Phonetics

Overview/reviewTranscription

Describing Consonants

OverviewOverview

• Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS• How do describe a sound?

• Produce it• 3-way description• The sound indicated by the symbol

[p]

• Referring to sounds, NOT LETTERS• How do describe a sound?

• Produce it• 3-way description• The sound indicated by the symbol

[p]

International Phonetic Alphabet

International Phonetic Alphabet

• One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound

• Universal• Based on roman alphabet, but they

are not letters

• One-to-one relationship between symbol and sound

• Universal• Based on roman alphabet, but they

are not letters

Transcription PracticeTranscription Practice

• Transcribe:• Your name• Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe,

delay, should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow

• Transcribe:• Your name• Linguistics, hiccup, teeth, teethe,

delay, should, sign, sane, phonetics, yellow

Describing ConsonantsDescribing Consonants

• We use three parameters to describe consonants:•Voicing•Place of articulation•Manner of articulation

• The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone

• We use three parameters to describe consonants:•Voicing•Place of articulation•Manner of articulation

• The IPA chart shows all three parameters for each phone

VoicingVoicing

• The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless

• When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration

• When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration

• Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]

• The state of the vocal folds (VF) determines whether a sound is voiced or voiceless

• When VF are open air can pass through it freely, without any vibration

• When VF are drawn close together air passes through it with w/ difficulty, creating vibration

• Compare [s] vs [z] ; [f] vs [v]; [k] vs [g]

Place of ArticulationPlace of Articulation

• Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction is made (generally with some part of the tongue)

• Refers to WHERE in the vocal tract a constriction is made (generally with some part of the tongue)

Vocal TractVocal Tract

Places of Articulation (See p. 39-40 in CP)

Places of Articulation (See p. 39-40 in CP)

• Bilabial []• Closure of both lips

• Labiodental []• Lower lip touches upper teeth

• (Inter)Dental []• Tongue protrudes through teeth

• Alveolar []• Tongue touches alveolar ridge

• Bilabial []• Closure of both lips

• Labiodental []• Lower lip touches upper teeth

• (Inter)Dental []• Tongue protrudes through teeth

• Alveolar []• Tongue touches alveolar ridge

Places of Articulation, Continued

Places of Articulation, Continued

• Palatal []• Top of tongue approximates/touches the

middle/hard palate

• Velar [ŋ]• Back of tongue touches the soft

palate/velum

• Glottal [] • Opening or closing of the glottis (the space

between the vocal folds)

• Palatal []• Top of tongue approximates/touches the

middle/hard palate

• Velar [ŋ]• Back of tongue touches the soft

palate/velum

• Glottal [] • Opening or closing of the glottis (the space

between the vocal folds)

Manner of ArticulationManner of Articulation

• Refers to HOW this constriction is made

• Refers to HOW this constriction is made

Manners of ArticulationManners of Articulation

• Stop [] & [] • airflow through mouth is completely

impeded

• Fricative []• narrow constriction produces turbulence

• Affricate []• a stop followed by a fricative

• Stop [] & [] • airflow through mouth is completely

impeded

• Fricative []• narrow constriction produces turbulence

• Affricate []• a stop followed by a fricative

Manners of Articulation, cont’d

Manners of Articulation, cont’d

• Nasal []• air flows through the nose; velum is lowered

• Approximants [ (liquids)] [ (glides)]• wide constriction that does not produce

turbulence

** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap is also an English sound (prevalent in US English).**

• Nasal []• air flows through the nose; velum is lowered

• Approximants [ (liquids)] [ (glides)]• wide constriction that does not produce

turbulence

** FLAP: the voiced alveolar flap is also an English sound (prevalent in US English).**

DrillsDrills

• Voicing• VD or VL

• Place• BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G

• Manner• S, F, AF, N, AP

• Voicing• VD or VL

• Place• BL, LD, ID, A, P, V, G

• Manner• S, F, AF, N, AP