phonological rules
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Phonological rules. LING 200 Spring 2006. Foreign accents and borrowed words. Borrowed words often pronounced according to phonological rules of borrowing language Foreign accents result from application of native language phonology to target language phonology - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Phonological rules
LING 200
Spring 2006
Foreign accents and borrowed words
• Borrowed words– often pronounced according to phonological
rules of borrowing language
• Foreign accents– result from application of native language
phonology to target language phonology– especially if language learned as adult
Spanish loans into English
Spanish in English
[pres] Padres [phdez]
[t] taco [th]
[burito] burrito [bio]
[sndyeo] San Diego [sndiego]
[r] = alveolar trill
[] = voiced velar fricative
[] = retroflex approximant; [] = alveolar tap
The original shibboleth
Writing phonological rules
• A common format /A/ B / C ___ D
A = phoneme(s) which undergo the ruleB = aspect of pronunciation changed (allophone
created)/ = in the context of___ = location of phoneme in contextC, D = conditioning elements of the context
• = ‘A becomes or adds B when preceded by C and followed by D’
Examples of phonological rules
• Mohawk Voicing– /p t k/ [b d g] / ___ V (V = vowel)
• English Aspiration– /p t k/ [ph th kh] / syllable[___
(syllable[ = when syllable initial)
• Beware: sounds transcribed with diacritic symbols are not always the predictable allophones
More on allophones
• Allophones of a phoneme must be phonetically similar; e.g. [p], [ph] as allophones of /p/ in English
English [], [h]
• [] = velar nasal• English [], [h] are in
complementary distribution – [h] / ___ V
– [] / V ___
[hd] [d]
[hs] [s]
*[dh] *[d]
* = unattested, ungrammatical, does not occur
English [], [h]
• Why not /h/ [] / ___ #
or // [h] / # ___ ?
• Phonological rules typically add or change single aspects of pronunciation
• Either rule would be too complex
Some types of phonological rules
• Assimilation: sound becomes more similar to the context– e.g. Mohawk Voicing
/p t k/ [b d g] / ___ V
• Dissimilation
• Deletion
• Epenthesis
Dissmilation• A sound becomes less similar to another sound• Laryngeal contrasts in Hindi.
– [] = voiced retroflex stop– [] = voiceless retroflex stop
• [l] ‘branch’• [l] ‘postpone’• [hl] ‘wood shop’• [l] ‘shield’ 5 = retroflex
Dissimilation
• Sanskrit. [b] = voiced aspirated labial stop
/budyte:/ [budyte:] 'is awake'
/bubo:d/ [bubo:d] 'was awake'
/bo:dsyati/ [bo:tsyati] 'will be awake'
Dissimilation
Grassman's Law (Sanskrit, Indo-European):
• Voiced aspirated stops/affricates are deaspirated before another voiced aspirated stop/affricate.
• C C / ___ ... C
Deletion
• Cree. Algonquian (BC-Ontario, Canada)
/pi:simw/ [pi:sim] ‘sun’
cf. /pi:simwak/ [pi:simwak] ‘suns’
• /w/ Ø / C ___ #
Epenthesis
• = insertion
• Sahaptin [] epenthesis
• Sahaptin vowel inventory
front central back
high i i: u u:
low :
Sahaptin consonant inventorylabial alveolar palatal velar labio-
velaruvular labio-
uvularglottal
stops p p’ t t’ k k’ kw kw’ q q’ qw qw’
affricates sibilant ts ts’ c c’
lateral t t’
fricatives central s š x xw w h
lateral
nasals m n
lateral l
glides w y
[]
= voiceless (alveolar) lateral fricative
[yy] 'rash, pimples'
[p’u] 'teardrop'
[p] 'leaf'
Articulation of an ejective stop0. Vocal folds close, producing []
0. Back of tongue raises to velum, producing [k]
[k] vs. [k’]
[kúpi] 'coffee'
[k’úsi] 'horse'
[k:s] 'train'
[k’sk’s] 'small'
[k’] = velar ejective (stop)
[q] vs. [q’]
[qyí] 'shoe'
[q’í]‘single layer tule mat’
[q] = voiceless uvular stop
[q’] = uvular ejective uvular
velar
Consonant classes
obstruents p p’ t t’ k k’ kw kw’ q q’ qw qw’
ts ts’ c c’
t t’
s š x xw w h
sonorants m n
l
w y
Sahaptin [] epenthesis in clusters
• obstruent + obstruent– /pti:t/ [pti:t] ‘damp’
• obstruent + sonorant– /tmš/ [tmš] ‘chokecherry’
• sonorant + obstruent– /mti:t/ [mtí:t] ‘humid’
• sonorant + sonorant– /mli:š/ [mlí:š] ‘tongue’
Sahaptin [] epenthesis
/ # C __ C sonorant
Application of rule: /mti:t/
[] epenthesis
[mtí:t]