PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY I

FERREYRA CINTIA2011

LANGUAGE SPEECH

WRITING

LINGUISTIC

•LEXICON•MORPHOLOGY•SYNTAX•SEMANTIC•PRAGMATIC

PHONETICS ALLOPHONES

1. ARTICULATORY2. ACOUSTIC3. AUDITORY

PHONOLOGY

PHONEMES

1--THE PRODUCTION AND SOUNDS OF SPEECH

2--DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

VOWELS DIPHTHONGS CONSONANTS

1-- THE SPEECH MECHANISM

THE SPEECH APPARATUS

DIAPHRAGM

LUNGS

TRACHEA

LARYNX

PHARYNX

CAVITIES

ARTICULATORS

THE LARYNX AND VOCAL FOLDS

/ p , f , s /

/ h /

/ m, v , z / / ? /

THE CAVITIES AND ARTICULATORS

11– NASAL CAVITY

2

2– ORAL CAVITY

3

3– PHARYNX

4 4– TONGUE

5

5-- PALATE

6

6-- TEETH

7

7-- LIPS

2– DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

VOWEL SOUNDS

- PURE

SHORT

LONG

I

e

{

@

Q

U

i:

3:

A:

O:

u:

/ I, {, V, @, Q, U / / i:, 3:, A:, O:, u: /

V

EXAMPLES

S FRONT MEDIAL FINAL/I/ into /Int@/ l.3 minute /mInIt/ l.5 -------------- /e/ empty /empti/ l. 1 felt /felt/ l. 1 -------------- /{/ anna /{n@/ l. 27 that´s /D{ts/ l. 1 -------------- /V/ up /Vp/ l. 24 suddenly /sVd@nli/ l.7 -------------- /@/ again /@gen/ l. 2 probably /prQb@bli/ l.1 never /nev@/ l.2/Q/ orange / QrIndZ/ l.20 coffee /kQfi/ l.19 ------------- /U/ --------------------- good / gUd/ l.18 ---------------

/i:/ eat / i: t/ p.7 believe /bIli:v/ l.5 see / si:/ l.23:/ earth /3:T/ p.3 person /p3:sn/ l.9 sir /s3:/ p.3 /A:/ asked /A:skt/ l.6 martin /mA:tIn/ l.6

star /stA:/ l.10 /O:/ all / O:l/ p.10 corner /kO:n@/ l.22 saw /sO:/ l.10 /u:/ -------------------- juice /dZu:s/ l.20 who /hu:/ l. 6

DIPHTHONGS

- CENTRING

- CLOSING

ENDING IN / @ /

/ I@/ /

e@ / /U@ /

ENDING IN / I / / eI /

/ aI /

/ OI /

ENDING IN / U //@U // aU /

EXAMPLES

/I@ / : here´s /hIaz/ l. 3 really /rI@li/ l. 11

/e@/ : hair /he@r/ l.16 there /De@/ p.6 /U@/ : sure /SU@/ l.11/eI/ : changed / tSeIndZd/ l. 7 famous / feIm@s/ l. 8

/aI/ : brightly /braItli/ l. 3 tried /traId/ l. 27/OI/ : toilet /tOIlet/ p.19/@U/ : ago /@g@U/ l. 5 won´t /w@Unt/ l. 5 /aU/ : shouted /SaUtId/ l. 27 down /daUn/ l. 23

CONSONANT SOUNDS

VOICING

PLACE OF ARTICULATION

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

MUSCULAR EFFORT

VOICED /VOICELESS

BILABIAL/ LABIO-DENTAL/ DENTAL /ALVEOLAR/ POST –ALVEOLAR/ PALATO-ALVEOLAR/ PALATAL/ VELAR/ GLOTTAL

FORTIS/ LENIS

PLOSIVES/ FRICATIVES/ AFFRICATES/ LATERALS/ NASALS/ APPROXIMANTS

PLOSIVE SOUNDS

p.a.

a.a.Closure stop release

a.a.

a.a.Closure stop release

FORTIS /p , t ,k /

LENIS /b , d , g /

/p/ : FORTIS – VOICELESS – BILABIAL - PLOSIVE

Eg. Perhaps /p@h{ps/ l.9 paper /peIp@/ l. 28 bookshop /bUkSQp/ l.22

/b/ : LENIS – VOICED – BILABIAL - PLOSIVE

Eg.

Believe /bIli:v/ l.5 somebody /sVmb@di/ l.6 -----------------

/t/ : FORTIS – VOICELESS – ALVEOLAR – PLOSIVE

Eg. Turned /t3:nd/ l.22 later /leIt@/ l. 21 left /left/ l.21

/d/ : LENIS – VOICED – ALVEOLAR - PLOSIVE

Eg.

Day /deI/ l. 9 suddenly /sVd@nli/ l. 7 had /h@d/ l. 12

/k/ : FORTIS – VOICELESS – VELAR - PLOSIVE

Eg.

