perspectives of medicinal and aromatic plants … · gupta, mp. 2011. perspectives of medicinal and...

GUPTA, MP. 2011. Perspectives of medicinal and aromatic plants and their products in emerging

globalization era. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE OLERICULTURA, 51. Horticultura Brasileira

29. Viçosa: ABH.S5831-S5855

Hortic. bras., v.29, n. 2 (Suplemento - CD ROM), julho 2011 5831

Perspectives of medicinal and aromatic plants and their products in

emerging globalization era

Mahabir P. Gupta1

1Center for Pharmacognostic Research on Panamanian Flora, School of Pharmacy, University of Panama,

Panama, Republica de Panama, e-mail: [email protected]

(Based on a paper presented at Expert Group Meeting on Priority Needs of Developing Countries in the field of

MAPS. International Center for Science and High Technology (ICS/UNIDO), Trieste, Italy, 21 – 22 February

2011)

INTRODUCTION

The mankind has relied on nature to cater for its basic needs. Plants, in particular,

have formed the basis of sophisticated traditional medicine systems. Plant-based medicines

continue to play an essential role in health–care, and their use by different cultures has been

extensively documented. The World Health Organization has estimated that approximately

80% of the World´s population rely mainly on plant-derived traditional medicines for their

primary health care, while plant products also play an important role in the health care

systems of the remaining population, mainly in developed countries (1). A survey of plant –

derived compounds used as drugs indicated that of 122 compounds identified, 80% were used

for the same or related ethnomedical purposes and were derived from only 84 plant species

(2).

The rich plant diversity of developing countries in globalization area is a reservoir of

unexplored sources of drugs and aromatic plants. Despite the intensive investigation of

terrestrial flora, it is estimated that only 6% of the approximately 300,000 species (some

estimates are as high as 500,000 species) of higher plants have been systematically

investigated pharmacologically, and only some 15% phytochemically. The endophytic

microorganisms that reside between living plant cells have received little attention. Of

particular significance has been the production of anticancer agents in small quantities from

endophytic fungi isolated from plants. Examples include taxol from Taxomyces and many

Pestalotiopsis species, as well as camptothecin, podophyllotoxin, an epimer of the precursor

to the anticancer drug, etoposide, vinblastine and vincristine from endophytic fungi isolated

from the original source plants. It has been demonstrated that these compounds are not

artifacts, and so the identification of the gene/geneproduct controlling metabolite production

mailto:[email protected]





by these microbes could provide an important tool in the increased production of these

metabolities (3).

Historically, natural products have provided an endless source of medicine, and

despite reduced funding for natural products-based drug discovery, natural products remain an

undiminished source of new pharmaceuticals. Even though industrial funding specifically

allocated for natural product based drug discovery declined from 1984 to 2003, the percentage

of natural-products derived, small – molecule patents has remained relatively unchanged. A

comprehensive review of human drugs introduced between 1981 and June 2006 suggests that,

out of 1010 NCES, 43(4.3%) were unaltered natural products, and a further were derived from

natural products (usually by semisynthesis) and the remaining 735 were synthetic molecules.

However, 262 of the synthetic molecules had a natural–products derived pharmacophore or

could be considered natural products analogs (4 – 8, 12).

It is often noted that 25% of all drugs prescribed today come from plants. This

estimate suggests that plant–derived drugs make up a significant segment of natural product–

based pharmaceuticals. Out of many families of secondary metabolites, nitrogen-containing

alkaloids have contributed the largest number of drugs to modern pharmacopoeias, ranging in

effects from anticholinergics (atropine) to analgesics (opium alkaloids) and from

antiparasitics (quinine) to anticholinestearases (galanthamine) to antineoplastics (vincristine,

vinblastine). Terpenoids (including steroids) have made an equally important contribution to

human health. They range from digitalis for congestive heart failure to antineoplastic

paclitaxel to antimalarial artemisnin, to anti-inflammatory triptolide. Phenolics (mostly

phenylpropanoids) contributed aspirin and podophyllotoxin to modern medicine. Fig 1

summarizes the most important structural classes of pharmacologically active secondary

metabolites from plants (5).

IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DRUG DISCOVERY

Medicinal plants remain an important source of new drugs, new drug leads, and New

Chemical Entities (NCEs) (6-8). In both 2001 and 2002, approximately one quarter of the

best selling drugs worldwide were natural products or derived from natural drugs (9,10). Four

new medicinal plant – derived drugs have been introduced in the US Market: Artether,

(Artemotil®) Galanthamine, (Reminyl

®) Nitisimone (Orfedin

®), and Tiotropium (Spiriva

®).





Compounds, M6G, morphine-6-glucuronide, a metabolite of morphine is under phase III

clinical trials for use as an alternate pain medication with fewer side effects. Vinflunine, a

derivative of vinblastine for use as an anticancer drug with improved efficacy and Exatecan®

an analogue of camptothecin for cancer area also in Phase III Clinical trials (11).

Before the 20th

century, medicines relied exclusively on multicomponent medicines,

obtained from natural sources. In contrast, the modern pharmaceutical industry almost

exclusively uses single – ingredient drugs, known as New Chemical Entity. However, the

rate of NCE discovered has slowed down significantly during the last decade (9,10). FDA

approval of new drugs reached a 24 – year low as of 2007, and drugs approved in Europe

have been rejected by that agency (13). An increasing number of diseases are being treated

with combination of single–component drugs. These combination therapies are designed to

lower the incidence of resistance or target several pathological processes simultaneously.

These combinations are particularly important in treating HIV, malaria, cancer and metabolic

syndrome.

Studies have documented the ability of plant secondary metabolites including

quercetin, catechins, resveratrol and curcumin to potentiate the activity of various cancer

drugs. Some plant secondary metabolites have been shown to overcome multiple drug

resistance in tumors or in pathogenic bacteria when used in combination with antibiotics.

Therefore, drug discovery strategies based on natural products and traditional medicines are

reemerging as attractive options. Patwardhan and Mashelkar (14) suggest that rationally

designed, carefully standardized, synergistic traditional herbal formulations and botanicals

can also be alternatives. A reverse pharmacology approach, inspired by traditional medicine

and Ayurveda, can offer a smart strategy for new candidates to facilitate discovery and for the

development of rational synergistic formulations. Table 1. shows categories of botanical

therapeutics, their characteristics and US regulatory classification. Recently, a set of

regulations on botanical mixtures is the “Guidance for Industry: Botanical Drug Products,

published by the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research in 2004

http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance 4592 fnl.htm)

MARKET OF HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS

The World Bank estimated global trade in MAPs and their products at US $5.0 trillion

by 2050. Global herbal market is around $70.5 billion with an average growth of 10–12%.

http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance%204592%20fnl.htm





The European union is the largest consumer of herbal products (45%) followed by Asia

(19%), Japan (16%) North America (11%), Rest of Europe (4%) and others (7%). These fall

into the following therapeutic categories in decreasing order of importance: cardiovascular

diseases, respiratory disorders, digestives, tonics, miscellaneous disorders, hypnotics and

sedatives and topical herbal applications. Table 2 shows total global exports (US$ 11.145

billion) of botanicals, raw materials, extracts and oils. Top five exporters are China, India,

Germany, USA, and Kenya, China and India constitute 25% of the world market. Table 3

shows summary of some South American botanical exports in volume and value. In 2007

World export value of MAPs classified under HS code 1211 amounted to US$1.615 billion

(Table 4).

