petroleum systems of indonesia

8/10/2019 Petroleum Systems of Indonesia

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Marine and Petroleum Geology 25 (2008) 103129www.elsevi e r. om!lo a t e!mar"etgeo

Petroleum systems o# $ndonesia

%arry &oust a' ' on . *o+le +'1

a,ri-e niversiteit msterdam' / e *et erlands

+no al $ndonesia om"any' a arta' $ndones ia

e eived 13 4 to+er 200 6 re eived in revised #orm 13 Mar 20076 a e"ted May 2007

+stra t

$ndonesia ontains many /ertiary +asins' several o# w i ave "roven to +e very "roli "rodu ers o# oil and gas. / e geology and "etroleum systems o# t ese "rodu tive +asins are reviewed' summari:ed and u"dated a ording to t e most re ent develo"ments. ;e

ave lin ed t e re ogni:ed "etroleum systems to ommon stages in t e geologi al evolution o# t ese synri#t to "ostri#t +asins andlassi ed t em a ordingly. ;e re ogni:e #our Petroleum "rone?arly mail address= %arrydo u st otmail. o m (%. &oust).1 urrent address= nadar o $ndonesia om"any' a arta' $ndonesia.

num+er o# sedimentary +asins and "etroleum "rovin esen ountered t roug out t e ar i"elago.

&es ri"tion o# t e "etroleum systems o# $ndonesia ant us rest u"on a #oundation o# an eAtensive' om " r e en siveand relia+le data+ase t at an +e #ound' #or t e most "art' int e "u+li domain. Many o# t e "u+li ations aredetailed ' +ut several overviews ave +een "u+lis edt roug t e years' on entrating "arti ularly on t e various

arge and reservoir systems as well as on t e ommon "lay ty " es re"resented in t e di##erent +asins. $n t is "a"er'we ma e re#eren e only to a restri ted num+er o# CC eyDD

"u+ li ation s t at "rovide good summaries o# t e varioust emes or ar ea s. / ey all "rovide a ess to a mu larger literature' w i we ave used to "re"are +ot teAt and9g ur es.

$n an early and eA ellent "u+li ation' 8172!H > see #ront matter r 2007 ?lsevier @td. ll rig tsreserved. doi =10.101 !-. m ar"etgeo.200 7 .05.007
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeohttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeohttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeomailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.007http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.007http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.007http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.007http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.007mailto:[email protected]://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.05.007http://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeo


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10 %. &oust' . . *o+le ! Marine and Petroleum Geology 25 (2008) 103129

mid>Mio ene to Plio ene regression and Iuaternarytransgression. / ey also des ri+ed t e siA main reser voir systems t at were nown in "rodu tive +asins>transgre ssive

lasti s' regressive lasti s' deltai de"osits' ar+onat e "lat#orm om"leAes' "inna le ree#s and #ra tured vol ani s./ eir "u+li ation #ormed t e +asis #or all su+seJuen t

attem"ts to review t e ydro ar+on a+itat o# $ndone sian +asins' and "rovides t e #oundation o# t e a""roa "resented ere.

Bollowing t e #ormali:ation o# t e "etroleum systemon e"t (Magoon and &ow' 199 )' %owes and /isnawi-aya

(1995) used a modi ed and more "ra ti al a""roa tosummari:e t e "etroleum systems o# $ndonesia in alandmar "a"er. / ey ta+ulated 3 "etroleum syste msasso iated wit do umented a umulations as well asot ers t at were t oug t to eAist +ut in w i nodis overies ad yet +een made. Bor t e nown systems't ey "resented "lots o# umulative ultimate dis ove ryvolumes (in million +arrels o# oil eJuivalent) versus num+er o# elds in dis overy order (so> alled reaming urves) .

