1. UNIT - IPHONETICS

2. Elements of English language Phonology, morphology, lexis, grammar Phonology - the study of sound systems of languages. (Greek word phonema which means sound. ) Phoneme A phonological segment that can be phonetically predicted by a rule /b/ in bit and /p/ in pit. 3. MORPHOLOGY Morphology is a branch of grammar concerned with the study and analysis of the structure and forms. A sentence is not the minimal grammatical unit. It consists of other smaller units called words. Words can be further analyzed into smaller units, which are known as morphemes. Linguists commonly use tree diagram to analyze the structural descriptions of words and sentences of a language. 4. Free and bound morphemes Free morpheme is a linguistic unit that can occur by itself. A bound morpheme on the other hand is always attached to some other morpheme. Free morphemes are those which can stand alone as words of a language whereas bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes. 5. Free morphemes: constitute words by themselves boy, car, desire, gentle, man can stand alone Bound morphemes: cant stand alone always parts of words occur attached to free morphemes Cats : cat free morpheme -s bound morpheme undesirable: desire free morpheme -un, -able bound morphemes 6. MORPHEME A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word is freestanding. 7. Lexis and Grammar Lexis Lexis is a term in linguistics which means the vocabulary of a language. The adjective is lexical. In Greek lexis means word. Grammar In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. 8. Received Pronunciation In England, one accent has traditionally stood above all. This "prestige" accent is known as RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION, or RP. RP is the pronunciation of British English, originally based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is the characteristic of the English spoken at the public schools and at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. 9. It is the standard form of English used in British broadcasting. Traditionally, Received Pronunciation is the "everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons who are educated at the great public boardingschools". 10. Chapter 2 The Different Speech Organs and their Role 11. Chapter - 3 Individual Sounds Vowels, Consonants and Semi Vowels 12. Chapter 4 Pure vowels The Cardinal Vowel Scale 13. What is a vowel? It is a sound in which there is a continuous vibration of the vocal cords and the airstream is allowed to escape from the mouth without any interruption. 14. How do we distinguish the different vowel sounds? Vowel sounds can be distinguished from each other by WHICH PART of the tongue is involved (front, central, back) and by HOW HIGH the tongue is when the sound is produced(high, mid, low). 15. Tongue height 16. Tongue position 17. VOWEL DIAGRAM 18. Description of Vowels the tongue-position, indicated in vowel diagram, and the distribution of each vowel in terms of its occurrence (i.e. initial, medial and final) 19. Front vowels / i:, , e, / / i: / as in feel / fi:l /Articulation:In the articulation of this vowel, the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate to an almost close position. The lips are spread. The vowel is long. We may describe it as a FRONT CLOSE UNROUNDED vowel.Distribution: The vowel / i: / occurs initially, medially and finally as in eat / i:t / (initial), meat / mi:t / (medical), and tea / ti: / (final). 20. / / as in fill / fl /Articulation: During the articulation of this vowel the hinder part of the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate, to a position between close and halfclose . The lips are loosely spread. / / can be described as a FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN CLOSE AND HALF-CLOSE.Distribution:/ / can occur initially, medially and finally as in it / t / , st / sit / , city / st /. 21. / e / as in set / set / Articulation: During the articulation of this RP vowel the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the hard palate to a position halfclose and half-open. The lips are loosely spread. / e / can therefore be described as a FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN HALFCLOSE AND HALF-OPEN. Distribution: The vowel / e / occurs initially and medially as in ate / et /, bet / bet /. It does not occur finally. 22. / / as in sat / s t / Articulation: During the articulation of this vowel the front of the tongue is raised to a position slightly below the half-open position. The lips are neutral. / / is thus a FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL JUSE BELOW THE HALFOPEN POSITION. Distribution: The vowel / / occurs initially and medially as in ass / s /, man / mn /. It does not occur finally in a word. 23. Back vowels / a:, , , u, u:/ / a: / as in car / ka: / Articulation: During the articulation of RP / a: / the back of the tongue is in the fully open position. The lips are neutral. RP / a: / is thus a BACK OPEN UNROUNDED vowel. Distribution: The vowel / a: / occurs initially, medially and finally as in art / a:t / heart / ha:t /, far /fa: /. 24. / / as in pot / pt / Articulation: During the articulation of this vowel the back of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate and it is in the fully open position. The lips are rounded. Thus // can be described as a BACK OPEN ROUNDED vowel. Distribution: The vowel // occurs initially and medially as in on /n/ , what / wt / . 25. / / as in caught / kt / Articulation: During the articulation of this vowel, the back of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate and it is in the fully open. The lips are rounded. Thus / / can be described as a BACK OPEN ROUNDED vowel. Distribution: The vowel / / occurs initially, medially and finally as in order / d / , bought / b t/ law /l / . 