The potential and growth of nutraceuticals in different countries in descending order

are United States: Europe, Japan, Asia Pacific, Canada, Latin America. Herbal supplement

sales have risen in all channels in 2009 (15). Table 5 shows estimated herb sales in all

channels during the period 1999 – 2009. Nutritional Business Journal arrived at a total figure

for all US herbal dietary supplement sales in 2009 of US$ 5,030,000,000.00. Tables 6 and 7

show top selling herbal dietary supplements in food, drug, and mass market channels in the

United States for 2009. While according to SPIN Scan, the top seeling botanical dietary

supplements in the Natural health food channels in the United States were Vaccinium

macrocarpon (craneberry), Glycine max (soy), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), Garlic (Allium

sativum), Echinacea spp. (Echinaceae), Ginkgo biloba (gingko), milk thistle (Sylibum

marianum), Hypericum perforatum (St John´s wort), Panax ginseng (Ginseng), Acatea

racemosa (Black cohosh), Camelia sinensis (Green Tea), Oenothera biennis (Evening

primrose), Valeriana officinalis (Valerian), Horny Goatweed (Epimedium spp.), Vitis vinifera

(Grape seed), Zingiber officinales (Zinger), Aloe vera (Ginger) and Aesculus hippocastanum

(Horse chestnut seed). Data from Nutrition Business Journal also show that herbal sales

increased 4.8% in 2009 compared to 2008 (www. Nutritionbusinessjournal.com).

An estimated 3000 botanical species that are used as medicinal and or aromatic agents

are traded globally, of which the majority of species are wild collected. These plants are

destined for a wide range of commercial uses as components of foods, aromas and flavors,

colorants, dyes, dietary supplements and natural health products, medicines, and textiles (16).

Market News Service of International Trade Center UNCTAD/WTO) is also an excellent

source for obtaining information on market trends of MAPS . Figure 2 shows industrial





applications of MAPS. Nutraceuticals are a promising sector with enormous growth. The

USA leads the nutraceutical market followed by the countries of Western Europe and Japan.

Asia and Pacific, Latin America, Africa and Middle East will provide the fast growth for the

nutraceutical industry. China will be a big player.

ESSENTIAL OILS

Figure 3 shows productions countries and essential oil production worldwide. Brazil

is the top producer followed by India and USA (17). Emerging developing countries have

great potential for production of essential oils. Sixty five percent is produced in developing

countries. Table 8 shows the essential oil production in different Latin American countries.

Cosmeceuticals represent a great potential for growth. Global market of cosmeceuticals is

estimated at US $ 22.00 billion. It is the fastest growing sector. Production figures of

important essential oils in 2008 are given in Table 9.

Essential oils have a great variety of uses: as flavoring agents, feed additives,

perfumes and cosmetics. They find diverse applications in all fields of pharmacy, balneology,

massage, veterinary medicine, and homeopathy. Aromatherapy has becomes a multimillion

dollar industry. The essential oils are used as biocides and insect repellents. They are also

good sources of novel phytochemicals as starting materials for chemical synthesis. Their

exploitation in emerging developing countries should be given high priority.

PLANT – BASED PHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRY

Problems and constraints

With the exception of India and China, in most of the emerging developing countries,

especially in Latin America, the plant based pharmaceutical industry is marginal or incipient

and its participation in the total pharmaceutical market is poor. Some of the causes that have

hindered the development of plant – based pharmaceutical industry in developing countries

are:

a. Lack of awareness of socio-economic and medical benefits of this industry.

b. Lack of manufacturing technical know-how.

c. Resilience in prescription of phytomedicinals by the physicians.

d. Lack of a national and sectorial policy.





e. Unawareness or lack of quality control procedures and methods of standardization.

f. Difficulty in the availability of large quantities of medicinal plants of high quality.

g. Lack of R & D in agrotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, therapeutic validation,

etc.

h. Problems in the registration of phytomedicines and other legal issues

i. Lack of awareness of market trends.

j. Lack of incentives to this industry by the Government, financing, tax

exemptions, etc.

