebis, dawesebulebis disciplinuri wesebis, informaciis moTxovnis da saCivrebis wardgenis nebadarTuli meTodebis da yvela sxva sakiTxis Sesaxeb, rac aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom patimarma icodes misi uflebebi da valdebulebebi da SeeZlos dawesebulebis cxovrebisadmi misadageba.

(2) Tu patimarma wera-kiTxva ar icis, zemoaRniSnuli informacia mas unda miewodos zepirad. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 29: kanoniT an kompetenturi administraciuli organos kanonqvemdebare aqtiT aucileblad unda ganisazRvros:

a) qmedeba, romelic warmoadgens disciplinur samarTaldarRvevas;

b) misTvis gaTvaliswinebuli saxdelis saxeebi da xangrZlivoba;

c) kompetenturi organo, romelic uflebamosilia, daakisros saxdeli. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 30:

(3) saWiroebis da praqtikuli SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, patimars unda mieces Tarjimnis meSveobiT Tavis dacvis SesaZlebloba. evropis cixis wesebi, wesi 36(2): aramarTlzomieri qmedebis Sesaxeb pataki swrafad unda waredginos kompetentur organos, romelmac gadawyvetileba dausabuTebeli dayovnebis gareSe unda gamoitanos. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 28(1): dauSvebelia dawesebulebis momsaxurebaSi patimris gamosayeneblad misTvis raime disciplinuri uflebamosilebis miniWeba. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba iseve, rogorc administraciuli marTlmsajulebis yvela sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, mniSvnelovania bunebrivi samarTlianobis principebis dacva. maT Soris, pirvel rigSi, yvela patimarma winaswar unda icodes, Tu ra wesebi moqmedebs cixeSi. es niSnavs, rom yvela cixes hqondes Sinaganawesi, romelSic gasagebad

bunebrivi samarTlianobis

dacva aucilebelia

85

gawerilia moqmedebebi da umoqmedobebi, romlebic warmoadgens cixis disciplinis darRvevas da romelTa Cadena gamoiwvevs disciplinur pasuxismgeblobas. am wesebs iuridiuli dokumentis statusi unda hqondes. bevr qveyanaSi aRniSnul wesebs parlamenti amtkicebs. Sinaganawesi TvalsaCinod unda iqnes cixeSi gamoqveynebuli da TiToeul patimars, cixeSi pirvelad miRebisas, unda mieces misi asli. amis saWiroebis Sesaxeb zogadad saubaria me-3 TavSi. uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes, rom kiTxvis ucodinar patimrebs srulad gaacnon aRniSnuli Sinaganawesi. nebismier patimars, romelsac brali unda waeyenos disciplinuri gadacdomisaTvis, ufleba aqvs, winaswar icodes imis Sesaxeb, Tu raSi da vin unda wauyenos brali. nebismieri aseTi braldeba unda ganixilos kompetenturma organom dayovnebis gareSe. TviT patimars unda mieces sakmarisi dro dacvis mosamzadeblad. bralis wamyenebel cixis TanamSromelsac SeiZleba dasWirdes dro yvela arsebuli mtkicebulebis Sesakrebad. magram es ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli samarTalwarmoebis gasaWianureblad, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac patimari izolaciaSi imyofeba misi saqmis ganxilvamde. am SemTxvevaSi, yovelgvari aragonivruli dayovneba CaiTvleba sasjelis araoficialur formad. es mosazreba mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli maSinac, rodesac patimari gamoZiebis dasrulebamde imyofeba izolaciaSi gare saxelisuflebo organoSi. saqme unda ganixilos kompetenturma organom. zog saxelmwifoSi cixis disciplinuri saqmeebis gansaxilvelad iniSnebian damoukidebeli magistratebi an specializebuli mosamarTleebi. amgvari mowyobis upiratesoba is aris, rom masSi gaTvaliswinebuli sasamarTlo damoukideblobis elementi da Sesabamisi procedurebis dacvis albaToba ufro maRalia. sxva saxelmwifoebSi, magaliTad, TurqeTSi, disciplinur ganxilvas awarmoebs specialuri kolegia. sxva qveynebSi, magaliTad, did britaneTSi, aseT saqmeebs ganixilavs cixis ufrosi. rodesac disciplinur ganxilvas awarmoebs cixis administracia, aucilebelia, uzrunvelyofil iqnes, rom ganxilvis mwarmoebelma pirebma gaiaron saTanado gadamzadeba da, aseve, maT manamde araferi unda icodnen im saqmis Sesaxeb, romelic unda ganixilon. braldebuli patimari, yvela SemTxvevaSi, unda eswrebodes ganxilvas. man unda moisminos Cvenebebi da hqondes SesaZlebloba, saqmis warmomdgen cixis TanamSromels dausvas SekiTxvebi. Tu, nebismieri mizeziT, ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis dacva, mas neba unda daerTos, gamoiZaxos sxva piri, romelic mas daexmareba. Tu saqme rTulia an mosalodneli saxdeli – mZime, ganxilul unda iqnes patimris iuridiuli warmomadgenliT uzrunvelyofis SesaZlebloba. Tu patimars braldeba daumtkicda, mas aqvs zemdgom organoSi gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis ufleba. zog administraciaSi damkvidrebulia praqtika, rom disciplinis umniSvnelo darRvevebze aZleven araoficialur gafrTxilebebs, sanam saqmes oficialurad miecema msvleloba. es SeiZleba sasargebloc iyos, radgan patimris yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom misi saqcieli SeSfoTebis mizezs warmoadgens. magram aseTi gafrTxilebebis gamoyeneba unda moxdes samarTlianad da Tanmimdevrulad. aman ar unda warmoSvas araoficialuri sanqciebis sistema.

Sesabamisi procedurebis

dacva

saqmeebs unda ganixilavdes kompetenturi

organo

saTanado dacvis momzadeba

gasaCivrebis ufleba

araoficialuri gafrTxilebebi

86

saxdeli samarTliani da proporciuli unda iyos disciplinuri gadacdomebis gasagebad Camoyalibebul da gamoqveynebul CamonaTvals Tan unda erTvodes SesaZlo saxdelebis sruli CamonaTvali, romlebic SeiZleba am gadacdomebis Camden patimars daekisros. iseve, rogorc gadacdomebis CamonaTvals, saxdelebis CamonaTvalic mocemuli unda iyos Sesabamisi organos mier damtkicebul samarTlebriv dokumentSi. es saxdelebi aucileblad unda iyos Sesabamisi gadacdomisTvis samarTliani da proporciuli. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 30:

(1) arc erTi patimari ar unda daisajos, garda Sesabamisi kanoniT an kanonqvemdebare aqtiT da arasodes unda daisajos orjer erTsa da imave gadacdomisTvis.

(2) arc erTi patimari ar unda daisajos, Tu misTvis ar ucnobebiaT, ra gadacdomis CadenaSi edeba mas brali da ar miuciaT dacvis momzadebis saTanado SesaZlebloba. kompetenturma organom unda Caataros saqmis yovelmxrivi gamokvleva.


sxeulebrivi dasja, dasja bnel sakanSi moTavsebiT da yvelanairi sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli dasja mTlianad akrZalulia, rogorc saxdeli disciplinuri gadacdomisaTvis.


(1) dauSvebelia saxdelis saxiT mkacri patimrobis an sakvebis Semcirebis gamoyeneba, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu eqimma gasinja patimari da werilobiT daaskvna, rom mas SeuZlia amis gaZleba.

(2) igive exeba sxva nebismieri saxis saxdels, romelmac SeiZleba ziani moutanos patimris fizikur an fsiqikur janmrTelobas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, dauSvebelia, rom aseTi saxdeli ewinaaRmdegebodes an ar Seesabamebodes 31-e wesSi aRniSnul princips.

(3) patimrebi, romelTac aseTi saxdeli SeefardaT, yoveldRiurad unda moinaxulos eqimma da direqtors gauwios rekomendacia, Tu Tvlis, rom saxdelis Sewyveta an Secvla aucilebelia fizikuri an fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamo.


dauSvebelia fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebis, magaliTad, xelborkilebis, jaWvebis, rkinis qamrebis da damawynarebeli Jiletebis gamoyeneba saxdelis saxiT.

evropis cixis wesebi, wesi 37:

koleqtiuri dasja, sxeulebrivi dasja, dasja bnel sakanSi moTavsebiT da yvelanairi sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli dasja mTlianad akrZalulia, rogorc saxdelebi disciplinuri gadacdomebisTvis.

afrikuli qartia adamianisa da xalxTa uflebebis Sesaxeb, muxli 7(2):

sasjeli individualuria da igi SeiZleba daekisros mxolod damrRvevs. adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia, muxli 5(3):

dauSvebelia sasjelis gavrceleba sxva pirze, garda damnaSavisa.

87

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba patimari SeiZleba daisajos mxolod zemoaRniSnuli procedurebis dacviT Catarebuli oficialuri disciplinuri ganxilvis Semdeg, ris Sedegadac dadgenil iqna misi braleuloba. es ganxilvebi unda Catardes individualurad. magaliTad, Tu adgili hqonda raime wesis masobriv daumorCileblobas an Tavdasxmas ramdenime patimris monawileobiT, TiToeulis saqme ganxilul unda iqnes calke da saxdelic unda SeefardoT individualurad. arc erTi patimari ar SeiZleba daisajos orjer erTsa da imave gadacdomisTvis. es niSnavs, rom, Tu gadacdomis saqme, magaliTad, Tavdasxma an gaqcevis mcdeloba, gadaegzavna gare sasamarTlos, maSin imave saqmeze ar SeiZleba Catardes Sida disciplinuri ganxilva. administraciuli saxdelebi SeiZleba iyos: oficialuri werilobiTi gafrTxileba, samsaxuridan garicxva, xelfasis dakaveba (Tu xelfass uxdian cixeSi muSaobisTvis), rekreaciul saqmianobebSi monawileobis SezRudva, garkveuli piradi nivTebis qonis, aseve, cixis SigniT gadaadgilebis SezRudva. saxdeliT ar SeiZleba SeizRudos ojaxTan kontaqti mimoweris an vizitis meSveobiT. sxva mosazrebebTan erTad, amis SezRudva gautoldeboda patimris ojaxis an megobrebis dasjas. disciplinuri ganxilvis Sedegad dakisrebuli saxdeli yovelTvis proporciuli unda iyos Cadenili gadacdomisa. konkretulad, akrZalulia sxeulebrivi dasjis yvela forma, dasja bnel sakanSi moTavsebiT da yvelanairi sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli sasjeli. farTod gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom sakvebis SezRudva sxeulebrivi sasjelis formaa da warmoadgens arahumanur sasjels; es asaxavs profesiul mosazrebas, romelic Camoyalibda gaeros mier 1957 wels standartuli minimaluri wesebis miRebis Semdgom. fizikuri SezRudvis saSualebebi arasodes SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli sasjelis saxiT. aseTi saSualebebis gamoyenebis garemoebebi ganxilulia me-5 TavSi. eqimis mier imis dadastureba, rom patimari SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros calkeuli tipis sasjels, mgrZnobiare sakiTxia da igi ganxilulia me-4 TavSi. standartuli minimaluri wesebi (wesi 32) adgens, rom eqimma unda gasinjos yvela patimari, romlebsac unda daakisron iseTi saxdeli, romelic SeiZleba saziano iyos misi fizikuri an fsiqikuri janmrTelobisTvis da werilobiT unda daadasturos, rom patimars SeuZlia amis gaZleba. konteqstis farglebSi aRebuli es wesi miznad isaxavs imis uzrunvelyofas, rom arc erTi patimari, Tu is ver gauZlebs aseT sasjels, ar daeqvemdebaros mas; misi mizani ar aris dasjaze samedicino Tanxmobis micema. aRniSnuli wesi unda dabalansdes debulebiT, romelsac iTvaliswinebs samedicino eTikis principebi da exeba jandacvis personalis, gansakuTrebiT, eqimebis rols patimrebisa da

dasja mxolod individualur

safuZvelze

erTsa da imave samarTaldar-

RvevisTvis orjer dasjis dauSvebloba

administra-ciuli

saxdelebi

SezRudvebi, romlebsac

saxdeli unda akmayofilebdes

fizikuri SezRudvis

saSualebebis sasjelad

gamoyenebis dauSvebloba

eqimis SezRuduli

roli

88

dakavebulebis dacvaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjisgan: jandacvis personalis, gansakuTrebiT, eqimebis samedicino eTikasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis patimrebsa an dakavebulebTan nebismier iseT profesiul urTierTobaSi monawileoba, romlis mizani ar aris mxolod maTi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis Sefaseba, dacva an gaumjobeseba. cixis TanamSromlebs Zalian gasagebad unda ganemartoT, rom erTaderTi tipis saxdeli, romelic patimrebs SeiZleba daekisros, gamomdinareobs oficialuri disciplinuri ganxilvidan. TanamSromlebs ekrZalebaT sasjelebis calke araoficialuri sistemis qona, romelic gverds uvlis oficialur procedurebs. maRali safexuris xelmZRvaneloba gansakuTrebiT fxizlad unda iyos am TvalsazrisiT.

samartoo patimroba saerTaSoriso dokumentebi garkveviT adgens, rom martoobis sakanSi moTavseba ar aris Sesaferisi saxdeli, garda yvelaze ukiduresi garemoebebisa; rodesac ki SesaZlebelia, igi ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli da Sesabamisi zomebi unda miiRon mis gasauqmeblad. aRniSnuli dokumentebi aRiarebs im faqts, rom, potenciurad, martoobis sakanSi yofnis periodi azianebs patimris fsiqikur janmrTelobas. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 7: unda ganxorcieldes da waxalisdes RonisZiebebi samartoo patimrobis, rogorc sasjelis formis, gauqmebis an misi gamoyenebis Semcirebis mizniT. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 31: sxeulebrivi dasja, dasja bnel sakanSi moTavsebiT da yvelanairi sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli sasjeli mTlianad akrZalulia, rogorc saxdelebi disciplinuri gadacdomisaTvis. evropis cixis wesebi, wesi 37: koleqtiuri dasja, sxeulebrivi dasja, dasja bnel sakanSi moTavsebiT da yvelanairi sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli sasjeli mTlianad akrZalulia, rogorc saxdelebi disciplinuri gadacdomebisTvis. evropis cixis wesebi, wesi 38(1): disciplinuri patimroba ... rogorc saxdeli, SeiZleba daekisros mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gasinjvis Sedegad eqimi werilobiT daadasturebs, rom patimars SeuZlia misi gaZleba. evropis cixis wesebi, wesi 38(3): patimrebi, romelTac aseTi saxdeli SeefardaT, yoveldRiurad unda moinaxulos eqimma da direqtors gauwios rekomendacia, Tu Tvlis, rom saxdelis Sewyveta an Secvla aucilebelia fizikuri an fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamo.

araoficialuri sasjelebis

dauSvebloba

89

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba martoobis sakanSi patimrobis sxvadasxva forma arsebobs. yvelaze uaresia, rodesac adamians aTavseben sruliad marto da arTmeven grZnobis organoebis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas, kerZod, igi ver xedavs sinaTles, ar esmis raime xma, ver sunTqavs sufTa haers, ra pirobebsac xSirad “bnel saknebs” uwodeben. izolaciis aseTi forma arasodes unda iqnes gamoyenebuli saxdelis saxiT. akrZaluli unda iyos agreTve aseT pirobebSi patimarTa mcire jgufebis moTavseba. `1983 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropis komisiam mkafiod daafiqsira Tavisi mosazreba aseTi patimrobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb: ... srulma sensorulma izolaciam, totalur sazogadoebriv izolaciasTan erTad, SeiZleba gaanadguros pirovneba da warmoadgens iseT mopyrobas, romlis gamarTleba SeuZlebelia usafrTxoebis moTxovnebiT an sxva nebismieri safuZvliT.~ [ganacxadi # 843/78(1983) saqmeze kroxeri da moleri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, paragrafi 62] samartoo patimrobis kidev erTi formaa, rodesac patimars aTavseben erTkacian sakanSi, sadac mas aqvs normaluri sinaTle da haeri da esmis mimdebare teritoriaze myofi patimrebis xma. aseTi saxdeli SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, drois mokle vadiT. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi, patimarze yoveldRiur dakvirvebas unda awarmoebdes eqimi, romelmac unda daafiqsiros janmrTelobis nebismieri gauareseba; am SemTxvevaSi, saxdelis moxda unda Sewydes. wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komiteti gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs samartoo patimrobis an misi msgavsi pirobebis gamoyenebas: `zog SemTxvevaSi samartoo patimroba SeiZleba uTanabrdebodes arahumanur da damamcirebel mopyrobas; nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri formis samartoo patimroba unda iyos, rac SeiZleba, mokle.~ [wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetis me-2 zogadi moxseneba wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, paragrafi 56] `delegacia Sexvda pirveli kategoriis patimrebs, romlebsac Zalian didi xniT amyofebdnen izolaciis reJimSi, Zalian mkacr fizikur pirobebSi, TiTqmis an sruliad usaqmod; komitetis azriT, es arahumanur mopyrobas warmoadgens.~ [wamebis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetis angariSi espaneTis mTavrobas wamebis da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis Tavidan acilebis evropis komitetis espaneTSi 1991 wlis 1 aprilidan 12 aprilamde ganxorcielebul vizitTan dakavSirebiT, CPT/Inf (96)9, nawili 1, paragrafi 113] zogierT saxelmwifoSi sul ufro mzardad gamoiyeneba administraciuli samartoo patimroba xangrZlivi an ganusazRvreli vadiT, rogorc gansakuTrebuli maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis reJimis nawili. saSiSroebebi, romelsac es procedura iwvevs, ufro detalurad ganxilulia me-5 TavSi.

`sensoruli deprivacia~

(grZnobis organoebis

damqveiTebeli saxdelebi) da bneli saknebi akrZalulia

yoveldRiuri monitoringi

samartoo patimrobisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli safrTxeebi

martoobis saknebi da

maqsimaluri usafrTxoeba

90

7 konstruqciuli saqmianobebi da

socialuri reintegracia

zogadi sakiTxebi adamianisTvis Tavisuflebis warTmeva Zalian mZime sasjelia. Tavis mxriv, patimroba uflebebis mkacri SezRudvaa da misi dakisreba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlo organos mkafiod gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da rodesac ar arsebobs sxva gonivruli alternativa. am saxelmZRvaneloSi ukve iTqva gasagebad, rom penitencialuri organoebi ar unda ecadon sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli sasjelis damZimebas patimrebisadmi arahumanuri an dausabuTeblad mkacri mopyrobiT. piriqiT, maT yvelaferi unda iRonon, rac maT SesaZleblobaSia, rom Tavidan aicilon maTi zrunvis qveS myofi adamianebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis gauareseba. penitencialuri organoebis mxriv sakmarisi ar aris patimrebis mxolod humanurad da Rirseulad mopyroba. maTi zrunvis qveS myofi patimrebi maT aseve unda uzrunvelyon pirovnuli Secvlisa da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebiT. es ki mniSvnelovan unarsa da gulmodginebas moiTxovs. bevri cixe sazogadoebis marginaluri jgufebidan gamosuli adamianebisgan Sedgeba. bevri maTgani modis ukiduresi siRaribidan da dangreuli ojaxebidan; didi nawili umuSevaria; ganaTlebis done, savaraudod, dabalia; zogs SesaZloa ucxovria quCaSi da ar gaaCnia marTlzomieri adgili sazogadoebaSi. aseTi uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebisTvis cxovrebiseuli perspeqtivebis Secvla ar aris ioli amocana. cixe is adgili unda iyos, sadac arsebobs konstruqciuli saqmianobebis srulyofili programa, romelic patimrebs maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi exmareba. rogorc minimum, cixeSi yofnam ar unda gamoiwvios patimrebis ufro uares mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, vidre isini iyvnen sasjelis moxdis dawyebisas, aramed unda daexmaros maT janmrTelobisa da inteleqtualuri da socialuri funqcionirebis SenarCunebasa da gaumjobesebaSi. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, muxli 10(3): sasjelaRsrulebis sistema gulisxmobs patimrebis imgvar mopyrobas, romlis mTavari mizania maTi reformireba da socialuri reabilitacia. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesebi 65-66:

65 TavisuflebaaRkveTili an msgavs RonisZiebaSefardebuli pirebis mopyrobis mizani, ramdenadac sasjelis vada iZleva amis SesaZleblobas, unda iyos maTSi im survilis Canergva, rom gaTavisuflebis Semdeg maT icxovron

cixeebSi mdgomareobis gauaresebis

Tavidan acileba

pirovnuli Secvlisa da

ganviTarebisTvis SesaZleblobebis

micema

saqmianobebiT uzrunvelyofis

valdebuleba

91

kanonmorCili da TviTuzrunvelyofadi cxovrebiT, agreTve, maTi amisaTvis momzadeba. mopyroba unda iyos iseTi, rom xels uwyobdes maTSi Tavmoyvareobis da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gaRvivebas.

66 (1) am mizniT, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes yvela

Sesaferisi saSualeba, maT Soris religiuri zrunva im qveynebSi, sadac es SesaZlebelia, ganaTleba, profesiul-teqnikuri instruqtaJi da swavleba, socialuri sakiTxebis garCeva, konsultacia dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, fizikuri ganviTareba da moraluri xasiaTis gaZliereba, TiToeuli patimris individualuri saWiroebebis Sesabamisad da misi socialuri da danaSaulebrivi istoriis, fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis, piradi temperamentis, sasjelis xangrZlivobis da gaTavisuflebis Semdgomi perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

(2) Sesaferisi xangrZlivobis sasjelis mqone TiToeul

patimarTan dakavSirebiT, rac SeiZleba swrafad misi cixeSi miRebis momentidan, direqtorma unda miiRos sruli informacia wina paragrafSi aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. aseTi informacia aucileblad unda moicavdes eqimis, romelic, sasurvelia, Tu fsiqiatriaSic iqneba kvalificirebuli, daskvnas patimris fizikuri da fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

(3) aseTi informacia da sxva Sesabamisi dokumentebi unda

moTavsdes pirad saqmeSi. es saqme mudmivad ganaxlebadi unda iyos da inaxebodes ise, rom Sesabamis personals SeeZlos misi naxva saWiroebisamebr. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba reabilitirebulad iTvleba ara is patimari, romelic iswavlis cixis pirobebSi ukeT gaZlebas, aramed, romelic gaTavisuflebis Semdgom cixis gareT arsebul samyaroSi miaRwevs warmatebas. Tu penitencialurma organoebma saqmianobaTa programaSi prioritetad unda dasaxon is, rasac samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti patimrebis “reformirebas da socialur reabilitacias” uwodebs, maSin maT cixeSi saqmianobas safuZvlad unda daudon patimrebis im resursebiTa da unar-CvevebiT aRWurva, romlebic maT cixis gareT cxovrebisTvis dasWirdebaT. es niSnavs, magaliTad, patimrebis mier cixeSi Sesrulebuli samuSaos dakavSirebas cixis gareT dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebTan. patimrebs unda daexmaron im unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis dauflebaSi, riTac isini SeZleben sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis Senaxvas, amasTan, im diskriminaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac yofili patimrebi, savaraudod, Sexvdebian samuSaos Zebnisas. sanam adamianebi cixeSi arian, miRebuli unda iqnes zomebi, raTa maT gaTavisuflebis Semdgom daexmaron sadme dasaxlebaSi, Seiqmnas raime socialuri struqtura, romelic maT daexmareba sazogadoebaSi xelaxla dabrunebaSi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis gamoyeneba arc erTi am miznis miRweva ar iqneba ioli, gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, roca bevr saxelmwifoSi aris gadavsebuli cixeebis problema, gadamzadebuli cixis TanamSromlebis nakleboba da cixis gareT arsebul samyarosTan kavSirebis damyarebis

patimrebis aRWurva

gaTavisuflebis Semdgomi

cxovrebisTvis

92

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi, agreTve, mtrulad ganwyobili gare sazogadoeba, romelic cixidan gamosul patimars xvdeba. am TaviT dadgenili principebi gansazRvravs mizans, romlis miRweviskenac cixis administracia unda muSaobdes maT xelT arsebuli resursebis farglebSi. man aseve unda ganixilos partnioruli urTierTobebis damyarebis SesaZlebloba samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da sazogadoebriv saganmanaTleblo organizaciebTan imisaTvis, rom moxdes patimrebisTvis arsebuli SesaZleblobebis wris gafarToeba. `mavrikiaSi cixeebze pasuxismgebel mTavrobis ministrs surda, gaefarTovebina patimrebis socialuri reintegraciis SesaZleblobebi da ebrZola im negatiur damokidebulebasTan, romelsac patimrebi awydebodnen gansakuTrebiT mcire sazogadoebebSi, sadac TiTqmis yvela erTmaneTs icnobs. am mizniT, man organizeba gaukeTa kvireuls, romlis drosac mediis saSualebebs miecaT cixeebSi Sesvlis SesaZlebloba. Jurnalistebs mouwodebdnen, patimrebisa da cixis TanamSromlebisagan aeRoT interviu im problemebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac patimrebi awydebodnen cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg. moxda debatebis stimulireba imis Taobaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis mier yofili patimrebisTvis daxmarebis gawevas maT xelaxla damkvidrebis saqmeSi~.

patimris aRiareba pirovnebad Tu cixis saqmianobaTa programam sasurveli Sedegi unda gamoiRos, maSin mniSvnelovania, rom TiToeuli patimari, SeZlebisdagvarad, aRiarebul iqnes pirovnebad. ar aris sakmarisi, yvela patimrisgan movelodeT erTi da igive swavlebis an ganviTarebis gzis gavlas – es arc mizanSewonilia da arc efeqturi. zogi patimari wera-kiTxvis ucodinari SeiZleba iyos; sxvebi SeiZleba maswavleblebi iyvnen cixeSi mosvlamde. zogi patimari cixeSi quCis cxovrebidan modis; sxvebs SeiZleba hqondeT Zlieri ojaxi da samsaxuri, romelsac isini SeiZleba daubrundnen. amitom, patimrebis sareabilitacio saqmianobebis dagegmvisas da am saqmianobebis mixedviT patimrebis ganawilebisas, gadamwyveti faqtori unda iyos yoveli patimris individualuri garemoebebi. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesebi 67-69:

67 klasifikaciis miznebia: (a) im patimrebis gamocalkeveba sxvebisgan, romlebmac, TavianTi danaSaulebrivi warsulidan an cudi Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba cudi gavlena moaxdinon; (b) patimarTa dayofa klasebad, raTa gaioldes, maTi socialuri reabilitaciis mizniT, maTdami mopyrobis SerCeva.

68 ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, sxvadasxva klass mikuTvnebuli patimrebis mopyrobisTvis gamoyenebul unda iqnes sxvadasxva dawesebuleba an dawesebulebis sxvadasxva nawili.

69 cixeSi miRebidan rac SeiZleba male, TiToeuli patimris pirovnebis Seswavlis Semdeg da sasjelis vadis gaTvaliswinebiT, misTvis unda momzaddes programa, romelic mxedvelobaSi unda iRebdes misi individualuri saWiroebebis, SesaZleblobebis da xasiaTis Sesaxeb miRebul informacias.

93

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixeSi mosul yovel adamians aqvs wina cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba da TiTqmis yvela patimari erT dRes gaTavisufldeba. Tu pirma unda isargeblos cixeSi yofnis droiT, maSin misi iq saqmianoba dakavSirebuli unda iyos gaTavisuflebis Semdgom savaraudo saqmianobasTan. amis miRwevis saukeTeso saSualebaa gegmis Sedgena, Tu rogor SeiZleba patimarma gamoiyenos cixis sistemaSi misTvis xelmisawvdomi sxvadasxva saSualeba. patimrebs sWirdebaT, rom isini raimeTi iyvnen dakavebulni, ar gaataron dro uqmad da maT saqmianobas garkveuli mizani hqondes. yvela saqmianoba, iqneba es sasoflo-sameurneo, wera-kiTxvis Seswavla, kulturul da xelovnebis programebSi monawileoba imgvarad unda iyos organizebuli, rom xeli Seuwyos iseTi atmosferos Seqmnas, romelSic patimrebi ki ar gauaresdebian, aramed SeiZenen axal SesaZleblobebs, romlebic maT gamoadgebaT gaTavisuflebis Semdeg. im patimrebisTvis, romlebic moklevadian sasjels ixdian, SeiZleba dro arc ki iyos sakmarisi raime sasargeblo saqmianobaSi monawileobis misaRebad. am SemTxvevaSi, mTavari aqcenti unda gakeTdes maT mier ojaxTan da gare samyarosTan kavSirebis SenarCunebaze.

Sroma da unar-Cvevebis swavleba sakuTari Tavis materialuri uzrunvelyofis gzis povna cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg patimris sazogadoebaSi reintegraciis unaris yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia. bevri patimrisTvis cixeSi yofnis dro SeiZleba maTTvis pirveli SesaZleblobac ki iyos profesiul-teqnikuri unar-Cvevebis SesaZenad da regularuli samuSaos sakeTeblad. mTavari mizani, ris gamoc patimrebs muSaoba moeTxovebaT, aris maTi momzadeba cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg normaluri SromiTi cxovrebisTvis da ara cixis administraciis sasargeblod fulis gamomuSaveba an mTavrobis sxva dawesebulebebis sasargeblod qarxnebSi muSaoba. unda gvaxsovdes, rom dasaqmeba socialuri reabilitaciis mxolod erTi elementia. srulfasovani reagireba gulisxmobs yvela im unar-Cvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, rac sazogadoebaSi dasabrunebladaa saWiro; sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva unar-Cvevazea moTxovna. gare sazogadoebasTan kavSirebis SenarCunebis sxva mniSvnelovani iniciativebis Sesaxeb saubaria me-8 TavSi. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, muxli 8: 3 (a) aravis SeiZleba moeTxovos iZulebiTi an savaldebulo Sroma. (b) qveynebSi, sadac Cadenili danaSaulisTvis sasjelis saxiT SeiZleba dainiSnos patimroba mZime SromasTan erTad, me_3(a) punqti xels ar uSlis kompetenturi sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli aseTi sasjelis aRsrulebis mizniT, mZime samuSaos Sesrulebas.

pirovnuli ganviTarebisaken

waxaliseba

moklevadiani patimrebi

94

(c) am punqtis miznebisTvis, termini “iZulebiTi an savaldebulo Sroma” ar gulisxmobs:

(i) nebismier samuSaos an momsaxurebas, romelic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli (b) qvepunqtiT da, Cveulebriv, moiTxoveba sasamarTlos kanonieri brZanebis safuZvelze dakavebuli pirisagan an pirisgan aseTi dakavebidan pirobiTi gaTavisuflebis periodSi.

patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 8:

unda Seiqmnas pirobebi, rom patimrebs SeeZloT, eweodnen anazRaurebad saWiro samuSaos, rac xels Seuwyobs maT integracias qveynis SromiT bazarze da SeaZlebinebs maT finansurad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da ojaxebi.


(1) cixeSi muSaoba ar unda iyos mtanjveli. (2) yvela msjavrdebuls unda moeTxovos muSaoba, maTi fizikuri da fsiqikuri

vargisobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rasac gansazRvravs eqimi. (3) uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes sasargeblo xasiaTis sakmarisi samuSao, raTa

patimrebi aqtiurad iyvnen dakavebuli normaluri samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi. (4) ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, arsebuli samuSao iseTi unda iyos, rom misi

meSveobiT, cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg patimrebma SeinarCunon an gazardon patiosani SromiT cxovrebis sakuTari unari.

(5) patimrebs, romelTac es SeiZleba gamoadgeT, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda patimrebs, unda CautardeT profesiul-teqnikuri swavleba sasargeblo xelobebSi.

(6) Sesabamisi profesiul-teqnikuri codnis da dawesebulebis administrirebisa da disciplinis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, patimrebs unda SeeZloT, airCion maT mier Sesasrulebeli samuSao.


(1) dawesebulebebSi Sromis organizacia da meTodebi rac SeiZleba miaxloebuli unda iyos msgavs SromasTan dawesebulebis gareT, raTa patimrebi moemzadon profesiiT cxovrebis Cveulebrivi pirobebisTvis.

(2) amasTan, patimarTa interesebi da maTi profesiul-teqnikuri codna ar unda daeqvemdebaros dawesebulebis mrewvelobis mier finansuri mogebis miRebis mizans.


(1) sasurvelia, dawesebulebis mrewvelobas an sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebas marTavdes uSualod administracia da ara kerZo kontraqtorebi.

(2) Tu patimrebi asruleben administraciis mier arakontrolirebad samuSaos, maTze yovelTvis zedamxedvelobas unda axorcielebdnen dawesebulebis TanamSromlebi. Tu samuSao ar sruldeba mTavrobis sxva dawesebulebebis sasargeblod, maSin pirebma, romelTa sasargeblodac sruldeba samuSao, srulad da normaluri odenobiT unda gadauxadon administracias anazRaureba Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos patimrebis warmadoba.


