performance standards hvac equipment performance consultancy

7/29/2019 Performance Standards Hvac Equipment Performance Consultancy

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PERFORMANCE STANDARDSOF HVAC EQUIPMENT

(HVAC EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCECONSULTANCY)

For

Australian Building Codes Board

Prepared by:

DASCEM Holdings Pty LimitedPO Box 285

World Trade Centre

MELBOURNE VIC 3005GC 576

In conjunction with

ORART & COGrd. Fl., Bellevue

Street Surrey Hills,NSW 2010

February 2003


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Australian Building Codes Board PERFORMANCE STANDARDS OF HVAC EQUIPMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Object ives 2 1.3 Scope 3 1.3.1 Stage 1: 3 1.3.2 Stage 2: 3 2 STAGE 1 4 2.1 Survey and Identification of Equipment Performance 4 2.1.1 General Comments 4 2.1.2 Water Chilling Packages 4 2.1.3 Heat Rejection Equipment 7 2.1.4 Boilers 7 2.1.5 Warm Air Furnaces & Combinations 8 2.1.6 Pumped Water Systems 8 2.1.7 Fan Systems 8 2.2 Recommendations on Steps in Capacity 9 2.2.1 Water Chilling Packages 9 2.2.2 Heat Rejection Equipment 9 2.2.3 Boilers 9 2.2.4 Warm Air Furnaces & Combinations 9 2.2.5 Pumped Water Systems 9 2.2.6 Fan Systems 9 2.3 Codes and Standards for Equipment Performance Rating 9 2.3.1 Water Chilling Packages 9 2.3.2 Heat Rejection Equipment 10 2.3.3 Boilers 10 2.3.4 Warm Air Furnaces & Combinations 10 2.3.5 Pumped Water Systems 10 2.3.6 Fan Systems 10

HVAC Performance Criteria(Dec2002) February 2003


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2.4 Referenced Manufacturers & Suppliers 11 2.4.1 Water Chilling Packages 11 2.4.2 Heat Rejection Equipment 11 2.4.3 Boilers 12 2.4.4 Warm Air Furnaces & Combinations 12 2.4.5 Pumped Water Systems 12 2.4.6 Fan Systems 12 GLOSSARY 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

APPENDICES 15

APPENDIX A EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE SCHEDULES 16

HVAC Performance Criteria(Dec2002) February 2003


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report presents a summary of the results of the HVAC equipment performance survey and

assessment of energy consumption rates.

A survey of equipment suppliers for each of the equipment type categories has been completed.

A tabulation of equipment performance data based on data gathered is included at Appendix A.

Comments on the process of data gathering have been included where applicable.

As shown in appendix A, steps in capacity for Water Chilling Packages are practical and reflect

chillers available currently on the Australian market.

The performance requirement for Heat Rejection Equipment covered the full range of

capacities. There was no significant variation in the performance indicator from large to small

cooling towers hence a single indicator seems appropriate. The same is applicable to air

cooled condensers.

Three performance indicators for small, medium and large boilers are more than sufficient since

the manufacturers supplied efficiency varies little.

There was little variation between the 75 kW capacities for gas fired unducted

type warm air furnaces and therefore one figure for all sizes would seem more appropriate.

The capacity steps for the pump systems are appropriate and a reasonable level of size

discernment is necessary since the performance indicator varies significantly with the size of

system.

Again, a reasonable level of size discernment is necessary for the fan systems since the

performance indicator varies significantly with the size of system.

HVAC Performance Criteria(Dec2002) Page 1 February 2003


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The ABCB, in cooperation with the AGO, is developing energy efficiency measures suitable for

inclusion in the Building Code of Australia (BCA). Measures for the largely commercial

buildings covered by Volume One of the Code are being prepared separately from those for

housing referred to in Volume Two. The Commercial strand of the energy efficiency project will

employ extensive computational modelling; first to set benchmarks for the annual energy usage

of commonplace (or baseline) buildings and then to assess the reductions available from

specific energy saving features that could be applied to them. Comparison of energy cost

savings with the lifecycle cost of proposed features will identify the features suitable for the

deemed-to-satisfy provisions of the BCA.

To keep computational modelling effort within practical bounds, a limited number of

Representative Buildings will exemplify Australias diverse building stock. Each Representative

Building is defined by its:

Form (shape and size) Function (usage profile - based on BCA Class) Fabric (envelope construction) Facilities (or building services - including HVAC, power and light)Fabric and building services profiles may change with location to suit different climatic

conditions. Five basic forms, systematically selected, have been fitted with varying

combinations of fabric, function and services to generate a much larger set of Representative

Buildings that are articular to their location and use.

