Institute of New Khmer

Subject: Applied Linguistics Teach By: Lecturer Soun Sok ReounPrepared By: Group 6

Student Name Mr. Nou Sovannarout

Miss Ny ChanthoMr. Ngoun Tola

Room: A2, Shift: Morning, Semester: 1, Year: 4Academy 2016-2017

Phonetics & Phonology

PhoneticsThe word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.

Branches of PhoneticsThe study of phonetics can be divided into three main branches.

1. Articulatory Phonetics(How sounds are produced?)

2. Auditory Phonetics(How sounds are received?)

3. Acoustic Phonetics(How sounds are transmitted?)

Articulatory Phonetics

It is concerned with the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, and other speech organs in producing speech. It analyses how the various speech sounds are articulated by vocal organs.

Auditory Phonetics

Auditory Phonetics is the study of hearing and the perception of speech sounds.

Acoustic Phonetics

This branch of phonetics is concerned with the properties of sound waves. It studies the physical properties of speech sounds as transmitted between the mouth and ear.

Phonology

Phonology is a broader study of major speech sounds and their organization in a particular language.Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.

Difference Between Phonetics & PhonologyThe difference between Phonetics & Phonology is that of

generality and particularity.

PhoneticsPhonetics deals with production, transmission and reception of all human speech sounds in general with no particular reference to any one language.

PhonologyPhonology deals with the ways those sounds are organized in a particular language. It is sub-category of phonetics.

Why the study of Phonetics is important?

A knowledge of Phonetics is a must for a learner of the English language. This knowledge enables him/her:

1. To give a true description of sounds of English and how they are made.

2. To point out the mistakes in leaner’s pronunciation and help them learn the correct form.

3. To differentiate sounds of English from those of the mother tongue.

PhonemesA phoneme is a unit of sound in speech. A phoneme doesn't have any inherent meaning by itself, but when you put phonemes together, they can make words. Think of when adults try to get a baby to say his or her first word. They often coax him or her to sound out the beginning of a word by repeating that sound, or phoneme, over and over by saying something like, 'M, m, m' for 'Mommy.' The 'm' sound, often written as /m/, is an example of a phoneme.

Classification of English Sounds The English Language sounds are

classified into two main streams:1. Consonants2. Vowels Consonants:

A Consonant is a sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the air stream by constriction of speech organs.

There are 24 consonants in English.

Consonants Symbol ChartPlosive

p b td k

ɡ

Fricative f v s z θ ð ʃ ʒ h

Nasal m n ŋ

Affricates tʃ dʒ

Lateral l

Approximant

w r j

PlosivesThere are six plosive consonants in English. These are the sounds formed by means of a complete closure of the air passage, which is afterwards released suddenly.

These are given as followed:/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/pen bet tea dress kind good

AspirationAspiration is a period during which air escapes through vocal cords, making a sound like “h”.There are three plosives in English Phonology which are aspirated when they are pronounced as initial sounds in a word.They are symbolized as:

/ph/ /th/ /kh/e.g. Pet /phet/ Tailor /theɪlə/ Cool /khu:l/

FricativesIn production of Fricatives, articulators move towards each other to make stricture or obstruction in flow of air but air cannot be stopped completely and it escapes through narrow passage with friction or hissing sound.Fricatives are 9 in number./f / /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/Fine very song zeal through these sheet treasure hay

Nasal There are three nasal sounds in English. These sounds are pronounced or uttered by escaping the air (partially or completely) through nasal cavity.These are given as followed:/m/ /n/ /ŋ/Miss nine singMelancholy Naïve Finger

AffricatesThere are two affricate sounds in English. These are the sounds formed by means of a complete closure of the air passage which is afterwards released slowly with friction. /tʃ//dʒ/Chair germ

LateralThere is only one sound in English. While uttering this sound air escapes along the both sides of the tongue.

/l/Like, life, silly

Approximants/Semi-VowelsThere are three semi-vowels. These sounds are phonetically vowels and phonologically consonants. Phonetically means their mechanism of producing the sound is same as vowels because there is no obstruction in flow of air.But phonologically, they give sounds like consonants.

/w/ /r/ /j/Wine read young

THE ENGLISH VOWELS

Vowels are sounds which are produced with the vibration of air in the oral cavity

All vowel sounds are voiced oral sounds

The relationship of the vowels to one another is shown by the device known as the Viator Triangle

VIATOR TRIANGLE

– is a vowel triangle which shows the differences among the vowel sounds in English and their relative positions on the tongue

- Contains two axes:a. horizontal axis – from front to back of the mouth (front, center, back) b. vertical axis – from the floor to the roof of the mouth (high, mid, low)

When a speaker enunciates a vowel, his or her air flow remains unblocked. This table, containing American English vowels, explains that the degree of elevation of a speaker’s tongue determines the sound of the spoken vowel.

VOWEL SOUNDS:

1. /iy/ - beat, me, key, seed, chief2. /i/ - sit, give, rid, pick, live3. /ey/ - ate, ray, face, weigh, great4. /e/ - met, let, head, less, tell5. /ae/ - cat, am, bag, land, class

6. /a/ - pot, block, got, cop, lost7. / / - ball, talk, saw, draw, dawn8. /ow/ - hope, go, wrote, home, soak9. /u/ - look, good, would, sure, bush10. /uw/ - moon, blue, rule, chew, suit11. /∂ / - luck, must, touch, gone, cup

VOWEL SOUND PRODUCTION

1. TONGUE POSITION OR ADVANCEMENT – refers to the part of the tongue that is most active in the production of vowels. Vowels are described in relation to the highest point of the hump formed.

2. TONGUE AND JAW HEIGHT – refers to the degree of closeness of the lower jaw to the upper or the tongue to the palate

3. LIP POSITION – refers to the amount of rounding or spreading of the lips.

a. rounded – when the corners are brought forwardb. unrounded (spread) – when the corners are pulled back

4. TENSION – refers to the degree to which the muscles of the speech tract are tense or lax during sound production

5. LENGTH – refers to the duration (long or short) the vowel is held in a certain position