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6.6.2

Appendix 6.2: Aerial Photograph Analysis at Paull

River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement Project

Under Regulation 5(2)(a) of the Infrastructure Planning (Applications: Prescribed Forms and Procedure) Regulations 2009

D O

C U

M E

N T

Application Reference: EN060004

April 2015

Alison DeeganAlison Deegan

AIR PH OTO MAPPI NG,

I NT E R PR E TAT IO N AND

ANALYS I S FO R AL L

ARC H AEO LO GI C AL APPL I C AT I O NS

w w w.a l i s o n d eegan .co .u k

6 WAIN CLOSE, SOUTH MILFORD, LEEDS LS25 5AH. Tel. 01977 684622, Mobile 07941 254850 [email protected]

Air Photo and LidarMapping and Interpretation

River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement Project (Paull)East Riding

July 2014

Project number 1415004

Undertaken by Alison Deegan BSc MIFA

Commissioned by

Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited

The Mill

Brimscombe Port

Stroud

Gloucestershire

GL5 2QG

©Alison Deegan 2014

Summary

This report concerns the results of interpretation and mapping of archaeological features from

existing air photographs for the River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement Project (Paull), East

Riding.

This survey has recorded widespread medieval and post medieval agricultural remains and evidence

of medieval settlement. This area has also been a focus for military defences with the presence of

the Paull Point Battery and other post medieval and 20th century installations.

This work was commissioned from Alison Deegan , 6 Wain Close, South Milford, Leeds LS25 5AH by

Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited, The Mill, Brimscombe Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG. Licence

to use this work is extended to Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited and their client. This work is supplied in

digital format as well as hard copy and the above named parties may manipulate and/or reproduce

the work as they wish providing the archaeological integrity of the work is not compromised. All

reproductions of the work either in part, whole or combined with other works should clearly identify

Alison Deegan as the author of the air photo interpretation and mapping.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Methodology

3 Results

4 Concluding remarks

Appendix 1 Archaeology from black and white and colour air photographs

Appendix 2 Archaeology from lidar survey data

Appendix 3 Sources consulted

Appendix 4 Structure and content of digital map dataset

Appendix 5 Archaeological features identified on air photos and lidar imagery

References and resources cited

Figure 1 Location plan for the River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement Project (Paull), East Riding

Figure 2 Overview of air photo and lidar mapping for the River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement

Project (Paull) (with labels)

Figure 3 Overview of air photo and lidar mapping for the River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement

Project (Paull) (without lables)

Figure 4 Detail of Paull Holme area from air photo and lidar mapping for the River Humber Gas

Pipeline Replacement Project (Paull)

Figure 5 Overview of condition from air photo and lidar mapping for the River Humber Gas Pipeline

Replacement Project (Paull)

Air Photo and Lidar Mapping and Interpretation

River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement Project (Paull), East Riding

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Client details

1.1.1 This work was commissioned by Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited, The Mill, Brimscombe

Port, Stroud, Gloucestershire, GL5 2QG.

1.2 Specification

1.2.1 The client required the mapping of levelled and upstanding archaeological features that

are visible on the available air photographs and lidar imagery. The mapping is at a nominal

scale of 1:2500.

1.3 The Survey Area (see Figure 1)

1.3.1 The air photo survey area (hereafter Survey Area) covers an area of approximately 7.7km2

and is centred at TA18392578 (518390,425780), near Paull on the north bank of the River

Humber in East Riding.

1.3.2 The Survey Area was defined by Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited and encompasses the

portion of the application site that lies on the north bank of the River Humber (hereafter

the Red Line Boundary) and its environs.

1.3.3 Approximately 1.7km2 of the Survey Area lies in the river estuary, the intertidal zone or

the area of the Managed Realignment known as Paull Holme Strays. The Paull Holme

Strays wetland was created in 2003 and prior to this was in cultivation and/or pasture.

1.3.4 The remainder of the Survey Area is now mostly under arable cultivation with some

unploughed zones around the farms and a built up area at Paull.

1.3.5 The Survey Area lies on Flamborough Chalk overlain with Quaternary Tidal Flat Deposits

(Clay and Silt) with small pockets of Kelsey Hill Gravels Sand and Gravel (glacial outwash)

(Geology of Britain Viewer). These gravels form slight prominences in the otherwise flat,

low-lying landscape and these are the focus for the extant settlement at Newton Garth,

Boreas Hill, Paull Holme and Paull.

1.3.6 A brief overview of the uses of air photographs and lidar imagery for archaeological

remote sensing is provided in Appendices 1 and 2.



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2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Data sources

2.1.1 The air photo collections held by the English Heritage Archive (EHA) and Humber Sites and

Monuments Record (HSMR) were consulted for this survey. The photographic prints were

systematically examined, using x2 magnification where necessary and stereoscopically

where possible. Selected prints were then photographed with a hand-held digital camera,

where permission to do so was granted.

2.1.2 Select digital images supplied at various resolutions by Cambridge University Collection of

Aerial Photographs (CUCAP) were examined on screen.

