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PHARMACY STUDENTS REV. PROF. SETH AYETTEY OCTOBER 2012

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OBJECTIVES BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE BASIC ORGANIZATION OF BONES BE ABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE MUSCLE TYPES BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE HOW BONES AND MUSCLES ARE ORGANIZED KNOW FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BONES KNOW THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MUSCLES APPRECIATE INNERVATION OF MUSCLES CLINICAL VALUE OF BONES AND MUSCLES

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ORGANIZATION OF BONES TOTAL NUMBER OF BONES IN BODY - 206 AXIAL SKELETON SKULL CRANIUM AND MANDIBLE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE THORACIC CAGE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE SACRUM AND COCCYX APPENDICULAR UPPER LIMB BONES LOWER LIMB BONES GIRDLES PECTORAL PELVIC

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BONE STRUCTURE SPONGY BONE COMPACT BONE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION PROTEIN MINERALS CALCIUM (96%), POTASSIUM, SILICON, MANGANESE PHOSPHORUS (85%), SELENIUM, BORON, MAGNESIUM, IRON, ZINC, SULPHUR, CHROMIUM, ETC VITAMIN D

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FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BONES 1 PROVIDE BODY FORM, SHAPE AND RIGIDITY ACCOMMODATE AND PROTECT ORGANS AND VISCERA (internal organs) FACILITATE TRANSMISSION OF BODY WEIGHT FACILITATE LOCOMOTION FACILITATE PREHENSILE FUNCTION (hand) FACILITATE MASTICATION FACILITATE HEARING

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FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BONES 2 BLOOD CELL FORMATION RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS PLATELETS CALCIUM AND OTHER MINERAL STORE AND RELEASE AS IN STRUCTURE OF BONES MINERAL BALANCE IN THE BODY TRANSPLANTATION BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT FAT STORAGE (YELLOW MARROW) MUSCLE ATTACHMENT JOINT FORMATION

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CLINICAL VALUE OF BONES MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (would be merited when the patient has) LEUKEMIA OTHER DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE BONE MARROW CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION THERAPY OSTEOPOROSIS OSTEOMALACIA (RICKETS) CANCER OF BONES BONE INFECTION (OSTEOMYELITIS)

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM TYPES OF MUSCLE STRIATED: SKELETAL; CARDIAC SMOOTH (VESSELS AND VISCERA) ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLES POSTURAL (TRUNK MUSCLES) maintain posture. LOCOMOTOR (APPENDICULAR MUSCLES) SPECIAL SKELETAL MUSCLES MUSCLES OF MASTICATION/DEGLUTITION(swallowing) and for prehension (hand) OCULAR movement of the eyeball to increase the rate of vision AUDITORY- part of the external auditory meatus.

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MUSCLE FUNCTIONAL TYPES SMOOTH VISCERAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM BLOOD VESSELS GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM SKELETAL CARDIAC

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MUSCLE HISTOLOGIC TYPES SMOOTH VISCERAL (internal organs except heart) STRIATED CARDIAC (PUMPING FUNCTION OF HEART) INTERCALATED DISCS SINGLE NUCLEI CENTRALLY LOCATED SKELETAL BONY ATTACHMENTS MULTINUCLEATED PERIPHERALLY LOCATED NUCLEI

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CHAMBERS OF THE HEART RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE

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MUSCLE FUNCTIONS 1 MOVEMENT (Smooth muscles aid in movement) INTERNAL (smooth muscles) PROPULSION OF FLUID/SUBSTANCES CARDIOVASCULAR/LYMPHATICS E.g. GASTROINTESTINAL GENITO-URINARY REGULATORY EG. ARTERIOLES () BRONCHIOLES (pulmonary regulation) SPHINCTERS (gastrointestinal regulation=at the cardio- gastric junction, b/n stomach and duodenum (gastro- duodenal junction), ileum and caecum (ileo-caecal) junction, at the anus)

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MUSCLE FUNCTIONS 2 MOVEMENT - GENERAL EXTERNAL RELATED TO GRAVITY SKELETAL MUSCLES (also help in protection flight- fight response) RELATED TO BONES AND JOINTS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS PROPULSION OF PART OR WHOLE BODY DEFENCE/PROTECT GRASP/REACH PREHENSION (hand) COMMUNICATION FACIAL/VOCAL POSTURAL

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INNERVATION OF MUSCLES SKELETAL MUSCLES SOMATIC NERVES THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION MUSCLE SPINDLES TENDON ORGANS CARDIAC MUSCLES AUTONOMIC SMOOTH (NON-STRIATED) MUSCLES AUTONOMIC

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SKELETAL MUSCLE INNERVATION MOTOR MOTOR NEURON EXTRAFUSAL (MAIN MUSCLE FIBERS) ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS MOTOR END PLATES INTRAFUSAL (MUSCLE SPINDLES) GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS SENSORY MUSCLE SPINDLES (IN PARALLEL) ANNULOSPIRAL ENDINGS GOLGI TENDON ORGANS (IN SERIES) MUSCULO-TENDINOUS JUNCTIONS

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MOTOR INNERVATION MOTOR UNIT NUMBER OF MUSCLE FIBERS INNERVATED BY ONE MOTOR NEURON LARGE MOTOR UNITS IN MUCLES WITH COARSE ACTIVITY SMALL MOTOR UNITS IN MUSCLES WITH FINE ACTIVITY

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SENSORY INNERVATION MUSCLE SPINDLES DISTRIBUTED MAINLY IN POSTURAL MUSCLES MORE IN NECK MUSCLES RESPOND TO STRETCH TO PROTECT ACTIN/MYOSIN FILAMENTS HAS LARGEST DIAMETER AXONS (THE ANNULOSPIRAL NERVES) TENDON ORGANS RESPOND TO TENSION IN MUSCLES TO PROTECT FROM TENDON TEAR MUSCLE

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CLINICAL PROBLEMS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY FLACCID PARALYSIS LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESION AND WASTING SPASTIC PARALYSIS UPPER MOTOR NEURON LESION TETANY MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

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