;e re#er to many o# t ese "lots in t is "u+li ation.$m"ortantly' t ey noted t at many o# t e 3 systems didnot ontain a single area o# mature sour e ro ' +utre"resented in #a t a om"osite o# several distin t sour eareas. $n order to wor wit managea+le num+ers o# systems' and t ere+y identi#y t e similarities and di##er>

en es +etween t em' we +elieve it is ne essary to gro u"individual "etroleum systems into #amilies. &oust (2003) "resented a "ro"osed #ramewor #or t e identi ation o# "etroleum systems in sout east (


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names (many o# t em essentially lit o#a ies and lit o#a ieseJuivalents) and onKi ting age attri+ution. ;e aveado"ted t e stratigra" ies #rom t e atlases in general 't oug we ave modi ed t em w ere we #elt t is was

-usti ed. ;e ave reviewed in detail t e "etroleum syst emswit ommer ial' or soon to +e ommer ial' elds only.

/ roug out $ndonesia ot er "otential systems are devel>o"ed (indi ated' #or instan e' +y oil see"ages in #ront ier

+asins)' +ut our main o+-e t ere is to identi#y andem " as i:e t e main ara teristi s o# t e su ess#ul and

"ro du tive ones' so t at t e lessons an +e a""liedelsew ere.

2. /e tonostratigra" i evolution o# #ar east /ertiary "etroleum +asins

/ e sedimentary +asins o# $ndonesia #orm t e ore o# a#amily o# /ertiary +asins develo"ed t roug out


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transtensional stresses generated +y t e $ndia sia o lli>sion (in luding o"ening o# t e


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/ is is "ossi+le +e ause t e +asins s are a relatively limitednum+er o# environmentally related lit o#a ies and avesimilar te toni settings. / e +asins situated "roAimal tot e


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ot er "arts o# t e world are not "resent in any a+u ndan eere. %owever' t e "resen e o# marine +iomar ers (e.g.30>steranes in some oils #rom ava and *ort

am &elta' sour e ro #a ies ave +een identi ed re ent lyin dee" water tur+idites w ere on e again' t e organ imatter is "redominantly o# terrestrial origin (&un amet al.' 2001 6 Peters et al.' 2000 6 Guritno et al.' 2003 6 deltai sands t at are o#ten t in' wit a signi an t

ontent o# lit i material and limited sorting. Porosities are +elow 20 and "ermea+ilities u" to 100 m& and' ingeneral' t e Juality and develo"ment are ig ly varia +le.

lluvial #ans ad-a ent to +asin +ounding #aults mayontain oarse lasti s' +ut are "oorly sorted and s ale>

out ra"idly.Bluvio>deltai to s allow marine sili i lasti s= / ese #a ies

#orm t e +est lasti reservoirs o# $ndonesia' wit "oro sitiesu" to 25 and o#ten multi>&ar y "ermea+ilities. &elta

"lain and oastal sands' derived #rom older ratoni areas' "rovide t e +est reservoirs. / ese ty"i ally o ur wit in t elate synri#t "a age. @ate "ostri#t sands o# ree# #a ies ave t e +est reservoir ara ters' w ile "lat#orm ar+onates avemore limited "otential.

.3.


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Bolded di" losures= *;


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stru tural noses in t e deltai seJuen es o# t e late syn >and "ostri#t se tion. &ee" water "lays o# t e Ma a am&elta may also ave a om"onent o# stra tigra" itra""ing' "arti ularly in "onded mini>+asins in intr a>slo"eenvironments.

5. Juen e' orres"onding to t e Peutu Bormation' om>

"rises t i +asinal dee"er marine s ales and marls' witeAtensive ree#oid ar+onate +uildu"s develo"ed onstru tural ig s. / e latter #orm eA ellent reservoirs 'wit "orosities averaging 1 in t e run eld. &ee"

water sandy #a ies (Eelumai Bm) are "resent in t eso ut .