(1) Tavisufali muSakebis usafrTxoebisa da janmrTelobis dasacavad dadgenili windaxedulobis normebi Tanabrad daculi unda iyos dawesebulebebSic.

(2) unda arsebobdes sistema, romlis farglebSic patimrebs aunazRaurdebaT janmrTelobisTvis miyenebuli sawarmoo ziani, maT Soris, profesiuli avadmyofobiT miyenebuli ziani, risi pirobebic ar unda Camouvardebodes Tavisufali muSakebisTvis kanoniT dadgenil pirobebs.


(1) patimarTa yoveldRiuri da yovelkvireuli samuSao saaTebis maqsimaluri raodenoba dadgenili unda iyos kanoniT an administraciuli aqtiT, romelic unda iTvaliswinebdes adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebis moTxovnebs Tavisufali muSakebis SromasTan mimarTebiT.

95

(2) amgvarad dadgenili saaTebi unda tovebdes kviraSi erT dasvenebis dRes da sakmaris dros ganaTlebisa da sxva saqmianobebisTvis, romlebic moiTxoveba patimarTa reJimisa da reabilitaciis farglebSi. patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli minimaluri wesebi, wesi 76:

(1) unda arsebobdes patimarTa Sromis samarTliani anazRaurebis sistema.

(2) am sistemis farglebSi patimrebs neba unda daerToT, sakuTari SromiT miRebuli Semosavlis nawili mainc daxarjon nebadarTul piradi gamoyenebis nivTebze, xolo nawili gaugzavnon TavianT ojaxebs.

(3) sistema aseve unda iTvaliswinebdes, rom SromiT miRebuli Semosavlis nawili administraciam gverdze gadados danazogis dagrovebis saxiT, romelic patimars gadaecema gaTavisuflebis Semdeg. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba patimrebma dReebi ar unda gaataron uqmad an monotonurad. es mniSvnelovania rogorc maTi piradi keTildReobis, ise cixis normaluri marTvisaTvisac: Tu patimrebi ar arian dakavebuli raime saqmianobiT, maSin didia albaToba, rom isini Cavardebian depresiaSi an gaxdebian damrRvevebi. es ukavSirdeba dinamiuri usafrTxoebis cnebas, romelic am saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi iyo ganxiluli. Tumca, arsebobs kidev gacilebiT ufro dadebiTi mizezi imisa, rom patimrebi sasargeblo SromiT dasaqmdnen. zogi adamiani danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi Caeba imitom, rom mas ar hqonda kanonieri Semosavlis wyaro, xSirad imitomac, rom ver iSova samuSao. aseve, SesaZloa, zogi maTgani arasodes yofila regularul samuSaoze da arasodes uswavlia disciplina, romelic unda daicva yoveldRiur reJimSi. garda amisa, SeiZleba maT surdeT kidec muSaoba, magram ar hqondeT regularuli samuSaosTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebi da codna. iZulebiTi an savaldebulo Sroma, zogadad, akrZalulia. Tumca, saerTaSoriso dokumentebi mkafiod gansazRvraven, rom patimrebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao avtomaturad am kategoriaSi ar xvdeba. msjavrdebuli patimrebi SeiZleba daavaldebulon, imuSaon, garkveuli garantiebis pirobiT. esenia:

samuSaos unda hqondes mizani; samuSao unda daexmaros maT im unar-Cvevebis SeZenaSi,

romlebic maT gamoadgeba gaTavisuflebis Semdeg; patimrebs unda gadauxadon maT mier Sesrulebuli

samuSaosTvis; Sromis pirobebi ZiriTadad igive unda iyos, rac

gaTvaliswinebulia samoqalaqo samuSao adgilze, gansakuTrebiT, janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT;

Sromis saaTebi ar unda iyos gadaWarbebuli da unda tovebdes dros sxva saqmianobebisTvis. cixeSi muSaobas ori ZiriTadi mizani aqvs. pirveli, martivi mizania, patimrebis waxaliseba iqiTken, rom isini CarTulni iyvnen yoveldRiur regularul saqmianobaSi, romelic moicavs fexze adgomas, samuSao adgilze misvlas da yoveldRe ramdenime saaTis SromaSi gatarebas sxva adamianebTan erTad, organizebuli wesiT. Tumca, es TavisTavad sakmarisi araa. azri ar aqvs patimrebis iZulebas, rom yoveldRiurad iaron samuSaoze, romelic

Sromis fasi

samuSao pirobebi

yoveldRiuri dRis wesrigis

SemuSaveba

96

monotonuria da sxvebs didad araferSi gamoadgebaT. amis yvelaze uaresi magaliTi iyo me-19 saukuneSi arsebuli sistema, rodesac patimrebs aiZulebdnen, yoveldRe, mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi, saerTod umiznod, etrialebinaT qviSiT savse cilindrebi. aseTi uazro samuSaos Tanamedrove ekvivalentebic mravlad arsebobs. muSaobis kidev erTi mizania, patimrebs SesZinos miznobrivi samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiro Tavdajereba da unar-Cvevebi, rodesac isini grZnoben, rom maT mier miRebuli codna gacilebiT ufro gazrdis sasjelis moxdis Semdeg maT mier samuSaos Sovnis albaTobas. es niSnavs, rom cixeSi muSaoba unda mimdinareobdes swavlebasTan erTad, romlis mizania patimrebis aRWurva iseTi unar-CvevebiT, romelTa meSveobiT isini SeiZenen xelosnis kvalifikacias da SeeZlebaT, dasaqmdnen iseT tradiciul sferoebSi, rogoricaa mSenebloba, sainJinro saqme, administrireba an sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebi. profesiul-teqnikuri swavleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania axalgazrda patimrebisTvis. am programebis Seqmnisas aucilebelia imis codna, Tu ra tipis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi iarsebebs adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi, sadac patimari dabrundeba. qali patimrebis specialur saWiroebebze saubaria me-13 TavSi. mniSvnelovania, maT xeli miuwvdebodeT im samuSaoTa srul speqtrze, romlebic cixis pirobebSi sruldeba. isini ar unda SezRudon mxolod iseTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa kerva an xelsaqme. bevr qveyanaSi cixis administraciebs Zalian uWirT patimrebisTvis sakmarisi samuSaos gamoZebna. am problemis mogvarebis sxvadasxva modeli arsebobs.

zog saxelmwifoSi mTavrobis sxva saministroebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba, cixis administracias SesTavazon garkveuli tipis samuSaoebi. es SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos mTavrobis Sida kontraqtebTan. magaliTad, samxreT afrikaSi sajaro samsaxurebisTvis yvela avejs amzadeben patimrebi. es SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos gare organizaciebis sasargeblod muSaobasTanac, magaliTad, manqanis sanomre niSnebis damzadeba.

xSirad Tavad cixis TanamSromlebma SeiZleba gamoiCinon SemoqmedebiToba patimrebisTvis miznobrivi samuSaos gamoZebnaSi. magaliTad, SerCeulma patimrebma sasargeblo unar-Cvevebi SeiZleba SeiZinon cixis TanamSromlebis gverdigverd cixis Senobebis momsaxurebisa da remontis samuSaoebis SesrulebiT. Tu cixes aqvs miwa, zedamxedvelobis qveS patimrebma SeiZleba daamuSaon igi, raTa sakvebiT uzrunvelyon TavianTi Tavi da sxvebi. aseve, patimrebma SeiZleba monawileoba miiRon yoveldRiur aucilebel saqmianobaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, samzareuloSi saqmianoba da dasufTaveba.

garda amisa, arsebobs mravali SemTxveva, rodesac patimrebma SeiZleba daxmareba gauwion samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs mZime mdgomareobaSi myof adamianebTan muSaobaSi, magaliTad, maT SeiZleba daamzadon aveji usaxlkaro adamianebis saerTo sacxovreblisTvis an saTamaSoebi bavSvTa saxlebisTvis.

TviTdasaqmeba erTi piris sawarmos an mcire kooperativis formiT SeiZleba realuri varianti iyos zogi patimrisTvis cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg. patimrebma SesaZloa is unar-Cvevebi, romlebic ukve aqvT, gamoiyenon da ganaviTaron iseTi sagnebis dasamzadeblad, romlebic Ria bazarze gaiyideba. am saqmianobisTvis xelis mokideba SeiZleba cixidan gamosvlis

unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba

qali patimrebi

samuSaos gamoZebnis gzebi

97

Semdeg da yofil patimars arc diskriminaciis problemis gadalaxva mouwevs.

bolo wlebSi mzardia tendencia, rodesac kerZo komerciul da samrewvelo kompaniebs iyeneben patimrebis dasasaqmeblad. am SemTxvevaSi, penitencialurma organoebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom patimrebi ar gamoiyenon, rogorc, ubralod, iafi muSaxeli an adgilobrivi muSakebisTvis xelfasebis Sesamcireblad. am SemTxvevaSi, patimrebs Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis unda gadauxadon sruli ganakveTiT. `senegalSi patimrebi dakavebuli arian tradiciuli xelobebiT, rogoricaa tyavisa da saiuveliro nakeTobebis damzadeba. arasamTavrobo organizacia awyobs aseTi nivTebis gamofena-gayidvas~. `TurqeTSi moxaliseTa organizacia “Tur hizi”, romelic komerciul interesebsa da xelobis ostatebs aerTianebs, TanamSromlobs cixis administraciasTan da patimrebisTvis atarebs swavlebas im sferoebSi, romlebSic profesionali muSaxelis nakleboba igrZnoba. kerZod, dalageba-dasufTavebis swavleba dakavSirebulia mzard turistul industriasTan. moxalise ostatebis mier cixeebSi Catarebuli swavleba industriis moTxovnebis Sesabamisi standartebiT xorcieldeba. samuSaod mivlineba xdeba sastumroebsa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis ofisebSi~. `indoeTis provincia andhra pradeSSi rajahmundris ori penitencialuri dawesebuleba centraluri mTavrobis qoqosis sabWosTan erTad monawileobs erTobliv iniciativaSi, romlis farglebSic xdeba qoqosis nawarmis warmoebaSi treningebis Catareba. rogorc dagegmili iyo, patimrebi Camoayalibebdnen kooperativs am warmoebis gagrZelebis mizniT. maTTvis unda gadaecaT aRWurviloba, riTac isini SeZlebdnen muSaobis gagrZelebas cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg~. Tu muSaobis gamocdilebam patimrebi unda moamzados gaTavisuflebis Semdgomi cxovrebisTvis da ar unda iyos aRqmuli patimrebis mier mxolod rogorc iZulebiTi Sroma, maSin aucilebelia, rom isini Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis iRebdnen garkveul gasamrjelos. es sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba moxdes. erT-erTi yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi meTodia, rodesac patimrebs uxdian imis ekvivalents, rasac gadauxdidnen Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi daqiravebul muSaks. amis Semdeg maTgan moiTxoveba, rom Tanxis nawili gaugzavnon ojaxebs, zog SemTxvevaSi – Tanxis nawili gadaixadon maT mier Cadenili danaSauliT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis saxiT, agreTve, Tanxis nawili Seinaxon cixidan gamosvlis droisTvis. amis erT-erTi magaliTi, SeerTebuli Statebidan, moTxrobilia qvemoT. `1993 wels elsvorTis gamasworebelma dawesebulebam gaaforma xelSekruleba “senCuri meniufeqCeringTan” sxvadasxva saxis produqciis damzadebis Taobaze. am programebis farglebSi momuSave patimrebi iRebdnen standartul minimalur xelfass (gansxvavebiT im nominaluri xelfasisgan, romelsac, Cveulebriv, cixeSi ixdian). am xelfasidan xdeboda gamoqviTvebi binadrobisa da sakvebis xarjebis dasafarad, ojaxis Sesanaxad, dazaralebulisTvis kompensaciis gadasaxdelad da gadasaxadebis gadasaxdelad. yvela am gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCenili Tanxis 10% iricxeboda Semnaxvel angariSze, romlidanac patimari Tanxas

Sromis anazRaureba

98

gaitanda patimrobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg~. kanzasis gamasworebeli departamenti

mniSvnelovania, rom pirobebi, romlebSic patimrebi muSaoben, eqvemdebarebodes imave kanonmdeblobas jandacvis, usafrTxoebis, sawarmoo zianis da profesiuli daavadebebis sferoSi, rasac Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi samuSao pirobebi eqvemdebareba. es niSnavs, rom penitencialurma organoebma unda icodnen erovnuli kanonmdebloba jandacvisa da samuSaos usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb da unda uzrunvelyon misi dacva cixis pirobebSi. es garantiebi unda vrceldebodes im drois xangrZlivobazec, romelsac patimrebi muSaobaSi atareben. samuSao saaTebi ar unda iyos gadaWarbebuli da patimrebs unda utovebdes dros sxva saqmeebisTvisac. muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebi, pirvel rigSi, msjavrdebul patimrebs exeba. arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba im patimrebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac sasjeli jer ar misjiaT. vinaidan isini jer ar arian cnobili damnaSaved raime danaSaulis CadenaSi, maT ar unda aiZulon muSaoba. Tumca, isinic SeiZleba daitanjon didi xnis monotonurobisa da uqmad yofnisagan, rac zogjer wlobiT grZeldeba. SeZlebisdagvarad, samuSao maTTvisac unda iyos da isini unda waaxalison muSaobaSi Cabmisaken. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebis Sesaxeb saubaria am saxelmZRvanelos me-11 TavSi.

ganaTleba da kulturuli RonisZiebebi cixeSi myof bevr adamians ganaTlebis dabali done aqvs. didma nawilma ar icis wera-kiTxva. inglissa da uelsSi Catarebuli kvleva aCvenebs, rom patimarTa 65%-is ganaTlebis done aris is, rac Cveulebriv moeTxoveba TerTmeti wlis bavSvs, xolo saerTo mosaxleobis SemTxvevaSi, es procentuli maCvenebeli 23%-ze dabalia. ganaTlebis dabalma donem, savaraudod, gavlena moaxdina maT cxovrebaze cixeSi mosvlamde da SeiZleba maT mier danaSaulis CadenaSic didi roli iTamaSa. samwuxaro realobaa, magram zogi adamianisTvis TviT cixeSi yofnis faqti da is, rom erT adgilas uwevs drois garkveuli vadis ganmavlobaSi yofna, warmoadens pirvel realur SesaZleblobas, xeli mihyos saTanado ganaTlebis SeZenas. formalur saganmanaTleblo saqmianobasTan erTad, mniSvnelovania kulturul RonisZiebebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobis micemac, radgan es Seqmnis damatebiT pirobebs imisaTvis, rom patimrebs sakuTari meobis SegrZneba ganuviTardeT. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 26:

(1) yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis ufleba. (2) ganaTleba mimarTuli unda iyos adamianis pirovnebis

srulyofili ganviTarebisken da adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa pativiscemis ganmtkicebisaken. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 27:

(1) yvelas aqvs ufleba, Tavisuflad miiRos monawileoba sazogadoebis kulturul cxovrebaSi, isiamovnos xelovnebiT, monawileoba miiRos samecniero progresSi da isargeblos misi sikeTeebiT.

Sromis usafrTxo pirobebi

samuSao winaswar

patimrobaSi myofi

pirebisTvis

99

patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 6:

yvela patimars aqvs ufleba, monawileoba miiRos kulturul RonisZiebebsa da ganaTlebaSi, romlebic mimarTulia adamianis pirovnebis srulyofili ganviTarebisken.


(1) yvela patimari, romelsac SeuZlia amisgan sargeblis miReba, uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes damatebiTi ganaTlebiT, maT Soris, religiuri swavlebiT im qveynebSi, sadac es SesaZlebelia. wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa da axalgazrda patimarTa ganaTleba savaldebulo unda iyos da amas administraciam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios.

(2) ramdenadac praqtikulad SesaZlebelia, patimarTa ganaTleba integrirebuli unda iyos qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi, raTa gaTavisuflebis Semdgom maT sirTuleebis gareSe SeZlon swavlis gagrZeleba.


gamajansaRebeli da kulturuli RonisZiebebi unda tardebodes yvela dawesebulebaSi, patimrebis fsiqikuri da fizikuri janmrTelobis sasargeblod.


yovel dawesebulebas unda hqondes biblioTeka, romelic iqneba xelmisawvdomi yvela kategoriis patimrisTvis da adekvaturad aRWurvili rogorc gasarTobi, ise saganmanaTleblo wignebiT. patimrebi unda waaxalison biblioTekis srulad gamoyenebisaken.

gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos dadgenileba 1990/20 cixeSi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb ambobs Semdegs:

(a) ganaTleba cixeSi mimarTuli unda iyos srulfasovani pirobebis Camoyalibebisken da unda iTvaliswinebdes patimris socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul garemoebebs;

(b) yvela patimars unda miuwvdebodes xeli ganaTlebaze, maT Soris, wera-kiTxvis Seswavlis programebze, sabaziso ganaTlebaze, profesiul-teqnikur swavlebaze, SemoqmedebiT, religiur da kulturul saqmianobaze, fizikur aRzrdasa da sportze, socialur ganaTlebaze, umaRles ganaTlebasa da biblioTekis momsaxurebaze.

(c) yvela saSualeba unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, raTa patimrebi waaxalison ganaTlebis yovel aspeqtSi aqtiurad monawileobisaken;

(d) cixis administraciisa da xelmZRvanelobis yvela warmomadgeneli maqsimalurad xels unda uwyobdes da mxars uWerdes ganaTlebas;

(e) ganaTleba cixis reJimis arsebiTi elementi unda iyos; patimrebs, romlebic damtkicebul oficialur saganmanaTleblo programebSi monawileobas iReben, xeli ar unda SeuSalon;

(f) profesiul-teqnikuri ganaTleba mimarTuli unda iyos adamianis meti ganviTarebisken da iTvaliswinebdes Sromis bazarze arsebul tendenciebs;

(g) mniSvnelovani roli unda mieniWos SemoqmedebiT da kulturul RonisZiebebs, radgan isini gansakuTrebulad uwyoben xels patimrebis ganviTarebasa da TviTgamoxatvas;

(h) SeZlebisdagvarad, patimrebs unda darTon neba, ganaTleba miiRon cixis gareTac; (i) Tu ganaTlebis miReba cixis SigniT xdeba, masSi rac SeiZleba metad unda iyvnen

Cabmulni gare sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi; (j) unda gamoiyos aucilebeli Tanxebi, aRWurviloba da maswavleblebi, raTa

patimrebs SeeZloT saTanado ganaTlebis miReba. arasrulwlovanTa mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis standartuli minimaluri wesebi (“pekinis wesebi”) miuTiTebs, rom arasrulwlovanTa dakavebis adgilebSi

100

ganaTlebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amis Sesaxeb ufro detalurad saubaria am saxelmZRvanelos me-12 TavSi. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba patimarTa saqmianobebis CamonaTvalSi ganaTleba ar unda CaiTvalos fakultatur damatebiT saqmianobad. piriqiT, mas mTavari adgili uWiravs mTel im ideaSi, rom cixeSi yofnis dro gamoyenebuli iqnes sakuTari cxovrebis pozitiuri mimarTulebiT xelaxla awyobaSi patimrebis dasaxmareblad. pirvel rigSi, aqcenti unda gakeTdes ZiriTad saWiroebebze, raTa cixeSi myof yvela adamians, vadis xangrZlivobis miuxedavad, aswavlon wera-kiTxva da elementaruli ariTmetika, rac maT Tanamedrove cxovrebis pirobebSi gadarCenaSi daexmareba. ganaTlebaSi gacilebiT meti igulisxmeba, vidre am ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis swavleba. ganaTleba, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, mimarTuli unda iyos pirovnebis srulfasovani ganviTarebisken da iTvaliswinebdes patimris socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul garemoebebs. amitom, igi aseve gulisxmobs xelmisawvdomobas wignebze, saswavlo kursebsa da kulturul RonisZiebebze, rogoricaa musika, Teatri da mxatvroba. saqmianobis aseTi forma ar unda CaiTvalos mxolod gasarTobad, aramed mimarTuli unda iyos patimrebis pirovnebad CamoyalibebisaTvis waxalisebisken. kerZod, saWiroa saqmianobaTa dabalansebuli programa, romelic moicavs am TavSi aRwerili sarewi samuSaoebis da unar-Cvevebis swavlebas, ganaTlebasa da kulturul RonisZiebebs, fizikur aRzrdas. am programis yvela elementi raime doneze mainc unda arsebobdes yvela cixeSi, Tumca, konkretuli balansi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos patimrebis asakis, SesaZleblobebis da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. zogi patimris, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebisTvis, SeiZleba saWiro iyos, rom dRis ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli iyos swavliT, TiTqos skolaSi dadiodes. sxvebisTvis saswavlo klasebi SeiZleba Catardes saRamos, Cveulebrivi samuSao dRis Semdeg. sxva SemTxvevebSi, patimrebma SeiZleba naxevari dRe dauTmon muSaobas, meore naxevari ki – saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. es Cveuli praqtikaa, rodesac samuSao ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom yvela patimari mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi iyos dakavebuli. am Tavis wina nawilSi saubari iyo patimarTa uflebaze, miiRon gasamrjelo Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis. mniSvnelovania, rom am TvalsazrisiT ar moxdes patimrebis dasja maTi saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi monawileobis gamo. Tu patimrebi kargaven Semosavals imis gamo, rom eswrebian saswavlo klasebs, es mniSvnelovnad gaauaresebs maT motivacias. xSirad cixeebi is adgilebia, sadac patimarTa Soris didZali aRmouCeneli potenciali moipoveba. zog maTgans SeiZleba umaRlesi ganaTleba hqondes; zogi SeiZleba maswavlebelic ki iyo cixeSi mosvlamde. ganxiluli unda iqnes SesaZlebloba, rom aseTi patimrebi waaxalison, raTa, Sesabamisi zedamxedvelobis qveS, naklebunarian patimrebs daexmaron ganaTlebis miRebaSi. am saxelmZRvanelos me-8 TavSi saubaria imis mniSvnelobaze, rom patimrebs, rac SeiZleba, meti kontaqti hqondeT samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa, rom penitencialurma organoebma, SeZlebisdagvarad, isargeblon

ganaTlebis mniSvnelovneba

pirovnebis srulfasovani

ganviTareba

dabalansebuli programa

Sromis anazRaurebis

dakargvis dauSvebloba

patimrebis niWis gamoyeneba

sazogadoebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba

101

sazogadoebaSi arsebuli momsaxurebebiT da ar Seqmnan paraleluri struqturebi. amis kargi magaliTia, rodesac zogierTi penitencialuri sistema cixeSi samuSaod iwvevs im maswavleblebs, romlebic, Cveulebriv, adgilobriv skolebsa da kolejebSi aswavlian. amis misaRwevad mravali meTodi arsebobs. erT-erTi maTgania is, rom penitencialurma organoebma ganaTlebis adgilobriv organoebTan gaaformon xelSekruleba patimrebisTvis swavlebis Taobaze. amiT xdeba imis uzrunvelyofa, rom patimrebs aswavlon imave SinaarsiTa da meTodebiT, rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSia miRebuli. garda amisa, amiT patimrebs ufro meti SesaZlebloba eqnebaT, gaTavisuflebis Semdeg swavla gaagrZelon sazogadoebaSi. penitencialur organoebs aseve SeuZliaT, cixeSi moiwvion adgilobrivi kulturuli jgufebi, romlebic patimrebTan erTad miiReben monawileobas garkveul saqmianobaSi. zog cixeSi damkvidrebulia tradicia, romlis mixedviTac, adgilobrivTagan SerCeul jgufebs, magaliTad, rogorebic arian moxucebi an gonebrivad CamorCenili adamianebi, iwveven cixeSi, sadac maT arToben patimrebi da cixis TanamSromlebi koncertebisa Tu sxva kulturuli RonisZiebebis saxiT.

gaTavisuflebisTvis momzadeba saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, principi 10:

sazogadoebisa da socialuri institutebis monawileobiTa da daxmarebiT, imavdroulad, dazaralebulTa interesebis jerovani gaTvaliswinebiT, unda Seiqmnas pirobebi yofili patimrebis sazogadoebaSi saukeTesod reintegraciisTvis.


patimris mier sasjelis moxdis dawyebisTanave unda ganixilebodes gaTavisuflebis Semdeg misi momavlis sakiTxi. igi unda waaxalison da daxmareba gauwion dawesebulebis gareT pirebTan an dawesebulebebTan iseTi kavSirebis SenarCunebasa an damyarebaSi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs misi ojaxis saukeTeso interesebs da TviT mis socialur reabilitacias.


(1) saxelmwifo an sxva samsaxurebma da dawesebulebebma, romlebic gaTavisuflebul patimrebs sazogadoebaSi xelaxla damkvidrebaSi exmarebian, unda uzrunvelyon, ramdenadac es SesaZlebeli da saWiroa, rom gaTavisuflebul patimrebs mieceT Sesabamisi dokumentebi da piradobis damadasturebeli sabuTebi, hqondeT Sesaferisi sacxovrebeli adgili da samsaxuri, Cacmulni iyvnen Sesaferisad da adekvaturad klimatisa da sezonis gaTvaliswinebiT, hqondeT sakmarisi saxsrebi daniSnulebis adgilamde mgzavrobisTvis da uSualod gaTavisuflebis Semdgom periodSi Tavis SenaxvisTvis.

(2) aseTi dawesebulebebis uflebamosil warmomadgenlebs unda hqondeT dawesebulebisa da patimrebis monaxulebisTvis yvela SesaZlebloba. maTTan unda moxdes konsultireba sasjelis moxdis dawyebidan moyolebuli patimris Semdgom momaval bedTan dakavSirebiT.

(3) sasurvelia, rom aseTi dawesebulebebis saqmianoba iyos centralizebuli an koordinirebuli, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, raTa moxdes maTi mcdelobebis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba.

evropis cixis wesebi, wesi 70:

(2) reJimis programa maqsimalurad unda iTvaliswinebdes cixidan droebiT gasvlis SesaZleblobas samedicino, saganmanaTleblo, profesiuli, ojaxuri da sxva socialuri garemoebebis gamo.

102

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba saboloo jamSi, TiTqmis yvela patimari gaTavisufldeba da daubrundeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebas. mniSvnelovania, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc SedarebiT moklevadian sasjels ixdis, rom gaTavisuflebisTvis mzadeba daiwyos cixeSi yofnis dasawyisidanve. es Sedis rogorc maT, ise samoqalaqo sazogadoebis interesebSi, radgan Tu pirovnebas aqvs sadme dasarCeni adgili, Tavis Senaxvis da socialuri daxmarebis miRebis SesaZlebloba, maSin mas gacilebiT meti stimuli aqvs cixis gareT warmatebuli cxovrebis awyobisTvis. bevr saxelmwifoSi patimrebis umravlesoba moklevadian sasjels ixdis da sazogadoebas maleve daubrundeba. xSirad es cdunebad iqceva xolme cixis administraciisTvis, rom ar miaqcios yuradReba aseTi patimrebis reabilitacias, radgan isini cixeSi mainc cota xniT arian. am SemTxvevaSi ki, arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba, rom moklevadiani sasjelis mqone patimrebi swrafadve daubrundebian danaSaulebriv cxovrebas da isev da isev moxvdebian cixeSi. prioriteti unda mieniWos sazogadoebaSi mxardaWeris saWiroebas. gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom patimrebi, romlebmac metad grZelvadiani sasjeli moixades, momzadebuli iyvnen gaTavisuflebisTvis, radgan sazogadoebaSi maTi damxmare struqturebi SeiZleba daiSalnen an gaqrnen, sanam isini cixeSi imyofebian. penitencialuri organoebi ver moamzadeben patimrebs gasaTavisufleblad samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxva dawesebulebebis daxmarebis gareSe. samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic gaTavisuflebis Semdeg yofil patimrebTan muSaoben, unda waxalisdnen imisaTvis, rom isini mividnen cixeSi da daamyaron urTierToba patimrebTan maT gaTavisuflebamde, ris Sedegadac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sazogadoebaSi maTi xelaxali integraciis dagegmva. TiTqmis yvela patimari miiRebs sargebels maTTvis gaweuli daxmarebidan gaTavisuflebis Semdgomi cxovrebisTvis mosamzadeblad. zogisTvis aq SeiZleba igulisxmebodes daxmareba sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenisa da Tavdajerebis aRdgenaSi. sxvebisTvis es SeiZleba niSnavdes daxmarebas cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg samuSaos da sacxovrebeli adgilis povnaSi an im Tanxis miRebaSi, rac saWiroa saxlamde misasvlelad. rac meti xani iyo piri patimrobaSi, miT ufro mniSvnelovania aseTi programebi. sazogado dawesebulebebi, romlebic daxmarebas uweven umuSevrebs da usaxlkaroebs, SeiZleba Cabmuli iqnen gaTavisuflebisTvis mosamzadeblad patimrebis daxmarebaSi. aq igulisxmeba iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa probaciisa da socialuri samsaxurebi, religiuri jgufebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. bevr qveyanaSi mimdinareobs muSaoba iseTi damokidebulebebis mqone adamianebis dasaxmareblad, romlebic xSirad danaSaulTan asocirdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Warbi sma, azartuli TamaSobebi da narkotikebi. Tu amgvari programebi ukve arsebobs sazogadoebaSi, maSin penitencialurma organoebma es programebi unda gadmoitanon cixis garemoSi da ar Seqmnan axali programebi mxolod patimrebisTvis. bolo wlebSi gaizarda patimarTa im

iwyeba sasjelis moxdis

dawyebasTan erTad

moklevadiani patimrebi

grZelvadiani patimrebi

gare organizaciebis

gamoyeneba

sxvadasxva saxis daxmareba

specialuri programebis

gamoyeneba

103

specifikur kategoriebze orientirebuli programebis raodenoba, rogoricaa seqsualuri danaSaulis Camdeni pirebi; gaizarda im programebis raodenobac, romlebic iTvaliswinebs Zaladobriv danaSaulSi msjavrdebuli pirebis daxmarebas brazisa da Zaladobis kontrolis unaris gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT. mzadeba gaTavisuflebisaTvis SeiZleba gulisxmobdes patimrebis SesaZleblobas, droebiT yoveldRiurad gavidnen cixidan saboloo gaTavisuflebis TariRamde. amiT maT miecemaT SesaZlebloba, daeswron saswavlo kurss an SeiZinon axali samuSao unar-Cvevebi, xSirad im samuSao adgilebze, romlebzec maT SeuZliaT muSaoba gaagrZelon gaTavisuflebis Semdeg. patimrebs, gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc xangrZlivi sasjeli moixada, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT momzadeba esaWiroebaT saxlSi wasvlamde. am momzadebas SeiZleba arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqondes ara marto patimris, aramed ojaxis sxva wevrebisTvisac, romlebic gadaeCvivnen maTi patimari ojaxis wevris yolas uSualod ojaxur wreSi. amis miRwevis erT-erTi saSualebaa, sasjelis vadis gasvlis moaxloebasTan erTad, patimars mieces SesaZlebloba, regularulad, ramdenime dRiT wavides xolme saxlSi. aucilebelia, pativi vceT im adamianebis grZnobebs, romlebic danaSaulis Sedegad dazaraldnen. iseTi saqmeebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebmac farTo sazogadoebrivi gamoxmaureba hpova, magaliTad, mcirericxovan sazogadoebaSi an, rodesac individualuri dazaralebulis an misi ojaxis mimarT Cadenili iyo Zaladobis faqti, SeiZleba saWiro iyos maTi Setyobineba imis Taobaze, rom axlovdeba patimris gaTavisuflebis dro. am sakiTxs didi sifrTxiliT mokideba sWirdeba. zogjer patimrisTvis SeuZlebelia im adgilas dabruneba, sadac danaSauli iyo Cadenili. aseT SemTxvevebSi, raime alternatiuli RonisZiebebi unda iqnes miRebuli, rom dakmayofilebuli iqnes rogorc dazaralebulis, ise yofili patimris saWiroebebi. zogi patimari, romelic didi xani ixdida sasjels an romelic jer kidev sazogadoebisTvis saSiSad iTvleba, SeiZleba gaTavisufldes pirobiT, rac niSnavs, rom is iqneba oficialuri zedamxedvelobis qveS.

gaTavisufleba mokle vadiT

dazaralebulTa pativiscema

104

8 kontaqti gare samyarosTan

zogadi sakiTxebi

cixeSi myof pirebs ezRudebaT mxolod Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufleba. sxva danarCeni uflebebi, romliTac sargebloben Tavisufali adamianebi, gaaCniaT patimrebsac. maT Soris, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gaxlavT sakuTar ojaxTan urTierTobis ufleba. aRniSnuli uflebiT sargeblobis ufleba aqvs rogorc patimars, aseve cixis gareT myof misi ojaxis wevrebs. patimrebs aqvT ufleba, SeinarCunon kavSiri mSoblebTan, SvilebTan, debsa Tu ZmebTan. cixis administracia valdebulia, uzrunvelyos msgavsi kavSirebis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba. uSualod ojaxis wevrebTan kontaqti, nebismier doneze, unda efuZnebodes swored am princips. aqedan gamomdinare, ojaxuri vizitebis akrZalva an SezRudva araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli sadamsjelo zomad.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ZiriTadi instrumentebi sakmaod konkretulad aregulireben mocemul sakiTxs.

