Performance Testing: Cracking Group Experiment

Randy WestDirector, National Center for Asphalt Technology

Outline

What are Performance Tests? Why do we need them? When should we use them? What are we doing to move toward

implementation?

What are Performance Tests"

Additional tests beyond volumetric properties Intended to indicate a mix's resistance to

particular distresses (i.e. field performance) May or may not yield an engineering property

Performance testing is the art of molding materials we do not wholly understand

into shapes we cannot precisely analyze,

so as to withstand forces we cannot assess,

in such a way that the community at large has no reason to suspect our ignorance.

Source unknown

With the current volumetric mix design system

Sulfur pellets

Recycled Shingles

Fractionated RAP

Recycled Tire Rubber Aramid & Polyolefin fibers

Recycling agents

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=-CxKJVg0u3RQSM&tbnid=e6OUWNHJfT5CDM:&ved=&url=http://www.newchemistry.ru/printletter.php?n_id%3D7622&ei=8bVgUbXCF8mK2QXeqYGADA&psig=AFQjCNGG8vczHSIM_WL2zmftX-kZN6ivfQ&ust=1365378929663652

Uses of Performance Tests For Research Purposes

To evaluate new materials or design strategies

As Part of Mix Design Process (i.e. Balanced Mix Design) To identify mixtures prone to performance problems To gain confidence on Warranty projects

For Quality Assurance Purposes To assess how plant mix could impact performance and use

in pay adjustment factors

Important Test Aspects

1. Strong relationship to performance2. Practical: cost, time, complexity3. Repeatable, reproducible

Rutting Tests

E* and FnAASHTO TP 79

APAAASHTO TP 63

HamburgAASHTO T 324

Shear StiffnessAASHTO T 320

iRLPDAASHTO TP 116

Moisture Damage Susceptibility Tests

Tensile Strength RatioAASHTO T 283

Hamburg Wheel TrackerAASHTO T 324

Moisture Damage Susceptibility Testing AASHTO T 283, Tensile Strength Ratio

Procedure is well established for mix design approval and verification of plant mix

1 week to complete the test Precision statistics

Single-operator d2s = 0.093 Multi-lab d2s = 0.247

Pass/Fail criteria on TSR Some states also have minimum

conditioned tensile strength

AASHTO T 324, Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test

Specified by a growing number of states and used by numerous researchers

1 to 2 days to complete test $60,000+ equipment cost Precision statistics unknown, suspected

to be poor Pass/Fail criteria on SIP

Fatigue Thermal

Modes of Cracking

Top-Down Reflection Block

Load RelatedEnvironment Related

Fatigue Tests

Beam FatigueAASHTO T 321

Simplified Visco-ElasticContinuum Damage

Texas Overlay TesterTEX 248-F

Low Temperature Cracking Tests

IDT Creep Compliance AASHTO T 322

Semi-Circular Bend Disk-Shaped Compact Tension

TSRST

Top-Down Cracking Tests

SCB-LA

Energy Ratio

OT-NCAT

Cantabro

SCB-IL OT-TX

Nflex Factor

Validation of Performance Tests

Researchers generally develop methods independently

Many tests lack a regional or national validation effort with field pavements

Most have unknown precision statistics Laboratory aging protocols are still being

researched

MnROAD + NCATCracking Group Experiments

Scope of Experiments

NCAT Test Track Top-down cracking

MnROAD Low-temperature cracking

Washington

Oregon

California

Nevada

Idaho

Montana

Wyoming

ColoradoUtah

New MexicoArizona

Texas

Oklahoma

Kansas

Nebraska

South Dakota

North DakotaMinnesota

Wisconsin

Illinois

Iowa

Missouri

Arkansas

Louisiana

Alabama(DOT &

DEM)

Tennessee

Michigan

Pennsylvania

New York

Vermont

Georgia

Florida

Mississippi

Kentucky

South Carolina

North Carolina

MarylandOhioDelaware

Indiana West Virginia

New Jersey

Connecticut

Massachusetts

Maine

Rhode Island

Virginia

New HampshireMichigan(upper pennisula)

Cracking Group Sponsors

FHWA

Top-Down Cracking Sections

21

Cracking Group sections 7 200-ft. sections each section instrumented

Surface Layer 1.5

Intermediate Layer 2.25

Base Layer 2.25

Granular base 6

Stiff track subgrade infinite

HiMA mix

Top-Down Cracking Tests

SCB-LA Energy RatioOT-NCATIFIT OT-TX

NCAT is conducting these tests on both LMLC and PMLC samples that are aged and unaged.