The national pharmaceutical industry does not appear to be predisposed to undertake

the manufacture of phytopharmaceutical products, as it does not find them to be economically

feasible, doesn't have the technology and there is a lack of confidence in the acceptability of

these products. On the other hand, the governments and health authorities, in general, do not

believe that industrialization of medicinal plants will have a significant impact in health care

and a reference to plants is made in the context of recovering cultural values of local

traditions or as a cheaper alternative because of limited resources of medical assistance to that

part of the population, which in many countries, does not have access to drugs.

Both, public and private sector, in general, lack awareness of the socioeconomic and

medical benefits of phytopharmaceutical products.

The problem of quality control and standardization of medicinal plants and

phytomedicinals represents a serious constraint. Some countries have official monographs on

medicinal plants and phytomedicinals but, in general, there are no well established criteria to

determine purity, authenticity and quality of raw materials. The same is true of the finished

products. There is a need for more and better qualified personnel for the industrial

transformation of plants into the finished pharmaceutical products. There is a dearth of

chemical engineers, technicians and other related professionals. There exist very few

postgraduate programs in industrial pharmacy/pharmaceutical technology.

Another problem that hinders development of this sector is the difficulty in obtaining

information on process technology for the manufacture of products.

A general lack of acceptance of phytomedicinals by the physicians is another major

obstacle. The physicians are resilient in prescribing these products. This is due to the fact





that in many countries during their training, the disciplines related to phytotherapy are not

included. Countries such as Germany and France make a special emphasis on this topic.

At the present time, in developing countries it is difficult to assure a continuous supply

of medicinal plants of high quality and in the quantities required. This is due to the fact that

the majority of the plants are collected from wild sources. With a few noted exceptions,

medicinal plants are not cultivated scientifically in this region. There is a lack of

agrotechnological research; optimum time of plant collections is not known, neither are on-

going studies on topics such as genetic improvement, clonal micropropagation, in vitro

cultivation of medicinal plants, pos tharvest treatment, domestication of wild species and

generation of propagable material.

A lack of awareness of World market trends in medicinal plants and phytomedicinals

is another serious hurdle.

Research & Development

Agrotechnological Aspects

One of the requirements for industrialization of medicinal plants is the systematic

cultivation of the species after its correct taxonomic identification and the identification of its

optimal chemotypes. The collection of plants from wild sources is not acceptable because of

the danger of species extinction and there is no quality control, as a result the content of the

active principles is very variable. Each country must select the species that should be

cultivated. Selection of the species should be based upon such factors as: climatic conditions,

the abundance of the species that can be used for primary health care for the treatment of

diseases for which there are no modern drugs and their export potential. Brazil for example

has selected the species for cultivation based on their uses for adults: arterial hypertension,

acute respiratory infections, skin affections, gynecological problems, and arthritis, and for

children- diarrhoea, parasitic diseases, respiratory diseases and skin infections.

Cultivation of medicinal plants makes it possible that raw material produced be of a

reliable and consistent quality in relation to its chemical composition. Cultivation of

medicinal plants represents alternative crops and the countries can diversify their agricultural

production.





Technology transfer for genetic improvement of plant species is a necessity. It is necessary to

carry out research on the improvement of plant collection and techniques, continuous

regeneration of propagable materials for industrialization of medicinal plants, conservation

and exchange of materials form their gene pools and on the biosynthesis of important

phytoconstituents.

Studies are also needed to determine the optimal period of plant collection as well as

on the methods of transportation and storage. Post harvest preservation is also an important

area of study.

Formulation and Industrial Production

Another problem in the development of medicinal plants-based industry is the lack of

experience in formulation and preparation of phytopharmaceutical products, as well as in the

development of process technology and the quality assurance of raw materials. More

experience in the preparation of simple pharmaceutical dosage forms is also needed.

Preparations based on traditional medicine should be stimulated using modern methods of

industrial processing and the programs for preclinical and clinical validation of these

preparations should also be stimulated and intensified. Methods for the analysis and quality

control also need to be developed.