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 12:

aravin unda ganicados mis pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaSi Careva, aseve, sacxovrebeli binisa da korespondenciis saidumloebis TviTneburi xelyofa (...)

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqti, muxli 23:

`ojaxi sazogadoebis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi ujredia da aqvs ufleba, rom igi daicvas sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom.~

aRniSnuli ufleba gaaCnia yvela patimars. 1979 wels adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sasjelis moxdisas patimrebs gaaCniaT daqorwinebis uflebac.10

zogad wesad unda damkvidrdes, rom patimrebs hqondeT ufleba, daamyaron kavSiri ojaxis wevrebTan. mocemuli wesi unda efuZnebodes ara marto adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instrumentebSi moxseniebul saojaxo cxovrebis uflebas, aramed samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-10 muxlsac:

`yvela TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirs aqvs ufleba, humanurad moeqcnen da pativi scen mis Rirsebas”.

ojaxTan kontaqtis uflebis uzrunvelyofa unda iyos im sistemis nawili, romelic patimris mimarT adamianur mopyrobas aRiarebs.

ojaxuri urTierTobebis SenarCuneba cixis xelmZRvanelobas garkveul valdebulebebs akisrebs. amitom, imis arCevisas, Tu

10 hameri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1979.

ojaxuri cxovrebis

ufleba

saxlTan axlos yofna

105

romel cixeSi ganTavsdes patimari, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes misi sacxovreblis mdebareoba. am ukanasknels mniSvneloba eniWeba patimrisaTvis, radganac igi SeiZleba iyos kulturuli gansxvavebis mizezi. adgilmdebareoba aseve mniSvnelovania ojaxis wevrebisaTvis misi monaxulebis TvalsazrisiT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mravali patimari aris marginaluri da Raribi ojaxidan, Sor manZilze mgzavroba ojaxis wevrebs gaurTulebs patimarTan kavSirs. ar aris gamoricxuli, am mizeziT, ojaxis wevrebisaTvis SeuZlebelic ki gaxdes patimris monaxuleba. im qveynebSi, sadac patimrebi ojaxze arian damokidebulni tansacmlis, saWmlis, wamlebisa Tu sxva saWiro nivTebiT uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT, patimris ganTavseba saxlTan axlos kidev ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens. sasurvelia, rom garkveuli RonisZiebebi iqnes gatarebuli imisaTvis, raTa patimrebs mieceT saSualeba, mcire vadiT wavidnen Sin da moinaxulon ojaxebi, Tuki amiT sazogadoebisa da ojaxis wevrebis usafrTxoebas safrTxe ar daemuqreba. mcire xniT Sin wasvlis saSualebis micema gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im patimrebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic ixdian mcirevadian sasjels an ixdian xangrZliv sasjels, magram axlovdeba maTi gaTavisuflebis dro. ra Tqma unda, garkveul SemTxvevebSi gaumarTlebeli iqneba droebiT Sin gaSveba, amitom msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi unda efuZnebodes riskis guldasmiT, individualur Sefasebas, rogorc es aRwerilia am saxelmZRvanelos V TavSi. ojaxis wevrebsa da megobrebs unda mieceT saSualeba, rom cixeSi moinaxulon patimrebi. aRniSnuli vizitebi unda ganxorcieldes imdenad bunebriv pirobebSi, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZleva dawesebuleba. maqsimalurad unda iyos uzrunvelyofili myudroeba. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom vizitebi, gansakuTrebiT ki, axlo ojaxis wevrebTan, aris ara privilegia, aramed adamianis elementaruli ufleba. vizitebis pirobebisa Tu sixSiris SezRudva gamarTlebuli unda iqnes yovel mocemul viTarebaSi. prezumfciis doneze unda miiCneodes, rom nebadarTulia vizitebis maqsimaluri raodenoba, romlebic xorcieldeba SeZlebisdagvarad yvelaze misaReb pirobebSi. qal patimrebs sWirdebaT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, radganac Svilebze umeteswilad swored isini zrunaven. amitomac, dakavebul dedebs, rogorc wesi, Zalian ainteresebT maTi Svilebis cxovrebis pirobebi. Tavis mxriv, bavSvebsac aqvT garkveuli imedgacrueba da mRelvareba dedis patimrobis gamo. amdenad, dedis da Svilis interesebidan gamomdinare, aseve, cixis jerovnad marTvis mizniT, cixis personali unda ecados imis uzrunvelyofas, rom SenarCunebul iqnes kavSiri dedebsa da Svilebs Soris. aRniSnuli sakiTxi detalurad iqneba ganxiluli me-13 TavSi. arasrulwlovnebisa da axalgazrda patimrebis mowyvladi statusis gamo, unda moxdes im urTierTobebis xelSewyoba, romelic maT uzrunvelyofs damatebiTi yuradRebiT da fizikuri Tu moraluri daxmarebiT. mSoblebTan Sexvedrebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. es sakiTxi ganixileba Semdgom me-12 TavSi. is, Tu rogor eqcevian cixeSi mosanaxuleblad mosul ojaxis wevrebsa Tu sxva mnaxvelebs, xSirad miuTiTebs imaze, Tu

Sin wasvla

kerZo ojaxuri

vizitebi

qalebi da maTi

Svilebi

arasrulwlovnebi da maTi mSoblebi

mnaxvelTa mopyroba

106

ramdenad kargad imarTeba cixe. dadebiT mopyrobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs patimrisaTvis. am ukanasknels SesaZlebelia hqondes dadebiTi an uaryofiTi zegavlena cixis usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobaze. ojaxis vizitebTan erTad, aseve, mniSvnelovania sxva tipis kontaqtic. patimrebs unda SeeZloT, maqsimalurad Tavisuflad miiRon da gagzavnon werilebi da, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, isargeblon telefoniT. patimrebs unda SeeZloT, Tvalyuri miadevnon samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebs. aRniSnuli kavSiri gare samyarosTan uzrunvelyofs imas, rom patimari ar gaucxovdes im gare samyarosgan, sadac mas mouwevs dabruneba gaTavisuflebis Semdeg. am mizniT, patimars xeli unda miuwvdebodes wignebze, gazeTebze, Jurnalebsa Tu televizorze. cixeebSi sul ufro da ufro izrdeba ucxoel patimarTa ricxvi. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela zemoxsenebuli ufleba maTac exeba. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom ucxoelma patimrebma ar gawyviton kontaqti ojaxebTan da maT kulturasTan.

vizitebi, werilebi, telefoni saerTaSoriso instrumentebiT dadgenili standartebi principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb (Body of Principles of the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment), principi 18: dakavebuli Tu dapatimrebuli pirisa da misi damcvelis interviu SesaZlebelia mimdinareobdes vizualuri zedamxedvelobis qveS, Tumca, maTi saubari ar unda isminebodes kanonis damcveli piris mier. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb (Body of Principles of the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment), principi 19: dakavebul Tu dapatimrebul pirs aqvs ufleba, moinaxulon ojaxis wevrebma da iqonios maTTan mimowera. mas unda mieces saTanado saSualeba, ikontaqtos gare samyarosTan. aRniSnuli ufleba unda ganxorcieldes gonivrul pirobebSi da daeqvemdebaros kanoniT gansazRvrul SezRudvebs. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb (Body of Principles of the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment), principi 20: Tu dakavebuli anNdapatimrebuli piri amas moiTxovs da Tuki es SesaZlebelia, igi unda ganTavsdes mis sacxovrebel saxlTan SedarebiT axlos mdebare dawesebulebaSi. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners), wesi 37: patimars unda mieces ufleba, korespondenciisa Tu uSualo vizitebis formiT, saTanado zedamxedvelobis qveS, ikontaqtos mis ojaxis wevrebTan da kargi reputaciis mqone megobrebTan regularulad.

werilebi da telefoni

sakiTxavi literaturis,

televiziisa da radios

xelmisawvdomoba

ucxoeli patimrebi

107

standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners), wesi 79: gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos patimarsa da mis ojaxis wevrebs Soris imgvari urTierTobebis SenarCunebasa da gaumjobesebas, romelic orives interesebis sasikeTod moqmedebs. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba Tuki cixis administracias unda, rom pativi sces adamianis sayovelTao uflebas _ iqonios ojaxuri cxovreba _ da surT, xeli Seuwyon patimris mier misi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas meuRlis, mSoblisa Tu Svilebis mimarT, saWiroa vizitebis imgvari formis mofiqreba, romelic, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs ojaxis saWiroebasa da survils, moinaxulon dakavebuli piri garkveuli periodiT, xolo, meore mxriv, ar Seuqmnis saSiSroebas dawesebulebis usafrTxoebas. aRwerili ojaxuri vizitebi swored amgvar mizans emsaxureba, mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs iseTi cneba, rogoricaa ojaxuri viziti, igive xangrZlivi viziti. mas SeiZleba sxvadasxva forma hqondes. aRmosavleT evropasa da centralur aziaSi araerT cixesa Tu kolonias aqvs mcire nagebobebi, romlebic ganlagebulia cixis perimetrSi, sadac mnaxvelebs saSualeba aqvT, 72 saaTamde droiT icxovron dapatimrebul ojaxis wevrTan erTad. Cveulebisamebr, aRniSnul Senobas aqvs saerTo samzareulo, farTi socialuri urTierTobebisaTvis, tualetebi da sarecxi saSualebebi eqvs ojaxamde sargeblobisaTvis. aRniSnul sacxovrebelSi TiTo jgufisaTvis gamoyofilia erTi an ori sawoli. im patimrebs, romelTac ekuTvnis msgavsi ojaxuri Sexvedrebi, SeuZliaT, isargeblon am ukanaskneliT weliwadSi oTxjer. yovel jerze dasaSvebia sami an oTxi momnaxulebeli. maT Soris coli/qmari, mSobeli, bebia/babua, Svilebi an da/Zma. kanadis da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ramdenime cixeSi arsebobs msgavsi tipis moZravi saxlebi. isini ganlagebulia cixis perimetrSi, garSemortymulia xis RobiT da miznad isaxavs maTTvis myudroebis Seqmnas. usafrTxoebis mizniT, aRniSnuli vizitis ganmavlobaSi patimrebs moeTxovebaT, rom garkveul dros gamocxaddnen administraciaSi, raTa gaiaron saTanado Semowmeba. marTalia, xsenebuli vizitebi ver CaiTvleba normalur ojaxur cxovrebad, magram amiT mainc xerxdeba imgvari pirobebis Seqmna, rodesac ojaxis wevrebs SeuZliaT dapatimrebul pirTan ojaxuri kavSiris SenarCuneba Tu gaRrmaveba. `rajastansa da indoeTis ramdenime StatSi arsebobs Ria soflis tipis cixeebi, romlebic specialurad gankuTvnilia im patimrebisaTvis, romlebmac xangrZlivi vadidan ukve moixades nawili da ar miiCnevian safrTxis momcvelad. maT SeuZliaT, icxovron individualur SenobebSi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad, daamuSaon miwa an wavidnen samuSaod axlomdebare teritoriebze. patimris ojaxis wevrebisaTvis uzrunvelyofilia skola da sxva saWiro dawesebulebani.“ zemoT aRwerili vizitebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba dasavleT evropaSi, magaliTad, daniaSi, SvedeTSi, niderlandebsa Tu espaneTSi arsebuli col-qmris vizitebisagan. aRniSnuli vizitis farglebSi patimarTan sam saaTamde droiT modis erTi momnaxulebeli _ rogorc wesi, meuRle an xangrZlivi partniori. wyvili vizitisas Tavsdeba patara oTaxSi, romelSic aris sawoli,

ojaxuri da piradi

kavSirebis SenarCuneba vizitebis meSveobiT

ojaxuri vizitebi

col-qmris vizitebi

108

Sxapi da sxva saWiro higienuri nivTebi. msgavsi vizitebis SedarebiT naklebad formaluri versia gavrcelebulia laTinuri amerikis cixeebSi, sadac mamakac patimrebs SabaT-kviris ganmavlobaSi hyavT mnaxvelebi. igive xSirad, magram ara yovelTvis, vrceldeba qal patimrebzec. aRniSnuli vizitebi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba saknebSi, sadac izolireba xdeba sabnebiTa Tu sxva gadasafareblebiT. praqtikuli miznebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia, rom ojaxuri vizitebi nebadarTuli iyos nebismier dros. zog qveyanaSi cixis vizitebi xorcieldeba did oTaxSi, romelic specialurad gansazRvrulia mocemuli miznisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, oTaxi imgvarad unda iyos mowyobili, rom ar SeizRudos arc cixis usafrTxoeba da arc patimris ufleba, ikontaqtos ojaxis wevrebTan. ZiriTadad, nebadarTulia, rom patimarma da misma momnaxulebelma isaubron pirdapir, yovelgvari barieris gareSe. es SeiZleba moxdes magidisa Tu merxis pirispir. es ufleba patimars ar unda SeezRudos, Tuki ar arsebobs raime gansakuTrebuli mizezi. aRniSnuli ufleba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria maSin, rodesac momnaxulebeli aris patara Svili. zogierT qveyanaSi vizitebi ganisazRvreba gisosebs miRma 15 wuTiani dialogiT patimarsa da momnaxulebels Soris. aseTi cixeebi aSkarad saWiroebs Sexvedrebis oTaxis pirobebis gaumjobesebas, risi gakeTebac SesaZlebelia zedmeti xarjis gareSe, calke, gadaxuruli da skamebiT aRWurvili farTis gamoyofiT. winaswar gamoZiebaSi myof pirebs, iseve rogorc msjavrdebulebs, gaaCniaT ufleba, ikontaqton ojaxTan da megobrebTan. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs safrTxe, rom dakavebuli piri ecdeba, zegavlena moaxdinos potenciur mowmeebze, an gadasces informacia mesame pirebs. aqedan gamomdinare, amgvar vizitebze SesaZlebelia garkveuli SezRudvebis daweseba. yoveli SemTxveva ganxiluli unda iqnes arsebuli mtkicebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom cixis administracia ar daeTanxmos policiisa Tu prokuraturis TanamSromlebis moTxovnas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom dakavebul pirs SeuzRudon vizitebi, radganac es ukanaskneli SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes zewolad bralis aRiarebis mizniT. aRniSnuli sakiTxi detalurad iqneba aRwerili me-11 TavSi. penitencialur dawesebulebaSi yovelTvis aris imis riski, rom mnaxvelebi ecdebian, patimars miawodon esa Tu is akrZaluli nivTi, maT Soris, narkotikebi da iaraRi. aRniSnulis Tavidan asacileblad, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes saTanado da gonivruli usafrTxoebis meqanizmebi. amitomac, SesaZlebelia, saWirod CaiTvalos momnaxuleblis gaCxreka vizitamde da mis Semdeg. aseve, SesaZlebelia, Cxreka Catardes mosanaxulebel teritoriaze Sesvlamdec. saWiroa, Cxreka Catardes ise, rom daculi iyos usafrTxoebis zomebi da, imavdroulad, ar moxdes mnaxvelisadmi upativcemlobis gamomJRavneba. mocemuli sakiTxi nawilobriv ukve ganvixileT am saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi. miuxedavad usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT gatarebuli yvela RonisZiebisa, mainc iarsebeben mnaxvelebi, romlebic ecdebian cixis usafrTxoebis wesebis darRvevas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa, dawesdes fizikuri barieri patimarsa da momnaxulebels Soris. msgavs vizitebs xSirad uwodeben daxurul/arasakontaqto vizitebs, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia patimarsa da

sajaro vizitebi

vizitebi winaswar

gamoZiebaSi myofi

pirebisaTvis

mnaxvelebis Cxreka

daxuruli da arasakontaqto

vizitebi

109

momnaxulebels Soris aRmarTuli sqeli SuSis kedeli da iqve mdebare telefoni, romelic iZleva saubris saSualebas. Tuki mocemuli SezRudva patimars dauwesdeba ganusazRvreli vadiT, aSkaraa, rom Sedegad miviRebT urTierTobebis daZabvas patimarsa da gare samyaros Soris. amitomac, SezRudva unda dawesdes mxolod aucilebeli saWiroebis Jams. igi avtomaturad ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli patimarTa jgufebis mimarT, magaliTad, pirebisa, romlebic elodebian sasamarTlo process an mkacri reJimis cixeebSi. yoveli msgavsi SemTxvevisas, aucilebelia riskis individualuri Semowmeba, rogorc es aRwerilia me-5 TavSi, romelic TavisTavad daefuZneba usafrTxoebis miznebs da ar iqneba gamoyenebuli sadamsjelo meTodad. aRniSnuli SezRudvebis saWiroeba unda gadaixedos regularulad. arsebobs iseTi cixeebi, sadac patimrebs saSualeba aqvT, ojaxis wevrebs ekontaqton videos daxmarebiT. aRniSnuli meTodi gamosadegia damatebiT saSualebad, rodesac patimris ojaxis wevrebi cxovroben cixidan Sors an uWirT mgzavroba cixeSi mosasvlelad. es teqnikuri saSualeba ar unda iqnes patimrisaTvis ojaxTan uSualo kontaqtis Camnacvlebeli. `quinslendis (avstraliis) gamasworebeli samuSaos komisiam daamontaJa video sakonferencio saSualebebi cixeebsa da aborigeni mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul punqtebs Soris. aRniSnuli video konferencia patimrebs saSualebas aZlevs, ikontaqton naTesavebTan da Seucvlelia mZime emociuri gaWirvebis Jams.” `singapuris cixeebis departamentma danerga cixis Sida satelevizio programa. igi exmareba cixidan Sors mcxovreb naTesavebs an ojaxis wevrebs, romelTac ar SeuZliaT cixeSi misvla, daamyaron kontaqti patimarTan.” arseboben patimrebi, romelTac, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, ar gaaCniaT arc ojaxis wevrebi da arc megobrebi. Sesabamisad, aravin hyavT iseTi, vinc isurvebda maT monaxulebas. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom patimrobamde maT ar hyavdaT axloblebi, an, Cadenili danaSaulis gamo, isini miatoves. aseT SemTxvevebSi, cixis administracia unda ecados, Camoayalibos moxaliseTa jgufi, romlebic patimrebs moinaxuleben regularulad da daexmarebian, gare samyarosTan kontaqtis SenarCunebaSi. aqamde naxsenebi yvela argumenti miuTiTebda patimrebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis interesebze, imaze, rom am ukanasknelT hqonodaT saSualeba, daemyarebinaT kontaqti erTmaneTTan. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemuli urTierTobebis xelSewyoba Sedis cixis administraciis interesebSic. patimari, romelic normalurad ekontaqteba ojaxis wevrebs, ufro mondomebulia, daicvas wesebi da daemorCilos cixis cxovrebis normebs. cixis personals amiT saSualeba eZleva, daakvirdes patimars, Tu rogoria igi cixis miRma urTierTobebSi, rogor iqceva, rogori xasiaTi aqvs, aRiqvan patimari Cveulebriv adamianad. erTi sityviT, vizitebisaTvis gamoyofili Sesaferisi adgilebi xels Seuwyobs cixis normalur funqcionirebas. vizitebTan erTad, ojaxis wevrebsa Tu megobrebTan urTierTobis sxva gzebic arsebobs. maT Soris, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania werilebi. mraval saxelmwifoSi dadgenilia werilebis is raodenoba, romelTa gagzavnac patimars SeuZlia saxelmwifos

video konferencia

moxaliseebis vizitebi

sargebeli cixes

werilebi

110

xarjze. xolo damatebiTi werilebis gagzavnisas uwevs safosto markebis Tavad SeZena. zogadad, ar aris miRebuli, rom patimars SeezRudos werilebis miReba-gagzavnis raodenoba. axlo warsulSic ki, arsebobda cixeebi, sadac, tradiciulad, patimrebis Semomavali Tu gamavali werilebi yovelTvis ikiTxeboda. amas ZiriTadad ori axsna hqonda. pirveli gaxldaT is, rom patimrebs SesaZlebelia ganexilaT gaqcevis gegma da, meore, es gaxldaT ioli gza cixis administraciisaTvis, SeetyoT nebismieri cudi informacia, magaliTad, gardacvalebisa Tu ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb. dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom ar arsebobs realuri saWiroeba, moxdes yvela werilis wakiTxva. daujerebelia imis warmodgena, rom patimari, romelic gaqcevas apirebs, amas werilSi miswers vinmes _ es zedmetad sulelurad JRers. amasTanave, aRiarebulia, rom patimars, sxva adamianebis msgavsad, ufleba aqvs, uSualod Tavad Seityos informacia ojaxis Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT saxifaTo patimrebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia, saWirod CaiTvalos werilebis wakiTxva da nebadarTul adresatTa siis Sedgenac ki moxdes. sxva patimrebisaTvis ar unda iyos saWiro werilebis gakontroleba mudmivad. umetes SemTxvevaSi, sakmarisia, alag-alag, arCeviTi werilebis wakiTxva. cixis administracias ufleba aqvs, darwmundes, rom Semomavali korespondencia ar Seicavs akrZalul nivTebs, magaliTad, narkotikebsa Tu iaraRs. amis Tavidan asacileblad, miRebul da mowonebul praqtikad iTvleba werilis gaxsna uSualod adresatis Tvalwin. cixis TanamSromeli xsnis konverts da amowmebs xom ar Seicavs es ukanaskneli raime akrZalul nivTs, xolo Semdeg werils gadascems patimars. mraval cixeSi ukve SesaZlebelia, rom patimarma isargeblos telefoniT. amis teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. zog SemTxvevaSi, zaris mimRebi piri Tanxmdeba, gadaixados saubris fasi. xSirad fasi sakmaod maRalia, radganac aseTi zarebi Cveulebrivi telefoniT ganxorcielebulze ufro Zviri Rirs. arsebobs sxva alternativac _ patimrebs SeuZliaT, SeiZinon satelefono baraTebi, romliTac mxolod nebadarTul nomrebze darekvaa SesaZlebeli. satelefono saubrebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, rodesac patimari Zalianaa daSorebuli saxls da ojaxis wevrebs uWirT misi monaxuleba. iseve, rogorc werilebis SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia, dacul iqnes balansi patimris pirad cxovrebasa da sxvaTa usafrTxoebas Soris. telefonebis meSveobiT damyarebuli swrafi kontaqtisas, aucilebelia imis dazusteba, rom patimari ar saubrobs akrZalul Temebze, rogoricaa nivTebis Semotana da cixidan gaqcevis dagegmva. zogierT qveyanaSi, usafrTxoebis miznebidan gamomdinare, xdeba mocemuli zarebis Cawera da garkveuli periodiT Senaxva. satelefono saubrebis Cawera da mosmena unda xdebodes mxolod im patimrebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic dadasturebulad moicaven maRal risks. zogierTi cixis administracia patimrebs uflebas aZlevs, xeli miuwvdebodes iseTi kontaqtis saSualebaze, rogoricaa el-fosta. amis magaliTia tigaris cixe axal deliSi. calkeuli patimrisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki ucxoelebisaTvis, es SeiZleba iyos kontaqtis erTaderTi saSualeba.

cenzura, patimrebis

korespondenciis kiTxva

akrZaluli SigTavsis Semowmeba

satelefono zarebi

zarebis mosmena da Cawera

eleqtronuli fosta

111

patimars xSirad sWirdeba kontaqti aramarto ojaxis wevrebTan Tu megobrebTan, aramed advokatebsa da sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebTanac, magaliTad, arasamTavrobo da adamianis uflebebis damcveli organizaciebis muSakebTan. maTTan kontaqti patimris survilzea damokidebuli. aseTi vizitebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens winaswar patimrobaSi myofi da sasamarTlo procesebSi monawile pirebis SemTxvevaSi. aseT dros cixis administraciam gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda daawesos SezRudvebi im SemTxvevebisTvis, Tuki am ukanasknels SeiZleba zegavlena hqondes patimris dacvasa Tu gasaCivrebis procesze. msgavsi SezRudvebis marTebuli safuZveli Zalian iSviaTi da rTulad mosaZebnia xolme. aRniSnuli monaxulebebisas mniSvnelovan faqtorad gvevlineba konfidencialurobis dacva. miRebulad iTvleba, rom vizitebi Sedges iseT adgilas, sadac saubars ar gaigebs cixis personali. aseve gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile unda iqnes gamoCenili mnaxvelebis oficialuri korespondenciisa Tu sxva nivTebis Semowmebisas. am sakiTxebs nawilobriv SevexebiT me-11 TavSi.

sakiTxavi masalis, televizorisa da radios xelmisawvdomoba saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 39: patimrebi regularulad unda iRebdnen informacias mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb gazeTebis, Jurnalebis, dawesebulebis mier gamocemuli sxva specialuri Jurnalebis, radiotalRebis mosmenis, administraciis mier nebadarTuli leqciebisa Tu seminarebis meSveobiT. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba ojaxis wevrebsa Tu megobrebTan urTierTobasTan erTad, patimrebi unda flobdnen informacias gare samyaros Sesaxeb. am mizniT, maT regularulad unda miuwvdebodeT xeli gazeTebze, radiosa da televiziaze. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebis garda, zogadad ar arsebobs mizezi imisa, Tu ratom unda moxdes mediis gakontroleba. aseve, ar unda arsebobdes moraluri cenzuris dadgena im wesebze, rac, zogadad, ar moqmedebs mocemul qveyanaSi. cixis administracia didi sifrTxiliT unda moekidos patimrebisaTvis internetis xelmisawvdomobas. interneti SesaZlebelia iyos gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis kargi saSualeba, Tumca, masve SeuZlia, xeli Seuwyos marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebebis ganxorcielebasac. gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba patimrebisaTvis saWiroa, raTa maT mudam axsovdeT, rom cixis kedlebisa da Robis miRma aris samyaro, romelic elodebaT da sadac erT mSvenier dRes aucileblad dabrundebian. gare samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb informacia xels Seuwyobs patimrebs, icxovron da moiqcnen imaze normalurad, vidre es moxdeba daxSul cixeSi yofnisas. xangrZliv patimrobaSi myof patimrebs televizia daexmareba, hqondes garkveuli kontaqti cixis miRma arsebul swrafad cvalebad samyarosTan.

kontaqti samarTlebriv

da sxva profesiul

mrCevlebTan

regularuli xelmisawvdomoba

gare informaciaze

interneti

samyaro cixis miRma

112

`malavis arasamTavrobo organizaciis paralegali TanamSromlebi, iuridiuli konsultaciebis gawevis mizniT, dadian cixeebSi. vizitebisas maT Tan miaqvT gazeTebi, romelTac Semdeg ezoSi deben, raTa patimrebs mieceT saSualeba, gaecnon qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebs.“ ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebi saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi cixeSi mravlad arian ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebi, romelTa ojaxis wevrebic sazRvargareT cxovroben. saWiroa, rom cixis administraciam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcios maTi saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas. pirvel rigSi, maT unda hqondeT saSualeba, Seexmianon maTi qveynis diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas. sakonsulo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb venis konvencia, muxli 36: 1. warmdgeni saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan urTierTobaSi sakonsulo funqciebis Sesrulebis gasaadvileblad: a) sakonsulos Tanamdebobis pirebs SeuZliaT, Tavisufali urTierToba hqondeT warmdgeni saxelmwifos moqalaqeebTan da Sexvdnen maT. warmdgeni saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsac urTierTobis da Sexvedris aseTive Tavisufali ufleba aqvT warmdgeni saxelmwifos sakonsulos Tanamdebobis pirebTan; b) adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos kompetenturi organoebi valdebuli arian, dauyovnebliv acnobon warmdgeni saxelmwifos sakonsulo dawesebulebas, rom misi sakonsulo olqis farglebSi daapatimres, satusaRoSi moaTavses an daakaves sasamarTlo garCevis molodinSi am qveynis moqalaqe, Tu igi amas iTxovs. yvela Setyobineba, romelsac am sakonsulo dawesebulebas uTvlis dapatimrebuli, satusaRoSi moTavsebuli an dakavebuli piri, am organoebma aseve dauyovnebliv unda gadascen sakonsulo dawesebulebas. aRniSnulma organoebma maSinve unda gaacnon am pirs uflebebi, romelic mas aqvs am qvepunqtis mixedviT; g) sakonsulos Tanamdebobis pirebs aqvT ufleba, moinaxulon satusaRoSi myofi da dakavebuli TavianTi qveynis moqalaqe, esaubron mas, aseve mimowera iqonion masTan da yvelaferi iRonon, raTa uzrunvelyon igi iuridiuli warmomadgenlobiT. maT aseve aqvT ufleba, moinaxulon warmdgeni qveynis nebismieri moqalaqe, romelic imyofeba satusaRoSi, dapatimrebulia an dakavebulia maT olqSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsasruleblad. da mainc, sakonsulo Tanamdebobis pirebma Tavi unda Seikavon da ar gamovidnen satusaRoSi myofi dapatimrebuli an dakavebuli moqalaqis saxeliT, Tu igi amis aSkarad winaaRmdegia. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 38: 1. ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebs unda mieceT saSualeba da pirobebi, raTa moaxerxon kontaqtis damyareba maTi qveynis diplomatiur da sakonsulo warmomadgenlebTan. 2. patimrebisaTvis, romelTac ar hyavT diplomatiuri Tu sakonsulo warmomadgeneli dakavebis qveyanaSi, ltolvilebisa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisaTvis unda moxdes msgavsi uflebis miniWeba. maT unda SeeZloT, ikontaqton im qveynis warmomadgenlobasTan, romelmac ikisra maTi interesebis dacva an nebismier erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso uwyebasTan, romlis valdebulebacaa, daicvas msgavsi pirebis interesebi.