@ate Postri#t (Middle Mio ene to Plio ene)= / isregressive seJuen e om"rises t e argilla eous EaongBm (in w i tur+idite sands o ur) and t e overlying

"arali s ales' silts and sands o# t e Feuta"ang andtion. / e main reservoir!tra"s are ar+onate +uild>u"s o# t e Peutu (or run) Bormation' wit minor on tri+ution#rom t e eJuivalent sandy Eelumai Bormation and +ase>ment. Bi#teen trillion u+i #eet (t #) o# gas and 1 +illion

+arrels (++l) o# ondensate' res"e tively' ave +een lo atedin 10 elds' dominated +y t e run eld wit almost 1 t # o# gas. / is system om"rises a late synri#t sour e o# early

"ostri#t a# nity and early "ostri#t reservoir and tra"s ./ e EaongFeuta"ang (N) "etroleum system' lo ated in

t e sout east' is more oil>"rone and ontains many o# t es allow elds t at "rodu ed t e rst reserves in $ndo nesia.

arge is t oug t to +e derived #rom marine!deltai oalysour e ro s o# t e Eaong Bormation' +ut re>m igration#rom dee"er reservoirs may also ontri+ute. eservo irso ur in t e rat er ill>sorted sandy deltai #a ies o# t e late

"ostri#t Feuta"ang and


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Big. 5.


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Big. . *ort


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?arly Postri#t (?arly to Middle Mio ene)= / is in lude st e distal marine #a ies o# t e


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Big. 8.

westwards #rom Kuvial to +asinal. eservoirs in ludedelta "lain to marine sands' silts and s ales. Many o# t esands are Juart:ose (derived #rom t e west' w ere t e seJuen e is very t i (over 2 m). / eEatu a-a is in an im"ortant reservoir' wit "orosities o#

u" to 38 in ree#oid #a ies. / e Gumai Bormat ionre"resents an eA ellent regional seal #or t e underlyi ngdeltai #orm ations .

@ate Postri#t (Middle Mio ene to Iuaternary)= &uri ngt e late "ostri#t stage' two " ases o# deltai "rograda>tion' re"resented +y t e ir Eena at and Muara ?nimBormations (also alled t e @ower to Middle Palem>

+ang) lled t e +asin' gradually overing larger areasas t e environment +e ame s allower' so t at +yIuaternary times wides"read alluvial ontinental sedi>ments a umulated. / e sands ontain reservoirs witgood "orosities o# u" to 25 .

/ ree main te toni " ases are re ogni :ed=

Paleo ene to ?arly Mio ene eAtension and gra+en#orm ation6

?arly Mio ene to ?arly Plio ene Juies en e' wit somenormal #aulting6 an d

Plio ene to e ent t i >s inned deAtral trans "ressi onand inversion' #orming eAtensive su+>"arallel ; * ; ?


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. $n t e Muara ?nim area ( lose to t e mountain #ront )'ontains a num+er o# smaller oil elds. / is re"resents

t e same ty"e o# "etroleum system as 1 (a+ove)'alt oug t e #a t t at almost all t e elds "rodu e oilonly suggests t at t ey may +e eit er arged #rom ase"arate sour e area' or t at maturity and retention

de ne a di##erent oil and gas miA.

/ra"s in +ot t e synri#t and "ostri#t seJuen es aredominantly anti linal' asso iated wit elongate inversiontrends' and many are reverse or t rust #aulted' es"e i allyw ere t e ;*;?


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$n t e sri Easin' t e same elements o# t e "etroleumsystem o ur' +ut all a umulations are in /alang ar sands as t e Eatu a-a reservoir is a+sent. ""roAimate ly500 million+oe as +een dis overed in nine elds' mainlyin #aulted anti lines on t e al#>gra+en di" Kan . $nt e ;iduri Bield' tra""ing is assisted +y stra tigra" i

"in >out ( arter' 2003 ).saturated sand s

in t e early synri#t indi ate t at a se ond P< is "resent int e sri Easin. / ey re#erred to t is as t e Ean uwati %arriet (.) Pde nedde"o entres= t e ri o##s ore rd-una Easin towards t ewest and t e ons ore ati+arang Easin in t e sout eas t( *o+le et al.' 1997 ). / e ons ore and nears ore areas

ontain lasti wedges derived #rom t e ava interland int e "ostri#t' w ile t e more distal o##s ore areas remained

dominated +y ar+onat es.

