perception and communication chapter 3. the process of human perception perception: the active...
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Perception and Communication
Chapter 3Chapter 3
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The Process of Human Perception
• Perception: the active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations and other phenomena
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Selection
• We select to attend to certain stimuli based on a number of factors: The qualities of the phenomena Self-indication Our motives and needs Culture
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Organization
• Constructivism – we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata Prototype Personal construct Stereotype Script
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Interpretation
• The subjective process of explaining our perceptions in ways that make sense to us
• Attributions Locus Stability Specificity Responsibility
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Interpretation Continued
• Attributional Errors
Self-serving bias Fundamental attribution error
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Influences On Perception
• Physiology
• Age
• Expectations
• Culture Social location Roles
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Influences On Perception Continued
• Cognitive abilities Cognitive complexity Person-centeredness
• Self
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Implicit Personality Theory
• A collection of unspoken and sometimes unconscious assumptions about how various qualities fit together in human personalities
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Guidelines for Improving Perception And Communication
• Recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective
• Avoid mind reading
• Check perceptions with others
• Distinguish between facts and inferences
• Guard against the self-serving bias
• Guard against the fundamental attribution error
• Monitor labels
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The Ladder of Abstraction