113

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebs ojaxis wevrebis an megobrebis mier monaxulebis Zalian mcire, an TiTqmis aranairi Sansi ar gaaCniaT. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos maTi kontaqti ojaxebTan. amis moxerxeba SesaZlebelia ufaso werilebis raodenobis gazrdiT an cixis xarjze ojaxSi darekvis saSualebis miniWebiT. SesaZleblobis farglebSi, ucxoel patimrebs unda mieceT saSualeba, gaecnon presas maT mSobliur enaze. xSir SemTxvevaSi, rTulia kontaqtis damyareba patimarsa da mis diplomatiur warmomadgenlobasTan. cixis administracia unda daexmaros patimars, daadginos, arian Tu ara axlomdebare teritoriaze misi erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic SeZlebdnen mis moxalised monaxulebas. aRniSnuli vizitebi mas daexmareboda, SeenarCunebina mcireodeni kontaqti sakuTar kulturasTan.

ufaso werilebi da satelefono

zarebi

ucxoenovani presa

kontaqtebis damyareba

sazogadoebasTan

114

9 Txovnebi da saCivrebi

zogadi sakiTxebi mniSvnelovania, rom cixe imarTos samarTlianad da obieqturad. aucilebelia, rom masSi momuSave personals sjerodes samarTlianobisa da patiosnebis. cixe aris adgili, sadac wesebi da normebi moqmedebs masSi CarTul yvela pirze, iqneba es personali, patimrebi Tu mnaxvelebi. imis gamo, rom mas axasiaTebs mkacri ierarqiuli struqtura, mniSvnelovania, rom Sesabamis wesebsa Tu normebs emorCilebodes yvela moqmedi piri da ar Semoifarglebodes mxolod patimrebiT. Tuki gadawyvetilebis jerovnad miRebis uzrunvelsayofad iarsebebs naTlad dadgenili procedurebi, cudi gadawyvetilebebis raodenoba TavisTavad Semcirdeba. patimrebi unda daemorCilon cixeSi dadgenil wesebs, aseve wesebs, romelic maTze imoqmedebs mas Semdeg, rac moipoveben Tavisuflebas. amitom, mniSvnelovania, rom mocemuli wesebi aRsruldes patiosnad da obieqturad. samwuxarod, aucileblad iqneba SemTxvevebi, rodesac patimrebs usamarTlod moepyrobian. msgavsi ram SesaZlebelia moxdes yvelaze kargad marTul cixeebSic ki. amitom saWiroa, dadgindes is procedurebi, romelic patimars saSualebas miscems, moiTxovos an daaregistriros saCivari. mocemuli saCivrebisa Tu moTxovnebis wesebi unda iyos martivad da naTlad Camoyalibebuli, raTa patimrebma da cixis personalma jerovnad moaxerxon maT aRqma. pirvel rigSi, patimars unda hqondes saSualeba, misi saCivari moisminos uSualo zedamxedvelma. Tuki sakiTxis mogvareba SeuZlebelia mocemul doneze, unda moxdes maTi mitana cixis xelmZRvanelTan. Tuki esec uSedegod dasruldeba, patimars unda hqondes saSualeba, miawvdinos xma zemdgom organoebs, savaraudod, cixis miRma. mraval cixeSi moqmedebs Txovnebisa da saCivrebis gagzavnis paraleluri, cixis gareTa sistema. es SeiZleba iyos adgilobrivi monitoringis organoebi, ombudsmeni Tu adgilobrivi politikosebi. cixeSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom radganac patimari aris im piris zedamxedvelobis qveS, romelsac igi uCivis, misive interesSi ar Sedis Civili, rac ar unda marTebuli iyos misi mizani. aseT SemTxvevebSi, aucilebelia patimarma gaiazros, rom igi ar daisjeba saCivris gamo. saWiroa specialuri proceduris daweseba, romelic Tavidan agvacilebs msgavs midgomasa da aRniSnul Sedegs. Tuki patimars Tavad ar SeuZlia saCivris aRZvra, es unda gaakeTos misi ojaxis wevrma an warmomadgenelma.

cixis samarTliani da

obieqturi marTva

Txovnebisa da saCivrebis martivi da

naTeli procedura

saCivrebi sxvadasxva

doneze

momCivani ar unda gaxdes

msxverpli

saCivrebi ojaxis

wevrebisa Tu warmomadgen-

lebis mxridan

115

saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, muxli 2: am paqtis monawile TiToeuli saxelmwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas: a) yvela piri, romlis am paqtiT aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani Selaxulia, uzrunvelyos samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqturi saSualebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es darRveva dauSves oficialurma pirebma; b) uzrunvelyos, rom TiToeuli piris samarTlebrivi dacvis uflebas, vinc ki aseT dacvas moiTxovs, adgendes kompetenturi sasamarTlo, administraciuli Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba an saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sistemiT gansazRvruli sxva kompetenturi organo; ganaviTaros sasamarTlo dacvis saSualebani; g) uzrunvelyos kompetentur xelisuflebaTa mier maTTvis micemuli samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebaTa gamoyeneba. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb (Body of Principles of the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment), principi 33: 1. dakavebul pirs, msjavrdebuls da mis iurists ufleba aqvT, moiTxovon an saCivari aRZran maT mimarT mopyrobis gamo. ZiriTadad es exeba wamebas an sxva sastik, araadamianur an damamcirebel mopyrobas. mimarTva unda moxdes dakavebis adgilis administraciis an maT zemdgom myofi pirisadmi, xolo, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, im organoebisadmi, romelTac aqvs saCivris ganxilvisa da dakmayofilebis uflebamosileba. 2. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac arc winaswar patimrobaSi myof/msjavrdebul pirs da arc mis iurists ar aqvs saSualeba, ganaxorcielos am muxlis pirvel punqtSi miTiTebuli qmedeba, winaswar patimrobaSi myofi/msjavrdebuli piris ojaxis wevrs an sxva pirs, romelsac aqvs informacia marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis Sesaxeb, SeuZlia, ganaxorcielos zemoT xsenebuli ufleba. 3. Tuki momCivani amas moiTxovs, unda moxdes misi konfidencialurobis dacva. 4. yovel Txovnasa Tu saCivarze reagireba unda moxdes droulad da pasuxi gaeces gaWianurebis gareSe. Tuki Txovnasa an saCivarze uari gaicema, an dausabuTeblad Wianurdeba, momCivans ufleba aqvs, rom misi Txovna/saCivari Seitanos sasamarTloSi an sxva Sesabamis organoSi. am muxlis pirvel punqtSi naxsenebi winaswar patimrobaSi myofi/msjavrdebuli da arc sxva momCivani piri ar unda gaxdes msxverpli Txovnis/saCivris aRZvris gamo. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 36: 1. patimars kviris nebismier dRes unda hqondes saSualeba, moiTxovos an aRZras saCivari dawesebulebis direqtorTan an mis uflebamosil warmomadgenelTan. 2. patimars unda SeeZlos, Semowmebis dros, Txovnis an saCivris dayeneba inspeqtorTan. mas unda hqondes inspeqtorsa an sxva Semowmebis ganmaxorcielebel pirTan saubris saSualeba direqtoris an personalis sxva warmomadgenlebis daswrebis gareSe. 3. patimars unda SeeZlos cixis administraciisadmi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa Tu sxva Sesabamisi organosadmi Txovna an saCivris aRZvra teqstis Sinaarsis cenzuris gareSe. aRniSnuli unda ganxorcieldes winaswar nebadarTuli saSualebebiT. 4. aSkarad araseriozuli an usafuZvlo SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, yovel Txovnasa Tu saCivarze unda moxdes drouli reagireba, romelTac pasuxi unda gaeces gaWianurebis gareSe.

116

praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixis kargi menejmentis mizani unda iyos seriozuli saCivrebis, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tavidan acileba. amis miRwevis erT-erTi gza gaxlavT yovlismomcveli da naTeli procedurebis SemuSaveba cixis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli procedurebis SemuSavebasa da maT xelmisawvdomobaze Cven ukve visaubreT am saxelmZRvanelos me-3 TavSi. aRniSnuli procedurebi unda iyos martiv enaze dawerili. maTi gageba unda SeeZlos da igi xelmisawvdomi unda iyos rogorc patimrebis, ise personalisaTvis. isini unda warmoadgendes im sainformacio Sekvris nawils, romelsac patimari miiRebs cixeSi mosvlisTanave. mcire resursebis SemTxvevaSi, wesebi da instruqciebi unda gakeTdes plakatis saxiT da gaikras TvalsaCino adgilas. patimrebs, romlebmac wera-kiTxva ar ician, wesebi unda waukiTxon da auxsnan. saCivris gakeTebis procedura detalurad unda aRwerdes, Tu rogor unda iCivlos patimarma misi mopyrobis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saSualebebze miuwvdeba mas xeli, dawyebuli pirveli instanciidan, damTavrebuli umaRlesi doniT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, cixis miRmac. saCivris gakeTebisas ar unda arsebobdes iseTi procedura, romelic patimars CivilSi xels SeuSlis. qcevis kodeqsi ar unda Seicavdes iseT debulebebs, romelic gaarTulebs gasaCivrebis meqanizms, magaliTad, dasja im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac dadasturdeba, rom saCivari usafuZvlo iyo. saCivrebis yvelaze did damabrkolebel faqtorad gvevlineba patimrebis SiSi, rom cixis personals SeuZlia, pasuxi agebinos maT qmedebaze. patimrebma unda icodnen, rom isini ar daisjebian da ar daitanjebian saCivris gamo. am mizniT, unda arsebobdes specialuri procedura, romelic Tavidan agvaridebs patimris msxverplad gaxdomas. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, patimars unda SeeZlos saCivris darwmunebiT aRZvra. cixis personali unda iyos yuradRebiT, raTa Tavidan aicilos sapasuxo qmedeba im TanamSromlis mxridan, romlis winaaRmdegac aRiZra sarCeli. cixis personalma unda icodes, rom Tuki maT winaaRmdeg aris saCivari, maT aucileblad eqnebaT axsna-ganmartebisa da Tavdacvis saSualeba. `CineTsa da sxva ramdenime qveyanaSi moqmedebs meqanizmi, romlis mixedviTac, patimrebs evalebaT saCivrebis specialur yuTSi Cagdeba. yuTis gasaRebi ki mxolod prokurors aqvs”. saCivrebi xSirad yoveldRiur mopyrobas exeba. sakiTxebi, romlebic Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis mcire mniSvnelobisaa, xSirad didi datvirTvis matarebelia mkacrad disciplinirebul cixeSi, dawesebulebaSi, sadac moqmedebs wesebi, romelic exeba cxovrebis yvela aspeqts. am mxriv, cixis administraciisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi unda iyos, rom Cveulebrivi Txovna ar gadaizardos saCivarsa an oficialur sarCelSi, romelic Semdeg ganixileba kidev ufro maRali rangis organoebSi. amis miRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba gaxlavT dadebiTi piradi urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba patimrebsa da im personals Soris, romelsac maTTan yoveldRiuri Sexeba aqvs. am sakiTxs Cven ukve SevexeT aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelos me-2 TavSi. Tuki amgvari

naTeli da gasagebi

procedura

informacia saCivrebis

Sesaxeb

dabrkolebis acileba

saCivrebis gakeTebisas

msxverplad gaxdomis

Tavidan acileba

Txovnebisa da saCivrebis

dakmayofileba

ukmayofilebebis araformaluri

mogvareba

117

urTierTobebi iarsebebs, saTxovnelad Tu saCivris gasakeTeblad patimari, savaraudod, daukavSirdeba uSualod cixis personals im imediT, rom es ukanaskneli sakiTxs moagvarebs droulad da patiosnad. kargad gacnobierebulma personalma icis, Tu ra tipis sakiTxebis daregulireba SeuZlia mas Tavad da ra sakiTxebiT unda mimarTos zemdgom pirs. cixis personals SeeZleba mocemuli proceduris axsna uSualod patimrisaTvisac. aseT SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, rom patimarma pasuxi Tu axsna-ganmarteba miiRos dauyovnebliv. am dros, patimari dakmayofildeba pasuxiT maSinac ki, Tuki es ukanaskneli uaryofiTi iqneba da, Sesabamisad, Txovna aRar gadaizrdeba saCivarSi. SeuZlebelia, rom yvela Txovna Tu saCivari mogvardes araformalurad, ise, rogorc es axlaxan aRvwereT. amasTanave, cixes unda hqondes Txovnebisa da saCivrebis aRZvris oficialuri procedura, romelic gamosadegi iqneba im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac sakiTxis mogvareba ver moxerxdeba araformalurad. yovel samuSao dRes, cixis direqtorma an sxva uflebamosilma TanamSromelma unda ganixilos Txovnebi/saCivrebi. SesaZleblobis farglebSi, patimars unda mieces saSualeba, piradad waradginos Txovna Tu saCivari. Tuki, Txovnebis raodenobidan gamomdinare, es SeuZlebelia, unda moxdes maTi werilobiT gagzavna. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra formiT, zepirad an werilobiT, moxdeba saCivris warmodgena, cixis administraciam oficialurad, werilobiT unda aRnusxos da pasuxi gasces maT. Txovnebsa Tu saCivarze reagireba unda moxdes umokles vadaSi. oficialurad unda iyos gansazRvruli, Tu ramdeni dRe dasWirdeba pasuxis gacemas. Tuki Txovna gansakuTrebulad rTuli xasiaTisaa, patimars unda ecnobos, ra vadaSi moxdeba misi dakmayofileba. Tuki cixis direqtori uars ganacxadebs upasuxos Txovnasa Tu saCivars, an Tuki es saCivari mis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, patimars unda SeeZlos, werilobiT acnobos amis Sesaxeb zemdgom organoebs, umeteswilad, regionul an erovnul saTao dawesebulebas. samarTlianobis interesebidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia, rom aRniSnulma saCivarma ar gaiaros im piris xelSi, romlis winaaRmdegac aris igi mimarTuli. am mizniT, cixeSi unda arsebobdes procedura, romelic patimars saSualebas miscems, Txovnebi da saCivrebi konfidencialurad gaugzavnos zemdgom organoebs. am saxelmZRvanelos me-10 TavSi SevexebiT Txovnebisa da saCivrebis wardgenas damoukidebeli damkvirveblebisa Tu sxva pirebisaTvis, romlebic ar muSaoben cixis sistemaSi. cixis administraciam ar unda SeuSalos xeli patimrebs, raTa maT mimarTon damoukidebel sasamarTlo organos an damoukidebel damkvirveblebs. patimrebisaTvis msgavsi gare organoebisaTvis mimarTva SesaZlebelia iyos cixeSi daZabulobis Semamsubuqebeli pirobac. “ganasa da sxva ramdenime qveyanaSi, patimrebs ufleba aqvT, saCivriT mimarTon adamianis uflebaTa sabWos (inglisur teqstSi komisia weria, magram es organo 2006 wels Seicvala sabWoTi.)” “samxreT afrikaSi zedamxedvel mosamarTles, gamasworebeli

oficialuri procedura

drouli moqmedeba

mniSvnelovania

saCivris wardgena

zemdgom pirTan

saCivrebis wardgena

damoukidebel gare uwyebasTan

118

samuSaos aqtis safuZvelze, evaleba, daniSnos cixis damoukidebeli momnaxuleblebi. aRniSnuli momnaxuleblebi arian patimarTa uflebebis sferoSi momuSave pirebi, romlebic airCies sajaro wardginebisa da TemebTan konsultaciis safuZvelze. maT interesebSi Sedis socialuri pasuxismgeblobis gaZlierebisa da patimarTa adamianuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. cixis damoukidebeli momnaxuleblebis upirvelesi funqciaa patimrebisagan saCivrebis miReba.“ marTalia, yvela Txovna Tu saCivari ganxilul unda iqnes drois umokles vadaSi, magram arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac aucilebelia moqmedeba drois kidev ufro SezRudul monakveTSi. magaliTad, Tuki saxezea wamebisa an araadamianuri mopyrobis Sesaxeb braldeba. unda moxdes misi saswrafo wesiT ganxilva, rac patimarSi aRZravs ndobas. cixeSi unda arsebobdes procedura, romlis mixedviTac, msgavsi braldebebi saswrafod waredgineba cixis ufross, xolo, Tuki braldeba mis winaaRmdegaa _ maSin mis zemdgom pirsa Tu organos. rogorc zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, cixis TanamSromlisa Tu sxva patimris sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjadi qmedebebis Sesaxeb braldebisas, cixeSi unda arsebobdes naTlad gawerili procedura. msgavsi braldebebi, rogorc wesi, unda waredginos samoqalaqo sazogadoebis im organos, romelic valdebulia, gamoiZios da daawesos sasjeli msgavsi qmedebebis gamo. mocemuli organo Semdeg Tavad gadawyvets, gaagzavnos Tu ara aRwerili qmedeba gamosaZieblad, Tu daabrunos ukan cixeSi Sesabamisi administraciuli qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad. patimrebma SesaZlebelia wamowion iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa maTi dakaveba, sasjeli Tu gaTavisuflebis dro. msgavsi tipis Txovnebi unda gadaegzavnos Sesabamis sasamarTlo organos. patimrebs SeuZliaT, gaasaCivron is disciplinuri sasjeli, romelic maT Seufardes da romelic, maTi azriT usamarTloa. rogorc es ukve aRvwereT mocemuli saxelmZRvanelos me-6 TavSi, cixeSi unda arsebobdes procedura, romelTa meSveobiTac moxdeba amgvari sakiTxebis zemdgom uwyebebSi gaJRereba. patimrebis Txovnebisa da saCivrebis umetesoba, administraciul sakiTxebs exeba xolme. obieqturad, mravali maTgani yovlad umniSvnelo xasiaTisaa, Tumca, momCivani patimrisaTvis mas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. Txovnebi/saCivrebi SesaZlebelia exebodes saWmels, dakargul nivTebs, dagvianebul korespondencias, problemebs vizitebisas an Tavad cixis personalis damokidebulebas. xSirad patimrebi iTxoven mxolod imis aRiarebas, rom esa Tu is faqti/movlena araswori iyo da elian bodiSis moxdas. Tuki patimari dainaxavs, rom misi saCivari ganixileba patiosnad da gulwrfelad, albaToba imisa, rom igi isev ukmayofilo iqneba, sakmaod mcirea. aqamde ganxilul saCivarTa umetesoba aRiZvreba calkeuli patimrebis mier. Tumca, cixis administracia gulisyuriT unda moepyros patimarTa ama Tu im jgufis kulturasa da tradicias da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebsac.

wamebis braldeba

braldebebi sisxlissamar-

Tlebrivad dasjadi

qmedebebis Sesaxeb

saCivari sasamarTlo

warmoebis Sesaxeb

disciplinuri gadawyvetile-

bebis gasaCivreba

patimrebisaTvis mniSvnelovania maTi saCivrebi

jgufuri saCivrebi

119

10 inspeqtirebis/Semowmebis procedurebi

zogadi sakiTxebi cixe aris dawesebuleba, sadac adamianebi ganTavsebulebi arian maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod. am dawesebulebebSi cudi mopyrobis albaToba sakmaod didia. amis gamo, aucilebelia, es ukanaskneli samarTlianad da patiosnad imarTebodes. yvela dawesebuleba, romelic saxelmwifos eqvemdebareba, gansakuTrebiT ki cixeebi, aucileblad unda Semowmdes sazogadoebis mier. es saxelmZRvanelo detalurad aRwers, Tu ra igulisxmeba cixis karg marTvaSi. Tumca, yvelaze kargad marTul cixeebSic ki, Cndeba SekiTxvebi da saCivrebi. imis gamo, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela warmomadgenels ar xelewifeba, miiRos informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba cixis kedlebs miRma, aucilebelia, arsebobdes Semowmebis meqanizmi, romelic daadgens, Tu ramdenad jerovnad imarTeba cixe. Semowmeba icavs patimrebsa da maT ojaxebs. isini uzrunvelyofen jerovani meqanizmebis arsebobas da cixis personalis mier maTze damorCilebas. aucilebelia cixe Semowmdes yvela im sferoSi, romelic ganvixileT am saxelmZRvaneloSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom gare Semowmeba Tanabrad mniSvnelovania rogorc patimrebisaTvis, ise personalisaTvis. igi aris patimarTa arasaTanado mopyrobisa Tu personalis arajerovnad moqcevis Sesaxeb saCivrebis mogvarebis erT-erTi saSualeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi, saWiroa saCivrebis miReba, maTSi miTiTebuli personalis dadgena da saTanado reagireba. gare Semowmeba SesaZlebelia iyos personalis usamarTlo dadanaSaulebis Tavidan acilebis saSualebac. aRsaniSnavia, rom Semowmeba ar exeba mxolod uaryofiT mxareebs. maTi saSualebiT dgindeba dadebiTi qmedebebic, romelTac Semdgom gamoiyeneben sxva cixeebSi. Semowmebebis Sedegad, SesaZlebelia moxdes kargad momuSave personalis waxalisebac. Semowmebas SesaZlebelia mravali forma hqondes. araformaluri Semowmebis/zedamxedvelobis formad gvevlineba kontaqti cixesa da sazogadoebriv organoebs Soris. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis mier cixis regularuli monaxuleba Seamcirebs darRvevebis albaTobas da gazrdis codnas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra procesebs aqvs adgili uSualod cixeSi. cixis momnaxuleblebi SesaZlebelia iyvnen adgilobrivi skolebis maswavleblebi, jandacvis muSakebi adgilobrivi saavadmyofoebidan, religiuri Tu kulturuli jgufebis warmomadgenlebi. maTi saqmianoba aRwerilia mocemuli saxelmZRvanelos sxvadasxva TavSi. aRniSnuli pirebi ar arian Semmowmeblebi am sityvis mkacri gagebiT, Tumca, maTi arseboba mainc atarebs araformaluri Semowmebis xasiaTs. arsebobs administraciebi, romlebmac SeimuSaves monitoringis ufro gaoficialurebuli forma. adgilobrivi monitoringis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi kisruloben valdebulebas,

cixe Ria unda iyos sajaro

SemowmebisaTvis

gare Semowmeba aucilebelia

gare Semowmebis mniSvneloba

gare Semowmeba cixis

personalis dacvis

garantiaa

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

CarTuloba Semowmebis erT-

erTi formaa

damoukidebeli monitoringi

120

Caataros cixis ufro formaluri Semowmeba da Semdeg moaxsenon misi Sedegebi cixis administracias da sxva adgilobriv organoebs. amgvari sistema efeqturia adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da maTi Selaxvis Tavidan acilebisas. isini warmoadgenen kavSirs cixeebsa da im sazogadoebas Soris, romelTa gadasaxadebiTac xdeba maTi marTva. arsebobs Semowmebis oficialuri procedurebi, romelTa farglebSic yovel cixes amowmebs cixis centraluri administraciis warmomadgeneli. aseT Semowmebebs, rogorc wesi, aqvT auditis forma da moicavs saqmianobebis farTo speqtrs, maT Soris, usafrTxoeba, finansebi, patimarTa saqmianoba, personalis treningi da diskriminaciis akrZalva. umetes SemTxvevaSi, cixeSi miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba xdeba centraluri administraciis mier SemuSavebul standartebTan. arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac administracia niSnavs cixis zedamxedvelis calke pozicias, romelic valdebulia, uzrunvelyos cixis Sesabamisoba dadgenil wesebTan. aRniSnuli auditi aqcents xSirad akeTebs administraciul procesebze. amgvari Semowmebebi, zogadad, Zalian mniSvnelovani, Tumca, arasakmarisia. mniSvnelovania cixisa da misi saTao administraciisagan damoukidebeli pirebis mier ganxorcielebuli Semowmebebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi damoukidebeli Semmowmeblebi iniSnebian mTavrobis mier. yvelaze damoukidebeli eqspertiza xorcieldeba im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac piri iniSneba parlamentis mier da es ukanaskneli valdebulia, angariSi swored am organos warudginos. isini axorcieleben regularul an ad hoc Semowmebebs, akvirdebian cixis yoveldRiur saqmianobas da, arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, iZieben seriozul incidentebsac. Semowmebis yvelaze efeqtur formad gvevlineba zemoT aRwerili Semowmebebis erTdrouli arseboba. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi arsebobs wamebis Sesaxeb specialuri momxseneblis pozicia, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs TavisuflebaSezRuduli pirebis uflebebis Selaxvis aRnusxvaSi. bolo wlebSi misi zegavlevna kidev ufro gaizarda, radganac igi ufro xSirad moinaxulebs xolme cixeebs da miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze akeTebs moxsenebas. regionul doneze, adamianisa da xalxis uflebebis afrikuli komisiis mier, Seiqmna afrikaSi cixeebis pirobebis Sesaxeb specialuri momxseneblis posti. misi funqciebi moicavs afrikis cixeebis Semowmebas da arsebuli viTarebis Sesaxeb moxsenebis gakeTebas. yvelaze Zveli, mTavrobaTaSorisi meqanizmi, romelic mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens cixeebSi pirobebis gaumjobesebaze, gaxlavT evropis sabWos wamebis, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobisa Tu sasjelis akrZalvis komiteti. cixeebis Semowmebisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetic, romelic amowmebs cixeebs SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros. arsebobs saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cixeebis Semowmebis uflebas aZlevs adamianis uflebaTa damcvel rogorc erovnul, ise saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebs.

administraci-uli Semowmeba

damoukidebeli Semowmeba

Semowmebis regionuli da

sxva meqanizmebi

121

saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi saerTaSoriso dokumentebi naTlad moiTxovs, rom dakavebisa Tu Tavisuflebis SezRudvis yvela dawesebuleba unda emorCilebodes cixeebis mmarTveli organoebisagan damoukidebel Semowmebas. isini miuTiTebs, rom, kanonieri usafrTxoebis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, patimrebs ufleba aqvT, hqondeT konfidencialuri kavSiri SemmowmeblebTan. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb (Body of Principles of the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment), principi 29: 1. saTanado kanonebsa da wesebze damorCilebis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa, rom dakavebis adgilebi regularulad moinaxulon kvalificiurma da gamocdilma pirebma. aRniSnuli pirebi unda dainiSnon da iyvnen angariSvaldebulni im organoebis winaSe, romlebic ar warmoadgenen dakavebisa da dapatimrebis adgilebze pasuxismgebel organoebs. 2. dakavebul Tu dapatimrebul pirebs unda SeeZloT, Tavisuflad da sruliad konfidencialurad ikontaqton Semowmebis ganmaxorcielebel pirebTan, romlebic moqmedeben am principis 1-li punqtis Sesabamisad. msgavsi kontaqtisas, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis damamyarebeli kanoniT dadgenili normebi. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 55: sasjelaRsrulebiTi organoebi regularulad unda daeqvemdebaron Semowmebas Sesabamisi organoebis mier daniSnuli kvalificiuri da gamocdili personalis mier. maTi ZiriTadi funqcia gaxlavT imis uzrunvelyofa, rom mocemuli dawesebulebani moqmedeben Sesabamisi wesebisa da kanonebis safuZvelze da asruleben dakisrebul funqciebs. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba saxelmZRvanelos wina TavebSi aRwerilia, Tu ra sargebloba moaqvs cixisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis TanamSromlobas, romlis farglebSic, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi regularulad ewvevian xolme cixeebs da monawileobas iReben sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi. mocemuli TanamSromlobis damatebiTi sargebeli gaxlavT araformaluri da damoukidebeli zedamxedveloba cixeSi mimdinare movlenebze. momnaxuleblebi urTierToben cixis personalTan da patimrebTan, ris Sedegadac maT saSualeba eZlevaT, daakvirdnen iq mimdinare movlenebs da aRmoaCinon arsebuli problemebi. maTi arseboba unda warmoadgendes adamianuri dadebiTi urTierTobebis damyarebis safuZvels da SesaZlebelia, gamoyenebul iqnes darRvevebis Tavidan asacileblad. oficialuri Semowmebebisas, darRvevebi xdeba mxolod post factum, maSin, rodesac araformaluri urTierTobebi saSualebas iZleva, problemebi aRmoifxvras manam, sanam isini darRvevaSi gadaizrdeba. mnaxvelebis komentarebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, radganac isini efuZneba cixis miRma arsebul standartebs. amis gamo, maT SesaZlebelia gauCndeT mravali, maT Soris, negatiuri SekiTxva cixeSi arsebuli procedurebis Sesaxeb.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

CarTuloba aRmofxvravs

Semdgom darRvevebs

122

oficialuri Semowmebisas, romelsac aqve SevexebiT, aucilebelia konsultaciis miReba araformaluri Semmowmeblebisagan. arsebobs administraciebi, sadac kargadaa Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis mier ganxorcielebuli, cixeebis oficialuri monitoringis procedura. im SemTxvevebSi, sadac jer ar arsebobs mkacrad dadgenili procedurebi, xdeba mcire wesebis dadgena. maT Soris, saukeTesod gvevlineba SemTxveva, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis damoukidebeli warmomadgenlebi amowmeben cixis cxovrebis yvela aspeqts da Semdeg sazogadoebas warudgenen moxsenebas. imisaTvis, rom msgavsi monitoringi efeqturi iyos, saWiroa, rom Semmowmeblebi sazogadoebisadmi angariSvaldebulni iyvnen da SeuzRudavad miuwvdebodeT xeli cixis yvela sferoze. aRniSnuli angariSvaldebuleba, umjobesia, mimarTuli iyos parlamentis da ara uSualod cixis administraciisadmi. `TurqeTma Seqmna mcire, damoukidebeli monitoringis sabWo, romelic kavSirSia yvela iuridiul komisiasTan. misi mizania komisiis iurisdiqciaSi arsebuli cixeebis monitoringi da masze moxsenebis gakeTeba. rogorc wesi, yovel sabWos evaleba oTxi an xuTi cixis gakontroleba da iusticiis saministrosaTvis, sam TveSi erTxel, moxsenebis wardgena. TurqeTis kanonmdeblobiT, sajaro dawesebulebebs evalebaT, rom warmodgenil moxsenebas upasuxon dadgenil vadebSi.~ inglissa da uelsSi dadgenilia moTxovna, romlis mixedviTac, araprofesionali Semmowmebeli unda iqnes mowveuli, raTa daeswros da daakvirdes cixeSi arsebul yvela seriozul incidents. aseTi qmedeba saSualebas iZleva, davicvaT patimrebi maTi uflebebis Selaxvisgan, xolo personalisaTvis warmoadgens usamarTlo braldebebis Tavidan acilebis saSualebas. cixeebis umetesobas aqvs cixis Sida Semowmebis procedura. am saqmianobas asruleben cixis administraciis maRalCinosnebi, romelTac gaaCniaT cixisa da misi marTvis saTanado codna. isini, rogorc wesi, arian cixis centraluri administraciis jgufis wevrebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT piradi kavSiri patimrebTan. maT SeuZliaT regionis yvela cixis Semowmeba. isini moqmedeben funqciebad dayofil jgufebad, magaliTad qalTa an arasrulwlovanTa cixeebis Semmowmeblad. arsebobs cixeebi, sadac jgufebi moqmedeben, rogorc auditorebi da ara _ rogorc inspeqtorebi. maTi ZiriTadi funqciaa imis Semowmeba, emorCileba Tu ara cixe instruqciebs, xom ar SeiniSneba korufcia an sxva arajerovani qmedebebi. praqtikaSi saWiroa arsebobdes mijna auditorul da inspeqciur saqmianobebs Soris. auditori, rogorc wesi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor keTdeba saqme maSin, rodesac inspeqtori aqcentirebs imaze, Tu ramdenad Sedegis momtania esa Tu is qmedeba. SesaZlebelia, rom cixe akmayofilebdes procedurul moTxovnebs, magram mainc CaiTvalos cudad marTulad, radganac ver daakmayofilebs am saxelmZRvaneloSi asaxul miznebs. cixis auditorebs mniSvnelovani roli akisriaT, magram isini unda moqmedebdnen

oficialuri monitoringi

araprofesiona-lebis mxridan

seriozuli incidentebis monitoringi

mniSvnelovani funqciaa

cixeebis umetesobas hyavs administraciuli

inspeqtorebi

mTavrobis mier dadgenili

procedurebis dacva

123

inspeqtorebTan erTad da ara maT magivrad. Sida inspeqtirebis jgufs unda hqondes SeuzRudavi Sexeba cixis yvela adgilsa Tu patimarTan. maT, SesaZlebelia, hqondeT Semowmebis programa, romelsac winaswar gamoacxadeben, Tumca, aseve ganaxorcieleben moulodnel, ad hoc Semowmebebs rogorc samuSao saaTebSi, ise mis Semdegac. moxsenebebi unda waredginos uSualod cixis erovnuli administraciis ufross. oficialuri auditisa Tu inspeqtirebis funqcia ar gaxlavT marto cudi qmedebebis aRmoCena. saWiroa dadebiTi qmedebebis dadgena da waxaliseba. `safrangeTSi mTavrobam iusticiis saministroSi Seqmna iuridiuli samsaxuris generaluri inspeqcia, dasaqmebisa da socialuri saqmeebis saministroSi ki _ socialuri saqmeebis generaluri inspeqcia. maT farglebSi moqmedi sabWoebis mizania Seafason da Semdeg moxseneba daweron patimrebis janmrTelobis dacvis sakiTxebze. moxseneba waredgineba dasaqmebisa da socialuri saqmeebis, iusticiisa da jandacvis saministroebs.~ Sida Semowmebis procedurasTan erTad, aucileblad unda arsebobdes inspeqtirebis iseTi forma, romelic damoukidebeli iqneba cixis sistemisagan. amis erT-erT versiad gvevlineba mTavrobis mier inspeqtorebis daniSvna. Tumca, es ukanasknelic ar gaxlavT yvelaze mosawoni varianti, radganac cixeebi, sabolood swored mTavrobas eqvemdebareba. amitomac, saukeTeso gamosavlad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT damoukidebeli inspeqtoris, magaliTad ombudsmenis, daniSvna parlamentis mier. Tuki inspeqtori misi saqmianobis Sedegebs moaxsenebs uSualod parlaments, mcire iqneba mis moxsenebaSi administraciuli Carevis albaToba. `2000 wels, dasavleT avstraliaSi Seiqmna dakavebis samsaxuris inspeqcia, romlis mizanic gaxlavT cixeebis damoukidebeli Semowmeba. samsaxuri pasuxismgebelia iusticiis saministros, xolo angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe.~ arsebobs qveynebi, magaliTad safrangeTi, sadac mosamarTle valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom patimrebs adamianurad eqceodnen da cixeebi moqmedebdnen kanonebis mixedviT. amgvari sistema miiCneva damoukidebel meqanizmad, radganac mosamarTle ar aris penitencialuri sistemis wevri. damoukidebeli Semmowmeblis statusi mniSvnelovania sajaro marTlSegnebis asamaRleblad. amitomac, mniSvnelovania am poziciaze sazogadoebrivi ndobiT aRWurvili piris daniSvna. Tuki Semmowmebeli aris piri, romelic ar warmoadgens penitencialur sistemas da ar gaaCnia sferos uSualo codna, saWiroa, rom Semmowmebeli jgufis ramdenime wevri mainc flobdes informacias am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. aucilebelia specialisti inspeqtoris arseboba iseTi sferoebis Sesamowmeblad, rogoricaa patimarTa jandacva da maTi fsiqikuri janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, umciresobaTa uflebebis dacva da sxva. seriozuli incidentebis Sedegad inspeqtorebs ufleba aqvT, Caataron saTanado Semowmeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi, maT unda miuwvdebodeT xeli samxilebze da unda SeeZloT yvela im piris

Sida inspeqtorebs ar unda dauwesdeT

SezRudvebi

mosawoni qmedebebis waxaliseba

aucilebelia

cixis kargi marTvisaTvis aucilebelia

damoukidebeli Semowmeba

sasamarTlo zedamxedveloba

sajaro pirebi - damoukidebeli Semmowmeblebi

Semmowmeblebis specialuri

funqcia

124

gamokiTxva, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen incidentSi, iqneba es patimari Tu cixis personali. arsebobs sistemebi, sadac cixis Semowmebis specialur ganyofilebasTan erTad arsebobs samTavrobo da sxva centraluri Semowmebis organoebi. maT Soris, xSirad vxvdebiT adamianis uflebaTa komisias an generalur auditors. SesaZlebelia, arsebobdes oficialuri TanamSromloba Semmowmebel organosa da patimrebis saCivrebis ganmxilvel dawesebulebebs Sorisac. damoukidebelma inspeqtorebma srulad unda gamoaqveynon maTi moxsenebebi. gamonaklisad SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos konfidencialuri informacia cixis usafrTxoebisa da patimrebis Sesaxeb. nebismieri Semowmebis (formaluri Tu araformaluri) efeqturoba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba, Tuki moxsenebebs ar mohyveba saTanado reagireba. yovel Semowmebas unda hqondes naTlad dadgenili moxsenebis procedura, sadac gansazRvruli iqneba is qmedebebi, romelic Sedegad unda mohyves saswrafo da mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. yoveli cixe, cixis administracia da mTavroba valdebulia, saswrafod da srulad gasces pasuxi moxsenebaSi aRweril sakiTxebs. kargi iqneba, Tuki moxsenebebi da maTze gakeTebuli pasuxebi sajarod gaJRerdeba. gamonaklisi iqneba is sakiTxebi, romlebic konfidencialur xasiaTs atarebs. moxsenebebis gamocemas aqvs damatebiTi dadebiTi Sedegi, romliTac igi xels uwyobs miuRebeli qmedebebis aRmofxvras da kargi Sedegebis farTo gavrcelebas. aseTi gamocemebis magaliTia evrosabWos wamebis sawinaaRmdego komitetisa da afrikis specialuri momxseneblis gamocemebi.