CG Performance to DateMarch 15, 2017

6.3 MESALs

Section DescriptionRutting (mm)

IRI(in/mi.)

MTD (mm)

Cracking(% of lane)

N1 20% RAP (Control) 1.4 3 0.3 0.2

N1 Control w/ High Density 1.8 6 0.4 0

N5 Low AC, Low Density 1.0 2 0.3 0

N8 20% RAP 5% RAS 0.5 10 0.6 0.1

S5 35% RAP PG 58-28 1.2 0 0.4 0

S6 Control w HiMA 1.1 2 0.5 0

S13 AZ Rubber Mix 2.2 6 0.1 0

23

Energy Ratio on Unaged PMLC Specimens

24

UF recommended criteria 1.95 for 1 MESAls per year

based on field cores aged in service

SCB on Unaged PMLC Specimens

LADOTD criteria as of 2016 0.5 kJ/m2 for 3 MESALS for 20 yr. design 0.6 kJ/m2 for 3 MESALS for 20 yr. design

on LTOA specimens

OT on Unaged PMLC Specimens

NJDOT criteria as of 2007 150 for PG 64-22 surface mixes 175 for PG 76-22 surface mixes

TXDOT criteria not clear, changing 300 for some mixes

OT-NCAT Mod. on Unaged PMLC Specimens

27

similar ranking at Texas OT

IFIT on Unaged PMLC Specimens

28

Preliminary Flexibility Index criteria = 8

MnROAD Cracking Group Test Section Update

16

17

23

22

21

20

19

18

MnROAD Test Sections

Cracking Group Cells 16-23

Asphalt MixturesCELL NO BINDER GRADE ABR % RAS

16 64S-22 30-40 Yes

17 64S-22 20-30 Yes

18 64S-22 15-25 No

19 64S-22 15-25 No

20 52S-34 25-35 No

21 58H-34 15-25 No

221 58H-34 15-25 No

23 64E-342 10-20 No

All mixes are 12.5 mm NMASAll mixes are Ndes = 80 and target air voids = 4.0% except cell 19 which has Ndes = 100 and target air voids = 3.0%1 Cell 22 limestone aggregate in mix2 Highly modified asphalt binder

Cracking Modes and Testing Types of cracking investigated

Low temperature Top-down likely Fatigue also possible

PMLC testing Low temp: DCT-MN and IDT Creep or SCB-MN Intermediate temp: IFIT, OT, BBF E*, TSR, Hamburg, loose mix, cores

Sampling for other research studies

DCT Results

Chart1

497.7918181818454.852666666768.741848153868.741848153847.989154395147.9891543951

555.7508333333425.35687.346689162487.346689162459.431797190859.4317971908

446.893419.161538461579.264277458479.264277458442.731087376842.7310873768

436.5190909091444.78572.548415239272.548415239264.70926913964.709269139

606.5166666667507.8106666667119.3912420248119.391242024872.494182614172.4941826141