The political vision of the government is a crucial factor. The development of local

pharmaceutical industry will only be possible if the governments provide incentives for

investments, promulgate laws that protect locally manufactured products and a clear

acceptance of safe and efficacious phytomedicinals in their basic drug formularies. The

National Science and Technology organizations should assign high research priority to this

area.

It is necessary to initiate a concerted research program involving botany, plant

genetics, agronomy, phytochemistry, pharmacology, chemical engineering, pharmacy, clinical

studies and marketing oriented towards the production of phytomedicinals.

It is important to study world markets to know the demand of medicinal plants. In this aspect,

ITC can provide a good orientation.

Developing countries should have the following approach for the development of

plant-based pharmaceutical industry:





a. Formulation of new technified products based on traditional remedies, including

modern dosage forms.

b. Industrial production of standardized phytomedicinals, according to the good

manufacturing practices and quality assurance programs.

c. Development of drugs through multidisciplinary research, and

d. Modernization of cultivation that can assure a constant supply of high quality plants.

Legal Context

In developing countries one of the serious problems that has hindered

development of plants-based pharmaceutical industry is the lack of appropriate regulations for

registration and quality control of phytomedicinals.

The US FDA classifies herbal products as Dietary Supplements, while phytomedicies

are sold in Europe as drugs mainly through the pharmacies. These products are very often

prescribed by the physicians and are approved by the Ministries of Health of the

corresponding countries as safe and effective drugs. These products are widely accepted by

the consumers and represent currently a market of approximately US $ 5 billion in Western

Europe.

Germany is perhaps the only developed country that permits the marketing of

phytomedicines, provided they have been proven safe and effective. However, the proof

required is very different from the one required by the FDA. The German position may be

considered as of "reasonable certainty" that involves use of data from the existing literature,

anecdotal information supplied by practicing physicians, as well as limited clinical studies.

Because the costs involved are not exhorbitant, a large number of relatively small

pharmaceutical manufacturers market a wide variety of phytomedicinals in Germany. They

also conduct research on them both in-house and by sponsoring investigations in university

laboratories.

PLAN OF ACTION AND STRATEGIES FOR INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION OF

PLANTS.

Plant Extracts





Preparation of pure or total plant extracts, standardized qualitatively and

quantitatively, appears to be a viable, ethical and an economic alternative. Plant extracts

have been used since millennium in all parts of the world in the form of simple and

traditional preparations of therapeutics agents. An industry based on these preparations

will require the following:

a. Botanical and agronomical studies on plant species utilized. In order to establish a

plant-based pharmaceutical industry, it is necessary to carry out "economic mapping"

studies to know the quantity of raw material available. Without this information, there

is an imminent danger of extinction of the species.

b. Conservation of germplasms of medicinal plant species, and their cultivation to assure

a continuous supply and to minimize biological variation. Studies should be conducted

to determine the evolution curve of active principles in the plant so that it can be

collected at a time when its content is maximum.

c. Bioactive principles in the plant used should be identified; this can be done on the

basis of published literature.

d. Adequate analytical methodologies for the qualitative and quantitative assay should be

established for diverse phytoconstituents, and for quality control of plant material and

their extracts.

e. Studies should be conducted:

on the best extraction method, with respect to the choice of solvent and technology to

be used.

to develop most appropriate pharmaceutical formulations of the extract (granules,

syrup, liquids, etc) which have an optimum stability, good dosage regimens, good

presentation and high quality.

on pharmacological, toxicological and clinical aspects. Now a days there exist a

variety of in vitro bioassays that permit easily the detection of biological activity in plant

extracts. Studies should also be conducted to validate seriously the plant utilized in order

to guarantee its efficacy and innocuity.

The use of plant extracts with well defined characteristics and of modern instrumental

techniques for quality assurance allows production of phytomedicines in a variety of





standardized and stable pharmaceutical dosage forms and the populations with little resources

can have an access to them.

Research

Multidisciplinary Research should be encouraged.