1.2 Objectives

The equipment performance will be:

1. used to develop the future energy efficiency Deemed-to-Satisfy provisions forVolume One of the BCA; and

2. included in a Verification Method, for assessing Alternative Solutions for specific buildings inspecific locations, or in an advisory document; and

3. used in developing a Regulatory Impact Statement (RIS).



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1.3 Scope

The proposal was undertake the survey in two stages. The content and the stages proposed

are as follows:

1.3.1 Stage 1:

1. Survey and identify the current performance criteria for the equipment shown in Appendix A.Current performance criteria must be representative of equipment performance used by

Australian industry and, specifically, must be able to be supplied by equipment of three

different manufacturers.

2. Examine the steps in capacity shown in Appendix A and provide recommendations on theirsuitability for inclusion in the energy provisions.

3.Tabulate current performance levels in table format shown in Appendix A.

4. Identify codes and standards that are used to rate the performance of the air conditioning,heating and ventilation equipment shown in Appendix A. Consider only those codes in

Australia and from overseas that are acceptable to Australian industry.

5. Provide a summary report, in tabulated form and in Microsoft Excel or Word format, on theresults of the survey and the codes.

1.3.2 Stage 2:

6. Carry out a limited survey of manufacturers and suppliers in Australia and identify anyimprovements in the performance of equipment up to the end of 2004 that the ABCB and

AGO should be cognisant of when formulating the energy provisions in the BCA.

7. Provide recommendations for equipment performance that could be incorporated into theenergy code. Tabulate the recommendations in the table format shown in Appendix A.

8. Provide a final report, in tabulated form and in Microsoft Excel and Word format, on theresults of the survey, the codes and recommendations.



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2 STAGE 1

2.1 Survey and Identification of Equipment Performance

2.1.1 General CommentsA survey of equipment and plant has been completed for chillers, heat rejection equipment,

boilers, warm air furnaces, pumps and fans. Data has been collected and values entered for a

range of sizes. The results of the equipment performance survey are tabulated in Appendix A.

Generally data has been rather difficult to assemble due to a number of factors. Some makers

will not to give out specific data, preferring rather to quote sizes and performances for a specific

job, for fear of being under cut by competition.

Much time was wasted pursuing well known manufacturers only to find that in the current

business climate they had either gone out of business or been taken over.

Manufacturers were not very interested in giving out information if they felt that they would not

get any returns so it was not politic to mention energy surveys or the like.

The best course of action was to request catalogues that you needed to pursue design

requirements and this was the course adopted.

Entering fan and pump data was very time consuming and because the values selected were

random and not for a specific job, the equipment selected could appear very inefficient. Insome cases the pump chosen could not be fitted into the performance curves so it was not

possible to make a selection.

The amount of data requested was considerable; for pumps and fans particularly all flows

against all pressures, meant a great deal of time was spent sorting through selection data.

2.1.2 Water Chill ing Packages

COP and testing procedures relating to water chilling packages of various cooling capacities

and compressor types currently available on the Australian market as indicated bymanufacturers/ suppliers are presented.

Equipment Types

a) For the Australian market, the DTS provisions covering over 99% of applications allowamalgamation of the absorption chiller types into

Engine driven Gas/hot water/ steam driven



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b) Air cooled with and without condenser could be grouped together as whether or not thechiller/air cooled condenser is purchased as a package or with remote condenser, the

performance criteria are essentially the same (assuming the air cooled condenser is sized

correctly for rated heat rejection and ignoring pipe losses). The COP/IPLV must include air

cooled condenser energy use for remote as well as package unit.

Performance Levels

The scheduled COP/IPLV attached Appendix A, are lower/middle range available at ARI

550/590 standard conditions.

Note that performance (COP levels) are substantially altered by refrigerant types, generally

increasing by about 10% using R134 and reducing by about 10% using 407C, compared with

R22.

The compressor choice, screw, scroll and rotary, compared to reciprocating, also have a

significant effect on COP.

Some manufacturers have calculated (not tested) IPLV part load COP figures (as per ARI

550/590).

RIS Considerations

There is also a cost effect and a subsequent regulatory impact statement (RIS) would need to

take this into account particularly at the under 500 kW water and air cooled reciprocating,

compared to higher COP, but higher cost screw and other compressor options.