652.1783333333573.26590.835841203990.835841203963.574218241463.5742182414

395.3966666667332.111333333365.860829574465.860829574443.313127781643.3131277816

926.3966666667668.068142.6255962496142.625596249694.583469464894.5834694648

LMLC Ave

PMLC Ave

Test Section

Fractyre Energy, J/m2

DCT Fracture Energy Results

summary

LMLC Fracture EnergyPMLC Fracture Energy

CELLLMLC AveLMLC SDPMLC AvePMLC SD

164986945548

175568742559

184477941943

194377344565

2060711950872

216529157364

223956633243

2392614366895

summary

68.741848153868.741848153847.989154395147.9891543951

87.346689162487.346689162459.431797190859.4317971908

79.264277458479.264277458442.731087376842.7310873768

72.548415239272.548415239264.70926913964.709269139

119.3912420248119.391242024872.494182614172.4941826141

90.835841203990.835841203963.574218241463.5742182414

65.860829574465.860829574443.313127781643.3131277816

142.6255962496142.625596249694.583469464894.5834694648

LMLC Ave

PMLC Ave

Test Section

Fractyre Energy, J/m2

DCT Fracture Energy Results

lmlc pivot

Row LabelsAverage of Fracture EnergyStdDevp of Fracture Energy

16497.791818181868.7418481538

17555.750833333387.3466891624

18446.89379.2642774584

19436.519090909172.5484152392

20606.5166666667119.3912420248

21652.178333333390.8358412039

22395.396666666765.8608295744

23926.3966666667142.6255962496

Grand Total569.3610869565187.224405823

lab mix lab compacted

CELLReplicate IDFracture Energy

162016-008-C16-MD-115398.46

162016-008-C16-MD-116545.49

162016-008-C16-MD-117637.62

162016-008-C16-MD-119494

162016-008-C16-MD-121502.36

162016-008-C16-MD-122416.99

162016-008-C16-MD-124480.2

162016-008-C16-MD-125

162016-008-C16-MD-127503.42

162016-008-C16-MD-128410.17

162016-008-C16-MD-130515.89

162016-008-C16-MD-131571.11

172016-008-C17-MD-285527.87

172016-008-C17-MD-286552.34

172016-008-C17-MD-287663.48

172016-008-C17-MD-288523.53

172016-008-C17-MD-289678.27

172016-008-C17-MD-290604.24

172016-008-C17-MD-291396.11

172016-008-C17-MD-292571.38

172016-008-C17-MD-293444.68

172016-008-C17-MD-294516.99

172016-008-C17-MD-295499.93

172016-008-C17-MD-296690.19

182016-008-C18-MD-347429.84

182016-008-C18-MD-348336.14

182016-008-C18-MD-350361.59

182016-008-C18-MD-351497.59

182016-008-C18-MD-353467.14

182016-008-C18-MD-354497.26

182016-008-C18-MD-356627.8

182016-008-C18-MD-357426.33

182016-008-C18-MD-359

182016-008-C18-MD-360

182016-008-C18-MD-362381.17

182016-008-C18-MD-363444.07

192016-008-C19-MD-457437.01

192016-008-C19-MD-458615.51

192016-008-C19-MD-459500.52

192016-008-C19-MD-460415.77

192016-008-C19-MD-461347.01

192016-008-C19-MD-462420.88

192016-008-C19-MD-463416.22

192016-008-C19-MD-464434.68

192016-008-C19-MD-465474.86

192016-008-C19-MD-466403.09

192016-008-C19-MD-467336.16

192016-008-C19-MD-468

202016-008-C20-MD-547551.08

202016-008-C20-MD-548623.27

202016-008-C20-MD-549683.36

202016-008-C20-MD-550484.04

202016-008-C20-MD-551919.23

202016-008-C20-MD-552442.72

202016-008-C20-MD-553608.31

202016-008-C20-MD-554661.5

202016-008-C20-MD-555672.68

202016-008-C20-MD-556548.45

202016-008-C20-MD-557502.95

202016-008-C20-MD-558580.61

212016-008-C21-MD-626531.19

212016-008-C21-MD-631773.84

212016-008-C21-MD-632634.98

212016-008-C21-MD-634684.55

212016-008-C21-MD-635602.66

212016-008-C21-MD-637734.58

212016-008-C21-MD-638540.15

212016-008-C21-MD-640653.03

212016-008-C21-MD-641845.66

212016-008-C21-MD-643587.71

212016-008-C21-MD-644582.63

212016-008-C21-MD-645655.16

222016-008-C22-MD-701302.03

222016-008-C22-MD-702320.88

222016-008-C22-MD-703354.42