Semowmebis sxva formebi

Semowmebis Sesaxeb

moxsenebis gakeTeba da

masze reagireba

125

11 winaswar gamoZiebaSi myofi

patimrebi da sxva patimrebi,

romelTac sasjeli jer ar misjiaT

zogadi sakiTxebi arsebobs qveynebi, sadac dakavebuli pirebis didi nawilisaTvis, xSirad umravlesobisTvisac ki, gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni jer ar gamoutaniaT. zogis saqme SesaZlebelia jer kidev gamoZiebaSia, ar aris dadgenili, iqneba Tu ara sasamarTlo an, ubralod, elodeba sasamarTlo process.

• aseT mdgomareobaSi myof pirebs, iurisdiqciebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxeli aqvT. isini SesaZlebelia iwodebodnen pirebad, romelTaAsaqmec gamoZiebaSia, elodebian process an imyofebian winaswar patimrobaSi. terminologiuri SesabamisobisaTvis, mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSnul pirebs movixseniebT, winaswar gamoZiebaSi myof pirebad.

• arsebobs saxelmwifoebi, sadac termini “patimari” exeba mxolod pirebs, romelTac ukve miesajaT sasjeli, anu msjavrdebulebs. xolo maT, romlebsac jer sasjeli dadgenili ar aqvT, moixsenieben “dakavebul” pirebad. am saxelmZRvaneloSi sityva “patimari” moicavs yvela im pirs, romelic dakavebulia saTanado gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze.

• da bolos, zogierT saxelmwifoSi sityva “cixe” gamoiyeneba mxolod misjili patimrebis adgilsamyoflis aRsaniSnad. xolo adgili, sadac ganTavsebuli arian pirebi, romelTac jer ar hqoniaT sasamarTlo, moixsenieba “dakavebis adgilebad” an “sapatimrod”. am saxelmZRvaneloSi sityva “cixe” aRniSnavs dakavebis yvela im dawesebulebas, sadac ganTavsebulni arian saTanado wesebis safuZvelze dakavebuli pirebi. winaswari patimrobis dawesebulebebis marTvisas, mniSvnelovania, rom TavisuflebaSezRuduli pirebi iTvlebodnen udanaSaulod manamde, sanam sapirispiros ar daadgens sasamarTlo. msjavrdebuli patimrebisagan gansxvavebiT, maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudva ar warmoadgens sasjels, radganac ar aris dadgenili, arian Tu ara es ukanasknelni damnaSaveebi. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom am pirebisadmi mopyroba Seesabamebodes da asaxavdes maT statuss. dakavebul pirTa didi raodenoba sasamarTloSi umeteswilad gamamarTlebel gadawyvetilebas iRebs, riTac kidev erTxel dasturdeba imis aucilebloba, rom winaswari dakavebisas, isini aucileblad udanaSaulod unda iyvnen aRiarebulni. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac SemdgomSi braldebulad cnobili patimrebi imaze did xans atareben winaswari dakavebis saknebSi, vidre sasamarTlo Semdeg daadgens xolme. aRniSnuli, rogorc wesi, neli samarTalwarmoebis bralia. msgavsi faqtebi, patimrebSi aRZravs ukmayofilebis grZnobas, rac Semdeg aisaxeba kidec maT

ganmartebani

udanaSaulobis prezumfcia

problemebi winaswari

dakavebisas

126

saqcielze. cixis administrirebisas, mocemuli faqtori aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo warmoebis neli tempi pirdapir aisaxeba winaswar gamoZiebaSi myofi patimrebis gadaWarbebul raodenobasa da cixis gadatvirTvaze. erT-erTi mizezi patimarTa siRaribec gaxlavT, radganac maT ar ZaluZT giraos gadaxda. msoflioSi, calkeul regionebSi, cixeSi myof pirTa naxevarze mets swored winaswar gamoZiebaSi myofi patimrebi warmoadgenen. magaliTad hondurasSi, burundiSi, mozambiksa da indoeTSi maTi raodenoba 70%-s aWarbebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom es monacemebi moicavs mxolod cixeebSi myof pirebs da ar exeba policiasa an sxva uflebamosil organoSi dakavebulebs. aucilebelia, mkacrad gaimijnos funqciebi danaSaulis gamomZiebel (magaliTad, policia da prokuratura) da cixis mmarTvel organoebs Soris. is faqti, rom eWvmitanili piri dakavebulia, SesaZlebelia, xels uwyobdes gamoZiebas danaSaulis gamoZiebaSi, magram dakavebis pirobebis gansazRvra ar unda Sediodes am ukanasknelis uflebamosilebaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dauSvebelia winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebis imgvar pirobebSi Cayeneba, rom isini aiZulo, iTanamSromlon gamoZiebasTan an, Tundac, aRiaron brali. gamoZiebis organosa Tu prokuraturis warmomadgenels ar unda SeeZlos moaxdinos zegavlena cixis administraciaze da miuTiTos, Tu rogor moeqcnen winaswar patimrobaSi myof ama Tu im patimars. `indoeTSi, erT an or TveSi erTxel xdeba uzenaesi magistrebis cixeSi gagzavna. mocemuli aqtivoba warmoadgens “xalxis sasamarTlos” programis erT-erT komponents. amgvari programis, saxelad “lok adalat” magaliTia magistris gagzavna rajahmundris centralur cixeSi, sadac magistrma SeZlo dReSi 23 saqmis ganxilva, rasac, Cveulebrivi proceduris mixedviT, sakmaod didi dro dasWirdeboda”. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 11: yovel adamians, romelsac bralad edeba danaSaulis Cadena, ufleba aqvs, iTvlebodes udanaSaulod manam, sanam misi damnaSaveoba dadgenili ar iqneba kanonieri, wesisamebr, sajaro sasamarTlo ganxilviT, romlis drosac, misTvis uzrunvelyofilia dacvis yvela SesaZlebloba. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 9: 1. TiToeul adamians aqvs Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba. aravin SeiZleba TviTneburad daapatimron an patimrobaSi aiyvanon. aravis SeiZleba Tavisufleba aRukveTon sxvagvarad, Tu ara iseT safuZvelze da iseTi proceduris Sesabamisad, romlebic kanoniT aris dawesebuli. 2. TiToeul pirs dapatimrebis dros eubnebian misi dapatimrebis mizezebs da saswrafo wesiT atyobineben, Tu ra braldebas uyeneben. 3. sisxlis samarTlis braldebiT dapatimrebuli TuUdakavebuli yoveli piri saswrafo wesiT unda miiyvanon mosamarTlesTan an sxva Tanamdebobis pirTan, romelsac kanoniT ufleba aqvs, aRasrulos sasamarTlo xelisufleba. dapatimrebul an dakavebul pirs aqvs gonivrul vadaSi sasamarTlo garCevisa Tu

winaswar gamoZiebaSi

myof pirebis gadaWarbebuli

raodenoba

sagamoZiebo da cixis

mmarTveli organoebis

gamijvna

127

gaTavisuflebis ufleba. sasamarTlo garCevis molodinSi piris dakaveba saerTo wesi ar unda gaxdes, magram maTi gaTavisufleba SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis, sasamarTlo garCevis yvela stadiaze gamocxadebis da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, ganaCenis aRsasruleblad gamocxadebis garantiebis wardgenaze. 4. TiToeuls, visac Tavisufleba aRekveTa dapatimrebisa Tu patimrobaSi ayvanis Sedegad, ufleba aqvs, rom misi saqme gaarCios sasamarTlom, raTa am sasamarTlom dauyovnebliv gamoitanos dadgenileba, kanonieria misi dakaveba Tu ara, xolo, Tu ukanonod iyo dakavebuli, gasces misi gaTavisuflebis gankarguleba. 5. TiToeuls, vinc ukanonod dapatimrebisa da patimrobaSi ayvanis msxverpli gaxda, aqvs kompensaciis ufleba, romelsac sarCelis Zala eniWeba. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 84: 1. sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanili dakavebuli Tu dapatimrebuli pirebi, romlebic imyofebian policiis dakavebis saknebSi an winaswari dakavebis sapatimroebSi, am wesebSi moxseniebulni iqnebian “gausamarTlebel patimrebad”. 2. miusjeli patimrebi udanaSaulod iTvlebian, sanam sawinaaRmdegos ar daadgens sasamarTlo. maT mimarT mopyroba unda Seesabamebodes maT statuss. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixeSi moqmedi wesebi, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTulia msjavrdebuli patimrebisadmi. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi udanaSaulod iTvlebian da, Sesabamisad, ar unda emorCilebodnen igive wesebsa da kanonebs, rac gansazRvrulia msjavrdebulebisadmi. am saxelmZRvanelos mesame Tavi exeba cixeSi miRebis pirobebs. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac patimrobis pirveli wuTebi, umetesi dakavebuli pirisaTvis winaswari patimrobiT iwyeba. maTTvis cixeSi yofnis pirveli dReebi gansakuTrebiT rTuli iqneba. amitomac, yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos cixis administraciam. cixis administracia mniSvnelovani berketia TviTneburi dakavebis Tavidan acilebis saqmeSi. maT unda SeimuSaon naTeli procedurebi raTa darwmundnen, rom cixeSi momsvleli yoveli TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris winaaRmdeg arsebobs saTanadod, kanonis yvela dacviT gacemuli dokumenti. es gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebis SemTxvevaSi, radganac sasamarTlos winaSe wardgomamde maT surT da ufleba aqvT, icodnen, Tu ratom da ris safuZvelze moxda maTi dakaveba. cixis administraciam aseve unda uzrunvelyos, rom dakavebuli pirebi sasamarTlos winaSe wardgnen saTanadod da droulad. winaswar patimrobaSi yofna, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs imas, rom dakavebulma pirma ar icis, Tu ra dros gaatarebs mocemul dawesebulebaSi da am sakiTxze gadawyvetilebas iRebs sasamarTlo. arsebobs saxelmwifoebi, sadac mkacrad aris dadgenili, Tu ramdeni xnis vadaSi unda moxdes piris sasamarTlosadmi wardgena an gaTavisufleba. dakavebis kanonierebis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa, rom cixis administraciam zedamxedveloba gauwios, Tu

winaswar gamoZiebaSi

myofi patimrebis

gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba

TviTneburi dakavebis

Tavidan acileba

winaswari dakavebis

monitoringi

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ramdenad aris vadebi daculi. saWiroa, administraciam awarmoos saTanado Canawerebi da amiT daexmaros patimars, ar `daikargos~ sasamarTlo sistemis procedurebSi. `2001 wels, mozambikSi cixeebis monaxulebisas, afrikaSi cixeebisa da dakavebis pirobebis Sesaxeb specialurma momxsenebelma aRniSna, rom wina vizitis Semdeg patimarTa raodenoba Semcirebuli iyo. amis mizezad momxsenebelma daasaxela “kanonierebis gamaZlierebeli komisiebis Seqmna”, romelic regularulad ixilavda dakavebis kanonierebis sakiTxs cixeebis monaxulebisa da maT Sesaxeb piradi informaciis Seswavlis gziT. aRniSnuli komisiebi uflebamosilni iyvnen, gaeTavisuflebinaT winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi da TavdebiT gamoeSvaT is eWvmitanilebic ki, romelTac ar SeeZloT jarimis gadaxda. komisiebi aseve aTavisuflebdnen im pirebs, romlebic daamtkicebdnen, rom ar SesrulebiaT 16 weli.”11 “hondurassa da panamaSi amoqmedda kanoni, romlis Sedegadac, xdeba winaswar patimrobaSi myofi iseTi pirebis gaTavisufleba, romlebmac moixades Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis dadgenili savaraudo sasjelis garkveuli odenoba.” winaswar patimrobaSi myof pirebs unda miuwvdebodeT xeli saTanado sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobaze. pirebi, romlebic pirvelad xvdebian cixeSi, xSirad dabneulebi arian. maT ufleba aqvT, miiRon damoukidebeli iuridiuli konsultacia. cixis administraciam unda icodes, Tu ra gansxvavebaa eWvmitanil da braldebul pirs Soris. calkeuli wesebi unda arsebobdes winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebisaTvis. sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobis ufleba principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 17: 1. dakavebul pirs ufleba aqvs, miiRos iuristis konsultacia. dakavebidan umokles vadaSi, dakavebul pirs kompetenturi organos mier unda ecnobos misi uflebis Sesaxeb da mieces saSualeba, isargeblos aRniSnuli uflebiT. 2. Tuki dakavebul pirs ar SeuZlia, daiqiravos damcveli, sasamarTlom an sxva uflebamosilma organom, samarTlianobis interesebis dacviT, mas ufasod unda gamouyos advokati. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 18: 1. dakavebul Tu dapatimrebul pirs unda mieces saSualeba, ikontaqtos da miiRos konsultacia misi damcvelisagan. 2. dakavebul Tu dapatimrebul pirs unda hqondes saTanado dro da saSualeba, miiRos konsultacia misi damcvelisagan. 3. dakavebul Tu dapatimrebuli pirs ar unda SeezRudos ufleba moinaxulon, aseve, miiRos konsultacia da ikontaqtos damcvelTan droulad, cenzuris gareSe da konfidencialurobis sruli dacviT. gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi unda ganisazRvros kanoniT an sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT, unda efuZnebodes wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebis mizans da unda dadgindes sasamarTlos Tu sxva Sesabamisi organos mier. 4. dakavebuli Tu dapatimrebuli pirisa da misi damcvelis saubari SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes vizualuri zedamxedvelobis qveS,

11 afrikaSi cixeebisa da dakavebis pirobebis Sesaxeb specialuri moxseneba, mozambikis cixeebi, meore viziti, aprili 4-11, 2001.

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magram dauSvebelia misi mosmena samarTaldamcavi organos TanamSromlis mier. 5. aRniSnul principSi naxsenebi komunikacia damcvelsa da dakavebul/dapatimrebul pirs Soris ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli mtkicebulebad am ukanasknelis winaaRmdeg. gamonaklisia SemTxveva, rodesac igi kavSirSia gangrZobad an dagegmil danaSaulTan. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 23: 1. dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli piris dakiTxvis xangrZlivoba, Sualedebi dakiTxvebs Soris, iseve rogorc im pirebis vinaoba, romlebic awarmoeben da eswrebian dakiTxvas, unda Caiweros da dadasturdes kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. 2. dakavebul Tu dapatimrebul pirs, an, kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevaSi, mis damcvels, unda miuwvdebodes xeli mocemuli principis pirvel punqtSi miTiTebul informaciaze. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 93: dacvis interesebidan gamomdinare, eWvmitanil pirs ufleba aqvs, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, moiTxovos ufaso iuridiuli daxmareba, iqnes monaxulebuli misi damcvelis mier da moamzados da gadasces am ukanasknels konfidencialuri informacia. am mizniT, survilis SemTxvevaSi, patimari unda uzrunvelyon saweri saSualebebiT. patimarsa da mis damcvels Soris saubari SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes policiis an dawesebulebis warmomadgenlis vizualuri zedamxedvelobis qveS, dauSvebelia aRniSnuli saubris mosmena. ZiriTadi principebi advokatebis rolis Sesaxeb, principi 7: mTavrobam unda uzrunvelyos, rom yvela sisxlissamarTlebriv Tu sxva safuZvelze dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs, droulad miuwvdebodes xeli iuridiul konsultaciaze. konsultacia uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes dakavebidan/dapatimrebidan araugvianes 48 saaTisa. ZiriTadi principebi advokatebis rolis Sesaxeb, principi 8: yvela dakavebul/dapatimrebul pirs unda hqondes saTanado saSualeba, dro da adgili mosanaxuleblad, miiRos konsultacia advokatisagan droulad, cenzuris gareSe da sruliad konfidencialurad. aRniSnuli konsultacia SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes samarTaldamcavi organos warmomadgenlis vizualuri zedamxedvelobis qveS, dauSvebelia aRniSnuli saubris mosmena. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixeSi Semosul pirs, drois umokles vadaSi, unda ecnobos sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobis uflebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, Tu es ukanaskneli sasamarTlos winaSe jer ar warmdgara. bevr maTgans ukve eyoleba advokati. am SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis mTavari iqneba iuristTan konsultaciis saSualeba: sad, rogor da ra pirobebSi SeuZliaT, ekontaqton advokats. mraval patimars jer ar eqneba mogvarebuli sasamarTlo warmomadgenlobis sakiTxi. maT unda mieceT ufleba, Seexmianon iurists drois umokles vadaSi, raTa am ukanasknelma ganixilos misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba da daiwyos dacvisaTvis mzadeba. Sesabamisma organoebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom patimrebs, romelTac ar

cixeebis roli sasamarTlo

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gaaCniaT advokatis daqiravebisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi, gamoeyoT saTanado damcveli. cixis administracia ar unda Caerios patimarsa da mis damcvels Soris komunikaciaSi. maT Soris, mimowera ar unda daeqvemdebaros cenzuras. mraval saxelmwifoSi msgavsi werilebi specialurad iniSneba da uSualod gadaecema adresats gaxsnis gareSe. gamavali korespondencia iluqeba Tavad patimris mier. Tuki cixis administracias aqvs safuZvliani eWvi, rom adgili aqvs mocemuli uflebis uxeSad gamoyenebas, maT SeuZliaT korespondenciis gaxsna da Semowmeba, Tumca, aucileblad patimris Tvalwin. igive exeba gamaval korespondenciasac, misi gaxsna SeiZleba mxolod patimris Tvalwin. dauSvebelia werilebis wakiTxva cixis personalis mier. patimrisa da misi advokatis dialogi ar unda esmodes cixis TanamSromels. gamarTlebulia aseT vizitebze dakvirveba, magaliTad, rodesac cixis administraciis warmomadgenlebi uyureben xmagaumtari SuSidan, magram am ukanasknelT ar unda esmodeT uSualod saubari. winaswar gamoZiebaSi myofi patimrebis marTva saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 10: 2. a) im SemTxvevebSi, roca ar aris gansakuTrebuli garemoebani, braldebuls aTavseben msjavrdebulisagan calke da uweseben calke reJims, romelic Seesabameba eWvmitanil pirTa statuss; b) arasrulwlovan eWvmitanilebs aTavseben srulwlovnebisagan calke. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 8: dakavebuli pirebis mopyroba unda Seesabamisebodes maTs, rogorc eWvmitanilis, statuss. amitomac, isini unda iyvnen gancalkevebulni msjavrdebuli patimrebisagan. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 84: 3. winaswar patimrobaSi myofma pirebma unda isargeblon am dokumentSi aRwerili specialuri reJimiT ise, rom ar dairRves usafrTxoebisa da jerovani mopyrobis Sesaxeb kanonebi. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 86-91: 86. winaswar patimrobaSi myof pirebs unda eZinoT marto, maTTvis gankuTvnil oTaxebSi. gamonaklisi SeiZleba efuZnebodes gansxvavebul adgilobriv klimats. 87. dawesebulebaSi wesrigis dacvis wesebis Sesabamisad, winaswar patimrobaSi myof pirebs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda mieceT saSualeba, sakuTari saxsrebiT SeiZinon sakvebi cixis miRma. amaSi maT SeiZleba daexmaros cixis administracia an ojaxi/megobrebi. zogadad, sakvebi unda uzrunvelyos administraciam.

88. (1) winaswar patimrobaSi myof pirs ufleba aqvs, ecvas misi sakuTari tansacmeli, Tuki es ukanaskneli sufTa da dawesebulebis Sesabamisia.

(2) Tuki mas acvia cixis uniforma, igi gansxvavebuli

iuridiuli korespondenciis

daculoba

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131

unda iyos msjavrdebulTa formisagan. 89. winaswar patimrobaSi myof patimars aucileblad unda mieces saSualeba imuSaos, Tumca, dauSvebelia muSaobis davaldebuleba. Tuki igi moisurvebs muSaobas, unda aunazRaurdes gaweuli Sroma. 90. winaswar patimrobaSi myof patimars ufleba aqvs, Tavisi an mesame piris TanxiT SeiZinos wignebi, gazeTebi, saweri da dasaqmebis sxva saSualebebi, im pirobiT, rom es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi iqneba samarTlianobasa da cixis usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis interesebTan. 91. winaswar patimrobaSi myof patimars unda mieces ufleba, monaxulebul iqnes da imkurnalos mis sakuTar eqimTan Tu stomatologTan, Tuki Tavad SeZlebs aRniSnuli momsaxurebis anazRaurebas. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixeebi, zogadad, imarTeba dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli meTodebiT. amis Sedegad SesaZlebelia, rom yvela dakavebuli pirisadmi mopyroba identuri iyos, iqneba igi qali Tu mamakaci, zrdasruli Tu arasrulwlovani, msjavrdebuli Tu eWvmitanili. miuxedavad imisa, rom dawesebulebisaTvis amgvari midgoma ufro iolia, igi ar emsaxureba samarTlianobis interesebs. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi ar arian dadasturebuli damnaSaveebi da maT ar unda moeqcnen msjavrdebulebis msgavsad. sasamarTlo xelisuflebam moiTxova maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudva da ar dauwesebia maTTvis damatebiTi sasjeli. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi unda iyvnen msjavrdebulebisagan gancalkevebulni. mraval qveyanaSi aseTi gancalkevebis uSualo Sedegi aris is, rom winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi mravalgzis uares pirobebSi aRmoCndebian, vidre msjavrdebulebi. cixe gadatvirTulia, sacxovreblad Zalian cudi pirobebia da naklebia Sexeba cixis sxva saSualebebTan. saWiroa, rom msgavsi Sedegebi Tavidan aviciloT. is faqti, rom aRniSnuli pirebi udanaSaulod iTvlebian, unda iyos garanti imisa, rom maTi sacxovrebeli pirobebi ukeTesi Tu ara, tolfasi mainc iqneba msjavrdebulTa pirobebisa. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebis Sesaxeb wesebi unda moicavdes iseTi praqtikul sakiTxebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rodis SeiZleba Caicvan maTi sakuTari tansacmeli, xelmisawvdomoba sakvebze, wignebsa da sxva masalebze, aseve, vizitebze. dauSvebelia, maT movTxovoT muSaoba, magram, survilis SemTxvevaSi, amis saSualeba unda arsebobdes. Tuki winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi dakavebulni arian ganusazRvreli an xangrZlivi vadiT, aucilebelia, maTTvis uzrunvelyofil iqnes cixeSi arsebuli saSualebebi da, survilis SemTxvevaSi, samuSao. yvela patimari, msjavrdebuli Tu eWvmitanili, unda ganTavsdes Sesabamisad dacul cixeSi. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac msjavrdebuli patimrebi ganTavsebulni arian sxvadasxva reJimis cixeebSi, xolo winaswar patimrobaSi myofebi ki, yovelTvis mkacri reJimis cixeebSi xvdebian. aRniSnuli midgoma gaumarTlebelia. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi patimrebic unda daeqvemdebaron maTgan gamomdinare riskis Sefasebas. gaumarTlebelia, naklebad da gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulis CadenaSi eWvmitanili pirebi erTnair reJimSi iyvnen ganTavsebulni.

winaswar patimrobaSi

myofi pirebis gansxvavebuli

statusi

msjavrdebul-Tagan

gancalkeveba

ra unda uzrunvelyos

cixem

dauSvebelia simkacris

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sxva patimrebi, romelTac sasjeli jer ar misjiaT saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 94-95: 94. im qveynebSi, sadac kanoni uSvebs valis gadauxdelobis an

sxva arasisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis Cadenis gamo Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, mocemuli braliT dakavebuli pirebi ar unda daeqvemdebaron imaze did SezRudvebsa Tu simkacres, vidre saWiroa usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis uzrunvelsayofad. maT ar unda moepyron imaze cudad, vidre epyrobian winaswar patimrobaSi myof pirebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens is faqti, rom maT SeiZleba mosTxovon muSaoba. 95. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis

me-9 muxlze zegavlenis gareSe, bralis gareSe dakavebul Tu dapatimrebul pirebs iseve unda epyrobodnen, rogorc mesame ganyofilebis I da II nawilebSia miTiTebuli. pirveli ganyofilebis II nawili unda miesadagos specialuri statusis mqone dakavebul pirebs, Tumca, maTze ar imoqmedebs ganaTlebisa da reabilitaciis is programebi, romelic gansazRvrulia sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis CamdenTaTvis. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixe aris dawesebuleba, sadac Tavisufleba umeteswilad ezRudebaT sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis Camden pirebs. arsebobs qveynebi, sadac pirebis dakaveba xdeba samoqalaqo an administraciuli gadacdomebis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi, mocemul pirebs swored ise unda moeqcnen, rogorc eWvmitanilebs. aseTi mopyroba imoqmedebs maTi dakavebis pirobebze da miscems advokatsa da sxva oficialur pirebTan kontaqtis uflebas. ukanasknel xanebSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac pirebs akaveben emigraciisa da TavSesafris Ziebis mizniT qveynis sazRvris ukanonod gadakveTis gamo. aseTi pirebi ar unda ganTavsdnen sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSaulSi msjavrdebul pirebTan erTad. Tuki moxdeba maTi dakaveba da cixisaTvis gadacema, maT ar unda moeqcnen ise, rogorc eqcevian sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSaulSi eWvmitanil Tu msjavrdebul pirebs.

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ar arian msjavrdebulebi

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12 arasrulwlovani da axalgazrda patimrebi

zogadi sakiTxebi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asakad ganisazRvreba is asaki, rodesac bavSvs, SesaZlebelia, daekisros pasuxismgebloba Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis. asaki gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvaa asaki, rodesac bavSvi SeiZleba ganaTavson cixeSi. uSualod cixeSic arsebobs gansxvavebebi, Tu rodis aris dasaSvebi arasrulwlovani patimris ganTavseba zrdasrul patimrebTan erTad. saerTaSoriso samarTali naTlad ayalibebs, Tu rodemde miiCneva adamiani bavSvad. bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, muxli 1: am konvenciis miznebisaTvis bavSvad iTvleba 18 wlamde asakis yoveli adamiani, Tu arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, bavSvi ufro adre aRwevs srulwlovnebas. sisxlissamarTlebriv sakiTxebSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instrumentebi igive ganmartebas iReben bavSvze saubrisas. gaeros wesebi TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb, wesi 11: a) arasrulwlovnad iTvleba yvela is piri, romelsac ar Sesrulebia 18 weli. arsebobs saxelmwifoebi, sadac dauSvebelia 18 wlamde pirebis dapatimreba. amgvari midgoma misasalmebelia. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saWiroa axalgazrdebis dakaveba, isini unda ganTavsdnen gamosasworebel da ara sadamsjelo dawesebulebaSi. am saxelmZRvaneloSi aRwerili principebi exeba yvela patimars. Tumca, arasrulwlovnebis cixis marTvisas, aucilebelia damatebiTi garemoebebis gaTvaliswineba. cixeebi gamoiyeneba sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saSiSi pirebis dasakaveblad. Zalian cota arasrulwlovani Tu moxvdeba amgvari safrTxis momtani adamianebis siaSi. isini cixeSi unda Casxdnen mxolod gamouvali mdgomareobisas, rodesac ar arsebobs sxva alternativa. mTeli rigi qveynebis praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, dasturdeba, rom, rac ufro adre ganTavsdeba arasrulwlovani cixeSi, miT metia Sansi, cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg igi sisxlissamarTlebrivad dasjad qmedebebSi CaerTos. bolo dros warmoSobili tendenciis Sedegad, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi cixeebSi patimrebis raodenoba gaizarda. arsebobs qveynebi, sadac arasrulwlovanTa marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebebma Sedegad moitana sapasuxo zomebis gamkacreba. aseve, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe arasrulwlovnebis dakaveba aRiqmeba “quCis bavSvebis” problemis mogvarebis gzad. arsebobs qveynebi, sadac bavSvebs apatimreben,

ganmartebani

saerTaSoriso samarTali

18 wlamde asakis pirebi ar

unda iyvnen cixeSi

cixe arasrulwlov-

nebisTvis ukiduresi zoma

unda iyos

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kanoniereba

134

miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi dakaveba, asakobrivi simciris gamo, dauSvebelia. am saxelmZRvanelos me-11 TavSi Cven SevexeT cixis administraciis valdebulebas, uzrunvelyos, rom cixeSi misuli yoveli piris mimarT arsebobdes kanoniT dadgenili aRmkveTi RonisZieba. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bavSvebTan, arasrulwlovnebTan da sxva mowyvlad jgufebTan mimarTebiT. Tuki aucilebelia, rom axalgazrda piri ganTavsdes cixeSi, saWiroa imis uzrunvelyofac, rom cixis iZulebiTi meqanizmebi mis winaaRmdeg minimalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli da maqsimalurad miuwvdebodeT xeli saswavlo, gamosasworebel da pirovnuli ganviTarebis xelSemwyob meqanizmebze. gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva unda iyos mimarTuli axalgazrdebis ojaxis wevrebTan kontaqtis SenarCunebaze. arsebobs qveynebi, sadac patimris asakis dadgenisas, dabadebis mowmobis ararseboba mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. xSirad xdeba monacemebis gayalbeba, raTa arasrulwlovani miRebul iqnes zrdasrulTa cixeSi. msoflio icnobs sistemebs, sadac cixeebSi axalgazrdebisaTvis arsebobs specialuri pirobebi da xdeba maTi gancalkeveba ufrosebisagan manamde, sanam ar miaRweven 21 wels. iaponiaSi, magaliTad, es asaki 24 wlamdea gagrZelebuli. am qmedebis axsnad is gvevlineba, rom axalgazrda patimrebis Semdgomi marTlsawinaaRmdego saqmianobis Tavidan asacileblad, meti yuradReba unda daeTmos maT ganaTlebasa da ganviTarebas. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis konvencia, muxli 37.1:

wevri saxelmwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebas, rom: b) arc erT bavSvs ar aRekveTos Tavisufleba ukanono an

TviTneburi gziT. bavSvis dapatimreba, dakaveba an satusaRoSi Casma xorcieldeba kanonis Sesabamisad da gamoiyeneba, mxolod rogorc ukiduresi RonisZieba rac SeiZleba naklebi periodis ganmavlobaSi.

g) yoveli TavisuflebaaRkveTili bavSvi sargeblobdes humanuri mopyrobiT da pirovnebis ganuyreli Rirsebis pativiscemiT, misi asakis pirTa moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. kerZod, yoveli TavisuflebaaRkveTili bavSvi unda gancalkevdes ufrosebisagan, Tu ar miiCneva, rom bavSvis saukeTeso interesebisaTvis amis gakeTeba ar aris saWiro; sargeblobdes uflebiT, kavSiri iqonios Tavis ojaxTan mimoweris an Sexvedris gziT, gansakuTrebul garemoebaTa gamoklebiT.

d) yovel TavisuflebaaRkveTil bavSvs hqondes ufleba, dauyovnebliv miaRwios samarTlebriv da sxva Sesabamis daxmarebas, agreTve, ufleba _ gaaprotestos Tavisi Tavisuflebis aRkveTis kanoniereba sasamarTlo an sxva kompetenturi damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli organos winaSe da rom maT dauyovnebliv gamoitanon gadawyvetileba nebismieri aseTi saproceso moqmedebis mimarT. gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasrulwlovan patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb. wesi 13: 1. winaswari patimroba unda warmoadgendes ukidures zomas da gamoyenebuli unda iqnes rac SeiZleba mokled vadiT. 2. SesaZleblobis farglebSi, winaswari patimroba aucileblad

aqcenti arasrulwlo-

vanTa keTildReobaze

problema - dabadebis mowmobis

ararseboba

mozardebi

135

unda Seicvalos sxva alternatiuli zomiT, magaliTad, mkacri zedamxedveloba, intensiuri zrunva, ojaxSi, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebasa an, Tundac, Sin ganTavseba. 3. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi arasrulwlovnebi unda sargeblobdnen arasrulwlovanTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb gaeros standartuli yvela minimaluri wesiT. 4. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi arasrulwlovnebis ganTavseba unda moxdes calke dawesebulebSi, zrdasruli patimrebisagan gancalkevebiT an igive dawesebulebaSi, mxolod gancalkevebul nawilSi. 5. patimrobis ganmavlobaSi arasrulwlovnebs unda moeqcnen yuradRebiT, maTi interesebis dacviT. maT unda miiRon asakis, sqesisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sesabamisi socialuri, saganmanaTleblo, saswavlo, fsiqologiuri, samedicino da fizikuri daxmareba.

gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasrulwlovan patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 19:

1. sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSi arasrulwlovani piris moTavseba unda warmoadgendes ukidures zomas da unda ganxorcieldes minimaluri vadiT.


