Phantom Simulation of Liver Phantom Simulation of Liver Motion During BreathingMotion During Breathing

Group Members:Group Members:Ian DallmeyerIan DallmeyerTuta GuerraTuta Guerra

Ian HenderlongIan Henderlong

Advisor:Advisor:Dr. Bob GallowayDr. Bob Galloway

BackgroundBackground

Over 17,550 people in the U.S. diagnosed Over 17,550 people in the U.S. diagnosed with primary liver cancer in 2005. 15,420 with primary liver cancer in 2005. 15,420 will die of liver cancer in 2005.will die of liver cancer in 2005.

Cancers often spread throughout the liver.Cancers often spread throughout the liver.– Traditional surgery difficult/not possible.Traditional surgery difficult/not possible.

No IGS techniques for the abdomen.No IGS techniques for the abdomen.– Respiratory motionRespiratory motion– Most IGS techniques limited to brain, spine, and Most IGS techniques limited to brain, spine, and

ENTENT

ProblemProblem

Need an anatomically correct model which Need an anatomically correct model which accurately simulates liver motion due to accurately simulates liver motion due to breathing to test IGLS techniques.breathing to test IGLS techniques.

Advantages of Phantom ModelAdvantages of Phantom Model

Porcine LiverPorcine Liver Approx. $1,000 – $2,000 per Approx. $1,000 – $2,000 per

liverliver Not anatomically correctNot anatomically correct Not reusable Not reusable

Phantom modelPhantom model Anatomically correctAnatomically correct Reusable Reusable Time and space-savingTime and space-saving Cost effectiveCost effective

Market PotentialMarket Potential

Current methods too Current methods too invasiveinvasive– Open liver resectionOpen liver resection– Low survival rateLow survival rate– Long recovery periodsLong recovery periods

Estimated market for Estimated market for IGLS 10x current IGNS IGLS 10x current IGNS marketmarket

IGLS: $3.0-$7.5 billionIGLS: $3.0-$7.5 billion International MarketInternational Market

Alternatives to Modeling Alternatives to Modeling Liver MotionLiver Motion

High-Frequency Jet VentilationHigh-Frequency Jet Ventilation– DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Maximum Duration of 45 min.Maximum Duration of 45 min. Cardiovascular ComplicationsCardiovascular Complications Patient ResponsePatient Response ExpensiveExpensive

Phantom Liver System DesignPhantom Liver System DesignTop View Side View

Muscle Wire

Muscle Wire

Shape Memory AlloyShape Memory Alloy

Shape memory alloys Shape memory alloys deform upon heatingdeform upon heating– Martensite – low T, Martensite – low T,

soft, deformablesoft, deformable– Austenite – higher T, Austenite – higher T,

hard, non-deformablehard, non-deformable

Other SMA’s - Other SMA’s - CuZnAl, and CuAlNi CuZnAl, and CuAlNi

Muscle Wire SpecsMuscle Wire Specs

Alloy: nitinolAlloy: nitinol R 50 R 50 /m/m Activation T 70Activation T 70ooCC Diameter = 150mmDiameter = 150mm Act. Current = 400 mAAct. Current = 400 mA VVact act =~ 10V=~ 10V

Cooling time = 2 sCooling time = 2 s

Design SpecsDesign Specs

1-D Linear motion 1-D Linear motion (cranial- caudal) (cranial- caudal)

10.8 10.8 ++ 2.5 mm 2.5 mm (ATLM)(ATLM)

Breath Frequency Breath Frequency ~= .11 Hz. (1 ~= .11 Hz. (1 breath/9 sec)breath/9 sec)

Current WorkCurrent Work

Testing of Muscle Wire Testing of Muscle Wire

Developing a power sourceDeveloping a power source

Construction of track systemConstruction of track system

Future WorkFuture Work

Construction of PVC housingConstruction of PVC housing

Research for final paper/posterResearch for final paper/poster

Total model assemblyTotal model assembly

ReferencesReferences

Herline AJ, Stefansic JD, Debelak JP, Hartmann SL, Wright Pinson C, Herline AJ, Stefansic JD, Debelak JP, Hartmann SL, Wright Pinson C, Galloway RL, Chapman WC. Image Guided Surgery: Preliminary; Feasibility Galloway RL, Chapman WC. Image Guided Surgery: Preliminary; Feasibility Studies of Frameless Stereotactic Liver Surgery. June 1999 Studies of Frameless Stereotactic Liver Surgery. June 1999 Archives of Archives of SurgerySurgery 134:644-650 134:644-650

Tarczy-Hornoch P, Jones D, Zerom B, Woodrum D, and Berk R. Mechanical Tarczy-Hornoch P, Jones D, Zerom B, Woodrum D, and Berk R. Mechanical Ventilators. [Online] Available Ventilators. [Online] Available http://http://weberweber.u..u.washingtonwashington..eduedu/~neonatal/NICU/~neonatal/NICU--WEB/vents.html, 1998. WEB/vents.html, 1998.