PERSUASIVE PERSUASIVE SPEAKINGSPEAKING

SPEAKING TO CHANGE THE SPEAKING TO CHANGE THE BELIEF, ATTITUDE OR ACTION BELIEF, ATTITUDE OR ACTION

OF THE AUDIENCEOF THE AUDIENCE

STEP 1STEP 1

CHOOSE A TOPIC YOU FEEL CHOOSE A TOPIC YOU FEEL STRONGLY ABOUTSTRONGLY ABOUT DETERMINE YOUR STANCE OR DETERMINE YOUR STANCE OR

APPROACHAPPROACH DETERMINE YOUR ARGUMENTDETERMINE YOUR ARGUMENT

STEP 2 STEP 2

ANALYZE THE AUDIENCEANALYZE THE AUDIENCE AGREE WITH YOUAGREE WITH YOU DISAGREE WITH YOUDISAGREE WITH YOU NEUTRALNEUTRAL

THE NEUTRAL AUDIENCE IS YOUR TARGETTHE NEUTRAL AUDIENCE IS YOUR TARGET

STEP 3STEP 3

RESEARCHRESEARCH EVIDENCE IS THE BASIS FOR AN EVIDENCE IS THE BASIS FOR AN

ARGUMENTARGUMENT ORGANIZE EVIDENCE LOGICALLY TO ORGANIZE EVIDENCE LOGICALLY TO

LEAD THE AUDIENCE TO YOUR LEAD THE AUDIENCE TO YOUR CONCLUSION (REASONING)CONCLUSION (REASONING)

USE A BALANCE OF ETHOS,LOGOS AND USE A BALANCE OF ETHOS,LOGOS AND PATHOSPATHOS

ETHOSETHOS

ETHICAL PROOF (ETHOS)IS A PIECE ETHICAL PROOF (ETHOS)IS A PIECE OF SUPPORTING INFORMATION THAT OF SUPPORTING INFORMATION THAT BUILDS A SPEAKER’S CREDIBILITY ON BUILDS A SPEAKER’S CREDIBILITY ON A TOPIC (BASED ON PERSONAL A TOPIC (BASED ON PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OR CONCERN)EXPERIENCE OR CONCERN)

PATHOSPATHOS

PATHETIC PROOF (PATHOS) IS PATHETIC PROOF (PATHOS) IS SUPPORTING MATERIAL THAT GIVES SUPPORTING MATERIAL THAT GIVES EMOTIONAL APPEAL TO A EMOTIONAL APPEAL TO A PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

LOGOSLOGOS

LOGICAL PROOF (LOGOS) A LOGICAL PROOF (LOGOS) A SPECIFIC PIECE OF VERIFIABLE SPECIFIC PIECE OF VERIFIABLE INFORMATION INFORMATION

[ STATISTICS,SPECIFIC INSTANCES, [ STATISTICS,SPECIFIC INSTANCES, TESTIMONIAL]TESTIMONIAL]

You must use credible sources to You must use credible sources to back up your argument. State the back up your argument. State the sources in your speechsources in your speech

AVOID LOGICAL AVOID LOGICAL FALLACIESFALLACIES

OVERSIMPLIFYING THE ISSUEOVERSIMPLIFYING THE ISSUE

Presents too limited a range of Presents too limited a range of possibilities. (This policy will lead to possibilities. (This policy will lead to national disaster, while this one will lead national disaster, while this one will lead to peace)to peace)

BEGGING THE QUESTIONBEGGING THE QUESTION

Stating a position that needs to be Stating a position that needs to be proven as if it has already been proven. proven as if it has already been proven. (Mayor Gray doesn’t deserve another (Mayor Gray doesn’t deserve another term after such a disgraceful 4 years in term after such a disgraceful 4 years in office. office. You must prove theYou must prove the first 4 were first 4 were disgracefuldisgraceful))

MISLEADING STATISTICSMISLEADING STATISTICS

Factual but do not support what the Factual but do not support what the speaker claims they do. ( A magazine speaker claims they do. ( A magazine survey found people are content with survey found people are content with their jobs, incomes and personal lives is their jobs, incomes and personal lives is flawed. flawed. The people surveyed have time The people surveyed have time and money to buy and read magazines.)and money to buy and read magazines.)

POST HOC ERGO PROPTER POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOCHOC

Latin for “after this, therefore, because Latin for “after this, therefore, because of this”. It confuses after with because ( of this”. It confuses after with because ( Cost of living doubled after he took Cost of living doubled after he took office. office. This does not prove it doubled This does not prove it doubled becausebecause he was elected he was elected))

REASONING BACKWARDREASONING BACKWARD

Assumes that because members of a Assumes that because members of a particular group have a characteristic in particular group have a characteristic in common that all people with that common that all people with that characteristic belong to that group. characteristic belong to that group. (Communists talk about peace. Senator (Communists talk about peace. Senator Flower talks about peace, he must be a Flower talks about peace, he must be a communist)communist)

FALSE ANALOGYFALSE ANALOGY

Comparison of one thing to another that Comparison of one thing to another that does not make sense because the two does not make sense because the two things are too different in essential things are too different in essential ways. (Politics is like a football game. ways. (Politics is like a football game. Superficially they resemble each other, Superficially they resemble each other, but politics is far more complicated and but politics is far more complicated and the relationship of a player to a coach is the relationship of a player to a coach is very different from a political leader to very different from a political leader to his partyhis party))

STEP 4STEP 4 ORGANIZEORGANIZE

MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE:MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE:I.I. Attention StepAttention Step

Get the audience’s attention, state argument or statement to Get the audience’s attention, state argument or statement to prove. prove.

II.II. Need StepNeed StepConvince the audience of their need to believe the way you do or Convince the audience of their need to believe the way you do or

that their current actions ore hurting their welfare.that their current actions ore hurting their welfare.

III.III. Satisfaction StepSatisfaction StepShow how your idea or plan will help the audience by meeting Show how your idea or plan will help the audience by meeting

their needs.their needs.

IV.IV. Visualization StepVisualization StepDescribe a situation with your plan in place or a bad situation Describe a situation with your plan in place or a bad situation

where your plan was not acceptedwhere your plan was not accepted

V.V. Call to ActionCall to ActionAsk the audience to do somethingAsk the audience to do something

STEP 5STEP 5

Practice, practice, practicePractice, practice, practice

If you have been really scared as you If you have been really scared as you spoke and were not sure what to spoke and were not sure what to say... You were not prepared. Plan say... You were not prepared. Plan the speech and practice it to control the speech and practice it to control your stage fright.your stage fright.