1. arasrulwlovani patimrebis Sesaxeb informacia unda iyos mkacrad konfidencialuri da masze xeli ar unda miuwvdebodes mesame mxares. aRniSnuli monacemebi xelmisawvdomi unda iyos mxolod saqmis ganxilvaSi CarTuli mxareebis an sxva saTanadod uflebamosili pirebisTvis.


1. sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSi arasrulwlovani piris ganTavseba miznad unda isaxavdes pirze zrunvas, mis dacvas, ganaTlebas da sxva saWiro unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas, rac xels Seuwyobs maT Semdgom konstruqciul da nayofier rols sazogadoebaSi. 2. sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebaSi arasrulwlovnebs unda moeqcnen yuradRebiT da maTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. pirovnebis dadebiTi ganviTarebisaTvis, maT unda miiRon asakis, sqesisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sesabamisi socialuri, saganmanaTleblo, saswavlo, fsiqologiuri, samedicino da fizikuri daxmareba. 3. winaswar patimrobaSi myofi arasrulwlovnebis ganTavseba unda moxdes calke dawesebulebSi zrdasruli patimrebisagan gancalkevebiT an igive dawesebulebis gancalkevebul nawilSi. 4 dawesebulebaSi ganTavsebul axalgazrda mdedrobiTi sqesis patimrebs unda daeTmoT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maT pirad saWiroebebsa da problemebTan dakavSirebiT. maT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda hqondeT imaze naklebi mzrunveloba, dacva, daxmareba, mopyroba da swavleba, vidre aqvT mamakac damnaSaveebs. aucilebelia samarTliani da Tanaswori mopyrobis uzrunvelyofa. 6. arasrulwlovani patimrebis interesebidan gamomdinare da imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom isini dawesebulebas ar datoveben gaunaTlebelni, unda moxdes kavSirebis damyareba iseT saministroebsa da departamentebTan, romlebic daxmarebas gauweven saTanado akademiuri Tu profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebaSi.


1. gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasrulwlovan patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb da sxva Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi unda exebodes rogorc msjavrdebul ise eWvmitanil arasrulwlovnebs. 2. arasrulwlovani patimrebis asakis, sqesis, pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maqsimalurad unda moxdes standartuli minimaluri wesebis amoqmedeba.

136

gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasrulwlovan patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 29: 1. Zalisxmeva unda iyos mimarTuli naxevrad-instituciuri urTierTobebis damyarebaze, riTac xeli Seewyoba arasrulwlovani patimrebis ukeTesad socializacias, maT Soris aris: droebiT Sin gaSveba, dRis ganmavlobaSi saganmanaTleblo saxlebSi, trening-centrebsa da sxva Sesabamis dawesebulebebSi ganTavseba. gaeros wesebi TavisuflebaaRkveTili arasrulwlovnebis dacvis Sesaxeb, wesi 11: mocemuli wesebis miznebisaTvis moxdeba Semdegi terminebis gamoyeneba: a. arasrulwlovani aris yvela piri, romelsac jer ar Sesrulebia 18 weli. asakobrivi zRvari, romlis miRmac dauSvebelia bavSvisaTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, unda ganisazRvros kanoniT. b. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa moicavs dakavebas, dapatimrebasa Tu sxva SezRudvas, romlis Sedegadac pirs, sasamarTlo, administraciuli Tu sxva sajaro xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, ekrZaleba sakuTari surviliT gadaadgileba. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba cixis personali aqcentirebulia, Tu rogor daicvas sazogadoeba seriozuli, zrdasruli kriminalebisagan. maT valdebulebaSi ar unda Sediodes im mcire raodenobiT bavSvebisa Tu axalgazrdebis zedamxedveloba, romlebmac Caidines iseTi mZime danaSauli, rom aucilebeli Seiqna maTTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. aseT axalgazrdebze unda zrunavdnen mzrunvelobiTi an socialuri saagentoebi. miuxedavad moqmedi principebisa, realoba migviTiTebs, rom arsebobs saxelmwifoebi, sadac arasrulwlovnebi da axalgazrdebi xSirad Tavsdebian cixeebSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, cixis administracias evaleba maTze imgvarad izrunos, rom gaiTvaliswinos maTi asaki da saWiroebebi. amgvar gansakuTrebul mopyrobas orgvari gamarTleba aqvs. pirveli, bavSvebi da axalgazrdebi ufro mowyvladebi arian, vidre zrdasruli pirebi da amitom saWiroeben zrdasruli patimrebis an Tundac cixis personalis mxridan Zaladobisa da uxeSad mopyrobisagan gansakuTrebul dacvas. meore mizezi ki gaxlavT is, rom axalgazrdebi, rogorc wesi, ufro eqcevian dadebiTi zegavlenis, treningebisa da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis, qveS. am miznebisaTvis TavisuflebaaRkveTili bavSvi Tu axalgazrda unda iyos gancalkevebuli zrdasruli patimrebisagan. arasrulwlovanTa cixeSi momuSave personali unda iyos amisaTvis specialurad momzadebuli. maT unda hqondeT mravali iseTi unar-Cveva, romelic ar sWirdeba zrdasruli cixis personals. cixis mraval TanamSromels urCevnia, imuSaos zrdasrul, xangrZlivad TavisuflebaaRkveTil patimarTan, radganac miiCnevs, rom swored aseTia cixis namdvili samuSao. xSirad miiCneven, rom arasrulwlovnebTan muSaoba aris martivi gamosavali im personalisaTvis, romelic naklebad kvalificiuria da ar ZaluZs, imuSaos ufro rTul pirobebSi _ zrdasrul patimrebTan. amgvari midgoma gaumarTlebelia. axalgazrdebTan muSaobas gansakuTrebuli unari sWirdeba. personals unda SeeZlos, SeaTavsos rogorc usafrTxoeba da wesrigi, ise arasrulwlovnebis interesebi. maSin, rodesac mravali maTgani

axalgazrda pirebi cixeebSi

mowyvladebi uxeSad

mopyrobisadmi

personalis unar-Cvevebi

137

meryevi da Camouyalibebelia, maT sWirdebaT adamianebi, romlebic daexmarebian dadebiTi adamianuri Tvisebebis gamomuSavebaSi, rac Semdgom saSualebas miscems, icxovron normaluri cxovrebiT. arasrulwlovanTa dawesebulebaSi momuSave personalma unda gaiaros specialuri SerCeva da aiTvisos saTanado unarebi, raTa warmatebulad gauZRves dakisrebul samuSaos. maT aseve unda SeeZloT gaumklavdnen im fizikur da emociur moTxovnebs, romlebic aucileblad SexvdebaT axalgazrda patimrebTan muSaobisas. im qveynebSi, sadac xdeba bavSvebisa da arasrulwlovnebis dapatimreba, moqmedebs araerTi damatebiTi meqanizmi. maTi umravlesoba yuradRebas amaxvilebs keTildReobisa da ganaTlebis saWiroebaze. aucilebelia, rom bavSvebsa da arasrulwlovnebTan momuSave cixis administraciam axlo kontaqtebi daamyaros im dawesebulebebTan, romlebic zogadad muSaoben arasrulwlovnebis keTildReobasa da maT samoqalaqo samarTlebriv ganaTlebaze. arasrulwlovanTa dawesebuleba miznad unda isaxavdes iZulebiTi meqanizmebis Semcirebas da aqcents akeTebdes patimarTa ganaTlebasa da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebaze. mocemuli samuSao, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, unda ukavSirdebodes samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi axalgazrdebis CarTulobas. maswavleblebi da sxva muSakebi unda modiodnen adgilobrivi skolebidan maT mosanaxuleblad. ganaTlebis damadasturebeli sertifikatebis gadacema unda xdebodes adgilobrivi saganmanaTleblo centrebis warmomadgenlebis da ara cixis administraciis mier. misasalmebelia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac usafrTxoebis dacva amis saSualebas iZleva da xdeba arasrulwlovanTa ganaTleba cixis miRma, dRis ganmavlobaSi skolaSi gaSvebis gziT. cixis administracia unda ecados, daamyaros kavSirebi axalgazrdobis sakiTxebze momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, riTac xels Seuwyobs cixeebSi fizikuri, kulturuli da socialuri programebis ganxorcielebas. arasrulwlovan patimrebsa da ojaxis wevrebs Soris kavSiris damyareba da ganviTareba cixis administraciis prioritets unda warmoadgendes. SesaZleblobis farglebSi, arasrulwlovnebs unda mieceT saSualeba, mcire droiT wavidnen Sin da moinaxulon ojaxebi. ojaxebs unda SevuwyoT xeli, rac SeiZleba xSirad movidnen patimrebis mosanaxuleblad da iqonion kontaqti werilebis Tu telefonis meSveobiT. is faqti, rom arasrulwlovnebi umciresobas warmoadgenen, gulisxmobs, rom maTTvis gankuTvnilia mcire raodenobis cixeebi da, gamomdinare aqedan, isini Sinidan sakmaod daSorebulni arian. cixis administraciam yuradReba unda miaqcios, rom ojaxebs SeeZloT patimrebTan misvla da monaxuleba. yuradReba unda gamaxvildes Sexvedris pirobebzec, maqsimalurad unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili myudroeba da araformaluri atmosfero. ojaxebs unda SevuwyoT xeli, CaerTon maTi Svilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac, patimrobis gamo, arasrulwlovani patimrebi kargaven kavSirs ojaxebTan. cixis administraciam damatebiT Zalisxmevas unda mimarTos, raTa daadginos, cixidan gasvlis Semdeg romel arasrulwlovans aRar aqvs kontaqti

keTildReobisa da ganaTlebis

saWiroeba

axlo kavSiri gare

samyarosTan

ojaxuri kavSirebi

gaTavisufleba da reintegracia

138

ojaxTan an sWirdeba daxmareba maTTan kontaqtis dasamyareblad. mTavaria, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli im viTarebaSi dabruneba, romlis Sedegadac arasrulwlovanma Caidina danaSauli. mniSvnelovania daxmarebis miReba im saxelmwifo Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebisagan, romlebic xels Seuwyoben mocemuli pirebis socializacias. `Teiranis arasrulwlovanTa gamasworebeli da sareabilitacio centris TanamSromlebi cdiloben, moagvaron centridan gamosuli usaxlkaro axalgazrdebis problema. am mizniT, maT gadaakeTes mitovebuli Senoba da centridan gamosul pirebs saSualebas aZleven, garkveuli vadiT icxovron da miiRon daxmareba centris personalisagan”.

139

13 mdedrobiTi sqesis patimrebi

zogadi sakiTxebi qveynebisa da cixeebis mixedviT, qal patimarTa proporciuli maCvenebeli meryeobs 2-dan 8%-mde. amis erT-erT Sedegad gvevlineba is, rom cixeebi umeteswilad mowyobilia mamakaci patimrebis saWiroebebis Sesabamisad. es exeba rogorc arqiteqturas, ise usafrTxoebas da sxva detalebs. rogorc wesi, mamakacebisaTvis gankuTvnil cixeebs emateba xolme qalTa saWiroebis detalebi da ase iqmneba qalTa dawesebulebebi. qalTa cixeebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba realobaSi sakmaod gansxvavdeba mamakacebis cixeebisagan da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroebs. cixeSi moxvedrili qalebi xSirad arian fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni da mravali daavadebis matarebelni. dapatimreba mravalgvarad aisaxeba qalebze. umeteswilad qalebi cixeSi arian araZalismieri, sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg an narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebis Cadenis gamo. maT xSirad ixsenieben rogorc “sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg damnaSaveebad”. rodesac qalebi danaSauls sCadian, es umeteswilad xdeba maTi axloblebis winaaRmdeg... kacebisagan gansxvavebiT, patimari qalebi, xSirad martoxela dedebi arian, romelTac hyavT maTze damokidebuli mcirewlovani Svilebi. albaToba imisa, rom isini isev gaimeoreben danaSauls, mcirea. maTi 1/2 da 1/3 cixeSi moxvedramde iyo seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli.12 umetes sazogadoebaSi qals akisria ZiriTadi valdebulebebi ojaxis winaSe, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki ojaxSi bavSvic figurirebs. es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom qalis dapatimrebis Sedegad, ojaxi mZime viTarebaSi aRmoCndeba xolme. rodesac xdeba mamis dapatimreba, deda kisrulobs rogorc sakuTar, ise mamis valdebulebebsac. xolo roca xdeba dedis dapatimreba, ojaxSi darCenil mamas Zalian uWirs mSoblis valdebulebebis mTlianad sakuTar Tavze aReba, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki am ukanasknels ar aqvs mxardaWera misi ojaxisagan. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac ojaxSi aris mxolod deda. es ki miuTiTebs, rom aucilebelia, dakavebul dedas SeeZlos SvilebTan kontaqtis damyareba. mcirewlovani Svilebi calke ganxilvis sagania. Tuki ar arsebobs gamouvali viTareba, cixeSi ar unda moxdes fexmZime qalebis gagzavna. xolo Tu es mainc moxdeba, maTTvis unda Seiqmnas specialuri pirobebi, romelic gavrceldeba mTeli fexmZimobis da bavSvis movlis periodze. gansakuTrebiT saTuTia usafrTxoebis zomebis miReba uSualod mSobiarobis dros. zogadi prezumfciis doneze unda iyos daSvebuli, rom qalma ar unda imSobiaros cixeSi.

12 iulita lemgraberi, qalebi sisxlis samarTalSi, danaSaulis prevenciisa da damnaSaveTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb gaeros meaTe kongresis winaSe gamosvla, aprili 2000. I, vena 1 149;

qali patimrebi umciresobas warmoadgenen

narkotikebis sawinaaRmdego

kanonebis efeqti

valdebulebebi ojaxis winaSe

uxeSad mopyrobis

Tavidan acileba

140

qalTa fizikuri usafrTxoeba unda iyos daculi maTi cixeSi yofnis periodSi. amitom isini gancalkevebiT unda iyvnen mamakaci patimrebisagan da ar unda iyvnen mxolod mamrobiTi sqesis TanamSromlebis zedamxedvelobis qveS. seqsualur Zaladobaze ixileT Tavi 3. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 2: am deklaraciiT gamocxadebuli yvela ufleba da yvela Tavisufleba miniWebuli unda hqondes yovel adamians ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa, saxeldobr, rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva rwmenis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi Tu sxva mdgomareobisa. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 3: am paqtis monawile saxelmwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebas, uzrunvelyon mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanabari ufleba _ isargeblon am paqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri uflebiT. konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yovelgvari formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 2: monawile saxelmwifoebi gmoben qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formas, SeTanxmdnen, yvela saWiro saSualebiT, ganuxrelad ganaxorcielon qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRmofxvris politika da am mizniT kisruloben valdebulebas, rom: a) mamakacTa da qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis princips Seitanen TavianT erovnul konstituciebsa an sxva Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi, Tu es jer ar gaukeTebiaT, da kanonis da sxva Sesabamisi saSualebebis daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofen am principis praqtikul ganxorcielebas; b) miiReben Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo da sxva zomebs, maT Soris sanqciebs, iq, sadac es saWiroa da romlebic akrZalaven qalTa yovelgvar diskriminacias; g) daaweseben qalTa uflebebis iuridiul dacvas mamakacebTan Tanabar safuZvelze da kompetenturi erovnuli sasamarTloebis da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebis meSveobiT uzrunvelyofen qalTa efeqtur dacvas diskriminaciis nebismieri aqtisagan; d) Tavs Seikaveben qalTa mimarT raime diskriminaciuli aqtis an moqmedebis Cadenisagan da uzrunvelyofen, rom saxelmwifo organoebi da dawesebulebebi moqmedebdnen am valdebulebis Sesabamisad; e) miiReben yvela saWiro zomas nebismieri piris, organizaciis an sawarmos mxridan qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris uzrunvelsayofad; v) miiReben yvela saWiro zomas, maT Soris sakanonmdeblos, im moqmedi kanonebis, dadgenilebebis, adaT-wesebis da praqtikis Sesacvlelad an gasauqmeblad, romlebiTac daSvebulia qalTa diskriminacia; z) gaauqmeben TavianTi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis yvela debulebas, romlebic uSvebs diskriminacias qalTa mimarT. gaeros deklaracia qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 2: qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladoba moicavs, magram ar Semoifargleba Semdegi qmedebebiT: saxelmwifos mier momzadebuli an

fexmZime qalebi

141

xelSewyobili fizikuri, seqsualuri da fsiqologiuri Zaladoba, miuxedavad Cadenis adgilisa. gaeros deklaracia qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, muxli 4: im samarTaldamcvel da sajaro moxeleebs, romelTac evalebaT qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis prevencia, gamoZieba da dasja, unda CautardeT treningebi, romlebic maT daexmareba, aRiqvan qalTa problemebi da saWiroebani. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 5.2: qalebis, gansakuTrebiT fexmZime da meZuZuri dedebis, bavSvebis da arasrulwlovnebis, asakovani, avadmyofi da invalidi pirebis dacvisadmi mimarTuli kanoniT gansazRvruli meqanizmebi ar unda atarebdes diskriminaciul xasiaTs. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 8: patimarTa gansxvavebuli kategoriebi gancalkevebul dawesebulebebSi unda iyvnen ganTavsebulni. am dros unda moxdes maTi sqesis, asakis, wina danaSaulebis, dakavebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlis da mopyrobis saWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba. qalebi da kacebi ganTavsebulni unda iyvnen sxvadasxva SenobaSi. im dawesebulebebSi, sadac qalebi da kacebi erTad arian, unda moxdes maTi imgvarad dasaxleba, rom qalTa ganyofileba ar ukavSirdebodes mamakacebisas. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 23: 1. qalTa dawesebulebaSi unda arsebobdes specialuri ganyofileba pre da postnataluri mzrunvelobisaTvis. sasurvelia, rom mSobiaroba moxdes cixis gareT, Cveulebriv samSobiaroebSi. Tuki bavSvi gaCndeba cixeSi, es faqti ar unda aisaxos mis dabadebis mowmobaSi. 2. Tuki cixe uSvebs bavSvebis yofnas cixeSi dedasTan erTad, uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes, rom, roca bavSvi dedasTan ar imyofeba, mas uvlides kvalificiuri personali. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 53: 1. iseT cixeebSi, sadac ganTavsebulni arian rogorc kacebi, ise qalebi, qalTaTvis gankuTvnili nawili unda iyos cixis qali TanamSromlebis daqvemdebarebaSi, romlebsac eqnebaT mocemuli nawilis yvela gasaRebi. 2. qalTaTvis gankuTvnil nawilSi dauSvebelia mamakaci TanamSromlis Sesvla qali personalis Tanxlebis gareSe. 3. qal patimrebze zedamxedvelobas unda axorcielebdes mxolod qali personali. aRniSnulma faqtma xeli ar unda SeuSalos mamakac personals, gansakuTrebiT eqimebsa da maswavleblebs, raTa maT ganaxorcielon maTi profesiuli saqmianoba qalTa ganyofilebaSi ise, rogorc amas akeTeben mTels dawesebulebaSi. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba aucilebelia imisa gaazreba, rom patimrobas qalebisaTvis mamakacebisagan gansxvavebuli Sedegi mohyveba. qalebis mier datovebuli ojaxi xSirad gansxvavdeba mamakacebisagan, radganac isini xSirad an martoxela dedebi arian, an akisriaT ojaxsa Tu

personali saWiroebs specialur treningebs

142

sxva axlobel pirebze uSualo zrunvis valdebuleba. arsebobs kulturebi, sadac dakavebul qalze ojaxi uars acxadebs da tovebs. qalebTan momuSave personalma unda gaiTvaliswinos aRniSnuli garemoebebi, risTvisac maT specialuri treningi sWirdebaT. 20-dan saSualod 19 patimari mamrobiTi sqesisaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom cixe umeteswilad mamakacebis saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT imarTeba. amaSi igulisxmeba, rom cixeSi arsebuli procedurebi da programebi uSualod mamakacebzea mimarTuli da Semdeg xdeba (xandaxan arc ki) maTi misadageba qalebze. diskriminaciis erT-erTi upirvelesi magaliTi sacxovrebeli gaxlavT. rogorc wesi, qalTaTvis gamoyofilia ufro naklebi raodenobis cixe, vidre mamakacebisaTvis, rac iwvevs qalebis ufro meti manZiliT daSorebas Sinidan da, Sesabamisad, ojaxTan kontaqtis garTulebas. es sakiTxi gansakuTrebulad problematuria, Tu qali martoxela dedaa an gaxlavT Svilebsa Tu sxva damokidebul pirebze ZiriTadi mzrunveli. alternativad gvevlineba mamakacebisaTvis gankuTvnil cixeebSi qalTa danayofis Seqmna. aRniSnuli faqti SesaZlebelia iyos mometebuli riskis momcveli qalebisaTvis. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom mocemuli nawilic mamakacebis saWiroebaze iyos gaTvlili. cixis sxva nawilebze xelmisawvdomoba da saknebidan gamoSvebis dro SesaZlebelia kidev ufro SeizRudos mometebuli usafrTxoebis zomebis gamo. orive ganxilul models aqvs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxareebi. cixeebSi qalTa SezRudulma raodenobam SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios imaze mkacri pirobebis dadgena, vidre maTgan gamomdinare safrTxe amas moiTxovs. viTareba kidev ufro mZimdeba, radganac riskis Sefasebis kriteriumebi, rogorc wesi, morgebulia mamakac da ara qal patimrebze. mcire da SezRuduli sacxovreblis gamo, qalebs, rogorc wesi, ufro nakleb saSualebebze miuwvdebaT xeli cixeSi, vidre mamakacebs. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia, ufro naklebad xelmisawvdomi iyos saganmanaTleblo an unar-Cvevebis ganmaviTarebeli treningebi. samuSao SesaZloa moicavdes mxolod im saqmianobas, romelic, tradiciulad, qalis saqmed iTvleba, magaliTad, kerva an dalageba. cixis administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom qalebs xeli miuwvdebodeT mamakacebis msgavs saswavlo Tu unar-CveviT saqmianobebze. igive exeba fizikur varjiSebsa da sportul adgilebze xelmisawvdomobas. Tuki cixeSi SeimCneva adgilebis an kvalificiuri personalis nakleboba, administraciam SesaZlebelia mimarTos da saqmianobaSi CarTos is adgilobrivi saagentoebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romelTac SeuZliaT qalTa dasaqmeba. SesaZleblobis farglebSi, kargi iqneba, Tu qalTaTvis gankuTvnili saqmianobebi SemuSavdeba specialurad maTTvis da ar moxdeba mamakacebisaTvis Seqmnilis morgeba maTze. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom deda patimrebs mieceT saSualeba, kavSiri SeinarCunon cixis gareT myof SvilebTan. Tuki SesaZlebelia, qal patimrebs unda mieceT ufleba, mcire droiT datovon cixe da moinaxulon ojaxebi. rodesac Svilebi modian dedis mosanaxuleblad, maT unda mieceT saSualeba, daamyaron

diskriminaciis msxverpli

qalebi

sacxovrebeli

usafrTxoebis zomebi ar unda

iyos imaze mkacri, vidre

saWiroa

sxvadasxva saqmianobaze

Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba

ojaxuri kavSirebi

143

maqsimaluri kontaqti, romlis drosac daculi iqneba simyudrove. dedisa da Svilebis Sexvedris dros daSvebuli unda iyos fizikuri kontaqti. miuRebelia maT Soris daxuruli an SuSiT gayofili Sexvedrebis mowyoba. am saxelmZRvanelos me-8 TavSi aRwerili vizitebis xangrZlivoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qali patimrebisaTvis. cixis usafrTxoebis dasacavad Catarebuli nebismieri Cxreka unda iTvaliswinebdes bavSvis interesebs. fexmZime qalebis dapatimreba gamonaklis SemTxvevas unda warmoadgendes. Tuki dapatimreba ukiduresad aucilebelia, maSin maTTvis uzrunvelyofili unda iyos igive xarisxis jandacva, rogorc es xdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. rodesac axlovdeba mSobiarobis dro, patimari qali unda iqnes gadayvanili samoqalaqo samSobiaroSi. amiT moxdeba profesiuli samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa, xolo bavSvs Tavidan aacilebs im stigmas, rac Tan sdevs dabadebis adgilad cixis dafiqsirebas. miuxedavad mSobiarobis adgilisa, bavSvis dabadebis adgilad ar unda iqnes miTiTebuli cixe. am periodSi dawesebuli SezRudvebi unda atarebdes SezRudul xasiaTs. Tuki patimari qali mSobiarobs cixeSi, administraciam unda uzrunvelyos, rom gaTvaliswinebul iqnes patimris kulturuli wesebi. dedis dakaveba, romelsac Cvili Svilebi hyavs, Zalian saTuTi Temaa. mraval cixeSi dedebs ufleba aqvT, Tan hyavdeT maTi Cvilebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, deda da Svili unda ganTavsdnen iseT ganyofilebaSi, sadac maT SeeZlebaT, xangrZlivad icxovron erTad. amgvar ganyofilebaSi dedas unda hqondes Cvilis movlis yvela normaluri saSualeba. amgvari midgoma mravalgzis ukeTesia im SemTxvevebTan SedarebiT, rodesac dedas aSoreben Svils da mxolod misi monaxulebis saSualebas aZleven. sakmaod rTulia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda moxdes patimari dedisagan Svilis wayvana. radganac dedasa da Svils Soris kavSiri umniSvnelovanesia, arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, maT unda SeeZloT erTad yofna imden xans, ramdenic moesurvebaT, Tundac mTeli patimrobis ganmavlobaSi. arsebobs sawinaaRmdego mosazrebac, romlis mixedviTac, cixe aranormalur garemos warmoadgens, romelic adreuli asakidanve bavSvze uaryofiTad imoqmedebs. amitomac, bavSvs ar unda mieces ufleba, darCes dedasTan cixeSi mas Semdeg, rac gaxdeba ramdenime Tvis. zogierT cixeSi dedas ufleba aqvs, daitovos bavSvi manamde, sanam mas ar Seusruldeba 9 Tve, 18 Tve, 4 weli an metic, Tuki am ukanasknels wasasvleli arsad aqvs. Tuki cixis administracia ar uSvebs bavSvebis cixeSi datovebas, maSin maT Tavad unda moiZion kargi alternativa da uzrunvelyon misi ganTavseba ojaxSi an saxelmwifo zrunvis saTanado dawesebulebaSi. miRebuli gadawyvetileba yovelTvis unda efuZnebodes bavSvis interesebs. amitomac mniSvnelovania, rom msgavs ganTavsebas saTaveSi edges aramarto cixis administracia, aramed kompetenturi samsaxurebic. `ruseTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, naklebad seriozuli danaSaulis, anu iseTi danaSaulis Cadenisas, romelic iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas xuTi an naklebi wlis vadiT, sasjelis aRsruleba SeiZleba gadaidos manamde, sanam Svils ar Seusruldeba rva weli. am asakis miRwevis Semdeg sasamarTlo

patimarTa Svilebi unda

gaCndnen samSobiaroSi

dedebi CvilebiT

daSorebis asaki

kidev sad SeiZleba bavSvebis

ganTavseba?