26. / u / as in put / put / Articulation: During the articulation of this vowel, the back of the tongue is raised to a position between close and half-close. The lips are loosely rounded. / u / is thus a centralised BACK ROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN CLOSE AND HALF-CLOSE. Distribution: The vowel / u / does not occur initially. It occurs medially as in look / luk /. In the word-final position it occurs only in the weak forms of words like to / tu /,do / du / , you / ju /. 27. / u: / as in pool / pu:l / Articulation: During the articulation of this vowel, the back of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate, almost to a close position. The lips are closely rounded. / u: / is thus a BACK CLOSE ROUNDED VOWEL. Distribution: The vowel / u: / occurs initially, medially and finally as in ooze / u:z / , stool / stu:l / , shoe / u: / . 28. Central Vowels / ^, :, / /^ / as in cut / k^t / Articulation: During the articulation of this vowel, the centre of the tongue is raised to a position between open and half-open. The lips are neutral. RP / ^ / is thus a CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN OPEN AND HALF-OPEN.Distribution: The vowel / ^ / occurs initially and medially as in up / ^p /, but / b^t / . It does not occur finally. 29. /3: / as in bird / b3:d / Articulation: During the articulation of / 3: / the centre of the tongue is raised in the direction of the roof of the mouth where the hard and soft palates meet to a position between halfclsoe and half-open. The lips are neutral. It is a long vowel. RP /3:/ is thus a CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN OPEN AND HALF-OPEN. Distribution: The vowel / 3:/ occurs initially, medially and finally as in earth / 3:/ , turn / t3:n / , fur /f3: / . 30. / / as in the first syllable of ago / gu /Articulation: During the articulation of // (when it occurs in non-final positions) the centre of the tongue is raised to a position between half-close and half-open. The lips are neutral. Non-final // is thus a CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN HALFCLOSE AND HALF-OPEN. If the vowel occurs in the word-final position, the centre of the tongue is raised to the half-open position. The lips are neutral. Final / / is thus a CENTRAL HALF-OPEN UNROUNDED vowel. 31. Distribution: The vowel / / occurs initially, medially and finally as in the first syllable of aloud / laud/,the second syllable of purpose / p :ps /the last syllable of murder /m :d / In RP / / is a very frequently occurring vowel, but it occurs only in unstressed syllables. 32. Diphthongs Closing diphthongs / e, a, , au, / / e / as in play / ple / Articulation: The RP diphthong / e / begins just below the FRONT HALFCLOSE UNROUNDED position and moves in the direction of RP // which is a CENTRALISED FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL JUST ABOVE THE HALF-CLOSE POSITION. Distribution: The diphthong / e / occurs initially, medially and finally as in aim / em /, game /gem/ and day / de / . 33. / a / as in fly / fla / Articulation: During the articulation of the diphthong / a / the glide begins near the FRONT OPEN UNROUNDED POSITION and moves in the direction of RP / I /, i.e. A FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL JUST ABOVE HALF-CLOSE. The lips are neutral at first and then are loosely spread. Distribution: The diphthong / a / occurs initially, medially and finally as in ice / as / , fine / fan / , and buy / ba / . 34. / / as in go / g / Articulation: The RP diphthong / / begins at a CENTRAL POSITION BETWEEN HALF-CLOSE AND HALF-OPEN and moves in the direction of / u / a BACK ROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN CLOSE AND HALF-CLOSE. The lips are spread at the beginning and are loosely rounded towards the end. Distribution: The diphthong / / occurs initially, medially and finally as in own / n /,boat / bt /, and grow / gr / . 35. / au / as in now / nau / Articulation: During the articulation of the diphthong / au / the glide begins at an (advanced) BACK OPEN UNROUNDED POSITION and moves in the direction of RP /u/ i.e. A CENTRALIZED BACK ROUNDED VOWEL JUST ABOVE THE HALF-CLOSE POSITION. Distribution: The diphthong / au / occurs initially, medially and finally as in owl / aul / , crowd / kraud / , and how / hau / . 36. / / as in boil / bl / Articulation: During the articulation of / / the glide begins at a point BETWEEN THE BACK OPEN AND HALF-OPEN POSITION AND MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF RP /I/ JUST ABOVE THE HALF-CLOSE POSITION. The lips are slightly rounded at the beginning and are loosely spread at the end. Distribution: The diphthong // occurs initially, medially and finally as in oil / l / , soil / sl / and boy / b / . 37. Centering diphthongs / , , / / / as in fear / f / Articulation: During the articulation of the diphthong / / the glide is from a FRONT UNROUNDED VOWEL JUST ABOVE THE HALF-CLOSE POSITION and moves in the direction of A CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN HALF-CLOSE AND HALF-OPEN (halfopen when final). Distribution: The diphthong // occurs initially, medially and finally as in earphone / fn /, merely / mli / and dear / d / . 38. / / as in fare / f / Articulation: During the articulation of the diphthong / / the glide begins at the FRONT POSITION BETWEEN HALF CLOSE AND HALF OPEN UNROUNDED POSITION and moves in the direction of A CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN HALF-CLOSE AND HALF-OPEN. Distribution: The diphthong / / occurs initially, medially and finally as in area / r/, caring / kr / and hare / h / . 39. / / as in poor / p / Articulation: During the articulation of / / the glide is from A BACK ROUNDED VOWEL JUST ABOVE THE HALF-CLOSE POSITION and moves in the direction of a CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL BETWEEN HALF-CLOSE AND HALF-OPEN. Distribution: The diphthong / / does not occur initially. It occurs medially and finally as in surely /l / and tour /t /.