Human Resource Development

The lack of highly qualified personnel in different aspects related with the

development of plant-based pharmaceutical industry in developing countries has been one of

the major constraints. It is, therefore, strategically important to create appropriate

infrastructure for human resource development both at the technical as well as the managerial

levels. A comprehensive and multifaceted approach should be used to cover both the physical

and technical infrastructure needed for industrial development.

Postgraduate programs leading to M.S. and Ph.D. degrees should be designed and

initiated. Technical cooperation programs among developing countries are also advisable;

through such programs, short-term and targeted training for scientists of one country in

another can be easily carried out.

CONCLUSIONS

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants are vital resources for developing countries. Now

there are better opportunities to explore the biological activity of previously inaccessible

sources of natural products. Developing countries should make an effort to explore their full

potential. In addition, natural products may also provide useful pharmacological tools.





REFERENCES

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Bull.World.Health.Organ. 1985, 63, 965 – 981.

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– 75.

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and Biology, Mahender L., Lue, H. – W. Eds. Elservier: Oxford, 2010, Vol. 3 pp. 135 – 175.

4. Balandrin, M. F., Kinghorn, A. D, Farnsworth, N. R. Plant–derived Natural Products

drug discovery and development. An overview. In Human Medicinal Agents from Plants, A.

D. Kinghorn, M. F. Balandrin, Eds. American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 1993,

534, pp 2 – 12.

5. Raskin, I., Ribnicky, D. M., Komarnytsky, S., Ilic, N., Poulev, A., Borisjuk, N.,

Brinker, A., Moreno, D. A., Ripoll, C., Yakoby, N., O´Neal, J.M., Cornwell, T., Pastor, I.,

Fridlander, B. Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20, 522 – 531.

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7. Newman, D. J. & Gragg, G. M. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 461 – 477.

8. Mccullah, M. Drug Discovery World, Winter 2008/9, pp.1-7.

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10. Butler, M. S. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 2141 – 2153.

11. Balunas, M. J., Kinghorn, A. D. Life Sciences. 2005 78, 431 – 441.





12. Sams – Dodd F., Drug Discov Today 2006. 11, 465 – 472.

13. Jesse, W. – H. & Vederas, J. C. Science 2009. 325, 161 – 165.

14. Patwardhan, B. and Mashelkar, R. A. Drug Discov Today (2009). Doi:

10.1016/jdralis. 2009.05.009.

15. Cavaliere C., Rea, P., Lynch, M. E., Blumenthal, M. HerbalGram 2010; 86, 62- 65.

16. Medicinal Plant Specialist Group. International Standard for Sustainable wild

collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ISSC – MA). Version 1.0. Bonn, Gland,

Frankfurt and Cambridge: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BFN), MPSG/SSC/IUCN, WWF,

Germany, and TRAFFIC. 2007 (BFN-Skripten 195). Fair Wild Foundation website.

Available at: www.fairwild.org/documents. Accessed, 2 February 2011.

17. Baser, K.H.C. and Buchbauer, G. Handbook of Essential Oils. Science, Technology,

and Applications. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida. 975 pp.

http://www.fairwild.org/documents

GUPTA, MP. 2011. Perspectives of medicinal and aromatic plants and their products in emerging globalization era. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO

DE OLERICULTURA, 51. Horticultura Brasileira 29. Viçosa: ABH.S5831-S5855


Fig 1. Structures of pharmacologically active secondary plant metabolites

classified into the groups; nitrogen-containing, terpenoids and steroids,

and phenolics, phenylpropanoids and polyketides

Natural Chemical Biology, 2007, 3(7): 360 – 366.