144

ganixilavs, Tu ramdenad saWiroa misi aRsruleba. gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba im faqtors, Caidina Tu ara qalma raime sxva danaSauli aRniSnul periodSi.” im drois ganmavlobaSi, rodesac bavSvebi cixeSi izrdebian, maTi da dedis sacxovrebeli pirobebi da garemo unda iyos maqsimalurad normaluri. bavSvis ganviTareba ar unda SeizRudos imitom, rom misi deda patimaria. cixidan gaTavisuflebis dros aucilebelia dedisa da SvilisaTvis damatebiT sakiTxebis mogvareba. kacebTan SedarebiT, qalebi ufro xSirad arian martoxela mSoblebi an ojaxis sxva wevrebze ZiriTadi mzrunvelebi. cixis administraciam unda miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi, raTa saTanadod moagvaros maTi problema. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-4 Tavi exeboda patimarTa jandacvas. aRsaniSnavia, rom qal patimrebs gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebi gaaCniaT, rac aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos cixis administraciam. SesaZleblobis farglebSi, qalma patimrebma unda gaiaron samedicino Semowmeba da miiRon konsultaciebi qalTa janmrTelobis dacvis sakiTxebSi. xSirad SvilebTan ganSoreba qali patimrebisaTvis mniSvnelovan stressa da fsiqologiur problemas iwvevs da mocemul sakiTxs isini kac patimrebze ufro rTulad aRiqvamen. qalTa janmrTelobis dacva unda iTvaliswinebdes aRniSnul sakiTxs da sTavazobdes saTanado daxmarebas. qali patimrebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian daxurul sivrceSi da aucileblad unda iyvnen daculni cixis mamakaci personalis mxridan fizikuri Tu seqsualuri Zaladobisagan. saerTaSoriso dokumentebi moiTxoven, rom qalTa cixeebze zedamxedvelobas axorcielebdes qali personali. Tuki qalTa cixeSi muSaoben mamakacebi, isini arasdros ar unda zedamxedvelobdnen patimrebs qali TanamSromlis gareSe. saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi ganxilulia patimarTa Cxrekis procedura. personali gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda miudges qalTa mimarT am proceduris ganxorcielebas. dauSvebelia mamakaci TanamSromlebis mier qali patimrebis Cxreka. zogadi wesebis dacva, magaliTad, is, rom miuRebelia sruliad SiSveli patimris Cxreka, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens qali patimrebis SemTxvevaSi. mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo me-7 Tavi Seexo cixis administraciis valdebulebas, moamzados patimrebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi dasabruneblad. calkeuli yuradReba unda daeTmos qali patimrebis gaTavisuflebis wina mzadebas. mosalodnelia, rom maT ar SeeZloT Sin, ojaxebSi dabruneba. cixis administraciam mWidrod unda iTanamSromlos sazogadoebriv da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, romlebic patimar qalebs daexmarebian, daimkvidron Tavi samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi. gansakuTrebiT dasafasebelia patimari qalebisaTvis iseTi treningebis Catareba, romlebic maT Semdgom saqmianobaSi daexmareba.

bavSvebi, romlebic

cixeSi izrdebian

sxva damokidebuli

naTesavebi

jandacva

personalis SerCeva qalTa cixeebisaTvis

Cxreka

mzadeba gaTavisuflebi-

saTvis

145

14 samudamo da grZelvadiani patimrebi

zogadi sakiTxebi umetes saxelmwifoebSi patimrebi, rogorc wesi, ixdian SedarebiT moklevadian sasjelebs. arsebobs qveynebi, sadac sasjelis saSualo xangrZlivoba ramdenime Tve, erTi an ori welia. Tumca, bolo dros SeimCneva sasamarTloebis mier xangrZlivi sasjelebis Sefardebis tendencia. cixeebis umravlesobaSi grZelvadiani patimrebi saerTo raodenobis mcire nawils warmoadgenen. magram, miuxedavad amisa, organizaciul-menejeruli TvalsazrisiT, maT sakmaod didi yuradReba da Zalisxmeva sWirdebaT. grZelvadiani patimris ganmartebis mcdelobisas, aucileblad gadavawydebiT terminologiur problemas. mTel rig cixeebSi, magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi, nebismieri piri, romelic sasjels ixdis 6 Tveze meti vadiT, grZelvadian patimrad iTvleba. meore mxriv, arsebobs sistemebi, magaliTad, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, sadac grZelvadian patimrad iTvlebian pirebi, romlebic sasjels ixdian 10 welze meti vadiT. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SexvdebiT SemTxvevebs, rodesac patimrebs SeefardaT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa 100 welze meti xnis vadiT, rac maTi cxovrebis xangrZlivobas aSkarad aRemateba. xSiria sistemebi, sadac grZelvadiani patimroba mWidro kavSirSia sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebasTan. msgavsi sasjelis gauqmebis Semdeg, bolo 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi, aSkarad gaizarda samudamo patimrobis Sefardeba, rac, ZiriTadad, mkvlelobaSi braldebul pirebs exeba. am axali kategoriis patimrebma cixis administraciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, mTeli rigi problemebi gauCines. sasamarTloebma aRniSnes, rom patimrebi, romelTac sikvdiliT dasja hqondaT misjili, SeecvalaT sasjeli 25 wlis vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT, maT Soris, pirveli 10 weli _ gancalkevebiT. sisxlissamarTlebrivi danaSaulis CadenaSi braldebuli patimrebis menejmentis gadasaxedidan, rTulia, ipovo amgvari grZelvadiani gancalkevebisa Tu specialuri cixeebis da koloniebis Seqmnis axsna. im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac gauqmebulia an aRar iyeneben sikvdiliT dasjas, Tavisuflebis samudamo aRkveTa warmoadgens sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjelis umkacres zomas. sikvdiliT dasjis ararsebobisas, samudamo patimrobas simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs da ganixileba maqsimalur sadamsjelo zomad. SesaZlebelia, rom, qveynebis mixedviT, termin “samudamo patimrobas” sxvadasxva ganmarteba hqondes, Tumca, maT mainc axasiaTebT saerTo maCvenebeli _ uvado patimroba. realurad, iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac patimrebi marTlac mTels cxovrebas atareben cixeSi. maT udides umetesobas saTanado zedamxedvelobis qveS aTavisufleben garkveuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg. aRniSnuli faqtori aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelis dadgenisas.

grZelvadiani patimrebis

raodenobis mateba

ganmarteba

sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba

samudamo patimrebi

146

sasjelebis ganusazRvreli xasiaTi cixis administracias menejmentis mTel rig problemebs qmnis. is faqti, rom ucnobia gaTavisuflebis dro, saWiroebs specialur yuradRebas patimrebis sazogadoebaSi dabrunebis programebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcielebisas. `mTeli rigi qveynebis konstitucia aRiarebs samudamo patimrobiT gamowveul problemebs. portugaliaSi samudamo patimroba ikrZaleba konstituciiT (portugaliis 1989 wlis konstitucia, muxli 30.1). Aarc espaneTSi arsebobs samudamo patimroba. am qveynis sisxlissamarTlebrivi doqtrina miuTiTebs, rom samudamo patimroba arakonstituciuria. es ukanaskneli aRniSnavs, rom cixis valdebulebaa, misces patimrebs saSualeba, daumtkicos sazogadoebas, rom isini “socialurad reabilitirebulni” arian, xolo samudamo patimroba am debulebas ewinaaRmdegeba. norvegiaSi samudamo patimrobas ar iTvaliswinebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. samxreT amerikis qveynebis nawilis, magaliTad, braziliisa da kolumbiis konstituciebi aseve krZalaven samudamo patimrobas.~ 13 am tipis patimrebis marTvisas, aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli maTi mometebulad saxifaTo buneba. Tumca, praqtika ar cxadyofs, rom xangrZlivad dapatimrebuli yvela piri saSiSia. magaliTad, samudamo patimrebi ar warmoadgendnen xolme imaze met safrTxes, vidre mravalgzis nakleb vadiani sasjelis momxdelni. aqamde ar damtkicebula, rom samudamo patimrebi ufro met safrTxes uqmnian cixis usafrTxoebas, vidre nebismieri sxva patimari. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad samudamo patimrobamisjili pirebi patimarTa saSualo asakze meti xnis arian. isini xSirad pirvelad nasamarTlevi pirebi arian, romelTac ar aqvT Cadenili sxva danaSauli. umeteswilad, maTi msxverpli maTTvis kargad nacnobi adamiania. vinaidan am tipis patimrebis gaTavisuflebis dro damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor iqcevian isini sasjelis moxdis dros, maTsave interesebSi Sedis, rom wesierad moiqcnen da ar Seqmnan problemebi. am mizniT, isini xSirad damawynarebladac ki moqmedeben sxva patimrebze, magaliTad, axalgazrdebsa Tu sxva, mcirevadiani sasjelis momxdel pirebze. grZelvadian da samudamo patimarTa garkveuli raodenoba, ra Tqma unda, maRali riski momcvelia. maT nawils Cadenili aqvs sastiki danaSauli da safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebriv wesrigs. cixis administraciis valdebulebaa, uzrunvelyon, rom msgavsma patimrebma ver SeZlon gaqceva da ar Seuqmnan safrTxe rogorc personals, ise sxva patimrebs. am tipis patimrebis marTebulad da adamianurad marTva, Tan ise, rom daculi iyos usafrTxoebis meqanizmebi, cixis personalisaTvis didi gamowvevaa. am Temas Cven ukve SevexeT saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi. calke problemas warmoadgens iseTi patimrebis marTva, romelTac brali edebaT terorizmsa Tu saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulSi da miiCnevian qveynis mtrebad. sxva patimrebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini xSirad ar eTanxmebian maTi dapatimrebis faqts da, aseve, cixis administraciis samarTlianobas. aseTi patimrebis marTva xSirad rTuldeba imis gamo, rom isini sazogadoebrivad da politikurad cnobadi pirebi arian da maTdami mopyroba, iseve

13 d. van zil smiTi, “sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba?” (2001) 3 sasjeli da sazogadoeba 299-306.

ganusazRvreli sasjelebis menejmenti

yvela grZelvadiani patimari ar

aris gansakuTrebiT

saSiSi

maRali riskis momcveli patimrebi

teroristi patimrebi

147

rogorc maTi qmedebebi, mediis interesis sagania. maTdami arajerovan qmedebas ki, SesaZlebelia sazogadoebaSi uaryofiTi gamoxmaureba mohyves. cixis menejmenti xSirad izRudeba politikurad saWiro qmedebebis ganxorcielebis gamo. meore mxriv, cixis administraciisaTvis am pirebisadmi jerovani da adamianuri mopyroba SesaZlebelia namdvil profesiul testad mogvevlinos. xangrZlivi da samudamo patimrebis menejmentisas ZiriTadi problema mainc is aris, rom gaTavisuflebis vadis arcodnasa da sasjelis xangrZliv xasiaTs Tan axlavs patimrebis mentaluri dazianebis didi albaToba. cixis administracia unda daexmaros patimrebs, raTa maT imgvarad dagegmon sasjelis moxda, rom ar dakargon sakuTari Tavis fasi da aicilon institucionalizaciis safrTxe. saerTaSoriso paqtebi da adamianis uflebebis dacvis sxva instrumentebi uSualod bevrs arafers amboben imaze, Tu rogor unda movepyroT grZelvadian an samudamo patimrebs. ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso dokumenti, romelic aregulirebs grZelvadiani patimrebis mopyrobis sakiTxebs, gaxlavT gaeros rekomendaciebi samudamo patimrobis Sesaxeb.14 gaero saxelmwifoebs miuwodebs, rom samudamo patimrebs miscen “komunikaciisa da socialuri urTierTobebis damyarebis”, iseve rogorc “anazRaurebadi samsaxuris, swavlis da religiuri, kulturuli, sportuli da sxva dasasvenebeli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis” saSualeba. Tuki msgavsi saSualebebi uzrunvelyofili iqneba samudamo patimrebisaTvis, igi analogiurad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos sxva tipis msjavrdebulTaTvisac. evrosabWos moxseneba grZelvadiani patimrebis mopyrobis Sesaxeb aseve miuTiTebs, rom am tipis patimrebs unda “mieceT saSualeba, gaakeTon raime sasargeblo” da “maTdami mopyrobisas, gaTvaliswinebuli iyos maTi SesaZlo gaTavisufleba da reintegracia gare samyaroSi”. 15 am saxelmZRvaneloSi aRwerili yvela meqanizmi unda exebodes grZelvadian patimrebsac. amasTanave, am tipis patimrebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucileblad unda iyos miRebuli damatebiTi zomebi. yvela patimari individia da cixis administracia maT Sesabamisad unda moepyros. amgvari aRqmis pirvel nabijad SesaZlebelia miviCnioT grZelvadiani patimrebis Sefaseba. mocemuli qmedebebi aRwerilia ukve saxelmZRvanelos me-5 TavSi. mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi is patimrebi, romelTac grZelvadiani sasjeli aqvT mosaxdeli, Tavdapirvelad gadahyavT xolme gansakuTrebul ganyofilebaSi. am specialuri nawilis mizania, rom patimrebs gauadvilos cixis cxovrebasTan miCveva, xolo amis Semdeg, ramdenime TveSi, isini gadahyavT Cveulebriv cixeSi, sadac iwyeben cixis yoveldRiur cxovrebas. arsebobs cixeebi, sadac patimris miRebisas xdeba maTi pirovnuli failis Sevseba, romelSic iwereba informacia am ukanasknelis kriminaluri warsulis, ojaxisa da warmoSobis, yofili

14 gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (1994), samudamo patimroba, gaero, vena. 15 evropis sabWo (1977), grZelvadiani patimrebis mopyroba, evropis sabWo, strasburgi.

institucionali-zaciis problema



SesaZleblobebis SeTavazeba


sasjelis Sefardebis

Semdgomi dagegmareba

riskis Sefaseba

148

samsaxuris, iseTi problemebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa alkoholi da narkotikebi, agreTve, policiis aRricxvaze yofnis, probaciis da sxva sakiTxebis Taobaze. mocemuli profilis mizania, dadgindes, Tu ramdenad safrTxis momcvelia patimari sakuTari TavisTvis, personalisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, upiratesi sikeTea sazogadoebisaTvis safrTxis Tavidan acileba. riskis Sefasebisas, mniSvnelovania, rom ar moxdes riskis naklebi an gadametebuli Sefaseba. sasjelis moxdisas Sedgenili faili moicavs im programebisa da saqmianobebis CamonaTvals, romelSic unda CaerTos patimari. ar arsebobs mizezi, romlis gamoc grZelvadianma an samudamo patimrebma ar unda isargeblon me-7 TavSi aRwerili saqmianobebiT, rogoricaa muSaoba, ganaTleba da sxva. SezRuduli resursebis SemTxvevaSic, patimrobis vadebis gaTvaliswinebiT, grZelvadianma da samudamo patimrebma sxva patimrebTan SedarebiT garkveuli prioritetebiTac ki unda isargeblon. es ukanasknelni imdenad moSorebulni arian ojaxebsa da sazogadoebas, rom maT kidev ufro meti daxmareba sWirdebaT reabilitaciisaTvis. gaumarTlebelia am tipis patimrebis, individualuri Tu jgufuri izolacia im motiviT, rom maT cixeSi didi xnis gatareba uwevT. piriqiT, patimrebisa da cixis kargad marTvis interesebidan gamomdinare, cixis administraciam unda moaxerxos maTi jerovani dasaqmeba. imisaTvis, rom xangrZlivad dakavebulma pirma SeinarCunos emociuri da fizikuri janmrTeloba da Sedegad jansaRi daubrundes sazogadoebas, mas aucileblad esaWiroeba ojaxuri kavSirebis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba. aRniSnulSi moiazreba ojaxis wevrebis, meuRlis, Svilebis da sxva axlobeli adamianebis kavSiri patimarTan. am mizniT, saxelmZRvanelos me-8 TavSi aRwerili ojaxuris kavSirebi aucileblad unda exebodes grZelvadian patimrebsac. zemoT aRweril pirad failebsa da Tavdapirvel calke ganTavsebas Sedegad unda mohyves marTalia mcire raodenobis, magram cixis usafrTxoebisaTvis mometebuli safrTxis momcveli patimrebis dadgena. Tavdapirveli Sefaseba cixis administracias saSualebas miscems, daadginos im patimarTa vinaoba, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom grZelvadian sasjels ixdian, mainc ar warmoadgenen seriozul safrTxes. aseTi patimrebis raodenoba, rogorc wesi mravalgzis aRemateba safrTxis momcveli patimrebis ricxvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am patimarTa sasjeli grZelvadiania, umetesad, isini maleve gadahyavT saSualo an naklebad mkacri reJimis cixeebSi. mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, rom safrTxis Sefaseba, iseve, rogorc maTi faili, xSirad saWiroebs gadaxedvas, imaze xSiradac ki, vidre es xdeba mcirevadiani patimrebis SemTxvevaSi. gaeros dokumenti samudamo patimrobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rom “treningebisa da sxvadasxva mopyrobis programebi aucileblad unda iTvaliswinebdes patimarTa qcevebis, adamianuri urTierTobebis, samuSao motivaciisa da saganmanaTleblo miznebis cvlilebas”. savaraudo gaTavisuflebamde ramdenime wliT adre, grZelvadian patimarTa umetesoba gadahyavT naklebad mkacri reJimis cixeSi. aq maT saSualeba eZlevaT, datovon cixe garkveuli drois, xandaxan

muSaoba, ganaTleba da

sxva saqmianobani

izolacia gaumarTlebelia

kontaqti ojaxTan da

gare samyarosTan

progresi cixeSi

regularuli Semowmeba

aucilebelia

naklebad mkacri reJimis cixeSi

gadayvana

149

ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSic ki. mocemuli qmedeba warmoadgens maTi gaTavisuflebisa da sazogadoebasTan kavSiris damyarebisTvis mzadebas. droze adre gaTavisuflebisas, patimarze zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs Semwyalebeli organos warmomadgeneli.

asakovani patimrebi sasjelis zrdasTan erTad cixis administracias uwevs asakovani patimrebis saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaze zrunvac. samudamo da grZelvadiani patimrobis Sefardebis bolodroindel tendencias Sedegad mohyva is, rom patimrebi cixeebSi berdebian. maT SemTxvevaSi cixis administracias uwevs mTeli rigi specialuri pirobebis Seqmna, raTa moagvaros maTi umoZraobisa Tu mentaluri daqveiTebis problema. cixis administraciam yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos patimarTa am jgufis rogorc socialur, ise samedicino saWiroebebze. asakovani patimrebis raodenobis zrdam, inglissa da aSS-is nawilSi gamoiwvia maTTvis specialuri danayofis Seqmna. am jgufis patimrebis jandacvaze ukve visaubreT saxelmZRvanelos me-4 TavSi. grZelvadian Tu Zlier damnaSave patimrebs, rogorc wesi, ojaxebTan kontaqti ar aqvT. aRniSnuli faqti garkveulad problemuria asakovani patimrebis gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi. maT umetesobas aRar hyavs ojaxi da Zalian moxucia imisaTvis, rom imuSaos. cixis administraciam mWidrod unda iTanamSromlos sxvadasxva saagentosTan, raTa am tipis patimrebs sazogadoebaSi xelaxla damkvidrebaSi daexmaros.

asakovani patimrebis

mzardi raodenoba

asakovanTa problemebi

ojaxebTan kontaqtis dakargva

150

15 sikvdilmisjili patimrebi

zogadi sakiTxebi msoflioSi qveynebis TiTqmis orma mesamedma gaauqma sikvdiliT dasja. aRniSnuli maCveneblebi dRiTidRe izrdeba. magaliTad, evrosabWos wevr qveynebSi, lisabonidan vladivostokamde, an ukve gauqmebulia sikvdiliT dasja, an xeli mowerilia moratoriumze. saerTaSoriso paqtebi da adamianis uflebaTa damcveli sxva instrumentebi naTlad sTxoven wevr saxelmwifoebs, gaauqmon sikvdiliT dasja. im qveynebSi, sadac sikvdiliT dasja jer kidev ara aris gauqmebuli, cixis administraciis movaleobaa sikvdilmisjil patimrebze zrunva. imis gamo, rom saapelacio saCivrebis ganxilvas Zalian didi dro sWirdeba, patimrebi xSirad wlobiT elodebian sikvdiliT dasjas. igive exeba qveynebs, sadac moratoriumi ukve Sedga, magram uSualod sikvdiliT dasja jer ar gauqmebula. sikvdilmisjil patimrebze zrunva personalisaTvis mZime tvirTs warmoadgens. saWiroa, rom am tipis patimrebs wesierad da adamianurad moepyron. maTTan momuSave personals ki sWirdeba jerovani mxardaWera am urTulesi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi saerTaSoriso instrumentebi erTxmad iTxoven sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis meore fakultaturi oqmi: miiCneven, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba xels uwyobs adamianis Rirsebis ganmtkicebasa da adamianis uflebebis progresul ganviTarebas. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 6: 1. sicocxlis ufleba TiToeuli adamianis ganuyofeli uflebaa. am uflebas icavs kanoni. aravis ar SeiZleba TviTneburad waarTvan sicocxle. 2. qveynebSi, romlebsac ar gauuqmebiaT sikvdiliT dasja, sikvdilis ganaCeni SeiZleba gamoitanon mxolod yvelaze mZime danaSaulisaTvis im kanonis Sesabamisad, romelic moqmedebda danaSaulis Cadenis dros da ar ewinaaRmdegeba am paqtisa da genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa da misTvis dasjis Sesaxeb konvenciis debulebebs, es dasja SeiZleba aRsruldes mxolod kompetenturi sasamarTlos mier gamotanili saboloo ganaCenis Sesasruleblad. 5. sikvdilis ganaCenis gamotana ar SeiZleba danaSaulisaTvis, romelic Caidines Tvramet wlamde asakis pirebma da misi aRsruleba ar SeiZleba fexmZime qalebis mimarT.

sikvdiliT dasja mcirdeba

patimrebi sikvdiliT

dasjis molodinSi

patimrebze zrunva da personali

151

sikvdiliT dasjis momlodine pirebis uflebebis dacvis gaeros meqanizmebi, muxli 9: sikvdiliT dasja unda ganxorcieldes tanjvis maqsimalurad Tavidan acilebiT. praqtikaSi gamoyeneba sikvdilmisjil patimrebTan urTierTobisas, cixis administraciis udidesi valdebulebaa, rom jerovnad ganasxvaos sasjelis aRsrulebis momlodine calkeuli pirebis menejmenti da sikvdiliT dasjis mimarT qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri pozicia. umniSvnelovanesia, rom patimrebisadmi mopyroba, miuxedavad sasjelisa da Cadenili danaSaulisa, efuZnebodes wesierebas da adamianurobas. sikvdilmisjili patimrebi ar unda daeqvemdebaron cixeSi gadaadgilebis usafuZvlo SezRudvas Tu sxva ufro mkacr mopyrobas mxolod im mizeziT, rom maT sikvdiliT dasja aqvT Sefardebuli. im qveynebSi, sadac sikvdiliT dasja jer kidev ar gauqmebula, saapelacio warmoebas didi dro sWirdeba, xSirad ramdenime welic ki. mraval cixeSi sikvdilmisjili patimrebi gancalkevebulni arian sxva patimrebisagan. maTi sacxovrebeli xSirad sikvdilmisjilTa saknebad moixsenieba. arsebobs qveynebi, sadac am pirebs sruliad gancalkevebiT, marto aTavseben saknebSi. Tumca, arsebobs qveynebi, sadac sikvdilmisjili patimrebi sxva patimrebTan erTad, imave pirobebSi imyofebian. cixis kargi marTva ver gamodgeba patimrebis mudmivi gancalkevebis gasamarTlebel argumentad. aseTi patimrebi xSirad moklebulni arian muSaobis, ganaTlebisa da kulturuli saqmianobis saSualebas. sasikvdilo ganaCeni ar unda moicavdes damatebiT sasjels, romelic aisaxeba maT pirobebze. cixis administracia unda ecados, Seamciros am tipis patimrebis xangrZlivi saapelacio procesiT gamowveuli fsiqologiuri tanjva, e.w. sikvdiliT dasjis fenomeni. miuxedavad imisa, rom am patimrebs sikvdiliT dasja aqvT Sefardebuli, isini Cveulebrivi patimrebis msgavsad unda Sefasdnen da unda isargeblon igive saSualebebiT, rac am ukanasknelTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. Tumca, aqve unda gvaxsovdes, rom sikvdilmisjil patimarTa mcire raodenoba gansakuTrebuli safrTxis momcvelia da SesaZlebelia saWiroebdnen specialur mopyrobas. `grenadis riCmond hilis cixeSi sikvdilmisjil patimrebs ufleba aqvT, Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen im nawilSi, sadac ganTavsebulni arian sxva mkacri reJimis patimrebi.~ sikvdilmisjili patimrebi sargebloben yvela sxva im uflebiT, rac gaaCniaT danarCen patimrebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imis uzrunvelyofa, rom mocemuli patimrebi sargeblobdnen sxva patimrebis msgavsi sakvebiT, jandacviT, higienis saSualebebiT, varjiSisa da sxva patimrebTan urTierTobis uflebiT. cixis administraciam yuradReba unda miaqcios, rom im sikvdilmisjil patimrebs, romlebic sasjels asaCivreben, advokatze xeli miuwvdebodeT. isini, Cveulebriv, unda sargeblobdnen komunikaciis xelmisawvdomobisa da konfidencialurobis uflebiT.

wesiereba da adamianuroba

sikvdilmisjil patimarTa

gancalkeveba

avtomaturi gancalkeveba

gaumarTlebelia

Tanabari mopyroba

advokatze sruli

xelmisawvdomoba

152

mocemuli saxelmZRvanelos me-8 Tavi exeba mnaxvelebs da personalis mier maT mopyrobas. cixis administracia gansakuTrebiT yuradRebiani unda iyos sikvdilmisjil patimarTan momsvleli momnaxuleblis mimarT. sikvdilmisjil patimrebTan yoveldRiurad momuSave personali specialurad unda SeirCes. maT unda hqondeT gamocdileba, unda gaiaron specialurad SerCeuli treningebi, maT Soris, samsaxuris emociur aspeqtze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT da mudmivad unda sargeblobdnen menejmentis mxardaWeriT. Tuki sasjelis aRsruleba xdeba uSualod cixeSi, amas aucileblad mohyveba seriozuli Sedegi sxvadasxva doneze. garkveuli damokidebuleba gaCndeba mas Semdeg, rac dadgindeba dasjis zusti TariRi da daZabuloba kidev ufro gaizrdeba mis moaxloebasTan erTad. daZabuloba gagrZeldeba aRsrulebis merec. cixis administracias SemuSavebuli unda hqondes strategia, romliTac miudgeba yvela im pirs, romelic ramenairad iyo CarTuli aRniSnul procesSi.

mnaxvelebi

personali specialurad unda SeirCes

pasuxi aRsrulebaze

153

16 gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba

zogadi sakiTxebi cixeSi, tradiciulad, miiCneven, rom yvela patimari erTnairia da maT yvelas erTnairad unda moeqce. amas ki praqtikaSi Semdegnairi Sedegi mohyveboda: mTeli cixe iyo mowyobili umravlesobis, rogorc wesi, erTi da igive eTnikuri, kulturuli da religiuri jgufis warmomadgeneli, mamrobiTi sqesis patimrebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saxelmZRvanelos me-12 Tavi exeboda arasrulwlovanTa interesebis dacvas, xolo me-13 Tavi saubrobda qal patimrebze. yuradReba unda gamaxvildes gansxvavebuli jgufebis warmomadgeneli patimrebisadmi. gansxvavebaSi igulisxmeba rasobrivi, eTnikuri, socialuri warmoSobis, kulturuli, religiuri, seqsualuri orientaciis, enisa Tu erovnebis sxvaoba. cixis wesebSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos am tipis patimrebis gansxvavebuli moTxovnebi. dauSvebelia diskriminacia nebismieri zemoT CamoTvlili safuZvlis gamo. mraval qveyanaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria diskriminacia umciresobis warmomadgeneli patimrebis mimarT. diskriminaciis safrTxe kidev ufro izrdeba daxuruli cixis pirobebSi. administraciis valdebulebaa, uzrunvelyos, rom cixeSi ar Seiqmnas rogorc personalis, ise sxva patimrebis jgufebi, romlebic diskriminaciulad moepyrobian umciresobis warmomadgenel patimrebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba marTebs cixis administracias, Tuki cixis miRma mniSvnelovnad daZabuli damokidebulebaa aRniSnuli umciresobebisadmi. sazogadoebis damokidebuleba umciresobebis mimarT uSualod mJRavndeba xolme cixeSi. es gasakviri arcaa, radganac cixe pirdapir ireklavs qveyanaSi arsebul Rirebulebebs. cixis administracia valdebulia, Tavidan aicilos diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba rogorc patimrebis, ise personalisadmi. amaSi igulisxmeba rogorc instituciuri, ise individualuri diskriminaciis aRmofxvra. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 2: am deklaraciiT gamocxadebuli yvela ufleba da Tavisufleba miniWebuli unda hqondes yovel adamians ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa, saxeldobr rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu sxva rwmenis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi Tu sxva mdgomareobisa. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 18: yovel adamians aqvs azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebis ufleba; es ufleba moicavs Tavisi religiis Tu rwmenis Secvlis Tavisuflebas da Tavisuflebas Tavisi religiis Tu rwmenis

patimrebisadmi samarTliani

mopyroba

gansxvavebis aRiareba

diskriminaciis safrTxe

diskriminaciis damarcxebis

valdebuleba

154

aRmsareblobisa rogorc erTpirovnulad, aseve sxvebTan erTad, moZRvrebaSi, RvTismsaxurebaSi da religiur da ritualur wes-CveulebaTa Sesrulebas sajaro Tu kerZo wesiT. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 27: im qveynebSi, sadac arsebobs eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi umciresobani, pirebs, romlebic aseT umciresobebs ganekuTvnebian, ar SeiZleba uari eTqvaT uflebaze, imave jgufis sxva wevrebTan erTad isargeblon TavianTi kulturiT, aRiaron TavianTi religia da Seasrulon misi wesebi, agreTve, ilaparakon mSobliur enaze. saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, muxli 5:L am konvenciis me-2 muxlSi aRniSnuli ZiriTadi movaleobebis Sesabamisad, monawile saxelmwifoebi valdebulebas iReben, akrZalon da aRmofxvran nebismieri formis rasobrivi diskriminacia da uzrunvelyon yvela adamianis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, miuxedavad rasisa, kanis ferisa, erovnuli da eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa, gansakuTrebiT Semdegi uflebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis: a) sasamarTlosa da marTlmsajulebis ganmaxorcielebeli yvela organos winaSe Tanasworobis ufleba; b) piradi usafrTxoebisa da saxelmwifos mxridan dacvis ufleba Zaladobisa da sxeulis dazianebebisagan, romlebsac ayeneben rogorc saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebi, ise calkeuli pirebi, jgufebi an dawesebulebebi. principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb, principi 5.1: winamdebare principebi unda moqmedebdes saxelmwifos teritoriaze myofi yvela piris mimarT, yovelgvari gansxvavebis gareSe, miuxedavad misi rasis, feris, sqesis, enis, religiis Tu religiuri mrwamsis, politikuri Tu sxva mosazrebis, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmoSobis, socialuri, dabadebis Tu sxva statusisa. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 38: 1. ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebs unda hqondeT saSualeba, ikontaqton misi saxelmwifos diplomatiur da sakonsulo warmomadgenlobasTan. 2. dakavebis qveyanaSi diplomatiuri Tu sakonsulo warmomadgenlobis armqone qveynis moqalaqe patimars, iseve, rogorc moqalaqeobis armqone patimrebs, unda hqondeT saSualeba, ikontaqton im saxelmwifos diplomatiur Tu sakonsulo warmomadgenlobasTan, an sxva erovnul da saerTaSoriso organosTan, romelic ikisrebs maTi interesebis dacvas. standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, wesi 41: 1. patimars unda mieces ufleba, ikontaqtos nebismieri religiis uflebamosil warmomadgenelTan. praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba arsebobs mravali gza imis dasadgenad, aqvs Tu ara adgili diskriminacias, magaliTad, rogoraa ganawilebuli “kargi” samuSao adgilebi cixeebSi, maT Soris samzareulosa da biblioTekaSi.

diskriminaciis monitoringi

155

cixis menejmentma unda Seamowmos, arian Tu ara saTanadod warmodgenilni umciresobebis wevrebi SedarebiT Rirebul samuSao adgilebze. igive Semowmeba unda xorcieldebodes ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiTac. unda mowmdebodes, Tu romel patimrebs aqvT SedarebiT ukeTesi saknebi. aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia patimrebis winaaRmdeg gatarebuli disciplinuri sasjelebis raodenobac. imis xazgasasmelad, rom diskriminacia dauSvebelia, mniSvnelovania sajaro gancxadebebis gakeTeba, romelic xazs gausvams diskriminaciis miuReblobas mTel cixeSi. mocemuli informacia ise unda iyos ganTavsebuli cixeebSi, rom patimrebs SeeZloT maTi xSirad danaxva. diskriminaciis aRmofxvris erT-erT saSualebad gvevlineba umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis dasaqmeba cixeSi. maT aucileblad unda mieceT dawinaurebis saSualeba. am sakiTxze muSaobisas, sainteresoa mocemuli saxelmZRvanelos me-2 Tavi. treningebisa da muSaobis dros, personals unda vaswavloT, Tu rogor imuSaon sxvadasxva jgufis patimrebTan. Tanaswori mopyroba diskriminaciis akrZalvaze mets niSnavs. masSi igulisxmeba im pozitiuri qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen umciresobebis interesebis dacvas, magaliTad, religiuri Tu kulturuli Cveulebebidan gamomdinare specialuri sakvebis miwodeba. amgvari momsaxureba ar gulisxmobs gazrdil xarjebs, aramed ukeTes marTvaze miuTiTebs. religiur umciresobebs xSirad gansxvavebuli saWiroebebi aqvT. maT unda SeeZloT saTanado ritualebis Catareba, iqneba es individualuri Tu sajaro locva, daicvan saTanado higiena da Caicvan Sesabamisi tanisamosi. bolo wlebSi mogzaurobis ganviTarebasTan erTad imata ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebis raodenobamac. maT xSirad gansxvavebuli saWiroebebi aqvT xolme. saxelmZRvanelos me-8 TavSi ganxilulia ojaxTan kontaqtis saWiroeba. xolo me-3 Tavi exeboda patimarTa mier cixeSi arsebuli wesebisa da kanonebis gaazrebis aucileblobas. cixis administraciam unda acnobos ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebs maT samSoblo qveyanaSi gadacemis maregulirebeli dokumentebis Sesaxeb. socialuri reintegraciis programebis ganxorcielebisas, mniSvnelovania, gaazrebul iqnes, Tu ra tipis sazogadoebaSi brundeba patimari. saxelmZRvanelos me-7 TavSi ganxiluli iyo adgilobrivi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mier cixeebis monaxulebis waxaliseba. mocemuli jgufebi unda moicavdnen sazogadoebis umciresobebis warmomadgenlebsac. mraval cixeSi sakmaod gamosadegia oficialuri konsultaciis miReba umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisagan, radganac am ukanasknelT ukeT SeuZliaT gaiazron ama Tu im wesisa Tu politikis gavlena umciresobis warmomadgenel patimarze. `kanada – gamasworebeli samuSaos da pirobiTi gaTavisuflebis aqti (1992): 82.1 samsaxurma unda Seqmnas mkvidri mosaxleobis erovnuli

diskriminaciis akrZalvis

xelSewyoba

umciresobebis warmomadgeneli

personali

pozitiuri qmedebebis

ganxorcieleba

ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebi

socialuri reintegracia

oficialuri konsultacia

156

sakonsultacio komiteti. aseve, ufleba aqvs, Seqmnas mkvidri mosaxleobis regionuli da adgilobrivi sakonsultacio komitetebi, romlebic gamasworebeli samuSaos Sesaxeb maT konsultacias gauwevs. 82.2 pirvel punqtSi miTiTebuli uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad, yvela komitetma regularulad unda gaiaros konsultacia mkvidr mosaxleobasTan da im sxva pirebTan, romlebic informacias floben mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis aqtualur sakiTxebze.~

157

17 sapatimro da alternatiuli sasjelebis gamoyeneba

zogadi sakiTxebi cixeebSi arseboben adamianebi, romelTa kontrolirebasac administracia ver axdens. Tumca, Sedegebi, ra Tqma unda, swored administraciis mosagvarebelia. bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio patimrebis raodenobis mkveTri zrdis momswre Seiqna. aRniSnuli zrda ar ukavSirdeba romelime specifikur iurisdiqciasa Tu politikur sistemas, aramed axasiaTebs ukve mTels msoflios. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1980 wels arsebuli naxevari milioni patimari dReisaTvis ukve 2 milionamde gaizarda. tailandSi 1992 wels arsebuli 73.000 ki, 2002 wels, 257.000-mde avida. dasavleT evropaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia niderlandebsa da gaerTianebul samefoSi. cixeebis gamoyeneba gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. ruseTsa da aSS-Si 100.000 mosaxlidan 700 patimaria. sxva qveynebSi monacemi SedarebiT naklebia, magaliTad, indoeTSi 100.000-dan _ 28, indoneziaSi _ 29, islandiaSi _ 38 da daniaSi, fineTsa da norvegiaSi ki _ mTlianad 59.16 arsebobs qveynebi, sadac cixe gamoiyeneba Zalian mZime damnaSaveebis izolirebisaTvis. sxva qveynebSi, mcire danaSaulisTvisac ki, pirs cixeSi svamen, maT Soris fsiqikurad daavadebulebs, arasrulwlovnebs da bavSvebs. cixeTa administraciis umetesobas, rogorc wesi, ar aqvs saSualeba, gamoyos damatebiTi resursebi, materialuri Tu adamianuri, raTa daareguliros patimarTa aRniSnuli mzardi raodenoba. Sedegad ki, viRebT gadatvirTvis epidemiur xasiaTs. cixeebis administracia veRar axerxebs mzardi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvas da patimrebis reabilitaciaze zrunvas, rasac Sedegad mohyveba patimrebis moumzadebeli dabruneba sazogadoebaSi. cixis administracia dainteresebulia, Tu ramdeni piri igzavneba cixeSi, ra vadiT da ra raodenobiT resursebi gamoiyofa cixisaTvis maT winaSe nakisri valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad. amis gamo, cixis administracia dainteresebulia, danergos meqanizmebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac SeZlebs patimrebis droze adre gaTavisuflebas an alternatiuli sasjelis dawesebas. cixis administraciis upirvelesi funqciaa sistemis marTva. Tumca, amasTanave, mniSvnelovania imis uzrunvelyofa, rom cixe saTanadod iqnes gamoyenebuli da patimrebs hqondeT saWiro saSualebani. cixis administracias SeuZlia, sazogadoebisa da parlamentis yuradReba mimarTos cixeebis gadatvirTvisa da resursebis naklebobisaken. arsebobs saxelmwifoebi, sadac erTi da igive samsaxurs evaleba rogorc cixeebis administrireba, ise sxva sanqciebis menejmentic. aseTia praqtika axal zelandiaSi, daniaSi, SvedeTSi, safrangeTsa da avstraliis umetes StatebSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi, zeda eSelonis warmomadgenel pirebs ekisrebaT

16 monacemebi msoflios cixeebis Sesaxeb, xelmisawvdomia Semdeg misamarTze: www.prisonstudies.org .

cixeebSi patimrebis

raodenobis mniSvnelovani

zrda

gadatvirTvis epidemia

cixis administraciis

interesi

maT garkveuli rolic akisriaT

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valdebuleba, marTon rogorc cixeebi, ise gaataron sxva sadamsjelo qmedebebi. swored aRniSnuli pirebis codnasa da gamocdilebas efuZneba alternatiuli seqtoris saqmianoba da ganviTareba. sasjelis dadgenis Semdgomi qmedebebi patimrobas mravali alternatiuli sasjeli aqvs. maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia samarTalwarmoebisas, sasamarTlo ganxilvisas, sasjelis dadgenisas an mis Semdeg. sasjelis dadgenis Semdgomi zomebi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania cixis administraciisaTvis. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti miuTiTebs, rom patimrobis mizania damnaSaveTa reabilitacia (muxlis 10.3), Sesabamisad, patimroba imgvarad unda iyos dagegmili, rom sazogadoebas rac SeiZleba adre daubrunos gamosworebuli da reabilitirebuli pirovneba. cixis administracia gansakuTrebiT unda ecados patimrobis Semdgom saqmianobaSi daxmarebas, radganac es ukanaskneli warmoadgens alternatiul zomas, xolo aRniSnuli zomebis jerovan ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovani roli, swored, cixis administracias ekisreba. patimrobis bolo etapis Secvlas vadaze adre gaTavisuflebiT sazogadoeba ara marto unda eTanxmebodes, aramed aqtiuradac unda iyos CarTuli mocemul procesebSi. am mxriv, damatebiT mniSvnelobas iZens kavSiris damyareba sazogadoebriv organizaciebsa da cixis administracias Soris. saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili standartebi gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasapatimro sasjelebis Sesaxeb (tokios wesebi), wesi 2:

1. CamoTvlili wesebi exeba yvela pirs, romelic warmoadgens devnis, samarTalwarmoebisa da sasjelis aRsrulebis obieqts nebismier etapze.