?arly de"endant losures' mainly #ootwalls are also

ommon' w ile a #ew elds are tra""ed in ree#oi dar+onate mounds. s in ot er +asins' stra tigra" i

tra""ing "lays a minor ontri+utory role only . se"arate "etroleum system' re#erred to as t e Eiogeni

Parigi (.) "etroleum system' as +een "ro "osed to over s allow +iogeni gas a umulations in ar+ona tes o# t elate "ostri#t. / e arge #or a umulations wit in t issystem omes #rom +iogeni onversion o# organi matter at s allow de"t ' w ile reservoirs om"rise nort souttrending "orous +io erms in t e sout ern "art o# t e *;

ava o##s ore (e.g. P* eld)./ e r-una Easin' as in many o##s ore "rovin es' s o ws

ig eA"loration e# ien y #or oil and suggests t at little

remains to +e #ound. Bor gas' t e urve suggests t at as yet'


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reaming as not +een a ieved. / e ati+arang su+>+asinurve is ty"i al o# om"leA situations w ere one' "ro+a+ ly

stratigra" i ally assisted tra"' dominates t e +a sin.

5.7. *ort east ava

/ e ?ast ava Easin area om"rises a om"leA o# *?dominated areas +elowt e ?ast ava in or a+andoned. #ew eldso ur in ree# limestone o# t e late synri#t' w ile some ot ers


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are #ound in al areous and vol ani sands o# t e late "ostri#t.

/ e t ree "etroleum systems o# greatest ommer ialsigni an e at t e "resent time are t e *gim+an gFu-ung(N)' *gim+ang*gim+ang (N) and /ertiaryPlio ene (N). / e

*gim+angFu-ung P< is a tively +eing "ursued in t e

Madura and ?ast ava +asins' targeting t e Fu-ung and& ar+onate reservoirs ( ?ssam < ara# et al.' 2005 ).

Burt er to t e east' large o##s ore gas dis overies ave +een made in t e late synri#t se tion (e.g. Pagerungan'Fangean Earat). / e origin o# t is gas is li ely to +e #romover mature *gim+ang Kuvio>deltai oaly sour e ro s'w i ave also sour ed oil a umulations (e.g. and "os tri#tstages. / e maAimum transgression interval a""ears to +elate 4ligo ene in age. / e +ul o# t e synri#t seJuen e

+elongs to y les o# t e /an-ung Grou".

?arly


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5.9. FuteiMa a am &elta Eas in

/ e FuteiMa a am &elta Easin is t e largest +asin in$ndonesia (1 5'000 m 2) and one o# its ri est yd ro ar+on

"rovin es wit several giant elds ( Big. 12). $t as aom"leA istory (Moss et al.' 1997 )' and is one o# t e only

$ndonesian +asins to ave evolved #rom a ri#ted intern al#ra ture!#oreland +asin into a marginal>sag. Mu o# t eearly +asin ll in t e Futei Easin as +een inverted andeA"osed ( and o##s ore deltai de"ositional environmentsare develo"ed in t e Eali "a"an and Fam"ung Earu#orma > tions' in luding dee"er water slo"e and +asin Koor # a ies. ?A ellent sour e and reservoir ro s are "resent'wit inter+edded sealing s ales. &uring t is "eriod'er osion rewor ed large "arts o# t e Futei synri#tseJ uen e .

