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pGLO Bacterial Transformation DNA RNA ProteinTrait

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SAFETY FIRST! WEAR GLOVES DO NOT OPEN PLATES CLOROX LAB STATION WHEN DONE BRING PLATES TO BISHOP TO BE DESTROYED. WASH HANDS WITH SOAP HAPPY BIRTHDAY JUMP TO SLIDE 29

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What was the point of this lab?

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What was alive? Escherichia coli, a bacterium Glass E. coli by Luke Jerram

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Escherichia coli (E. coli) Found in human large intestines Model organism for molecular biology model organism species that has been extensively studied to better understand biological phenomena and give insight to workings of other organisms White rat of molecular biology light microscope scanning electron microscope

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What was the source of new genes? A plasmid, genetically engineered to carry specific genes

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Plasmid commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; a NORMAL component of prokaryotes (and a few eukaryotes!) physically separate from, and replicate independently of, chromosomal DNA within a cell carry genes that may benefit survival of the organism (e.g. antibiotic resistance) may be modified to express proteins of interest; these man- made plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning

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Bacterial DNA Plasmid DNA Bacterial cell Genomic DNA DNA in nucleoid region NO nucleus single circular chromosome Bacteria have a single circular chromosome plasmids Bacteria have accessory DNA, small circular pieces called plasmids

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pGLO pGLO, a recombinant plasmid & vector Recombinant plasmid plasmid into which DNA fragments or genes have been inserted Vector plasmid used experimentally as tool to clone, transfer, and manipulate genes Because bacteria divide rapidly, they can be used as factories to copy DNA fragments in large quantities

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How did you get the plasmid into the E. coli? TRANSFORMATION - Process by which bacteria take up plasmids from the environment and express the plasmid genes EXPRESS make proteins TRANSFORMATION IS A NATURAL PROCESS BUT SOME BACTERIA ARE BETTER AT IT THAN OTHERS. Our procedure was developed to improve the likelihood E. coli will transform.

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Bacterial Transformation Process by which bacteria take up plasmids from the environment and express the plasmid genes Beta lactamase (ampicillin resistance) pGLO plasmids Bacterial chromosomal DNA Cell wall GFP

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Transformation Procedure Suspend bacterial colonies in Transformation solution Add pGLO plasmid DNA Place tubes on ice Heat-shock at 42C and place on ice Incubate with nutrient broth Streak plates: LB LB/amp/+ LB/amp/- LB/amp/ara/+

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Reasons for Performing Each Transformation Step? 1.Transformation solution = CaCI 2 Positive charge of Ca ++ ions shields negative charge of DNA phosphates Ca ++ O CH 2 O PO O O Base CH 2 O P O O O Base OH Sugar O Ca ++

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Why Perform Each Transformation Step? 2. Incubate on ice slows fluid cell membrane 3. Heat-shock Increases permeability of membranes 4. Nutrient broth incubation Allows beta-lactamase expression Beta-lactamase (ampicillin resistance) Cell wall GFP

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What is Nutrient Broth? Luria-Bertani (LB) broth Medium that contains nutrients for bacterial growth and gene expression Carbohydrates Amino acids Nucleotides Salts Vitamins

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How do you know which cells transformed (took in plasmid)? pGLO has reporter genes bla (amp r ) GFP araC

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3 Genes of interest in pGLO plasmid Gene for Beta Lactamase (bla) Protein that inactivates the antibiotic ampicillin Gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Aequorea victoria jellyfish gene Protein fluoresces green after absorbing UV or blue light Gene for araC regulator protein Protein that regulates GFP transcription turns GFP gene on This is DNA!

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ANY QUESTIONS?

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 1 page 33 1, 2, 4 you should be able to answer 3 safety ideas? Does not produce toxic compounds which make people sick Grows well in lab but cant survive outside lab Not able to infect animals and plants

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 1 page 34 Phenotype physical appearance Starter Plate: Lets answer the questions together.

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STUDENT MANUAL Number of colonies? What is a colony? Descendants of a single cell!

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STUDENT MANUAL Size of of colonies?

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STUDENT MANUAL Color of colonies?

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STUDENT MANUAL Distribution of colonies?

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STUDENT MANUAL Appearance in UV light?

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STUDENT MANUAL Ability to reproduce in presence of antibiotic?

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STUDENT MANUAL You should be able to answer questions 1 and 2

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 2 page 42 1? You Explain 2? You Explain 3? You Explain 4? You have 2 Control plates You Explain

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 3 page 43 1, 2, 3, 4 You do. But first lets predict!

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PREDICTIONRESULTS Did bacteria get plasmid? Is bacteria ampicillin resistant? Will bacteria glow in the dark?