The IPLV efficiency is substantially altered by the method of capacity control, multiple

reciprocating or single reciprocating with unloading, versus other compressor types and

controls, all of which have significant cost versus efficiency effects.

This is another situation that an RIS may have to consider as; COP/IPLV is played off against

initial cost of cheaper components having reduced efficiency versus higher initial expense.

Design Considerations & Criteria for Other Parts of the HVAC System

It is most important that the DTS performance, minimum efficiency selections do not allow

seemingly efficient chillers to be installed at the expense of inefficient or impractical other

components. Noise, pipe longevity, insulation, and maintainability, and need to be kept to

industry standards, as do air and water velocities and pressures and temperature differences.

We must not allow a wag the dog situations where regulations, DTS, favour an efficient chiller

coupled to an inefficient air handler, tower, pump, pipe and duct system.



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Reference to and mandatory use of equivalents to AIRAH handbook guidelines (or

ASHRAE/CIBSE guidelines) for velocities and temperature differences, air and water, can

prevent this from occurring.

Fluid moving energy (air and water, fans and pumps) is a major component of energy

consumption in most larger HVAC systems.

The DTS solution needs to address fluid moving energy by

Optimal selection of temperature and pressure differences in air and water Length of the distribution system ducts and pipes. Operating pressures and velocities

have significant impact on system energy consumption and must be optimised in

conjunction with chillers and other energy consuming equipment.

One of the manufacturers, Trane, with their earthwise concept has given a revised emphasis.

Their data shows that the complete system energy efficiency can be improved by widening the

temperature splits for chilled water/condenser water. This may in fact have the chillers

operating outside of their maximum efficiency range, but the significant savings in other system

equipment produce overall, a system, which reduces energy consumption. This concept is

applicable to new installations and refurbishments.

Part load operation is a difficult area. How do we protect users of chillers from what appear to

be high efficiency chillers but which due to the particular load profiles for an application,

operate for a substantial time at very poor actual operating efficiencies.

The ARI 550/590 attempts to address this problem with the 1998 issue, but the very detailed

assumptions relating to the IPLV, may not apply to a significant number of projects.

Part Load and Capacity Control

The various manufacturers have many strategies for providing part load, at varying efficiencies,

unloading variable speed drives, multiple compressors these are manufacturer and model

specific and would not easily fit into a regulatory framework.

Standard Test Conditions

The ARI 550/590 1998, standard rating conditions Table 1, correspond quite well to Sydney

design conditions

ambient 35.0 C. wet bulb 23.9 C. condenser water entering temp. 29.4 C



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Leaving chiller water 6.7 C.Several of the other seven climatic regions may need to correct ratings for their ambient

conditions.

Does the DTS need to adjust minimum COP to take account of the differing Australian ambient

conditions - that is different from any international standard rating method?

2.1.3 Heat Rejection Equipment

The following cooling tower manufacturers have been surveyed:

Manufacturer No 1 B.A.C. Pacific - Forced draft type towers with centrifugal and axial flow

fans for sizes between 30 l/sec and 87 l/sec condenser water flow rate corresponding to a heat

rejection range of 750 kW to over 2,000 kW.

Manufacturer No 2 SULZER Superchill Forced draft towers with centrifugal fans for sizes

between 37.5 l/sec and 78 l/sec condenser water flow, and induced draft towers with propeller

type fans for sizes between 36 l/sec and 105 l/sec, rate corresponding to a heat rejection range

of 900 kW to over 2,600 kW.

Manufacturer No 3 Tower Thermal Induced type tower with propeller fans for sizes between

31.3 l/sec and 81.9 l/sec rate corresponding to a heat rejection range of 780 kW to over 2,000

kW. This manufacturer in common with many who make fibreglass towers doesnt produce

towers with centrifugal fans.

Cooling towers presented difficulties in finding 3 manufacturers covering the range and types of

towers requested. Some makers will not give out catalogues or general data for fear of

compromising their competitive edge, preferring instead to quote and provide information for

specific jobs.

It was only possible to find two manufacturers that produced towers with centrifugal and axial

flow fans. Most manufacturers of fibreglass towers only make a model using propeller or axial

flow fans.

Three manufacturers of air cooled condensers were surveyed; Buffalo Trident, Muller and Kirby.

Their equipment surveyed covered a range from 10 kW to over 700 kW of heat rejection.

2.1.4 Boilers

The following boiler manufacturers have been surveyed:

Manufacturer No 1 AIRA F.T.B. for gas fired boilers between sizes 300 kW and 2000 kW.