2.1.3 Digital images delivered through the Google Earth and Bing portals were examined on

screen and relevant views were captured.

2.1.4 Lists of the individual air photographs and image datasets consulted are provided in

Appendix 3.

2.1.5 1m resolution Digital Surface Model (DSM) LiDAR data in ASCII format was obtained from

the Environment Agency via the Bluesky MapShop for the area of the Red Line Boundary

and adjacent unploughed areas (see Figure 1).

2.2 Image capture, rectification and mapping

2.2.1 The LiDAR data was imported into LandSerf 2.3 and examined as elevation and shaded

relief surfaces. The viewing parameters were methodically adjusted to optimise the visual

appearance of any upstanding archaeological earthworks. Then ARCGIS “Gridfloat” rasters

from at least four different azimuthal angles were imported into MapInfo Professional

11.5.

2.2.2 The Bing portal delivers seamless georeferenced imagery direct into MAPINFO

Professional 11.5, archaeological and control information was digitised directly from this

source.

2.2.3 The various digital captures from the air photographs and Google Earth were rectified to

ground control points derived from the Ordnance Survey 1:2500 scale map supplied by

Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited.

2.2.4 Image transformation was undertaken using the Bradford Aerial Photographic



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Rectification Programme, AERIAL5.33. Archaeological features were mapped to a scale of

1:2500 in detail and accuracy. AERIAL5.33 gives error readings for each control point,

where 5 or more control points are used. In all cases errors of within ±3m were achieved

for the control points. However this may not reflect the on-the-ground positional accuracy

of the features mapped since these tend to lie between rather than at the control points.

2.2.5 All of the georeferenced photographs and images were then collated in MAPINFO

Professional 11.5 where the archaeological features were digitised, with reference back to

the original source material where possible.

2.2.6 Data pertaining to each feature was recorded in the MapInfo table. The structure and

content of the digital map dataset is described in Appendix 4.

3 RESULTS

3.1 The air photographs

3.1.1 The EHA holds 40 black and white and colour oblique air photographs of the Survey Area

in its specialist collection. The earliest were taken in 1991 and the latest in 2000 and these

were taken mainly for archaeological purposes.

3.1.2 The EHA also holds 113 black and white vertical air photographs from 27 different sorties

flown between 1946 and 1992. Together these cover the whole of the Survey Area and

provide good coverage for each decade. These vertical photographs were taken by or for

the Royal Air Force, Meridian Airmaps Ltd and the Ordnance Survey for military, civil

engineering and cartographic purposes rather than to record archaeological sites.

However many earthwork, soilmark and cropmarked archaeological features are visible

on these photographs.

3.1.3 The CUCAP collection holds five oblique air photos, all of Fort Paull and taken in 1969, and

seven vertical air photographs of the Survey Area taken in 1975 and 1976.

3.1.4 Humber SMR holds a variety of vertical and oblique air photographs and some colour

slides of the Survey Area. Some of the photos are duplicates of prints that are held in the

CUCAP and EHA, others were taken by local fliers, Hunting Surveys Ltd and BKS Ltd.

3.1.5 The aerial imagery provided on the Bing Maps website is not dated. It was flown when

most fields were under bare soils or grass and do not show archaeological cropmarks but

do reveal some subtle soilmarks.



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3.1.6 Google Earth shows imagery from five different occasions, two in 2003, two in 2007 and

one in 2008.

3.2 The archaeological features (Figures 2, 3 and 4)

The mapping is reproduced in Figures 2, 3 and 4. This report is supplied in conjunction

with a digital version of the map data, the recommended viewing scale is 1:2500 to

1:5000.

3.2.1 Each feature or group of features has been allocated a unique identifier. Numeric

references and those with the prefix SM (for Scheduled Monument) correlate with those

used in the Draft Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment (Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited

In Prep). Alphabetic references indicate monuments newly-recorded by this survey.

3.2.2 Details including the unique identifier, type, period and sources for individual

archaeological features can be accessed in the digital version of the mapping (see

Appendix 4) and these are summarised with a description in Appendix 5.

3.2.3 In the absence of direct archaeological evidence all attributions of date and type are open

to re-interpretation.

3.3 Neolithic and Bronze Age

3.3.1 No features of potential Neolithic and Bronze date were identified within the Survey Area

on the air photos and lidar imagery consulted.

3.4 Iron Age and Roman period

3.4.1 No features of potential Iron Age or Roman date were positively identified within the

Survey Area on the air photos and lidar imagery consulted.

3.4.2 Excavations to the north-east of Boreas Hill Farm revealed a low level of Iron Age activity

that was interpreted as an occupation site (Hyder no. 80). The SMR record card suggests

that few structural elements were present (information from MHU8764). No tangible

evidence for this site was visible on the air photos consulted for this survey.

3.4.3 A possible pit alignment has been previously recorded close to the Boreas Hill occupation

site but on the northern side of Thorngumbald Drain (Hyder no. 82). This information was

sourced to an unpublished RCHME typescript (not seen) and refers only to a RAF air

photograph (information from record card MHU8764). No such feature was identified on



5

the RAF air photographs consulted for this survey, though a short length of possible ditch

was seen in this area.

