perlmutter at berkeley
DESCRIPTION
Perlmutter at Berkeley. Reiss at Johns Hopkins. Schmidt at Australian National University. 空間的彎曲是可能的,那麼 ……. 宇宙像果凍一樣有彈性 ……. 那宇宙是靜止的,還是像果凍一樣搖晃 …. The Sky. 很難想像宇宙會晃. 但引力似乎使晃動無法避免 ……. 宇宙常數提供反重力般的效果,將宇宙撐住不會晃動!. 幸虧有它 ………. 天文學家開始對星光作光譜分析. E. Hubble 1889-1953. 遠處星體的紅外移. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Perlmutter at Berkeley
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Reiss at Johns Hopkins
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Schmidt at Australian National University
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空間的彎曲是可能的,那麼……
宇宙像果凍一樣有彈性……
那宇宙是靜止的,還是像果凍一樣搖晃… ..
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The Sky
很難想像宇宙會晃
但引力似乎使晃動無法避免……
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宇宙常數提供反重力般的效果,將宇宙撐住不會晃動!
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幸虧有它……… .
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天文學家開始對星光作光譜分析
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E. Hubble 1889-1953
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遠處星體的紅外移
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遠方的銀河正離我們遠去,離開的速度各不相同!
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dHv 0
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越遠的銀河,離開的速度越快!
地球是宇宙的中心!
太不可能了!
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宇宙正在擴張之中
宇宙的方格整個在擴張!
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宇宙真得像果凍…… . 或氣球
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In reverse, there must be a big bang sometime in the past.
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宇宙常數是我一生中最大一個錯誤
聖人也會犯錯,在證據之前無論何人皆需低頭!
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物理是講道理的!
當你作每一個陳述時,都隱含你準備好要為你的陳述說出一番道理,說服對方。
在討論中你也隨時準備好拋棄自己的陳述,接受對方的陳述。
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宇宙擴張是逐漸加速?減速?或不變?
因為物質彼此吸引,宇宙擴張應該會減速吧 ?
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宇宙擴張是逐漸加速?減速?或不變?
關鍵是極遠處星團的距離測量
來自越遠的銀河的光,是發自越早的時代!
速度經由紅位移很容易測量
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需要知道蠟燭的絕對亮度
相同亮度的蠟燭,目測亮度隨距離平方成反比
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Supernova 1994D in the outskirt of the galaxy NGC 4526
超新星是恆星爆炸的結果
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Supernova type Ia
SN1572 的殘跡
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爆炸時白矮星的質量確定,因此亮度是一樣的。
白矮星在雙星系吸收能量至極限 1.4 倍太陽質量,發生爆炸。
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SN1A 有特定的亮度與光譜!
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超新星每分鐘約有十數個,但…… .
星空很大必須是位於極遙遠的星系必須是 SN1A
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SN1A 很快就達到 Peak
過了 Peak 測量就很難知道其亮度
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Perlmutter 的團隊發展出系統性的方法來發覺標定並測量SN1A
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比對同一區域相隔三個禮拜的觀察,對可能目標立即觀察亮度及光譜!
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養牡蠣,找珍珠
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到了 1998 他們得到 42 個夠遠的 SN1A
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The expansion is accelerating!!!!!
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若無反重力,因為引力,宇宙擴張應該要減速!
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這會不會是因為光到達前經過宇宙塵的遮蔽效果?
會不會早期的超新星的亮度就和現在不同?
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物質使擴張減緩,暗能量使擴張加速
在過去比較小的宇宙,物質比較密,效果比較重要。
早於 50億年前,物質支配整個宇宙,那時宇宙擴張應該是在減速中!
暗能量基本上是常數,與宇宙大小無關。
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過去擴張因物質而減緩,現在(物質變稀薄)暗能量使擴張加速
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轉換約在 50億年前!
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這會不會是因為光到達前經過宇宙塵的遮蔽效果?
會不會早期的超新星的亮度就和現在不同?
不可能,因為宇宙塵遮蔽以及不同的物理定律對 50億年以前的超新星的效果,應該與對 50億年以後的超新星的效果應該一樣!
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宇宙常數就可以提供反重力!
愛因斯坦的大錯,或許不全然是錯!
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黑暗能量 Dark Energy
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黑暗能量 Dark Energy