Manufacturer No 2 BIASI for gas fired boilers between sizes150 kW and 2907 kW.

Manufacturer No 3 ROCA for gas fired boilers between sizes 81.4 and 1744.2 kW.



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Manufacturer No 4 CHAPPEE for gas fired boilers between sizes 88kW and 835 kW.

No difference was indicated in the efficiencies between gas and oil fired boilers, though gas

fired would be cleaner and less trouble to maintain.

2.1.5 Warm Air Furnaces & Combinations

Only two manufacturers of industrial type warm-air furnaces were located though there are

many companies producing small domestic type furnaces. The following warm-air furnace

manufacturers have been surveyed:

Manufacturer No 1 CELMEC for unducted heaters from 12kW to 94kW and ducted type

heaters from 17kW to 92kW.

Manufacturer No 2 DRAVO for unducted heaters from 11kW to 93.76kW; ducted type heaters

from 23.4kW to 187.5kW and direct type heaters from 117kW to 586kW.

Again no difference was indicated between the efficiencies of gas and oil heaters in the

manufacturers data.

With the direct fired ducted type of heaters there are no flue losses and the tables for Dravo

heaters show output and input values the same which indicates 100% efficiency. In actual fact

tests in the factory and at installation show a water vapour loss of 8%.

One warm air heater manufacturer mentioned that the efficiency of the units could be improved

but is limited to 80-81% by the Gas Council of Australia who has to be present when units are

tested or commissioned.

When contacted the Gas Council refuted this but mentioned that all tests and requirements are

in accordance with AG 501 and AS 3814 (Industrial and Gas Fired Appliances). The emission

requirements of this standard in Clause 3.6.1. could have an influence on the efficiency of warm

air units.

2.1.6 Pumped Water Systems

The following pump manufacturers have been surveyed:

Manufacturer No 1 Ajax International

Manufacturer No 2 Regent Dinflow

Manufacturer No 3 Thomson Kelly Lewis

For flow rates between 50 m3/hour to 300 m3/hour at various pressures.

2.1.7 Fan Systems

The following fan manufacturers have been surveyed:



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Manufacturer No 1 Flakt Richardson for air flows from 500 l/sec to 2000 l/sec.

Manufacturer No 1 SWG Forde for air flows from 500 l/sec to 2000 l/sec

Manufacturer No 1 Fantech for air flows from 500 l/sec to 2000 l/sec

2.2 Recommendations on Steps in Capacity


As shown in appendix A, steps in capacity are practical and reflect chillers available currently on

the Australian market.

2.2.2 Heat Reject ion Equipment

The performance requirement covered the full range of capacities from small to medium-large

installations. There was no significant variation in the performance indicator from large to smallcooling towers hence a single indicator seems appropriate. The same is applicable to air

cooled condensers.

2.2.3 Boilers

Three performance indicators for small, medium and large boilers are more than sufficient since

the manufacturers supplied efficiency varies little.


There was little variation between the 75 kW capacities for gas fired unducted

type warm air furnaces and therefore one figure for all sizes would seem more appropriate.


The capacity steps for the pump systems are appropriate and a reasonable level of size

discernment is necessary since the performance indicator varies significantly with the size of

system.

2.2.6 Fan Systems

Again, a reasonable level of size discernment is necessary for the fan systems since the

performance indicator varies significantly with the size of system.

2.3 Codes and Standards for Equipment Performance Rating


Australian AS3823 series related only to non ducted and ducted air conditioning units not

applicable to chillers. These standards are adapted from ISO 5151-B25.

There is a Eurovent chiller standard (Europe) but European manufacturers seem to recognise

the ARI standard.



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There is a J IS standard (J apan) for chiller testing (details not available at this time)

At this stage, ARI 550/590 1998, seems readily applicable to Australian conditions does

address comprehensively, for U.S. conditions, the part load efficiency situation and relates to

U.S. and European designed chillers.

The Japanese chillers surveyed are rated at typically 7 C leaving water, 35 C ambient air and

28 C. condenser water, with a range of performance relating to an envelope of conditions

either side of these figures.

If we refer to ARI 550/590 - 1998 in the DTS references, and use this code as a verification

method for performance based solutions, we have and authoritative and consistent document to

refer to, which does relate in the main to conditions which are recognisable in Australia, by

practitioners and chiller manufacturers/suppliers.


Tower Thermal to AS 3666.1.1995

SULZER Superchill to AS3666.1.