3.5 Early Medieval period

3.5.1 No features of potential early medieval date were identified within the Survey Area on the

air photos and lidar imagery consulted.

3.6 Medieval period

3.6.1 The historic air photographs show that the remains of ridge and furrow ploughing

survived as earthworks over a considerable portion of the Survey Area up to the middle of

the twentieth century.

3.6.2 In most cases the plough ridges are relatively broad (7m or more wide), which suggests

that these earthworks were created in the medieval period (eg 117, A, E and W). There is,

however, narrower, post medieval ploughing present in some fields (see 3.7.2 below) and

there are examples where the dating is more ambiguous because of poor earthwork

survival or cropmark and soilmark definition (eg O, AC and AA).

3.6.3 The medieval ridge and furrow is fairly extensive across the gravel islands at Newton

Garth, Boreas Hill, Paull Holme and Paull but is also present on the heavier soils in the

lower-lying areas between them.

3.6.4 Most of the medieval ridge and furrow appears to have been levelled on the most recent

air photos but small pockets may survive as earthworks or vestigial earthworks at Paull (I),

around Boreas Hill Farm (W) and around Auster Grange Farm (AB) (see Figure 5).

3.6.5 Paull Holme tower was built in the later years of this period. The structure, part of an

enclosing moat and the surrounding land have Scheduled Monument protection (Hyder

no. SM1). This structure is thought to have been part of a larger complex of buildings (SM

List Entry No. 1366242)

3.6.6 The fields to the south and south east of the tower have revealed a series of earthworks

that appear to be the remains of a settlement in the form of tofts, crofts and possible

building platforms. Whether the settlement significantly pre-dates or was broadly

contemporary with the tower complex is not known. Some of these features lie within the

Scheduled area (SM1) but others continue eastward beyond Dem’s Wood (Hyder no. 91).

The earthworks outside of the Scheduled area survived as earthworks at least until the



6

1940s. The most recent air photos suggest most of these remains have now been levelled

by modern ploughing and only a small of pocket of earthworks survive outside of the

protected area (see Figure 5).

3.6.7 The Survey Area also contains the site of a 12th century hospital at Newton Garth

(Hyder no. 117). Early air photographs show several earthworks in the two fields to the

west of Newton Garth, where the hospital is purported to have stood. Ridge and furrow of

possible medieval date was present in both fields. The more easterly field was marked

with scarp slopes to the north, east and south and banks ran north to south through the

western portion. A small near-square enclosure lay towards the south-west corner of this

field. It appeared that this feature cut the underlying ridge and furrow. All of these

features appear to have been levelled by ploughing on more recent air photos and the

hedgerow between the two fields has been removed. It is not clear whether any of these

linear earthworks and the enclosure were associated with the hospital or whether they

were of later, post medieval date.

3.6.8 Earthworks to the south of Rose Hill Farm may also be of medieval date (Hyder no. 110).

Consisting of an L-shaped length of ditch and a possible mound, the ditch appears to be

respected by the plough furrows approaching it from the west and there are no traces of

furrows within the angle of the ditch.

3.7 Post medieval period

3.7.1 As noted above some of the ridge and furrow within the Survey Area may be of post

medieval origin or re-used in this period (see 3.6.2).

3.7.2 There are also fields of narrow ridge and furrow, which is characteristic of this period and

reflects the use of horses or mechanical means to pull the plough and is distinct from the

broad ridges created by ox-drawn ploughs (eg H and N).

3.7.3 Of particular interest are the medieval or post medieval plough furrows recorded in AA.

Some of these furrows appear to continue up to the remains a former sea wall M. Both

lay seaward of the sea defences known as Cherry Cobb Sands Bank that stood at the time

of the earliest air photos and through the 20th century (not mapped).

3.7.4 The old sea wall M was visible as an earthwork until at least 1966. By 1976 this area had

been bought into cultivation and was protected by a more southerly sea defence, but the

former wall M did appear as a soilmark in bare ground in this year. The area of the old sea



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wall M and some of the ridge and furrow AA has now reverted to wetland as a result of

the Managed Realignment scheme.

3.7.5 Some, though not all the of small-scale quarrying activity identified within the Survey Area

probably dates to the later part of the post medieval period. This includes gravel pits on

Checker Hill (Z), at Paull Holme (AE) and Rose Hill Farm (Q).

3.7.6 Paull has a long history as a fortified place but the surviving earthworks and structures at

Paull Point Battery are substantially of late post medieval date. The battery is part of a

large complex which has Scheduled Monument protection and includes a Submarine

Mining Establishment and three searchlight emplacements (Hyder no. SM2). The air

photographs appear to indicate that the Submarine Mining Establishment has been

demolished. Being a predominantly architectural complex and lying as it does some

distance from the proposed development’s red line boundary the Paull Point Battery has

not been mapped in detail from the air photos.

