peter celec Ústav molekulárnej biomedicíny ... - imbm.sk · n n textbooks n wikipedia n...
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Základ teoretickej a experimentálnej medicíny
Peter Celec
Ústav molekulárnej biomedicíny, LF UK
www.imbm.sk [email protected]
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Basics of theoretical and experimental medicine
Peter Celec
Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, LF UK
www.imbm.sk [email protected]
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Who?
3 Doc. MUDr. Mgr. Július Hodosy, PhD., MPH.
h-index: 16
RNDr. Barbora Vlková, PhD. h-index: 8
Mgr. Veronika Borbélyová, PhD. h-index: 3
Mgr. Barbora Konečná, PhD. h-index: 2
MUDr. RNDr. Roman Gardlík, PhD. h-index: 12
RNDr. Ľubmíra Tóthová, PhD. h-index: 11
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Why?
n Biomedical research n biology and medicine
n Future career n Master theses n PhD
n IMBM, BMC n Bidirectional
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What?
n Principles of common diseases n Etiology n Pathogenesis n Symptoms & signs n Treatment approaches n Models
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Syllabus Ø Introduction
Ø Syllabus, motivation, examination Ø Cardiovascular diseases
Ø Heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, shock Ø Respiratory diseases
Ø Asthma, COPD, emphysema, pulmonary edema, acid base balance Ø Gastrointestinal diseases
Ø Ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, icterus, pancreatitis, portal hypertension, liver failure Ø Immune disorders
Ø immunosuppression, autoimmune diseases, allergy Ø Hematological disorders
Ø Anemia, leukemia Ø Nephrology and disorders of the urinary tract
Ø Renal failure, glomerulonephritis, urinary tract infection Ø Cancer diseases
Ø Carcinogenesis, Paraneoplastic syndrome, solid tumors Ø Neuropsychiatric disorders
Ø Stroke, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, autism, depression, schizophrenia, neurodegeneration Ø Metabolic & endocrine diseases
Ø Diabetes mellitus, gout, hemochromatosis, Disorders of the thyroid, adrenal and pituitary gland, hypogonadism, hypergonadism
Ø Gynecological diseases Ø Preeclampsia, endometriosis, PCOS, preterm birth, amenorrhea
Ø Musculoskeletal diseases Ø Osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthrosis, psoriasis
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Information sources
n Lectures n www.imbm.sk
n Textbooks n Wikipedia n Pathophysiology, internal medicine
n Review articles n Pubmed
n CVTI n www.cvtisr.sk
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Examination
n Oral exam n Questions according to the syllabus
n Seminar paper n 1.12. n One topic reviewed in detail
n Tasks to solve n Questions every week
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Basic terms
n Physiology vs. Pathophysiology n Pathology vs. Pathophysiology n Etiology vs Pathogenesis n Symptoms vs Signs n Syndrome n Health vs Disease n Latin terms
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Latin I. n -brady – bradypnoe, bradykardia n -tachy – tachypnoe, tachykardia n -hypo – hypopnoe, hypoglycemia n -hyper – hyperpnoe, hyperglycemia n -poly – polydipsia, polyphagia n -oligo – oliguria, oligofrénia n -a/an – apnoe, anuria n -pseudo – pseudocyst n -endo – endoscopy n -ecto – ectopic
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Latin II. n -osis – degeneration - arthrosis n -itis – inflammation - hepatitis n -oma – tumor - myoma n -algia – pain - artralgia n -stenosis – narrowing - pylorostenosis n -pathia – disease - hepatopatia n -lithiasis – stone - nephrolithiasis n -rrhagia – bleeding - metrorrhagia n -emia – blood - glycemia, natriemia, kaliemia n -uria – urine - glykosuria, natriuria
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Selected symptoms & signs
n Cyanosis n Dyspnoe n Icterus n Struma n Edema n Palpitations n Syncope n Ascites
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Syndrome
n Anemic syndrome n Paleness n Fatique n Dyspnea
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Cardiovascular system I
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Circulation
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Conducting system
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Cardiac output
n Preload n Contractility n Afterload
n Frequency n Synchronisation
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Mechanisms of heart
n Frank-Starling mechanism
n Inotropy – lusitropy
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Cardiovascular diseases
n Hypertension n Atherosclerosis n Coronary artery disease
n Angina pectoris n Acute myocardial infarction
n Heart failure n Stroke
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Neurohumoral regulation
n Autonomous nervous system n RAAS system n Endothelin n Natriuretic peptides n NO
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Autonomous nervous system
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RAAS system
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Endothelin
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Natriuretic hormones
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NO
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Heart failure
n Insufficient perfusion of tissues n Normal filling
n Forward failure n Ejection fraction
n Backward failure n Edema
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Heart failure
n Systolic n Low ejection fraction n Contraction failure
n Diastolic n Normal ejection fraction n Filling failure
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NYHA classification n Class I
n No limitations of physical activity. Dyspnoe with heavy physical exertion.
n Class II n Some limitation of physical activity. Dyspnoe with
ordinary exertion.
n Class III n Definite limitation of physical activity. Dyspnoe with
minimal exertion.
n Class IV n Severe limitation of physical activity. Dyspnoe at rest.
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Heart failure
n Compensation n Catecholamines n Frank-Starling n Hypertrophy
n Decompensation
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Heart failure
n Epidemiology n 20/1000 – adult population n 150/1000 – over 75 years
n 5-year mortality 50% n Therapy
n ACE-inhibitors n Beta-blockers n Diuretics
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Symptoms of heart failure
Think FACES...
• Fatigue
• Activities limited
• Chest congestion
• Edema or ankle swelling
• Shortness of breath
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Decompensation
Increased pulmonary venous pressure
Insterstitial edema
Alveolar edema
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Acute pulmonary edema
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Hypertrophy
n Overload
n Pressure n Afterload n Concentric hypertrophy
n Volume n Preload n Excentric hypertrophy
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Valvular defects
n Mitral/Tricuspidal n Stenosis n Insufficiency
n Aortal/Pulmonary n Stenosis n Insufficiency
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Valvular defects
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Healthy heart
Dilation
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Healthy heart
Concentric hypertrophy
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Healthy heart
Excentric hypertrophy
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Blood pressure
n Hypertension n 130/80 mm Hg, but... n Many confounding factors n Hypertrophy, encephalopathy, stroke,
hypertensive nephropathy, retinopathy... n Primary – essential n Secondary
n Renal n Renovascular n Endocrine n Neural, iatrogenic, gestational...
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Afterload & blood pressure
n BP = CO x SVR n Cardiac output n Systemic vascular resistance
n If CO is low, BP is maintained by ↑ SVR n ↑ SVR = ↑ afterload
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Complications of hypertension
n Atherosclerosis n Stroke n AMI n Nephropathy n Blindness
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Cardiovascular models
n Hypertension n L-NAME, SHR, Dahl salt-sensitive rats
n Atherosclerosis n High fat diet, apoE ko mice
n AMI n Coronary surgery
n Heart failure n Isoprenalin
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Questions
n Which genetic factors are associated with hypertension? Heritability?
n What is the evolutionary origin of the RAAS system?
n What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on mortality in hypertension and heart failure?
n Which promoters are myocardium-specific? n Why does apoE knock-out leads to
atherosclerosis?
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