BAC> C.T.I (Cooling Tower institute) thermal performance standard STD-201.

And CTI acceptance test code ATC-105.

2.3.3 BoilersNo codes or standards were able to be identified in relation to the performance ratings of the

equipment surveyed. Further research is needed in this area to identify appropriate standards

for performance testing. It s expected that European standards have been used in most cases;

however no specific reference has been made in the data.


As above no codes or standards were able to be identified in relation to the performance ratings

of the equipment surveyed.


Thomson, Kelly, Lewis to I.S.O.2858 (DIN24255 not satisfying demands of heavy duty

performance pumps).

Regent. To DIN24255.

Ajax to AS2417 and DIN24255.

2.3.6 Fan Systems

SWG Forde. Factory tested for each fan but no data on how values are obtained.



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Fantech tested to BS 848:part1 1980 for airflow and part 2, 1985 for noise.

ABB Flakt Richardson. N.A.T.A. CERTIFIED Fan Test Laboratory. Testing in accordance with

BS 848 Part 1. 1980 test method type B-D and BS848 Part 2 1966 test method type 3. Also

compliance with A.M.C.A.210 method fig 7. Working with CSIRO on project to reduce

centrifugal fan noise through mechanical design refinement.

2.4 Referenced Manufacturers & Suppliers


Chiller Efficiency Survey Respondents

The product survey included detailed discussions with the following

importers/manufacturers/suppliers of chillers to the Australian market, currently and in the near

future.

Carrier Ross J acka (02) 9818 9700

York J im Mawer (02) 9418 3002

Hirotech Robert Garnet (02) 9750 4666

Hitachi J ohn McDermott (02) 9888 4124

Daikin Gary Knox (02) 9755 3322

Trane G.S. Rao (02) 9888 6122

Multistack Changis Tolouee (03) 9265 8000

University of NSW Air Conditioning Testing Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Prof. Eddie

Leonardi re testing and standards.

AREMA Ian Binger (03) 9867 0111

Referenced to the major chiller suppliers for technical information. AREMA as an organisation

do not keep technical data

We worked in conjunction with Simon Hill ph: (02) 9449 7183


The following cooling tower manufacturers/suppliers were surveyed:

B.A.C. Pacific. ph: (03) 9872 0111.

SULZER Superchill. ph: (03) 9793 6166.

Tower Thermal. ph: (03) 9877 5066.



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Buffalo Trident. ph: (03) 9311 4480.

Muller Industries. ph: (03) 9355 3333.

Kirby Refrigeration. ph: (03) 9561 0199.

2.4.3 Boilers

The following boiler manufacturers/suppliers were surveyed:ROCA - AIRA. ph: (03) 9728 5566. AIRA F.T.B. ph: (03) 9728 5566. BIASI Hunt Heating. ph: (03) 9558 7077 CHAPPEE Automatic Heating appliances. ph: (03) 9330 3300. 2.4.4 Warm Air Furnaces & Combinations

The following warm air furnace manufacturers/suppliers were surveyed:CELMEC. ph: (03) 9555 3667. DRAVO - AIRA. ph: (03) 9728 5566. 2.4.5 Pumped Water Systems

The following pump manufacturers/suppliers were surveyed:Ajax International. ph: (03) 9314 0611. Regent Dinflow. ph: (03) 9551 5111.

Thomson Kelly Lewis. ph: (03) 9562 0744. 2.4.6 Fan Systems

The following fan manufacturers/suppliers were surveyed: Flakt Richardson. ph: (03) 9248 8500. SWG Forde. ph: (03) 9808 6511. Fantech. ph: (03) 9560 2599.



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GLOSSARYCOP Coefficient of Performance. Performance indicator applied to chillers. Refer to

ARI 550/590.

IPLV Integrated Part Load Value. Performance indicator applied to chillers. Refer to

ARI 550/590.

l/s.kW Air flow rate divided by heat rejection capacity. Performance indicator applied

to heat rejection equipment.

W.s/l Pump nameplate power divided by water flow rate. Performance indicator

applied to pumps. OR

Fan nameplate power divided by air flow rate. Performance indicator applied

to fans.



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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ARI Standard 550/590 - 1998: Water Chilling Packages using the Vapour CompressionCycle. Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Institute.

2. ARI Standard 560 - 2000: Absorption Water Chilling and Water Heating Packages. AirConditioning & Refrigeration Institute.

