perception is… the process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information
TRANSCRIPT
PERCEPTION IS…
• The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information
TWO THEORIES
• Bottom-up theories• -Parts are identified, put together, and then recognition
occurs
• Top-down theories• -People actively construct perceptions using information
based on expectations
CONSTANCY
• Our ability to recognize that size, shape and brightness (color) don’t change even when sensory input of an object changes.
• Size constancy• Shape constancy • Brightness constancy
SENSORY ADAPTATION
-Occurs when sensory receptors change their sensitivity to the stimulus
-Constant stimulation leads to lower sensitivity
-The brain is constantly processing and adjusting it’s perception of sensory input
SENSORY ADAPTATION CAN LEAD TO AFTER IMAGES
AFTER IMAGES IN COLOR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGt3LRZxjAw
M ODULE 07 : PERCEPTION
GESTALT ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES
GESTALT
• The “whole,” or the organizational patterns that we tend to perceive;
• the Gestalt psychologists emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
• By breaking experiences into their basic parts, something important is lost.
DRAW WHAT YOU JUST SAW
• Now compare your drawing with the original. • In what ways is it similar, what details did you
miss?
LAW OF PRAGANZ
• Reality is organized and reduced to the simplest form possible.
M ODULE 07 : PERCEPTION
GESTALT ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES:
FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIPS
FIGURE-GROUND
• The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
• The figure is the object(s) that stands out or draws one’s attention.
• The ground is the background.
FIGURE-GROUND
M ODULE 07 : PERCEPTION
GESTALT ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES:
GROUPING PRINCIPLES
GROUPING
• The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable units.
• Several principles of grouping include:• Similarity• Proximity• Closure• Continuity
GROUPING - SIMILARITY
• The tendency to place items that look similar into a group
GROUPING - PROXIMITY
• The tendency to place objects that are physically close to each other in a group
GROUPING – CLOSURE
• The tendency to look at the whole by filling in gaps in a perceptual field
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hodp2esSV9E
GROUPING – CONTINUITY
• The tendency to perceive that movement of an object continues once it appears to move in a particular direction
GROUPING- COMMON FATE
• Objects that move or function in a similar manner will be seen as a unit.
WHAT PRINCIPLES DO WE SEE
DEPTH CUES
DEPTH CUES
• Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment.
• If you are old enough to crawl, you are old enough to see depth perception.
• We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories:
• Monocular Cues• Binocular Cues
BINOCULAR CUES
• We need both of our eyes to use these cues.
• Retinal Disparity (as an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greater.
• Convergence (as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on the object).
MONOCULAR CUES
• You really only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth).
• Linear Perspective• Interposition• Relative size• Texture gradient• Shadowing• Relative Height
ILLUSIONS AND PERCEPTUAL SET
PONZO ILLUSION
• Tricks our sense of size constancy
MUELLER LYON ILLUSION
• Tricks our sense of linear perspective
LETS TEST OURSELVES
• http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/Visual%20Illusions/PsychSim_Shell.html
WHAT DEPTH CUES DID THE VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL LINES TRICK?
ILLUSIONS OF MOTION
• Autokinetic effects
• Phi Phenomenon : apparent movement between flashing stationary images
• http://www.yorku.ca/eye/balls.htm
• Stroboscopic: When images are flashed in sequence to create the illusion of continuous movement
• “cell animation” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeWIhWiT6bE
EMOTIONS AND MOTIVATION
• Influence our attention and perception
PERCEPTUAL SET
• Experience builds expectations which direct perceptions
• 2 minutes study and look for a pattern