2. danaSaulis simZimisa da xasiaTis, damnaSavis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebisa da misi warmoSobis Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis dacvisa da usargeblo patimrobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, sisxlissamarTlebrivma marTlmsajulebam sazogadoebas unda SesTavazos arasapatimro sasjelebi. maTi moculoba da xasiaTi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos Cadenil danaSaulTan. gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasapatimro sasjelebis Sesaxeb (tokios wesebi), wesi 9:

1. institucionalizaciis Tavidan asarideblad da patimris sazogadoebaSi adreuli integraciis mizniT, kompetentur organoebs unda hqondeT sasjelis dadgenis Semdgomi alternativebis SeTavazebis saSualeba.

2. sasjelis dadgenis Semdgomi alternativebi moicavs: a. “Svebulebas” da droebiT Sin gaSvebas; b. samuSao an saganmanaTleblo gaTavisuflebas; g. pirobiTi gaTavisuflebis sxvadasxva zomas; d. sasjelis Semsubuqebas; e. Sewyalebas.

3. sasjelis dadgenis Semdgomi qmedebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba, Sewyalebis garda, damnaSavis mimarTvis safuZvelze unda ganixilos sasamarTlom an sxva kompetenturma damoukidebelma organom.

patimarTa vadaze adre

gaTavisufleba

sazogadoeba unda

eTanxmebodes vadaze adre

gaTavisuflebas

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mocemuli saxelmZRvanelos mizania, mimoixilos adamianis is uflebebi, romlebic uSualod exeba cixis administracias. is sasjelebi, romlebic ar moicavs dapatimrebas, rogorc wesi, ar warmoadgens cixis administraciis regulirebis sferos. Tumca, cixis administracias mainc gaaCnia garkveuli interesi msgavsi sasjelebis mimarT, radganac es ukanaskneli uSualod aisaxeba cixeebSi patimrebis raodenobis Semcirebaze. maSin, rodesac xdeba naklebad mZime danaSaulis Camdeni pirebisaTvis arasapatimro sasjelis dadgena, cixis administracias saSualeba eZleva, ufro efeqturad gamoiyenos mis xelT arsebuli resursebi uSualod dapatimrebuli pirebis mimarT.

1. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa unda warmoadgendes ukidures zomas, sanqcias da unda iyos gamoyenebuli mxolod Zalian mZime, rTuli Sedegebis momtani danaSaulebis Camdeni pirebis winaaRmdeg, maSin, rodesac sxva zomebi, sanqciebi aSkarad araadekvaturad CaiTvleba.

2. cixis gafarToeba gamonaklis zomas unda warmoadgendes, radganac aseT meTodebs, zogadad, ar mohyveba cixeebis gadatvirTvis xangrZlivi da safuZvliani mogvareba. im qveynebSi, sadac cixeebis sakmaod didi, magram cudad aRWurvili raodenobaa, saWiroa resursebis ufro racionaluri gadanawileba.

evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendacia N. R (99).

cixeebis gadatvirTvisa da patimrebis raodenobis zrdis Sesaxeb ministrTa komitetis mimarTva wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi

(miRebulia ministrTa komitetis mier 1999 wlis 30 seqtembers) praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac jer kidev ar aris SemuSavebuli patimrobis alternatiuli zomebi, cixis administracias SeuZlia, xeli Seuwyos msgavsi alternatiuli sasjelebis sistemis miReba-ganviTarebas. alternatiuli sasjelebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas, cixis administracias SeuZlia Semdegis SeTavazeba:

• codna arsebuli sadamsjelo zomebis efeqturobis Sesaxeb;

• informacia TavisuflebaaRkveTili patimrebis Sesaxeb;

• arasapatimro sasjelebisadmi msjavrdebul pirTa damorCilebis albaToba;

• damnaSaveTa zedamxedvelobis gamocdileba; axali aTaswleulis gancxadebaSi namibiis cixeebisa da gamasworebeli samuSaoebis ministrma ganacxada: msoflio patimrobis alternativebis ZiebaSia. arasapatimro sasjelebi mniSvnelovan saSualebad gvevlineba cixeebis gadatvirTvis Tavidan asacileblad. cixis gadatvirTulobis SemcirebasTan erTad, mocemuli meTodiT, Tavidan avicilebT naklebad damnaSave pirebis cixeSi ganTavsebas. dReisaTvis xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac xalxs cixeSi svamen naklebad mZime danaSaulis Cadenis gamo maSin, rodesac es ukanasknelni, SesaZlebelia, sasargeblonic ki yofiliyvnen sazogadoebisaTvis. arasapatimro sasjelma, saTanado administrirebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa Semdegi sargebeli moitanos:

• cixeebis gadatvirTvis Tavidan acileba, cixis

arasapatimro sasjelebi

debatebis xelSewyoba

160

• biujetis Semcireba, sazogadoebaSi patimarTa reabilitaciisa da

• reintegraciis xelSewyoba. msgavsi zomebis gatarebisas, saWiroa, cixis administraciis garda, sxva pirebis CarTvac, rasac SesaZlebelia mohyves damatebiTi xarjebi. yazaxeTSi cixis administraciam mxari dauWira da aqtiuri roli iTamaSa senatis muSaTa koaliciis SeqmnaSi. misi mizani gaxldaT yazaxeTSi sasjelis dawesebis kvleva, ucxo qveynebSi alternativebis monaxuleba da cvlilebebis SeTavazeba. swored cixis administraciis valdebulebaa, kanonmdeblebs, sasamarTlo xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebas amcnos, rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ukiduresi meTodia da rom misi gamoyeneba unda moxdes maSin, rodesac yvela sxva gza uSedegoa. sxva SemTxvevaSi, misasalmebelia alternatiuli meTodebis gamoyeneba.

ukiduresi meTodi

161

indeqsi zewola

seqsualuri qal patimrebze axalgazrda patimrebze

dasaqmebis aqtiuri politika administraciuli Semowmeba administraciuli patimrebi cixeSi miRebis procedurebi

adamianuri Rirseba patimrebis didi raodenoba treningebi personalisaTvis

adamianis da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli qartia

sasjeli adamianis da xalxTa uflebebis afrikuli komisia

sasjeli adamianis uflebebis amerikuli konvencia

sasjeli TviTneburi dakaveba TavSesafris maZiebelni ZiriTadi principebi advokatis rolis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi principebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb

ganaTleba jandacva gaTavisuflebisaTvis momzadeba socialuri reintegracia marto ganTavseba dasaqmeba da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba

ZiriTadi principebi Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb wesrigis darRveva sawolebi beijingis wesebi, ix: arasrulwlovanTa sasjelis aRsruleba standartuli minimaluri wesebis principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis dacvis Sesaxeb

miRebis procedurebi disciplinuri procedurebi patimrebis samarTliani mopyroba jandacva gare kontaqtebi winaswari dakavebis patimrebi Txovnebi da saCivrebi wameba qali patimrebi

Cxreka wesrigis darRveva

Tavidan acileba saknebi

bneli erT da mravaladgiliani gatarebuli dro

ix. agreTve marto dakaveba werilebis cenzura cixeSi myofi dedebis Svilebi

daSorebis asaki cixeSi gazrda kavSirebi dedasTan ganTavseba

bavSvTa uflebebi samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi cixis samoqalaqo saxe daxuruli/arakontaqturi vizitebi patimarTa Cacma samarTaldamcavi samsaxurebis warmomadgenelTa qcevis kodeqsi

personalis daqiraveba personalis treningi wameba

wamebisa da arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjis aRkveTis komiteti gadamdebi daavadebebi komunikacia saCivrebi, ix. Txovnebi da saCivrebi dasaqmebis pirobebi

Tanaswori mopyroba anazRaureba personalis gacnoba gadacema

konfidencialuroba meuRleTa vizitebi konstruqciuli saqmianobani,

uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba konvencia qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvencia bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia kriminaluri saqmianoba yoveldRiuri Semowmeba bneli saknebi sikvdiliT dasja

gauqmebis Sedegebi eqimTa CarTulobis akrZalva Semcireba

sikvdilmisjili patimrebi advokatze xelmisawvdomoba zrunva jerovani da adamianuri mopyroba Tanaswori mopyroba gancalkeveba personalis arCeva mnaxvelebi

deklaracia qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb deklaracia nebismieri piris iZulebiTi gauCinarebisagan dacvis Sesaxeb

miRebis procedurebi kontaqti gare samyarosTan

cixeebis demokratiuli kontroli Tavisuflebis aRkveTa dialogi rTuli patimrebi invalidi patimrebi

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disciplinuri mosmenebi kompetenturi organo dacvis momzadeba gasaCivrebis ufleba

disciplinuri procedurebi administraciuli gare standartebi samarTlianoba dacva

diskriminacia safrTxe damarcxebis valdebuleba ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebi saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb

monitoringi personalis daqiravebis qali patimrebis

areulobis prevencia gansxvavebebis aRiareba eqimebi

roli sasjelSi, ix. aseve jandacvis personali

zrunvis valdebuleba vadamdeli gaTavisufleba

sazogadoebis Tanxmoba, ix. aseve gaTavisuflebisaTvis mzadeba

saganmanaTleblo da kulturuli saqmianobani

balansirebuli programebi sazogadoebrivi resursebi mniSvneloba grZelvadiani patimrebi niWis gamoyeneba pirovnuli ganviTareba

asakovani patimrebi ojaxTan kontaqti

el. fosta garemo pirobebi zegavlena Tanabari saSualebebi eTikuri sakiTxebi

jandacvis warmomadgenlebi cixis menejmenti

policiis eTikis evropuli kodeqsi wamebis akrZalvis evropuli komiteti adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia wamebis da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sasjelis akrZalvis evropuli konvencia kontaqti gare samyarosTan adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo evropuli wesebi penitencialuri dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb disciplinuri procedurebi

gaTavisuflebisTvis mzadeba sasjeli socialuri reintegracia marto ganTavseba aRsruleba

pasuxi ix. agreTve sikvdiliT dasja

varjiSi, sufTa haerze cixeebis gamoyenebis rolis gafarToeba patimrebis mimarT samarTliani mopyroba kontaqti ojaxTan

asakovani patimrebi grZelvadiani patimrebi axalgazrda patimrebi ix. agreTve patimari dedebis Svilebi

ojaxis Txovnebi/saCivrebi ojaxis vizitebi cecxlsasroli iaraRi

gamoyenebis wesebi gamoyenebis swavleba

saWmeli da sasmeli Zala ukiduresi zoma

minimaluri gamoyeneba gamoyenebis regulireba gamoyenebis swavleba

ucxoenovani presa ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebi

kontaqti diskriminacia werilebi gare kontaqtebi satelefono zarebi

uflebebis dakargva oficialuri konsultaciebi saberZneTi, koridalosis cixe jgufuri saCivrebi jgufis izolacia jandacva

ufaso Tavdapirveli gasinjva ufleba specialuri danadgarebi qali patimrebi

jandacvis personali monawileoba sikvdiliT dasjaSi mxardaWera

dapatimrebis Sedegad janmrTelobis problemebi janmrTelobis gauaresebis safrTxe hepatiti ierarqiuli struqtura maRali riskis momcveli patimrebi aiv/Sidsi

Sin droebiTi gaSveba saavadmyofoSi ganTavseba adamianuri Rirseba

miRebis procedura adamianis uflebebi

163

dacva adamianis uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebi humanitaruli aspeqtebi SimSiloba cudad mopyroba saCivrebi akrZalva aralegaluri imigrantebi gaunaTlebeli patimrebi damoukidebeli Semowmebebi damoukidebeli monitoringi gare kontaqti ix. agreTve Semowmebis procedurebi ganusazRvreli sasjeli patimrebis individualuri ganviTareba patimrebis individualuri mopyroba patimrebis individualuroba araformaluri gafrTxilebebi Semowmebis procedurebi

samTavrobo procedurebis dadgena administraciuli Semowmebebi Semowmebebi garedan kargi magaliTebis dadgena damoukidebeli Semowmebebi damoukidebeli araformaluri monitoringi regionuli Semowmeba Semowmebis Sesaxeb moxsenebebi da maTze reagireba seriozuli incidentebi SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba

wamebis prevenciisa da akrZalvis interamerikuli konvencia

wesrigis darRveva adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bili meddebis saerTaSoriso sabWo saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb

sikvdilmisjili patimrebi patimrebis jerovani mopyroba ojaxuri kontaqtebi winaswar patimrobaSi myofi pirebi religia Txovnebi da saCivrebi meore oqmi socialuri reintegracia qali patimrebi muSaoba da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba

saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri da socialuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso Semmowmeblebi saerTaSoriso standartebi interneti samarTali administrireba arasrulwlovani da axalgazrda patimrebi arasrulwlovnebi

dabadebis mowmobis ararseboba kontaqti mSoblebTan dakavebis kanoniereba pozicia saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

cixe, rogorc ukiduresi zoma keTildReoba da ganaTlebis saWiroeba ix. agreTve axalgazrda patimrebi

advokatebi, maTTan kontaqti lideroba iuridiuli konsultacia

sikvdilmisjili patimrebisTvis winaswar patimrobaSi myofTaTvis

werilebi cenzura ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi

samudamo patimrebi cxovrebis pirobebi sacxovrebeli farTi

minimaluri standartebi gatarebuli dro

grZelvadiani patimrebi maTgan gamomdinare safrTxe ganmarteba raodenobis mateba sasjelis Semdgomi dagegmareba gare da ojaxuri kontaqtebi gaTavisuflebisaTvis mzadeba progresi saSualebebis micema ganxilva riskis Sefaseba naklebad mkacr reJimSi gadayvana muSaoba da ganaTleba

mkacri reJimi marto ganTavseba samedicino konsultaciebi, xelmisawvdomoba samedicino gamokvleva kvalificiuri meddis mier, samedicino Canawerebi mkurnaloba zrunvis valdebuleba dakavebamde da mis Semdeg pacienti patimrebi mentaluri disbalansi valdebuleba monitoringi

dRiuri, diskriminacia damoukidebeli araformaluri mnaxvelebi winaswari patimrebi satelefono zarebi

saxlTan axlos yofna molaparakebebi arasapatimro sasjelebi diskriminaciis akrZalva meddebi

samedicino gamokvlevebis Camtareblebi mxardaWera

aTenis fici wesrigi, uzrunvelyofa gare kontaqtebi

ojaxi ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi advokatebi grZelvadiani patimrebi usafrTxoeba axalgazrda patimrebi ix. agreTve ojaxuri vizitebi

164

gadatvirTuloba janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi anazRaureba pirovnuli ganviTareba patimarTa fizikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba fizikuri SezRudvebi

Zalis gamoyenebis nebarTva ukiduresi zoma sasjeli

policiis cixeebisagan gamijvna mcire personali, safrTxe sasjelis Semdgomi dispoziciebi winaswari patimrebi

TviTneburi dakaveba gansxvavebuli statusi iuridiuli konsultacia marTva drois monitoringi raodenoba udanaSaulobis prezumfcia iuridiuli korespondenciis xelSeuxebloba iuristTan Sexvedrebis uzrunvelyofa registracia usafrTxoeba usafrTxoebis zomebi msjavrdebulTagan gancalkeveba vizitebis uzrunvelyofa Sroma da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba

fexmZime qalebi gaTavisuflebisaTvis mzadeba

grZelvadiani patimrebi moklevadiani patimrebi droebiTi gaTavisufleba specialuri programebi

udanaSaulobis prezumfcia principebi kanongareSe, TviTneburad da gamartivebuli wesiT dasjis Tavidan efeqturad acilebisa da gamoZiebis Sesaxeb gaeros samedicino eTikis principebi, romlebic exeba jandacvis personalis, gansakuTrebiT eqimebis, rols patimrebisa da dakavebulebis dacvaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjisgan

jandacva personalis treningebi

cixis administraciebi cixis garemo, ix. garemo pirobebi cixis uniforma informatori patimrebi patimrebi adamianebi arian privatuloba sajaro marTlSegneba sajaro ganaTleba saxelmwifo jandacva, kavSiri masTan sazogadoebrivi yuradReba sajaro samsaxuri cixis saqmianobaSi sajaro vizitebi sasjeli

administraciuli eqimis roli individualuri

samarTliani da proporciuli fizikuri SezRudvebi SezRudvebi araoficialuri ix. marto ganTavseba

radio sakiTxavi literatura regionuli standartebi rTuli patimrebi patimarTa registracia patimarTa reabilitacia gaTavisufleba da reintegracia

momzadeba qali patimrebi axalgazrda patimrebi

religia religiis morCileba Txovnebi da saCivrebi

sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb disciplinuri sasjelis winaaRmdeg kriminaluri saqmianobis braldebebi wamebis braldeba ojaxis wevrebis mier mogvarebis oficialuri procedurebi jgufuri saCivrebi damoukidebeli gare uwyebebi mogvarebis araformaluri meTodebi informacia msxverplad gaxdomis Tavidan acileba procedurebi dabrkolebebis moSoreba mogvareba mogvarebis drouloba

SezRudvebis Semcireba resursebis nakleboba pirad cxovrebaSi Caurevlobis, ojaxis, sacxovrebeli adgilis da mimoweris pativiscemis da Rirsebisa da reputaciis dacvis ufleba riskis Sefaseba grZelvadiani patimrebi wesebi TavisuflebaaRkveTili arasrulwlovnebis dacvis Sesaxeb wesebi da instruqciebi ruseTi, magadanis dakavebis centri daculoba Cxreka patimrebi procedurebi personali mnaxvelebi qali patimrebi usafrTxoeba

Sefaseba klasifikacia dinamika gadametebuli masStabebi gare kontaqtebi cixis miRma fizikuri winaswari patimrebis proceduruli regularuli gadaxedva

165

da socialuri reintegracia qali patimrebi

saizolacio nawilebi ufrosi personali “sensoruli deprivacia” (grZnobis organoebis damqveiTebeli saxdelebi) patimrebis seqsualuri Zaladoba mcirevadiani patimrebi

gaTavisuflebisaTvis mzadeba (smw) ix. standartuli minimaluri wesebi socialuri saagentoebi, maTTan kavSiri socialuri reintegracia marto ganTavseba (martoobis saknebi)

safrTxe maqsimaluri usafrTxoeba

wamebis Sesaxeb specialuri momxsenebeli (gaero) cixis specialisti personali daqiraveba treningebi personali

Caketilobis safrTxe qali lideroba umciresobebi adamianuri Tvisebebi roli Cxreka arCeva ufrosi specialisti statusi qalTa cixeebi

personalis daqiraveba daqiravebis aqtiuri politika diskriminaciis nakleboba sajaro ganaTleba kandidatTa arCeva specialisti personali qali personali ix. dasaqmebis pirobebi

personalis reprezentacia personalis treningebi

miRebis procedurebi gangrZobadoba Tavdapirveli jandacva areulobis prevencia ufrosi personali specialisti personali teqnikuri gadamdebi daavadebebi cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyeneba Zalis gamoyeneba qali patimrebi

personalis transferi personalisa da patimrebis urTierToba standartuli minimaluri wesebi

miRebis procedura wesrigis darRveva disciplinuri procedurebi ganaTleba patimarTa mimarT samarTliani mopyroba jandacva samedicino personali jansaRi pirobebi

individualuri mopyroba wesrigis SenarCuneba gare kontaqtebi winaswari patimrebi gaTavisuflebisaTvis mzadeba sasjelis gareSe dakavebuli patimrebi patimrebi individebi arian sasjeli religia Txovnebi da saCivrebi socialuri reintegracia marto ganTavseba personalis daqiraveba personalis treningebi qali patimrebi muSaoba da unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba

arasrulwlovanTa mimarT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis standartuli minimaluri wesebi personalis treningi

standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasapatimro sasjelis Sesaxeb (tokios wesebi) standartuli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb, ix. standartuli minimaluri wesebi personalis teqnikuri treningi ucxo qveynis moqalaqe patimrebi

satelefono zarebi mosmena da Cawera

televizori mZimed avadmyofi patimrebi teroristi patimrebi tualeti tokios wesebi, ix. standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasapatimro sasjelis Sesaxeb wameba

braldeba saCivrebi mis winaaRmdeg dokumentireba akrZalva

pasuxismgeblobis gadacema Sedegebi gadamdebi daavadebebi

personalis ganaTleba xelketebis gamoyeneba tuberkulozi ugandis penitencialuri samsaxuri, policiis dokumenti gaeros deklaracia qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb gaeros standartuli wesebi TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb gaeros garantiebi sikvdilmisjilTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi, ix: standartuli minimaluri wesebi adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia

ganaTleba patimarTa samarTliani mopyroba ojaxTan kontaqti winaswari patimrebi religia wameba

166

qali patimrebi cixeebze SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba dapatimrebis kanonieri safuZvlebi Rirebulebebi msxverplad gaxdomis Tavidan acileba msxverplTa pativiscema video-konferencia sakonsulo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb venis konvencia miRebis procedura gare kontaqtebi patimrebis virtualuri izolacia mnaxvelebi

sikvdilmisjil patimrebTan Cxreka maTdami mopyroba

viziti daxuruli/arakontaqturi meuRleebis ojaxis sajaro moxaliseobrivi

sarecxi saSualebebi iaraRi, ix. cecxlsasroli iaraRi qali TanamSromlebi qali patimrebi ganTavseba narkotikebis sawinaaRmdego kanonebi bavSvebis daavadeba kontaqti SvilebTan damokidebuli naTesavebi diskriminacia saSualebebze Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba ojaxuri valdebulebani jandacva dedebi SvilebTan erTad fexmZime qalebi

gaTavisuflebisaTvis mzadeba zewoliT prevencia Cxreka usafrTxoeba specialuri dacva muSaoba da unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba

qali patimrebi qalTa uflebebi muSaoba da unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba

rutinis ganviTareba unarebis ganviTareba samuSaos moZebna grZelvadiani patimrebi Sromis anazRaureba winaswari patimrebi usafrTxo samuSao pirobebi samuSaos dafaseba samuSao pirobebi

axalgazrda patimrebi

gare kontaqtebi gaTavisufleba da reintegracia personalis unarebi mowyvladebi Zaladobis mimarT keTildReoba da ganaTlebis saWiroeba

167

danarTi

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis Sesabamisi instrumentebi

adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso bili

• adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) • saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb

(International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) • saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb (International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)

wamebis akrZalva

• saerTaSoriso konvencia wamebis, sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobisa an sasjelis winaaRmdeg (Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment )

diskriminaciis prevencia

• diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso konvencia (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)

• deklaracia religiisa da mrwamsis gamo Seuwynareblobisa da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief )

• erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa uflebaTa dacvis deklaracia (Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities )

qalTa uflebebi

• konvencia qalTa winaaRmdeg diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women)

• deklaracia qalTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women)

bavSvTa uflebebi

• bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis konvencia (Convention on the Rights of the Child)

marTlmsajulebis administrireba

• standaruli minimaluri wesebi patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners)

• patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi (Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners) • principebis krebuli nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli pirebis

dacvis Sesaxeb (Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment)

• gaeros wesebi TavisuflebaaRkveTili arasrulwlovnebis dacvis Sesaxeb (United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of the Liberty)

• saerTaSoriso konvencia wamebis, sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobisa an sasjelis winaaRmdeg (Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment )

168

• samedicino eTikis principebi, romlebic exeba jandacvis personalis, gansakuTrebiT, eqimebis rols patimrebisa da dakavebulebis dacvaSi wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an dasjisgan (Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment)

• sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCenis mqone pirebis uflebebis dacvis garantiebi (Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty)

• samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebis qcevis kodeqsi (Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials)

• ZiriTadi principebi samarTaldamcavi organoebis warmomadgenlebis mier Zalisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials)

• ZiriTadi principebi advokatTa rolis Sesaxeb (Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers) • principebi prokurorTa rolis Sesaxeb (Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors) • gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasapatimro sasjelis Sesaxeb (tokios

wesebi) (United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules) ) • gaeros principebi arasrulwlovanTa marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebebis prevenciis

Sesaxeb (riadis principebi) (United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines) )

• gaeros standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis administrirebis Sesaxeb (beijingis wesebi) (United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (“The Beijing Rules”) )

• danaSaulisa da Zalauflebis gadametebis msxverplTa marTlmsajulebis ZiriTadi principebis deklaracia (Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power)

• ZiriTadi principebi sasamarTlos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb (Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary)

• sanimuSo xelSekruleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi samarTalwarmoebis gadacemis Sesaxeb (Model Treaty on the Transfer of Proceedings in Criminal Matters)

• pirobiTad dakavebul da pirobiTad gaTavisuflebul patimrebze zedamxedvelobis gadacemis sanimuSo xelSekruleba (Model Treaty on the Transfer of Supervision of Offenders Conditionally Sentenced or Conditionally Released)

• deklaracia pirTa iZulebiTi gauCinarebisagan dacvis Sesaxeb (Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances)

• principebi ukanono, TviTneburi da dausabuTebeli mkvlelobebis prevenciisa da gamoZiebis Sesaxeb (Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions)

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis regionuli instrumentebi

• adamianis da xalxTa uflebebis dacvis afrikuli qartia (African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights)

• amerikuli deklaracia adamianis uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb (American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man)

• adamianis uflebaTa amerikuli konvencia (American Convention on Human Rights) • wamebis prevenciis da dasjis interamerikuli konvencia (Inter-American Convention to

Prevent and Punish Torture) • adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia (European Convention on Human Rights) • evropuli konvencia wamebis, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobisa Tu

sasjelis akrZalvis Sesaxeb (European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment)

• cixis evropuli wesebi (European Prison Rules)

169

cixis Seswavlis saerTaSoriso centris sxva gamocemebi

cixeebis marTva cvlilebebis Jams

cixeebis marTvas sWirdeba mTeli rigi gansakuTrebuli unar-Cvevebi. aRniSnuli miT ufro aqtualuria dRevandel mudmivad cvalebad msoflioSi. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mizania, mkiTxvels daanaxos, rogor marTos cvlilebebi ise, rom es ukanaskneli iqces pozitiur da ara krizisul mamoZravebel Zalad.

andriu koili. 202. 112 gverdi. 10.00/US$15.00. ISBN 0 9535221 4 8 sikvdilis molodini? tuberkulozis problema aRmosavleT evropasa da centralur aziaSi

ruseTsa da mis mezobel qveynebSi tuberkulozi farTod gavrcelebul da seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens. gadatvirTuli, gauniavebeli da arahigienuri cixeebi, sadac asobiT aTasi patimaria ganTavsebuli, tuberkulioziT daavadebis keras warmoadgens. aRniSnuli saxelmZRvanelo efuZneba saerTaSoriso seminarze myofi jandacvis muSakebis, cixis administraciisa da adamianis uflebebis damcveli sxva pirebis mier warmodgenil monacemebs. wignSi Sesulia Tematuri Jurnalebidan amokrefili 9 statia.

vivien sterni (gamomcemeli). 1999. 288 gverdi. 15.00/US$24.00. ISBN 0 9535221 1 3

cixeebis alternativa ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi

araerT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi patimrobis mcire alternativa Tu arsebobs. winamdebare wignSi vivien sterni cdilobs, gvaCvenos, rom samarTlebrivi sistemis centrad cixeebis gamoyeneba sxva qveynebidan aRebuli cudi magaliTia. ganxiluli saqmeebi da detaluri danarTebi fasdaudebelia sakanonmdeblo da administraciul sferoSi momuSave praqtikosebisaTvis.

vivien sterni. 1999. 195 gverdi. £ 15.00/US$24.00. ISBN 0 9535221 0 5

170

`usafrTxo cixeebi ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens Cveni samarTaldamcavi

sistemis ganviTarebisa da danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi. rodesac

patimrebi – eWvmitanilebi Tu msjavrdebulebi – Tqvens mzrunvelobas arian

mindobilni, maT da sazogadoebam unda icodes, rom isini saimedo xelSi arian

manamde, sanam ar gaTavisufldebian kanonis safuZvelze.

cixeebs didi roli ekisrebaT Cvens qveyanaSi danaSaulis SemcirebaSi, Tumca,

miznis miRweva nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor moeqceviT patimrebs

Tqven. profesionalizmisa da adamianis uflebebis dacva aRniSnul saqmeSi

umTavres rols TamaSobs.~

nelson mandela

mimarTva samxreT afrikis cixis personalisadmi, 1998

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo xazs usvams cixis eTikur marTvas. cixesTan kontaqtismqone yvela pirisadmi, iqneba es patimari, cixis personali Tu momnaxulebeli,adamianuri damokidebulebis aucileblobas. eTikuroba universaluri cnebaa daswored aRniSnul universalurobas gvTavazoben adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSorisomeqanizmebi.

cixis menejmentisadmi msgavsi tipis midgomas praqtikuli gamarTlebac aqvs: amtipis menejmenti warmoadgens cixeebis marTvis yvelaze efeqtur da usafrTxomeTods.

saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxiluli midgoma xazs usvams, rom adamianis uflebebi ar arisganyenebuli Tema, romelic mxolod treningebisas unda ganvixiloT, aramedgaxlavT mTavari da ganuyofeli nawili kargi cixis kargi marTvisa.

ISBN 0 9535221 5 6

£15.00 or US$23.00

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