3. Application Manual No. DA17: Cooling Towers. Australian Institute of Refrigeration AirConditioning and Heating.

4. Application Manual No. DA1: Centrifugal Pumps Selection and Application. AustralianInstitute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating.

5. Application Manual No. DA13: Fans Selection and Application. Australian Institute ofRefrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating.



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APPENDICES



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Appendix A

Equipment Performance Schedules



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WATER CHILLING PACKAGES MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

Equipment type Size. K Minimum Effic iency (*) Test Procedure

W COP IPLV

refrigeration

Air cooled with condenser,electrically operated

< 500

> 500

2.5

to

2.9

Approx.

10% above

COP

ARI

550/590

Air cooled without condenserelectrically operated

< 500

> 500

3.5

to

4.0

Approx.

10% above

COP

ARI

550/590

Water cooled, electricallyoperated, reciprocating

All capacities 3.3

to

3.5

Approx.

10% above

COP

ARI

550/590

Water cooled, electrically


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HEAT REJECTION EQUIPMENT - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Equipment Type

Cooling tower,

propeller or axial fan

Cooling tower,

centrifugal fan

Air cooled condensers

Total system heat

rejection capacity at

rated condition

all

all

all

Rated condition

35C entering water

29C leaving water

24C wb outdoor air

35C entering water

29C leaving water

24C wb outdoor air

R-22 test fluid

52C condensing temperature

88C entering gastemperature

8K subcooling

35C db entering air

Performance

Requirement

(L/s.kW)

< 18

< 17

< 77

Test Procedure

C.T.I (Cooling Tower

institute) thermal

performance standard

STD-201



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BOILERS - MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

Equipment Type

Boilers, gas fired

OR oil fired.

Size, kW (heating)

< 90

< 750

> 750

Rated condition

maximum capacity

maximum capacity

maximum capacity

Minimum

Efficiency

> 91%

> 90%

> 88%

Test Procedure



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WARM AIR FURNACES & COMBINATIONS - MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

Equipment Type

Warm air furnaces, gas

fired unducted type.

Warm air furnaces, gas

fired unducted type.

Warm air furnaces,

gas fired ducted type

Size, kW (heating)

< 75

> 75

all capacities

all capacities

Rated condition

maximum capacity

maximum capacity

maximum capacity

maximum capacity

Minimum

Efficiency

> 80%

> 80%

> 79%

> 92%

Test Procedure



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PUMPED WATER SYSTEMS - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Equipment Type System static head, kPaPerformance

Requirement, kW.s/L (*)Test Procedure

Condenser Water

&

Chilled water

&

Heating hot water

< 150

< 200

< 250

< 300

< 350

> 350 < 450

< 0.14

< 0.20

< 0.26

< 0.33

< 0.44

< 0.57

AS2417, DIN24255,

I.S.O.2858

* - sum of all pumps in series in a circuit (eg. primary + secondary +)

- derived from the pump water flow rate divided by the pump nameplate power



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FAN SYSTEMS - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Equipment TypeVolumetric flow

rate, L/s

Operating

static

pressure, Pa

Performance

Requirement, W.s/L (*)Test Procedure

< 2,000 < 500 < 0.39

< 750

< 1,000

> 1,000

< 0.83

< 1.35

< 2.19

Fan systems with clean filters

pressure static pressure loss of

less than 250Pa

< 5,000

< 10,000

> 10,000

< 2,000

< 500

< 750

< 1,000

> 1,000

< 500

< 750

< 1,000

> 1,000

< 500

< 750

< 1,000

> 1,000

< 500

< 750

< 1,000

> 1,000

< 0.38

< 0.77

< 1.27

< 2.06

< 0.34

< 0.73

< 1.19

< 1.99

< 0.35

< 0.73

< 1.18

< 1.78

< 0.83

< 1.35

< 2.19

< 3.56

BS 848:part1 1980 for

airflow and part 2, 1985

for noise

Fan systems with clean filter

pressure static pressure loss

greater than 250Pa

< 5,000

< 10,000

> 10,000

< 500

< 750

< 1,000

> 1,000

< 500

< 750

< 1,000

> 1,000

< 500

< 0.77

< 1.27

< 2.06

< 3.38

< 0.73

< 1.19

< 1.99

< 3.27

< 0.73

BS 848:part1 1980 for

airflow and part 2, 1985

for noise

< 750< 1,000

> 1,000

< 1.18< 1.78

< 2.81

* - sum of all fans in series in a circuit (eg.supply + return +)

- derived from the fan volumetric flow rate flow rate divided by the fan nameplate power

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