MAPs

1.Food Industry

- National Food

additives

- Dietetic

- Beverge industry

- Animal Nutrition

- Nutraceutical

- Functional Foods

2. Pharmaceutical

Extracts

- Medicaments

- Semi Synthesis

- Herbal Medicinal

Products

- Homeopathy

- Veterinary Pharmacy

3. Perfumes & Cosmetics

- Colognes, Perfumes,

Cosmetics, Lotions,

Soaps, Bath gels and

salts cosmeteuticals

- Vegetable oils, fats and

wakes

- Essential oils and oleo

- Vegetable saps and

extracts

- Natural colorants

- Raw materials

Fig 2. Industrial application of MAPS




Fig 3. Production countries and essential oil porduction.

A preliminary report on the world production of some selected essential oil and countries, Perfumer &

Flavorist, 2009, Vol 34.

Production countries and essential oil production worldwide

(2008)

Hungary 0.1%

France 1.0%

Vietnam 0.1%

Marocco 0.1%

Indonesia 1.9%

India 25.8%

Others 10.0%South Africa 1.0%

China 9.0%

Egypt 0.1%

Brasil 28.6%

Australia 0.6%

Argentina 4.9%USA 16.8%




Table 1.

Categories of botanical therapeutics, their characterization and US

regulatory classification

a The Delaney clause mandates absence of chemicals found to induce cancer in humans or animals.

Natural Chemical Biology, 2007, 3(7): 360 – 366.

Hortic. bras., v.29, n. 2 (Suplemento - CD ROM), julho 2011

Table 2.

CHINA + INDIA = > 25% Total World Exports Value


5849

Table 3.

Summary of South American Botanical Exports 2008

Volume (Kg) and Value (USD)

(Brinkman 2010)


5850

Table 4.

Total Export Value for “HS 1211” Botanicals

(Brinkman 2010)


5851

Table 5.

4.8%5,0302009

0.9%4,8002008

4.3%4,7592007

4.1%4,5612006

2.1%4,3812005

3.5%4,2902004

-2.2%4,4162003

-2.7%4,2382002

3.0%4,3562001

2.9%4,2302000

2.7%4,1101999

% Increase

(-decrease)

$ Total Sales

(millions)

Year

Total Estimated Herb Sales in All Channels, 1999 - 2009

Source: Nutrition Business Journal, www.nutrition.business.com


5852

TABLE 6.

The 20 Top – Selling Herbal Dietary Supplements in the Food, Drug, and Mass Market Channel in the United States for 2009 (per IRI) *

Common Name Latin Name $2009 Sales

(USD)

% Change 2008

1. Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon 31,314,220 23.28

2. Soy Glycine max 19,647,980 -12.35

3. Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens 18,813,300 7.09

4. Garlic Allium sativum 17,908,530 -7.66

5. Echinacea Echinacea spp. 16,230,560 6.94

6. Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba 16,011,830 -8.10

7. Milk Thistle Silybum marianum 11,162,670 19.72

8. St. John´s wort Hypericum perforatum 8,758,233 5.90

9. Ginseng† Panax ginseng 8,292,474 1.65

10. Black Cohosh Actaea racemosa‡ 8,123,878 -0.29

11. Green Tea Camellia sinensis 6,715,113 21.71

12. Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis 4,259,037 9.17

13. Valerian Valeriana officinalis 4,142,231 24.76

14. Horny Goat Weed Epimedium spp. 2,819,403 16.94

15. Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus 1,983,723 7.41

16. Elderberry Sambucus nigra 1,837,587 -0.42

17. Grape Seed Vitis vinifera 1,783,874 -3.78

18. Ginger Zingiber officinale 1,183,641 24.81

19. Aloe vera Aloe vera 646,164 -4.81

20. Horse chestnut seed Aesculus hippocastanum 558,946 -28.79

Total All Herb Sales (including herbs not shown) Ref: (15) $ 335,585,700 14.38

* Source: Information Resources Inc., FDM Market Sales Data for Herbal Supplements, 52 weeks ending December 27, 2009. † Its is not clear from the IRI data whether this figure also includes the sales of American ginseng root products (made from Panax quinquefoius), the sales of which

are not as high as sales from supplements made form Asian ginseng (P. ginseng)

‡ Synomym: Cimicifuga racemosa


5853

TABLE 7.