/ e te toni istory may +e summari:ed as #ollows =

Bollowing de#ormation o# t e late reta eous to earli est/ertiary +asement' eAtension and ri#ting asso iated wito"ening o# t e Ma assar

"ing o# individual sta ed a umulations is "artly>#ault de"endant (i.e. in #ootwall or anging wall

+lo s). / e stru tures are #reJuently dom e>s a"e dor oval in s a"e and o ur mainly in nears ore ands allow o##s ore areas.

(+) ?longated inverted anti linal deltai rollover stru >tures wit a **?


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deltai oals and oaly s ales in t e intervening syn li ne'wit minor ontri+utions #rom a marine and leaner sour e ro in t e o##s ore trend +etween t e /unu anddational deltai seJuen es. num+er o# anti linalstru tures ontain oil and gas elds in early Mio eneregressive sands' #or instan e in t e ;ailawi eld. / esedeltai sands' wit inter+edded s ales and oals (Flin-auBormation) were de"osited during t e "eriod o# maAi>mum transgression w en ar+onate #a ies were eAten>sively develo"ed in t e Futei!Ma a am area. / ey

"rovide eviden e #or t e lo al strengt o# t e delta isystem and suggest t at an early "ostri#t "etroleumsystem eAists in "la es. / is an +e re#erred to as t eFlin-auFlin-au (.) P2003.

/ e FuteiMa a am &elta "rovin e is one o# t e ri es tin $ndonesia' wit dis overies totalling more t an 3.5

+illion +arrels o# oil and 35 t # o# gas. $t su""orts anim"ortant and eA"anding @*G "ro-e t. / e reaming

urve #or oil suggests t at' unless signi ant new reserve sare identi ed in t e dee" water' only small in rem entala umulations an +e eA"e ted in t e #uture. / e gas urve'

on t e ot er and' w i is ara teri:ed +y a series o# ste"s reKe ting ma-or dis overies' s ows little eviden e #or

reaming.

+asins' two ons ore (t e /idung and Eerau synri#t +asins L mainly @ate ?o ene to Middle Mio ene)' and two o##s ore(t e Eelungan/ara an and Muara "ostri#t +asins witmainly younger ll). s in t e FuteiMa a am Eas in'

ydro ar+ons ave +een lo ated in t e late "ostri#t stageonly.

?arly nated +y vol ani s and vol ani lasti s o# t e


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@ate +earing seJuen e and isom"osed o# a num+er o# regressive "rogradations o#

inter+edded Kuvio>deltai sands' s ales and oals. *?


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Big. 1 . ?ast $ndonesia +asinsLlo ation ma" (to" le#t)' ;est Pa"ua and @emun' a""roAimately 15 million++l). $t +elongs to a "etroleum system t at an +e de ned as

aving +een arged #rom a /riassi urassi mari near+onate ty"e $$ mudstone sour e ro and aving a

Pleisto ene ree#oid sandy limestone reservoir. $t is de ned

ere as t e Meso:oi Bu#a (N) P


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marlstones (ty"e $$!$$$) o# t e Flasa#et Bor mation 6reservoir ro !tra"LFais Bormation limestones and do>lomiti limestones in "inna le ree#s underlying sur#a edra"e anti lines om"osed o# sealing s ales. / e "inna leree#s are situated u"di" o# t e "ro+a+le sour e it en tot e nort ' allowing #or e# ient migration #rom overlying

s ales into "orous migration onduits. $n t is small "rovin e wit a single "lay' eA"loration as +een ig lye# ient' as an +e seen #rom t e reaming urve (%owesand /isnawi-aya' 1995 ). Bollowing t e mid>1970s #ew newdis overies ave +een made and' as in many ar+onate

"rovin es' t e "rodu tion as sin e +een in stee" de lin e./wo "etroleum systems are develo"ed in t e Eintun i