3.7.7 The searchlight emplacements in SM2, two to the north of the battery and the third

approximately 250m south of the battery are Defence Electric Light types and were

installed in the late 19th century or early 20th century. (NHRE 911642 and SM List Entry

No. 1020425). The emplacement to the south of the battery appears to survive as a

concrete structure, the other two are not visible on recent air photos.

3.7.8 A large rectilinear mound lying to the west of Paull Holme appears to date to the late post

medieval period (87). It is depicted on the Ordnance Survey map of 1890 as an earthwork

and as the site of a triangulation point. It is possible that the mound was built to elevate

this survey point in an otherwise fairly flat terrain. This feature has now been levelled.

3.8 Early 20th century and Second World War

3.8.1 As noted in 3.7.7 the Defence Electric Lights lying within the curtilage of SM2 may be of

early 20th century date.

3.8.2 A Second World War gun emplacement just south of the south-west corner of the battery

also falls within the area of SM2. This was one of a number of small installations that were

visible as earthworks and structures on the post war air photos. Others have been

identified as a second gun emplacement, possible weapons pits, and emergency water

supply tank and other earthworks of unknown function (L) and, a little further to the

south, the remains of a See Saw searchlight emplacement (97). The features described in



8

L and 97 appear to have been levelled.

3.8.3 During the Second World War a heavy anti aircraft battery was built to the north-east of

Paull (111). This site is now a small industrial unit and although the footprint of some of

the original hardstanding is visible and some buildings may survive most of the above

ground elements appear to have been destroyed or removed.

3.8.4 A Second World War searchlight battery was positioned on Holme Hill (86). The remains

that were visible on the post war air photographs include two earthwork emplacements,

small mounds and a large pit. These features were levelled by 1966.

3.8.5 The remains of a bombing decoy command post are visible within the Survey Area near

Auster Grange Farm (79). The actual decoy, a 'Permanent Starfish' type was located

beyond the Survey Area.

3.8.6 Two other types of Second World War defences were present within the Survey Area, a

known and potential barrage balloon site at Paull (J and AF) and anti landing obstacles on

marshland south of Paull Holme (95). These were designed to deter low flying and landing

aircraft respectively.

3.8.7 In the early 1960s a Royal Observer Corps post (85) was established on Holme Hill, a little

to the north of the levelled searchlight battery (86)

(http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/roc/db/988112867.html). This feature appears to be

extant.

3.8.8 Some of the small scale sand and gravel extraction begun in the late post medieval period

continued in the 20th century (S) and new pits were opened (V). Some of the quarry pits

at S, V and Z have now been relandscaped.

3.9 Undated features.

3.9.1 There are a small number of features for which no date has been suggested. These are a

pair of ditches (AG), an area of ill-defined cropmarks (81) and a short length of ditch (82).

3.9.2 Feature AG shows as cropmarks running through an area of medieval ridge and furrow. It

is not visible as cutting into the ridge and furrow when the latter is visible as earthworks

on the early vertical air photos. This might suggest that it pre-dates the ridge and furrow

but it is not certain that these cropmarks are of archaeological origin.

3.9.3 As mentioned in 3.4.3 above the possible ditch depicted here as 82 may correlate with a



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putative pit alignment identified by an earlier survey. This interpretation could not be

verified by this survey and it is not certain that the ditch drawn is of archaeological origin.

3.9.4 Complex cropmarks of uncertain origin are visible north of Boreas Hill Farm on a colour

slide held by HSMR (81). Due to the poor quality of the photograph and the low quality of

the image projected by the slide viewer it is not possible to give a definitive assessment of

these features. It is not certain that any of these cropmarks are of archaeological origin.

3.10 Modern disturbances, natural features and undated sites

3.10.1 A small number of non-archaeological features have been depicted on Figures 2, 3 and 4

for the sake of clarity. These include recently removed field boundaries in the areas of G

and D, a possible modern drainage ditch south of 91, pipeline trenches running across AB,

a possible geological cropmark south of Rose Hill Farm and a relict channel in the area of

G.

4 CONCLUDING REMARKS

4.1.1 This survey has recorded widespread medieval and post medieval agricultural remains and

evidence of medieval settlement. This area has also been a focus for military sites with the

presence of the Paull Point Battery and other post medieval and 20th century installations.

4.1.2 Many of the features described in this report were visible as earthworks on the 1940s and

1950s air photographs but appear to have been levelled or removed in subsequent

decades. However remnants of these features may survive below the ground surface.

4.1.3 The Red Line Boundary of the proposed works intersects all or parts of the following

features identified by this survey.

Ref Elements of group within the Red

Line Boundary

Condition of elements within the Red

Line Boundary

N Medieval/post medieval ridge and

furrow

Area within red line boundary already

impacted by Managed Realignment

Scheme

O Medieval/post medieval ridge and

furrow

Levelled but with potential for below

ground remains

U Medieval/post medieval ridge and

furrow and ditch


ground remains



10

W Medieval ridge and furrow Vestigial earthwork

110 Western visible extent of rectilinear

enclosure/ditch


ground remains

P Medieval ridge and furrow Levelled but with potential for below

ground remains

F Medieval ridge and furrow and post

medieval field boundary/drainage

ditch


ground remains



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Appendix 1 Archaeology from black and white and colour air photographs

Air photographs taken in appropriate conditions can record crop marks, soilmarks and earthworks of

archaeological origin.