222016-008-C22-MD-704550.46

222016-008-C22-MD-705395.93

222016-008-C22-MD-706339.92

222016-008-C22-MD-707371.55

222016-008-C22-MD-708403.03

222016-008-C22-MD-709435.61

222016-008-C22-MD-710372.4

222016-008-C22-MD-711463.47

222016-008-C22-MD-712435.06

232016-008-C23-MD-8851227.78

232016-008-C23-MD-886692.32

232016-008-C23-MD-887968.53

232016-008-C23-MD-8881143.92

232016-008-C23-MD-8891022.34

232016-008-C23-MD-890809.56

232016-008-C23-MD-891884.64

232016-008-C23-MD-892784.16

232016-008-C23-MD-893912.09

232016-008-C23-MD-894872.68

232016-008-C23-MD-895897.44

232016-008-C23-MD-896901.3

&Z&F

pmlc pivot

Row LabelsAverage of Fracture EnergyStdDevp of Fracture Energy

16454.852666666747.9891543951

17425.35659.4317971908

18419.161538461542.7310873768

19444.78564.709269139

20507.810666666772.4941826141

21573.26563.5742182414

22332.111333333343.3131277816

23668.06894.5834694648

Grand Total479.674116.0350253185

plant mix lab compacted

CELLReplicate IDFracture Energy

162016-008-C16-1616BM012-A369.56

162016-008-C16-1616BM012-B460.77

162016-008-C16-1616BM012-C486.9

162016-008-C16-1616BM012-D551.92

162016-008-C16-1616BM036-A490.9

162016-008-C16-1616BM036-B468.61

162016-008-C16-1616BM036-C459.75

162016-008-C16-1616BM036-D481.08

162016-008-C16-1616BM061-A366

162016-008-C16-1616BM061-B399.27

162016-008-C16-1616BM061-C

162016-008-C16-1616BM061-D492.77

162016-008-C16-1616BM088-A474.21

162016-008-C16-1616BM088-B446.01

162016-008-C16-1616BM088-C413.97

162016-008-C16-1616BM088-D461.07

172016-008-C17-1716BM012-A420.53

172016-008-C17-1716BM012-B422.57

172016-008-C17-1716BM012-C476.35

172016-008-C17-1716BM012-D316.25

172016-008-C17-1716BM036-A447.13

172016-008-C17-1716BM036-B339.01

172016-008-C17-1716BM036-C396.97

172016-008-C17-1716BM036-D387.92

172016-008-C17-1716BM061-A441.33

172016-008-C17-1716BM061-B419.69

172016-008-C17-1716BM061-C523.85

172016-008-C17-1716BM061-D

172016-008-C17-1716BM088-A386.41

172016-008-C17-1716BM088-B392.44

172016-008-C17-1716BM088-C465.88

172016-008-C17-1716BM088-D544.01

182016-008-C18-1816BM012-A425.84

182016-008-C18-1816BM012-B444.03

182016-008-C18-1816BM012-C410.85

182016-008-C18-1816BM012-D381.17

182016-008-C18-1816BM036-A

182016-008-C18-1816BM036-B466.75

182016-008-C18-1816BM036-C427.71

182016-008-C18-1816BM036-D468.13

182016-008-C18-1816BM061-A

182016-008-C18-1816BM061-B

182016-008-C18-1816BM061-C472.64

182016-008-C18-1816BM061-D384.89

182016-008-C18-1816BM088-A338.97

182016-008-C18-1816BM088-B470.73

182016-008-C18-1816BM088-C364.09

182016-008-C18-1816BM088-D393.3

192016-008-C19-1916BM012-A383.47

192016-008-C19-1916BM012-B456.76

192016-008-C19-1916BM012-C433.16

192016-008-C19-1916BM012-D526.38

192016-008-C19-1916BM036-A437.49

192016-008-C19-1916BM036-B358.83

192016-008-C19-1916BM036-C451.03

192016-008-C19-1916BM036-D579.08

192016-008-C19-1916BM061-A386.55

192016-008-C19-1916BM061-B462.28

192016-008-C19-1916BM061-C569

192016-008-C19-1916BM061-D388.26

192016-008-C19-1916BM088-A397.63

192016-008-C19-1916BM088-B368.72

192016-008-C19-1916BM088-C453.86

192016-008-C19-1916BM088-D464.06

202016-008-C20-2016BM012-A536.91

202016-008-C20-2016BM012-B503.65

202016-008-C20-2016BM012-C499

202016-008-C20-2016BM012-D408.04

202016-008-C20-2016BM036-A490.42

202016-008-C20-2016BM036-B384.43

202016-008-C20-2016BM036-C671.43

202016-008-C20-2016BM036-D502.76

202016-008-C20-2016BM061-A

202016-008-C20-2016BM061-B486.9

202016-008-C20-2016BM061-C488.36

202016-008-C20-2016BM061-D575.34

202016-008-C20-2016BM088-A449.65

