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Performance of CMAQ forInorganic Aerosol Compounds in

Greater Tokyo

Hiroshi HAYAMICentral Research Institute of Electric Power Industry

and

Tatsuya SAKURAITokyo University of Science

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Acknowledgements National Institute of Environmental Studies

Shinji Kobayashi and Shinji Wakamatsu Japan Clean Air Program of Petroleum Energy Center

Tazuko Morikawa Institute of Behavioral Sciences

Akiyoshi Kan-nari and Tsuyoshi Baba Fujitsu FIP Corp.

Noritaka Furuhashi, Izumi Ikeuchi and Hisashi Tashiro

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Aerosol pollution in G.Tokyo PM mass averages

SPM* by beta gauge ~ 40 µg m-3

>40 % stations violated the standard in the 1990s

PM2.5 by TEOM ~ 25-30 µg m-3 > US std. high in early summer and early winter

Composition of SPM carbon(EC/OC) ~ 30 % inorganic species ~ 30 %

*SPM: PM with 100% cut at 10 µm ~ PM7

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Our studies with CMAQ for G.T.

budget of ammonia long-term (one year)

episodes of inorganic aerosols 2 to 3 days in summer and winter

presented by Sakurai in poster session

presented from now

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D0(East Asia)

@45 km

D1(C. Japan)

@15 km

D2(G. Tokyo)

@5 km

MM5 MM5 MM5

CMAQ CMAQ

Study Domains for SIA in G.T.

two-wayno interaction

initial and boundary conditions

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Model Options & Configurations MM5 V3.6-1

35 layers; ~25 m in the lowest layer FDDA with JMA’s RANAL (20km, 12hrs.) Grell, MRF, simple ice, multi-layer soil

CMAQ 4.2.2 (MCIP 2.1) 16 layers; identical to MM5 in PBL CB4-AE3-AQ solved with MEBI CMAQ dry and RADM-cloud wet dep. ACESS for E.Asia and NIES/JCAP for GT

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Emission inventory (NIES/JCAP)

SOx [ton day-1] NOx [ton day-1] condensed dust [ton day-1]

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CMAQ vs. field campaignsWINTER

Dec. 9 to 10, 1999

SUMMER

Jul.31 to Aug.1,2001

T,RH,WS,WD Tokyo, Kumagaya, Tateyama

NO2, SO2, O3 Fukaya, YokosukaTokyo(Komae)

Kumagaya

NMHC composition Fukaya ―

particulate

NO3-, NH4

+, SO42-

Fukaya, YokosukaTokyo(Komae)

Kumagaya

gaseous HNO3, NH3 ―Tokyo(Komae)

Kumagaya

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Winter: at FukayaAerosol (FP)Gas

NO

2 [p

pb]

SO

2 [p

pb]

O3

[ppb

]

Dec. 9 Dec. 10

obs.CMAQ

Y

F

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 00

20

40

60

0

5

10

15

20

0

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 00

20

40

60N

O3- [

µg

m-3]

NH

4+ [µ

g m

-3]

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180

5

10

15

20

Dec. 9 Dec. 10

obs.CMAQ

SO

42- [µ

g m

-3]

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Winter: at YokosukaAerosol (FP)Gas

Dec. 9 Dec. 10

Y

F

Dec. 9 Dec. 10

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 180

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 00

20

40

60

0

5

10

15

20

0

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 00

20

40

60

obs.CMAQ

obs.CMAQ

NO

3- [µ

g m

-3]

SO

42- [µ

g m

-3]

NH

4+ [µ

g m

-3]

NO

2 [p

pb]

SO

2 [p

pb]

O3

[ppb

]

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Winter contour: PM [µg m-3]

not good “observed” SPM(~PM7) vs. “calculated” PM2.5

SPM = SIA + EC + OC + Cl- +…

observed CMAQ observed CMAQ

18:00 Dec. 9, 1999 18:00 Dec. 10, 1999

PM2.5 in CMAQ

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TKSummer: Gas at Tokyo

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 00

20

40

60

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 00

5

10

15

20

0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 00

20

40

60

80

100

120

NO

2 [p

pb]

SO

2 [p

pb]

O3

[ppb

]

Jul. 31 Aug. 1

obs.CMAQ

better than winter

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0

10

20

30

0

10

20

30

0

10

20

30

0

10

20

30

0

10

20

30

Summer: SIA at Tokyo

NO3- [µg m-3]

part

icul

ate

gase

ous

0 12 0 12 0 0 12 0 12 0

0 12 0 12 0

NH4+[µg m-3] SO4

2-[µg m-3]

obs.CMAQ

TK

Jul. 31 Aug. 1 Jul. 31 Aug. 1

Jul. 31 Aug. 1

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Summer contour: PM

much better than winter summer SPM mainly made of SIA

observed CMAQ observed CMAQ

12:00 Jul. 31, 2001 12:00 Aug. 1, 2001

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Summary

CMAQ is fine secondary > primary products summer > winter

to improve the performance… Cl- and SOA (winter) better boundary concentrations (SO2 & SO4

2-)alter the gas-aerosol partitioning of NO3

- and NH4+

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under testing CMAQ with... HCl/Cl-, important in winter aerosol

emission, deposition and gas-aerosol reaction coarse aerosol nitrate and chloride

gas/coarse aerosol reaction upper boundary

free-tropospheric ozone sulfate formation on aerosol surface

heterogeneous reaction of SO2

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SO2-to-SO42-(p) conversion

homogeneous + nucleation SO2 + OH => H2SO4(g) H2SO4(g) => SO4

2-(p) aqueous chemistry in cloud water

SO2 + cw => SO42-(aq)

SO42-(aq) => SO4

2-(p) heterogeneous chemistry

SO2 + aerosol surface => SO42-(p)