Easin area= t e /ertiaryFais (.) P< and t e i#am oa+i+a(N) P< in t e "re>/ertiary seJuen e. / e /ertiaryF aissystem as yielded little in t e way o# ommer ial oildis overies' alt oug wit im"roved seismi ' +etter de ni>tion and lo ation o# ree#al #a ies may +e "ossi+le. / e

i#am oa+i+a system is +y #ar t e more im"or tant'giving rise to a ma-or new @*G "ro-e t +ased on t e over 18 t # o# erti ed gas reserves o# t e /anggu eld area./ e oa+i+a sands' w i #orm t e "rimary reservoir' aresimilar in age and "ro"erties to t e ig ly "rod u tivePlover Bm' well nown #rom /imor "rodu tive +asins (o# w i t ereare several). / e reason #or t is is t at t e un erta intiesrelated to t ese "otential and s"e ulative "etrol eumsystems are so great t at t ere is little to +e learned #romt emLrat er' t e lessons derived #rom t e nown systemsdis ussed a+ove s ould +e a""lied to evaluate t eir

"otential. Bor a more om"lete list o# "otential ands"e ulative systems (t ose wit out dis overies to date)'t e reader s ould onsult %owes and /isnawi-aya (1995)and Erads aw et al. (1997) . / e latter in ludes a list o#

"etroleum systems in t e $ndonesian ustralian one o# oo"eration ( 4 )./ e list o# "etroleum systems "resented re"resents our

+est estimate +ased on t e "rin i"le o# lustering t osewit in one +asin area (as urrently in ommon usage in$ndonesia) su""orted +y geo emi al orrelation studies.

s t e latter im"rove' t e list will need onstant revision.

.1. Petroleum systems in t eir +asin stage onteAt

Most o# t e "etroleum systems identi ed a+ove an +egrou"ed into one o# t e #our "etroleum system ty"esdes ri+ed #rom


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Big. 15. / e #our "etroleum system ty"es (P


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num+er o# "etroleum systems do not lend t ems elvesto lassi ation in t e #our P and "ostri#t +asin evolution and t e su ession o# de"ositional environments ma es it "ossi+le to identi #yand!or "redi t w i "etroleum systems (and t eir

onstituent "lays) may +e "resent. /o aid t is' we avedistinguis ed a num+er o# ara teristi $ndonesian +asin#amilies' w i ave distin t CCtra-e toriesDD (&oust' 2003 )t roug a matriA o# dee"ening de"ositional env ironmen tand +asin develo"ment " ase ( Big. 1 ).

ProAimal +asins= / ese are +asins t at t roug out t eir develo"ment maintained relatively "roAimal de"ositionalenvironments. / ey are lo ated lose to t e ore o# t e "re>/ertiary lying t e regional early "ostri#t seal. / e maintenan e o#

"roAimal environments im"lies t at su+siden e was lim>

ited' and maturity is o#ten a ru ial issue= ty"i ally eldsare lo ated dire tly a+ove a tive early synri#t sour e

it en s.$ntermediate +asins= / ese ave a ty"i ally "ro Aimal

synri#t develo"ment' +ut underwent greater su+siden e int e "ostri#t' w ere t ey are ara teri:ed +y more distalenvironments.

?volution= ?arly


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&istal +asins= &istal +asins o u"y t e edges o# t e "re>/ertiary tions' ontaining ma-or reserves o# +ot oil and gas.

?astern $ndonesian +asins= / ese +asins ave om"leA

and varia+le istories' in w i t e te toni develo"ment iss"read over t e Meso:oi and /ertiary. *evert eless' wean still identi#y similar "atterns as in t e ot er +asins in

t e /er tiary.

?volution= ?arly out t e /ertiary o# t e Bar ?ast and


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$ndonesian Petroleum sso iation' 1989+. $ndonesiaL4il and Gas Bieldstlas' vol. $,' ava.

$ndonesian Petroleum sso iation' 1990. $ndonesiaL4il and Gas Bieldstlas' vol. $$$' 1.1>1 8)' "". 2 1251.@in' .' < wing' %.' &e er' .' 2000.

petroleum systems of indonesia

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