pentadbiran pengembangan (dr ismi)
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PENTADBIRANPENTADBIRAN
PENGEMBANGANPENGEMBANGANISMI ARIF ISMAILISMI ARIF ISMAIL
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Extension administrationExtension administration
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Extension administrationExtension administration
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Pentadbiran?Pentadbiran?
Pengembangan?Pengembangan?
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FALSAFAH PENGEMBANGANFALSAFAH PENGEMBANGAN
MembawaMembawa PerubahanPerubahan
PendidikanPendidikan NonNon
FormalFormal
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FALSAFAH PENGEMBANGANFALSAFAH PENGEMBANGAN
Perubahan dari segi:Perubahan dari segi:
PengetahuanPengetahuanSikapSikap
KemahiranKemahiran
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Individu akan berubahIndividu akan berubah
apabila ia merasaiapabila ia merasai
keperluan perubahankeperluan perubahan
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Perubahan yang kekalPerubahan yang kekal
hanya akan tercapaihanya akan tercapai
melalui prosesmelalui proses
pendidikanpendidikan
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Manusia akan sampai keManusia akan sampai ke
tahap pencapaian yangtahap pencapaian yang
tinggi jika mempunyaitinggi jika mempunyai
peluang berbuatpeluang berbuat
demikiandemikian
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Proses demokrasi adalahProses demokrasi adalah
asas perubahanasas perubahan
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Masyarakat memerlukanMasyarakat memerlukan
kepimpinankepimpinan
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Semangat jaya diri adalahSemangat jaya diri adalah
asas kejayaanasas kejayaan
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PrinsipPrinsip
PengembanganPengembangan
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Aktiviti berdasarkan keadaanAktiviti berdasarkan keadaan
yang sedia adayang sedia ada
Aktiviti dijalankan bersama danAktiviti dijalankan bersama danbukan hanya untuk pesertabukan hanya untuk peserta
Aktiviti berasaskan keperluan danAktiviti berasaskan keperluan dan
peserta (dirasai dan tidak dirasai)peserta (dirasai dan tidak dirasai)
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Aktiviti dijalankan secaraAktiviti dijalankan secara
beransurberansur--ansuransur
Tanpa mengira kategori penerimaTanpa mengira kategori penerima Kepimpinan perlu wujud dalamKepimpinan perlu wujud dalam
aktiviti pengembanganaktiviti pengembangan
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Gunakan kerjasama agensiGunakan kerjasama agensi
pembangunanpembangunan
Penilaian adalah penting dalamPenilaian adalah penting dalamaktiviti pengembanganaktiviti pengembangan
Aktiviti hendaklah selaras denganAktiviti hendaklah selaras dengan
dasar pembangunan, agama,dasar pembangunan, agama,budaya,budaya,
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PentadbiranPentadbiran
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PentadbiranPentadbiran
AAdministrationdministration consists of the performance orconsists of the performance or
management of business operations and thus themanagement of business operations and thus the
making or implementing of a major decision.making or implementing of a major decision.
Administration can be defined as the universalAdministration can be defined as the universal
process of organizing people and resourcesprocess of organizing people and resources
efficiently so as to direct activities towardefficiently so as to direct activities toward
common goals and objectives.common goals and objectives.
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PentadbiranPentadbiran
AdministratorAdministrator
In someIn some organizationalorganizational analyses,analyses, managementmanagement is viewedis viewed
as a subset of administration, specifically associatedas a subset of administration, specifically associatedwith the technical and mundane elements within anwith the technical and mundane elements within anorganization's operation. It stands distinct fromorganization's operation. It stands distinct fromexecutive or strategic work.executive or strategic work.
In other organizational analyses, administration canIn other organizational analyses, administration can
refer to therefer to the bureaucraticbureaucratic oror operationaloperational performance ofperformance ofmundanemundane officeoffice tasks, usually internally oriented andtasks, usually internally oriented andreactive rather than proactive.reactive rather than proactive.
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Administrators, broadly speaking, engage in aAdministrators, broadly speaking, engage in a
common set of functions to meet thecommon set of functions to meet the
organization's goals. These "functions" of theorganization's goals. These "functions" of the
administrator were described byadministrator were described byHenri FayolHenri Fayol asas
"the 5 elements of administration" (in bold"the 5 elements of administration" (in bold
below).below).
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5 elements of administration5 elements of administration
PlanningPlanning is deciding in advance what to do,is deciding in advance what to do,
how to do it, when to do it, and who should dohow to do it, when to do it, and who should do
it. It maps the path from where the organizationit. It maps the path from where the organization
is to where it wants to be. The planning functionis to where it wants to be. The planning function
involves establishing goals and arranging theminvolves establishing goals and arranging them
in logical order. Administrators engage in bothin logical order. Administrators engage in both
shortshort--range and longrange and long--range planning.range planning.
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OrganizingOrganizing involves identifying responsibilitiesinvolves identifying responsibilities
to be performed, grouping responsibilities intoto be performed, grouping responsibilities into
departments or divisions, and specifyingdepartments or divisions, and specifying
organizational relationships. The purpose is toorganizational relationships. The purpose is to
achieve coordinated effort among all theachieve coordinated effort among all the
elements in the organization (elements in the organization (CoordinatingCoordinating).).
Organizing must take into account delegation ofOrganizing must take into account delegation ofauthority and responsibility and span of controlauthority and responsibility and span of control
within supervisory units.within supervisory units.
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StaffingStaffingmeans filling job positions with themeans filling job positions with the
right people at the right time. It involvesright people at the right time. It involves
determining staffing needs, writing jobdetermining staffing needs, writing job
descriptions, recruiting anddescriptions, recruiting and screeningscreeningpeople topeople to
fill the positions.fill the positions.
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Directing (Directing (CommandingCommanding) is leading people in a) is leading people in amanner that achieves the goals of themanner that achieves the goals of theorganization. This involves properorganization. This involves proper allocation ofallocation of
resourcesresources and providing an effective supportand providing an effective supportsystem. Directing requires exceptionalsystem. Directing requires exceptionalinterpersonal skills and the ability to motivateinterpersonal skills and the ability to motivatepeople. One of the crucial issues in directing ispeople. One of the crucial issues in directing is
to find the correct balance between emphasis onto find the correct balance between emphasis onstaff needs and emphasis on economicstaff needs and emphasis on economicproduction.production.
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''ControllingControlling is a function that evaluates quality in is a function that evaluates quality in
all areas and detects potential or actualall areas and detects potential or actual
deviations from the organization's plan. Thisdeviations from the organization's plan. This
ensures highensures high--quality performance andquality performance and
satisfactory results while maintaining an orderlysatisfactory results while maintaining an orderly
and problemand problem--free environment. Controllingfree environment. Controlling
includes information management, measurementincludes information management, measurementof performance, and institution of correctiveof performance, and institution of corrective
actions.actions.
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Budgeting, exempted from the list above,Budgeting, exempted from the list above,
incorporates most of the administrativeincorporates most of the administrative
functions, beginning with the implementation offunctions, beginning with the implementation of
a budget plan through the application ofa budget plan through the application ofbudgetbudget
controls.controls.
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PentadbiranPentadbiran
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PengembanganPengembangan