Crop marks result from variations in leaf and stalk colour and plant height and vigour. Crop marks occur where

there are anomalies below the ground: in-filled hollows, palaeochannels, frost cracks, archaeological pits,

ditches, surfaces and banks or modern disturbances such as land drains. Crop marks can also be created by

variations in the treatment of the topsoil and ground cover, for example the uneven application of fertilizers,

pesticides and herbicides or damage.

Crop marks that delineate buried and levelled archaeological features are the effect of differential growth and

ripening between the vegetation on the archaeological deposits and that on surrounding undisturbed ground.

Variations in growth and ripening are most visible when there is a significant difference in the water and

nutrient availability between the archaeological and natural deposits. Crop marks can form at any stage from

germination to ripening but the optimal conditions are during periods when precipitation is exceeded by

transpiration. This results in potential soil moisture deficit (SMD) and water-stressed plants (Jones and Evans

1975). Prolonged periods of SMD halt plant growth and then cause wilting of the plant leaves, stem and finally

root. Water-stress is exacerbated by free-draining sub-surface deposits such as archaeological walls or road

surfaces but mitigated by rich and humic ditch and pit deposits. Even after ripening, differences in crop height

and bulk can indicate the presence of buried features where there are no tonal differences. Crop marks can be

seen most clearly in large areas of homogenous, fast-growing plants such as cereal crops and, less frequently,

in root crops and grass. Crop marks produced in arable and grass at times of significant moisture stress, usually

over buried structures or other highly permeable archaeological deposits, are often referred to as parchmarks.

Soilmarks are the colour and tonal differences between archaeological deposits and the plough or subsoil. The

action of ploughing, which can penetrate the ground to a depth of 45cm, brings to the surface previously

buried material. The rotation of the plough exposes the cut surface uppermost. Where the plough cuts buried

and infilled archaeological features such as banks and ditches it brings to the surface slices of these deposits. If

these slices are sufficiently differentiated from the natural plough or subsoil they can be visible from the air.

Archaeological earthworks that are visible on the ground can also be seen from the air. Detection and

recording of earthworks from the air is determined by their survival and visibility. The survival of earthworks

depends on past and present land use; natural erosion processes, deliberate destruction and ploughing can all

reduce upstanding features to ground level. Earthworks can be revealed by the pattern of sunlight and shadow,

differential frost or snow cover or the distribution of standing and flood water. Large and subtle variations in

ground relief are further accentuated when viewed stereoscopically. Most stereo images are vertical

photographs taken in long, regular sorties but stereo-overlapping can also be achieved from correctly set-up

oblique views.



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Appendix 2 Archaeology from lidar survey data

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is a data collection technique that uses a laser to measure

certain variables. For archaeological purposes it is the distance between the aircraft and the ground that

provides particular interest. During lidar flights up to 100,000 measurements per second are made of the

ground, allowing highly detailed terrain models, including the details of surviving archaeological earthworks,

to be generated at spatial resolutions of between 25cm and 2 metres.

The lidar data used for this survey was obtained from the Environment Agency via the BlueSky mapshop as an

ASCII Digital Surface Model. This data was derived from a combination of all of the EA data collected since

1998, which has been merged and re-sampled to give the best possible coverage, with objects such as

vehicles, buildings and vegetation removed.

Further information and guidance on the use of lidar for archaeological prospection can be found in Crutchley

and Crow (2009)



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Appendix 3 Sources consulted

English Heritage Archive

English Heritage, The Engine House, Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon SN2 2EH. Enquiry reference no. AP 87638. The air

photographs listed below were consulted at the Archives on the 19th and 20th June 2014.

Vertical air photographs

Sortie no. & position Frame Library no. Date Scale 1:

RAF/3G/TUD/UK/217 V 5029 384 23 MAY 1946 5100

RAF/3G/TUD/UK/217 V 5030 384 23 MAY 1946 5100

RAF/3G/TUD/UK/217 V 5031 384 23 MAY 1946 5100

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 FS 2090 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 FS 2091 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 FS 2092 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 FS 2093 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 FS 2094 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 RP 3101 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 RP 3102 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1748 RP 3103 467 21 SEP 1946 10000

RAF/CPE/UK/1911 RS 4022 531 27 DEC 1946 9840

RAF/CPE/UK/1911 RS 4023 531 27 DEC 1946 9840

RAF/CPE/UK/1911 RS 4024 531 27 DEC 1946 9840

RAF/CPE/UK/1911 RS 4025 531 27 DEC 1946 9840

RAF/541/170 RP 3371 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RP 3372 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RP 3373 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RP 3374 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RP 3381 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RP 3382 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RS 4329 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RS 4330 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/541/170 RS 4331 940 21 SEP 1948 9960