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PREDICTIONRESULTS Did bacteria get plasmid? Is bacteria ampicillin resistant? Will bacteria glow in the dark?

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 3 page 44 1, 2 You do 3 Badly worded. Infer cells are expressing the bla gene making a protein that inactivates ampicillin 4 Hint what plates should you compare and why?

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 3 page 45 1 The sample did not flouresce 2, 3 You do 4 You must answer based on you results If successful, state evidence from plates If unsuccessful, state evidence from plates

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 3 page 46 Yes, E. coli grow on the LB plate 1, 2 you answer 3 a. What are the 2 factors? 3 b. What does arabinose do? What does UV light do 3 c. You answer

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STUDENT MANUAL Lesson 4 follow the instructions and do the math. Page 48 #1. Some of you have no colonies on the LB/amp/ara/+pGLO plate USE THIS AS NUMBER OF COLONIES: 50 PAGE 51: REPORT TO BISHOP AS SOON AS YOU HAVE NUMBERS. WE WILL SHARE NUMBERS LATER.

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Grow? Glow? Follow protocol On which plates will colonies grow ? Which colonies will glow ?

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Left: pGLO under ambient light Right: pGLO visualized under ultraviolet light The pGLO plasmid is an engineered plasmid used in biotechnology as a vector for creating genetically modified organisms. The plasmid contains several reporter genes, most notably for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the ampicillin resistance gene. GFP was isolated from the jelly fish Aequorea victoria. Because it shares a bidirectional promoter with a gene for metabolizing arabinose, the GFP gene is expressed in the presence of arabinose, which makes the transgenic organism fluoresce under UV light. GFP can be induced in bacteria containing the pGLO plasmid by growing them on +arabinose plates. pGLO is made up of three genes that are joined together using recombinant DNA technology. They are as follows: -Bla, which codes for the enzyme beta-lactamase giving the transformed bacteria resistance to the beta-lactam family of antibiotics (such as of the penicillin family) -araC, a promoter region that regulates the expression of GFP (specifically, the GFP gene will be expressed only in the presence of arabinose) -GFP, the green fluorescent protein Like most other circular plasmids, the pGLO plasmid contains an origin (ori), which is a region of the plasmid where replication will originate. The pGLO plasmid was made famous by researchers in France who used it to produce a green fluorescent rabbit named Alba. Other features on pGLO, like most other plasmids, include: a selectable marker, Ori (origin of replication), and an MCS (multiple cloning site) located at the end of the GFP gene. The plasmid is 5371 base pairs long. In supercoiled form, it runs on an agarose gel in the 4200-4500 range.[1][2][3]

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The green fluorescent protein GFP consists of 238 amino acids, linked together in a long chain. This chain folds up into the shape of a beer can. Inside the beer can structure the amino acids 65, 66 and 67 form the chemical group that absorbs UV and blue light, and fluoresces green. (Credit: Image courtesy of Nobel Foundation)

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Links to Real-world GFP is a visual marker Study of biological processes (example: synthesis of proteins) Localization and regulation of gene expression Cell movement Cell fate during development Formation of different organs Screenable marker to identify transgenic organismsScreenable marker to identify transgenic organisms

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Using GFP as a biological tracer http://www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/prasher.html With permission from Marc Zimmer

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Transformation Procedure Overview Day 1 Day 2

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What is a plasmid? A circular piece of autonomously replicating DNA Originally evolved by bacteria May express antibiotic resistance gene or be modified to express proteins of interest

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What is Transformation? Uptake of foreign DNA, often a circular plasmid GFP Beta-lactamase Ampicillin Resistance

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Transcriptional Regulation Lactose operon Arabinose operon pGLO plasmid

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Transcriptional Regulation BAD araC BAD RNA Polymerase Effector (Arabinose) araC BAD ara Operon RNA Polymerase ZYA ZYA LacI Effector (Lactose) ZYA LacI lac Operon

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Gene Regulation RNA Polymerase araC ara GFP Operon GFP Gene araC GFP Gene araC GFP Gene Effector (Arabinose) BAD araC BAD RNA Polymerase Effector (Arabinose) araC BAD ara Operon

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The Many Faces of Plasmids Scanning electron micrograph of supercoiled plasmid Graphic representation

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How do you know which cells transformed (took in plasmid)? pGLO has reporter genes bla (amp r ) transformed cells will grow on agar containing ampicillin, an antibiotic Codes for enzyme called beta lactamase GFP transformed cells will glow in UV light Codes for green fluorescent protein araC regulates expression of GFP; GFP expressed only in presences of arabinose, a sugar

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Methods of Transformation Electroporation Electrical shock makes cell membranes permeable to DNA Calcium Chloride/Heat-Shock Chemically-competent cells uptake DNA after heat shock