The 20 Top – Selling Botanical Dietary Supplements in the Natural and Health Foods Channel in the Unites States for

2009 (per SPINS) *

Common Name Latin Name $2009 Sales (USD) % Change 2008

1. Aloe vera Aloe vera 21,853,391 6.27

2. Flaxseed and/or Oil Linum usitatissimum 20,776,836 6.90

3. Wheat or Barley Grass Triticum aestivum or Hordeum

vulgare

13,243,966 2.34

4. Aςaí Euterpe oleracea 10,413,011 133.06

5. Turmeric Curcuma longa 10,199,020 22.70

6. Milk Thistle Silybum marianum 9,387,702 -5.14

7. Stevia Stevia rebaudiana 8,834,816 3.50

8. Elderberry Sambucus nigra 6,850,969 49.27

9. Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens 6,660,475 -2.18

10. Echinacea Echinacea spp. 6,583,991 11.26

11. Garlic Allium sativum 5,538,815 -11.38

12. Echinacea with Goldenseal

Combination

Echinacea spp. And Hydrastis

Canadensis

5,017,058 8.44

13. Oregano Oil Origanum vulgure 4,704,920 6.56

14. Valerian Valeriana officinalis 4,613,969 4.26

15. Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba 4,276,489 -8.71

16. Chlorophyll/Chlorella Chlorophytum arundinaceum 3,960,091 -2.01

17. Black Cohosh Actaea racemosa† 3,645,883 3.23

18. Cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon 3,579,839 4.20

19. Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis 3,102,840 -3.20

20. Green Tea Camellia sinensis 2,915,369 5.98

Total All Herb Sales (including herbs not shown) Ref: (15) $249,664,836 4.48

* Source: SPINS scan Natural, 52 weeks ending December 26, 2009 and year ago, SPINS defined herbal category † Synonym: Cimicifuga racemosa


5854

Table 8.

Estimated World Production of Some Essential Oils and Contribution of Latin America

Paraguay 850Cardamom

Paraguay 855Palma Rosa

Guatemala 3020Boldo

Paraguay 250300Petitgrain

Brazil200Vetiver

Brazil 100100Palo rosa

Brazil 300; Guatemala 2001,000Lemongrass

Essential oil

World

Production

(Tons)

Principal Producer in South America

(Tons)

Turpentine 250,000 Brazil, 8,000; Argentina 4,000

Orange oil 30,000 Brazil 18,000; Argentina 200

Mentha arvensis 145,000 Brazil 100; Paraguay 100

Lemon 5,400 Argentina 2,000

Eucalyptus (cineole type)3,000

Brazil 70; Paraguay 30; Bolivia 10;

Uruguay 10

Citronella 2,800 Argentina 200; Brazil 150

Lavander 1,300 Spain 130

Lime 1,200 Mexico and Peru

Schinus molle 0.1? Chile and Mexico


5855

Table 9.

Production Figures of Important Essential Oils (2008)

Essential Oil Production in Metric

Tons (2008)

Main Production Countries

Orange oils 51000 USA, Brasil, Argentina

Cornmint oil 32000 India, China, Argentina

Lemon oils 9200 Argentina, Italy, Spain

Eucalyptus oils 4000 China, India, Australia, South Africa

Peppermint oil 3300 India, USA, China

Clove leaf oil 1800 Indonesia, Madagascar

Citronella oil 1800 China, Sri Lanka

Spearmint oils 1800 USA, China

Cedarwood oils 1650 USA, China

Litsea cubeba oil 1200 China

Patchouli oil 1200 Indonesia, India

Lavandin oil Grosso 1100 Francia

Corymbia citriodora 1000 China, Brazil, India, Vietnam

Source: Perfumer & Flavorist, 2009. A preliminary report on the world production of some selected

essential oils and countries, Vol 34, January 2009.

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