RAF/58/1004 V 128 1333 03 FEB 1953 5400

RAF/58/1004 V 129 1333 03 FEB 1953 5400

RAF/58/1004 V 130 1333 03 FEB 1953 5400

RAF/58/1004 V 131 1333 03 FEB 1953 5400

RAF/58/1004 V 132 1333 03 FEB 1953 5400

RAF/540/1011 V 60 1376 04 FEB 1953 20000

RAF/540/1011 V 61 1376 04 FEB 1953 20000

RAF/58/1093 F21 412 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/58/1093 F21 413 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/58/1093 F21 414 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/58/1093 F21 415 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/58/1093 F22 412 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/58/1093 F22 413 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/58/1093 F22 414 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/58/1093 F22 415 1417 21 APR 1953 10000

RAF/543/552 F22 74 1900 12 MAY 1959 10400

MAL/70070 V 63 5653 16 SEP 1970 10000

MAL/70070 V 64 5653 16 SEP 1970 10000

MAL/70070 V 65 5653 16 SEP 1970 10000

MAL/70070 V 68 5653 16 SEP 1970 10000

MAL/70070 V 69 5653 16 SEP 1970 10000



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MAL/70070 V 70 5653 16 SEP 1970 10000

MAL/70070 V 71 5653 16 SEP 1970 10000

MAL/73033 V 6 7096 01 JUL 1973 10560

MAL/73033 V 7 7096 01 JUL 1973 10560

MAL/73033 V 8 7096 01 JUL 1973 10560

MAL/76007 V 57 7350 25 FEB 1976 10000

MAL/76007 V 59 7350 25 FEB 1976 10000

MAL/76007 V 65 7350 25 FEB 1976 10000

MAL/76008 V 188 7351 25 FEB 1976 10000

MAL/76008 V 190 7351 25 FEB 1976 10000

MAL/75030 V 261 8029 06 MAY 1975 10000

MAL/75029 V 249 8030 06 MAY 1975 10000

MAL/76047 V 61 8171 24 JUN 1976 10000

MAL/76047 V 62 8171 24 JUN 1976 10000

MAL/76047 V 63 8171 24 JUN 1976 10000

OS/86099 V 42 10599 12 JUN 1986 16200

OS/86099 V 43 10599 12 JUN 1986 16200

OS/66222 V 254 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 255 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 256 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 257 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 262 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 263 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 264 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 265 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 295 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66222 V 296 11517 19 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 12 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 13 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 65 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 66 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 67 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 68 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 69 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/66223 V 70 11518 20 AUG 1966 7500

OS/86059 V 2 12813 16 MAY 1986 10000

OS/86059 V 3 12813 16 MAY 1986 10000

OS/86059 V 4 12813 16 MAY 1986 10000

OS/86063 V 31 12816 19 MAY 1986 10540

OS/86063 V 32 12816 19 MAY 1986 10540

OS/86063 V 39 12816 19 MAY 1986 10540

OS/82039 V 15 12929 18 APR 1982 8000

OS/82039 V 16 12929 18 APR 1982 8000

OS/82039 V 17 12929 18 APR 1982 8000

OS/88251 V 83 13354 09 SEP 1988 16600

OS/88251 V 84 13354 09 SEP 1988 16600

OS/89403 V 66 13610 05 SEP 1989 5000

OS/89403 V 67 13610 05 SEP 1989 5000

OS/89403 V 68 13610 05 SEP 1989 5000

OS/89403 V 95 13610 05 SEP 1989 5000

OS/89403 V 96 13610 05 SEP 1989 5000

OS/89415 V 247 13620 05 SEP 1989 16600

OS/89415 V 248 13620 05 SEP 1989 16600

OS/92241 V 247 13999 06 JUL 1992 5000

OS/92241 V 248 13999 06 JUL 1992 5000

OS/92241 V 249 13999 06 JUL 1992 5000



15


OS/92241 V 250 13999 06 JUL 1992 5000

OS/92327 V 4 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92327 V 5 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92327 V 6 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92327 V 7 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92327 V 25 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92327 V 26 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92327 V 27 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92327 V 28 14118 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92328 V 8 14120 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92328 V 9 14120 26 MAY 1992 7400

OS/92328 V 10 14120 26 MAY 1992 7400

RAF = Royal Air Force, MAL = Meridian Airmaps Ltd, OS = Ordnance Survey

Specialist (oblique) air photographs

Photo reference Film and frame number Date Film type

TA 1625 / 1 NMR 12104 / 32 04 JUL 1991 Black& white



TA 1625 / 4 NMR 12081 / 11 04 JUL 1991 Colour slide


TA 1625 / 6 NMR 12614 / 23 06 JAN 1995 Colour slide


TA 1625 / 8 NMR 17429 / 32 17 JAN 2000 Colour neg



TA 1626 / 4 NMR 12612 / 52 06 JAN 1995 Black& white












TA 1726 / 7 NMR 12423 / 02 06 SEP 1993 Colour slide












TA 1824 / 8 NMR 17037 / 49 05 AUG 1997 Black& white

TA 1824 / 9 NMR 17037 / 50 05 AUG 1997 Black& white

TA 1824 / 10 NMR 17038 / 28 05 AUG 1997 Colour neg

TA 1824 / 11 NMR 17038 / 29 05 AUG 1997 Colour neg

TA 1824 / 12 NMR 17025 / 22 05 AUG 1997 Colour slide

TA 1824 / 13 NMR 17025 / 23 05 AUG 1997 Colour slide



16

Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photographs (CUCAP) Library

Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN. Scans of the

following air photographs were examined on screen between 10th and 27th June 2014.