202016-008-C20-2016BM088-B614.76

202016-008-C20-2016BM088-C554.55

202016-008-C20-2016BM088-D450.96

212016-008-C21-2116BM012-A513.62

212016-008-C21-2116BM012-B651.32

212016-008-C21-2116BM012-C598.49

212016-008-C21-2116BM012-D537.4

212016-008-C21-2116BM036-A656.22

212016-008-C21-2116BM036-B675.74

212016-008-C21-2116BM036-C670.23

212016-008-C21-2116BM036-D590.35

212016-008-C21-2116BM061-A529.12

212016-008-C21-2116BM061-B491.11

212016-008-C21-2116BM061-C496.11

212016-008-C21-2116BM061-D631.51

212016-008-C21-2116BM088-A519.28

212016-008-C21-2116BM088-B520.99

212016-008-C21-2116BM088-C565.01

212016-008-C21-2116BM088-D525.74

222016-008-C22-2216BM012-A330.81

222016-008-C22-2216BM012-B323.82

222016-008-C22-2216BM012-C329.11

222016-008-C22-2216BM012-D328.77

222016-008-C22-2216BM036-A347.97

222016-008-C22-2216BM036-B345.26

222016-008-C22-2216BM036-C

222016-008-C22-2216BM036-D214.72

222016-008-C22-2216BM061-A342.79

222016-008-C22-2216BM061-B278.99

222016-008-C22-2216BM061-C319.98

222016-008-C22-2216BM061-D317.82

222016-008-C22-2216BM088-A380.36

222016-008-C22-2216BM088-B328.85

222016-008-C22-2216BM088-C395.34

222016-008-C22-2216BM088-D397.08

232016-008-C23-2316BM012-A560.5

232016-008-C23-2316BM012-B818.25

232016-008-C23-2316BM012-C640.35

232016-008-C23-2316BM012-D722.1

232016-008-C23-2316BM036-A656.19

232016-008-C23-2316BM036-B506.86

232016-008-C23-2316BM036-C817.16

232016-008-C23-2316BM036-D756.6

232016-008-C23-2316BM061-A604.58

232016-008-C23-2316BM061-B749.76

232016-008-C23-2316BM061-C

232016-008-C23-2316BM061-D724.26

232016-008-C23-2316BM088-A586.37

232016-008-C23-2316BM088-B650.55

232016-008-C23-2316BM088-C531.78

232016-008-C23-2316BM088-D695.71

&Z&F

Hamburg Results

SIP = 7500 Passes

Chart1

2.1

2.645

2.595

2.835

12.5

C21

12.5

4.86

SIP = 9500 Passes

Avg. Rut Depth @ 20,000 passes (mm)

Rut Depth, mm

Summary

CellAvg. Rut Depth @ 10,000 passes (mm)Avg. Rut Depth @ 20,000 passes (mm)SIP

C161.7252.1None

C172.1452.645None

C181.9652.595None

C192.2352.835None

C2012.512.57500

C21

C226.72512.59500

C233.024.86None

Summary

Avg. Rut Depth @ 10,000 passes (mm)

Avg. Rut Depth @ 20,000 passes (mm)

Rut Depth, mm

SIP = 7500 Passes

SIP = 9500 Passes

TSR Results

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

C16 C17 C18 / C19 C20 C21 C22 C23

TSR

Design TSR PMLC TSR

IFIT Results

Next Steps

Aging protocol established: loose mix 10 hrs @ 135C

Laboratory testing of all mixes (unaged and aged) to be completed by next spring

Test sections will remain in place until we have separation of performance.

Thank You

Performance Testing: Cracking Group ExperimentRandy WestDirector, National Center for Asphalt TechnologyOutlineWhat are Performance Tests"Performance testing is the art of molding materials we do not wholly understandwe have no way of knowing if these materials help or hurtUses of Performance TestsImportant Test AspectsRutting TestsMoisture Damage Susceptibility TestsMoisture Damage Susceptibility Testing Modes of CrackingFatigue TestsLow Temperature Cracking TestsTop-Down Cracking TestsValidation of Performance Tests MnROAD + NCATCracking Group ExperimentsScope of ExperimentsSlide Number 20Top-Down Cracking SectionsTop-Down Cracking TestsCG Performance to DateMarch 15, 20176.3 MESALs Energy Ratio on Unaged PMLC SpecimensSCB on Unaged PMLC SpecimensOT on Unaged PMLC SpecimensOT-NCAT Mod. on Unaged PMLC SpecimensIFIT on Unaged PMLC SpecimensSlide Number 29Slide Number 30Asphalt MixturesCracking Modes and TestingDCT ResultsHamburg ResultsTSR ResultsIFIT ResultsNext Steps Thank You