Coffee /kQfi/ l. 3 looked /lUkt/ l. 24 shook /Suk/ l.19

/g/ : LENIS – VOICED – VELAR - PLOSIVE

Eg, Gone /gQn/ l. 1 again /@gen/ l. 2 bag /b{g/ p.5

FRICATIVE SOUNDS

p.a.

a.a. Approxim. fricton

a.a.

a.a. Approxim. friction

FORTIS / f , T , s , S /

LENIS / v , D , z , Z /

/ h /

VOICELESS FORTIS LABIO-DENTAL FRICATIVE/f /Eg/v /

Eg.

/T /

Eg.

/D/

Eg.

/s /

Eg

/z /

Eg

/S /Eg

/Z /

Eg

Felt / felt/ l. 1 coffee /kQfi/ l. 3 himself / himself/ l. 2

VOICED LENIS LABIO-DENTAL FRICATIVE

Very /veri/ l.18 never /nev@/ l. 2 live /lIv/ l. 29

VOICELESS FORTIS DENTAL FRICATIVE

Thought /TO:t/ l. 2 nothing /nVTIN/ l. 29 with /wIT/ l. 16VOICED LENIS DENTAL FRICATIVE

That´s /D{ts/ l. 1 another /@nVD@/ l. 19 with /wID/ VOICELESS FORTIS ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE

Sorry /sQri/ l.24 person /p3:sn/ l. 9 face /feIs/ l. 24VOICED LENIS ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE----------------------- crazy /kreIzi/ l.20 woman´s /wUm@nz/ l. 24VOICELESS FORTIS PALATO-ALVEOLAR FRICATIVEShop /SQp/ l. 4 finished /fInISt/ l. 19 wash /wQS/ l. 30VOICED LENIS PALATO-ALVEOLAR FRICATIVE---------------------- vision /viZn/ rouge /ru:Z/

AFFRICATE SOUNDS

p.a.

a.a. Closure stop friction

FORTIS /tS /

LENIS /dZ /

/tS/ VOICELESS FORTIS PALATO-ALVEOLAR AFFRICATE

Eg.

Changed /tSeIndZd/ l.7 watched /wQtSt/ p.4 which /wItS/ p. 13

/dZ/ VOICED LENIS PALATO ALVEOLAR AFFRICATE

Eg Just /dZVst/ l. 16 suggested /s@dZestId/ l. 18 orange /QrIndZ/ l.20

LATERAL SOUNDS

a.ap.a.

spacespace

/ l /

/ l /

VOICED ALVEOLAR LATERAL

Eg.

Long /lQN/ l.12 beatles /bi:tlz/ l. 10 well /wel/ l. 11

NASAL SOUNDS

/m, n , N /

/m/ VOICED BILABIAL NASAL

Eg.

martin /mA:tIn/ l. 3 famous /feIm@s/ l. 6 william /wIlj@m/ l. 1

/n / VOICED ALVEOLAR NASAL

Eg.

No /n@U/ l. 7 minutes /mInIts/ l. 21 then /Den/ l. 18

/N /

VOICED VELAR NASAL

Eg ------------------ think /TINk/ l. 11 shining /SaInIN/ l, 10

APPROXIMANT SOUNDS

/j, w, r /

/ j / VOICED PALATAL APPROXIMANT

Eg. You /ju/ l. 5 william /wIlj@m/ l. 1 -----------------

/ w /

VOICED VELARIZED-BILABIAL APPROXIMANT

Eg. One /wVn/ l. 9 quite /kwaIt/ l. 12 ------------------

/r / VOICED POST-ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT

Eg. Really /rI@li/ l. 11 story /stQri/ l. 18 far away /fA:r @weI/ l. 12

Chapter 2 First fiss - last kiss?1. William felt empty. `That´s it, then. She´s gone. And I´ll probably2. never see her again,´ he thought to himself.3. `Here´s your coffee,´ Martin said brightly, as he came back into4. the shop.5. `Thanks. You won´t believe who was in here a minute ago.´ 6. `Who? Somebody famous?´ Martin asked. Excited.7. But William suddenly changed his mind. `Oh…er…no…8. nobody.´9. `Perhaps one day a famous person will come in!´ said Martin,10. his eyes shining.. `I saw one of the Beatles once…Ringo Starr.11. Well, I think it was Ringo Starr. I´m not really sure…he was12. quite far away. He had long hair and a beard.´13. `Hmmm…so you think you saw Ringo, but perhaps you14. didn´t?´15. `Er…yes, that`s right.´16. `Maybe it was just a man with long hair and a beard?´17. `Yes, maybe.´ 18. `Not a very good story, then, is it?´ suggested William. He 19. Shooh his head and finish his coffee. `Right…another one?´ 20. `Yes. No, let´s go crazy! I´ll have an orange juice.´21. Five minutes later, William left the café and hurried in back to the22. bookshop with the orange juice. But as he turned the corner, he 23. walked straight into a woman. The orange juice ran down her shirt.24. `I´m so sorry…´he looked up at the woman´s face. For the25. second time that day, it was Anna Scott! `Oh…really, I´m sorry.26. Here…´ 27. `What are you doing? ´Anna shouted angrily, as William tried 28. to clean her shirt with a paper towel.29. William jumped back. `Nothing, nothing. Listen , I live across 30. the street. You can wash at my house.´

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