Reference nos Date Type Scan quality

RC8 CV169 04-JUN-1976 VERTICAL HIGH

RC8 CV170 04-JUN-1976 LOW


RC8 CV172 04-JUN-1976 HIGH

RC8 CV174 04-JUN-1976 HIGH


RC8 GH160 26-JUN-1975 HIGH

AZY94 13 NOV 1969 OBLIQUE LOW

AZY95 13 NOV 1969 LOW




Humber Sites and Monuments Record

Economic Development and Regeneration, Hull City Council, Humber Archaeology Partnership, The Old School,

Northumberland Avenue, Hull, HU2 OLN. The following air photographs and colour slides were examined the

25th June 2014. The slides were viewed through an enlarger but the image quality was low.

Source Sortie & frame Date Type

CUCAP RC8 CV 169* 16-SEP-1978

VE

RT

ICA

L

Hunting Surveys Ltd HSL/UK/81 35 1152 29-SEP-1981

Hunting Surveys Ltd HSL/UK/81 35 1153 29-SEP-1981

BKS Survey Ltd BKS/UK/89/01 185 21-FEB-1989







Ordnance Survey OS/66222 261** 19-AUG-1966












17

D Brooks 38/12? 1970S

OB

LIQ

UE

HAP 89/11/14 HAP 89/11/14 07-MAR-1989

HCC (J Dent) HAP/89/11/15 07-MAR-1989

HAP 91/19/2 HAP 91/19/2 17-JUL-1991

HAP 91/19/3 HAP 91/19/3 17-JUL-1991

HAP 91/19/4 HAP 91/19/4 17-JUL-1991

HAP 91/19/5 HAP 91/19/5 17-JUL-1991

HCC (E. Dennison) HAP/19/19/6 17-JUL-1991



HAP Slide No. 11.0539 23-JUL-1991 OBLIQUE

(COLOUR

SLIDE) HAP Slide No. 11.0540 23-JUL-1991

* Duplicate of CUCAP photograph

** These are large scale duplicates of OS photographs held by the EHA.

Other imagery consulted

The following resources were consulted between 10th and 27th of June 2014.

Resource Link/Source Date Description and comment

Google Earth http://earth.google.com/

2003 Partial coverage

2003 Partial coverage

9/5/2007 Full coverage

2007 Full coverage

01-JUL-2008 Partial coverage

Bing maps http://www.bing.com/maps No date Full coverage

Bluesky

MapShop

https://www.blueskymapshop.

com/ No date 1m resolution lidar DSM ASCII format



18

APPENDIX 4 STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF DIGITAL MAP DATASET

Data field Description

REFNO

Unique Identifier (SM prefix indicates Scheduled Monument, numeric indicates

existing Desk Based Assessment identifier, alphabetic indicates newly-recorded

monument(s) arising from the survey).

TYPE NMR Monument Type Thesaurus term

PERIOD Period

LAYER BANK, DITCH, FURROW,RF, EXTENT OF FEATURE, MODERN, NATURAL FEATURE

RESOURCE1 Reference for resource (air photo or lidar)

DATE1 Date of PHOTO1

FORM1 Evidence (earthwork, structure, soilmark, parchmark, cropmark)

SOURCE1 Source of PHOTO1

RESOURCE2

As above for additional images (optional) DATE2

FORM2

SOURCE2

RESOURCE3

As above for additional images (optional) DATE3

FORM3

SOURCE3

LATEST CONDITION Condition of monument as observed on most recent photo or imagery

LATEST RESOURCE Reference for the resource from which the LATEST CONDITION was observed



19

APPENDIX 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES IDENTIFIED ON AIR PHOTOS AND LIDAR IMAGERY (SEE FIGURES 2-4)

REF Central NGR Type(s) Period(s) Description of feature(s)

SM1 TA1851 2488 TOWER HOUSE

MOAT

MOUND

BUILDING

PLATFORM

TRACKWAY

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Scheduled Monument: Paull Holme Tower (1366242). (1)

The scheduled area also includes the possible north and east arms of a moat, part of a trackway that runs east to west

on the south side of the tower and south of this a possible building platform and croft or field boundary. These

features are visible as earthworks on early and recent air photos and on lidar imagery. These earthworks are part of a

more extensive settlement, the parts of which that lie beyond SM1 are recorded in 91. (2-5)

1 List no. 1366242

2 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

3 BKS/UK8901 187

4 LIDAR

5 BING

SM2 TA1693 2553 COASTAL

BATTERY

ARMAMENT

DEPOT

COAST ARTILLERY

SEARCHLIGHT

SUBMARINE

MINE DEPOT

POST MEDIEVAL

20TH CENTURY

Scheduled Monument: Paull Point Battery, coastal artillery battery and Submarine Mining Establishment. (1)

The scheduled area encompasses the pentagonal Paull Point Battery, the area of the former submarine mine depot to

the north, a possible gun emplacement to the south of the battery at TA16962 25355, the sites of two coast artillery

searchlights, (also known as Defence Electric Light emplacements) north of the battery at TA16807 25664 and

TA16797 2568, and a third example in a detached scheduled area at TA17070 25164. The latter emplacement and the

battery survive as extant structures and associated earthworks. The Submarine Mining Establishment and the nearby

searchlight emplacements were removed between 1966 and 1985 but below ground elements may survive. (2-4)

1 List no.1020425

2 RAF/3G/TUD/UK217 5030

3 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4025

3 OS/86059 22

4 BING



20


79 TA1904 2473 COMMAND POST

BOMBING DECOY

SECOND WORLD

WAR

The command post of a bombing decoy is visible as a series of structures at the edge of a field on early air photos. The

'Permanent Starfish' bombing decoy was located beyond the Survey Area at TA1901 2435 (1). Two of the command

post buildings appear to survive on more recent air photos but the surrounding area is now under cultivation. (2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 BING

81 TA1885 2585 UNCERTAIN UNCERTAIN Cropmarks of uncertain origin are visible on two air photos (colour slides). Most of these cropmarks appear to be of

natural origin but the quality of these images is insufficient to identify marks of potential archaeological origin. (1-2)

1 HAP SLIDE 11.0539

2 HAP SLIDE 11.0540

82 TA1843 2578 DITCH UNCERTAIN A short section of ditch of uncertain date is visible as a cropmark on 1946 RAF vertical air photos. The location and

orientation of this feature appears to concord with the ‘possible pit alignment’ recorded in MHU18568. The available

evidence does not support the prehistoric pit alignment interpretation and it is not certain that this feature is of

archaeological origin. (1)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2092

85 TA1827 2490 ROYAL OBSERVER

CORPS SITE

MID 20TH

CENTURY

A Royal Observer Corps site is visible as an earthwork mound and entrance structure on air photos taken in 1966 and

onwards. This site is still extant (1-4)

1 BKS/UK/8901 187

2 GE 2007

3 BING

4 http://www.subbrit.org.uk/rsg/roc/db/988112867.html



21


86 TA1824 2488 SEARCHLIGHT

BATTERY

SECOND WORLD

WAR

A searchlight battery is visible as earthworks in the field to the west of Paull Holme on early air photos. The battery

comprised two circular emplacements and smaller peripheral mounds and a pit of uncertain function. (1). These

earthworks had been levelled by 1966 (2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 OS/66222 262

87 TA1834 2486 MOUND POST MEDIEVAL A large rectilinear mound with a scoop in the top is visible as an earthwork on historic air photos. (1) It is depicted on

the Ordnance Survey map of 1890 as an earthwork and as the site of a triangulation point. It is possible that the

mound was built to elevate this survey point in an otherwise fairly flat terrain. (2) The mound appears to have been

levelled on more recent air photos and the Ordnance Survey triangulation point Paull Holme (new) (TA12/T044) lies a

little to the north of the site of the mound. (3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 1890

3 OS/66222 262



22


91 TA1870 2484 TOFT

CROFT

BUILDING

PLATFORM

RIDGE AND

FURROW

TRACKWAY

DRAINAGE DITCH

WATER CHANNEL

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

The remains of a medieval settlement and some post medieval features are visible as earthworks on historic air

photos. These remains are the eastward continuation of the Paull Holme complex SM1. The settlement comprises a

series of crofts and tofts that run along the south-east facing slope of Boreas Hill with at least 6 possible house

platforms and some ridge and furrow. The slight scarp that runs east to west along the northern edge of the crofts

may mark the route of a former trackway that continued westward through SM1 and possibly U. Some of the ditches

visible in this area may be later drainage ditches or field boundaries. Most of these features appear to have been

levelled on more recent air photo but the lidar data indicates two small pockets of earthworks, one adjacent to the

scheduled areas SM1, the other in the Dem’s Wood. (1-5)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 OS/66222 262

3 OS/86059 94

4 LIDAR

5 BING

95 TA1807 2455 ANTI LANDING

OBSTACLE

SECOND WORLD

WAR

Three anti landing obstacles, trenches flanked by upcast pits, are visible as earthworks on historic air photos. These

feature ran across what was an area of marshland south of Paull Holme. This area had been reclaimed and bought into

cultivation by 1989 and the features had been levelled. Most of this area is now part of the Paull Holme Strays

managed realignment scheme. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK11748 3101

2 MAL/76007 57

3 BING



23


97 TA1706 2512 SEARCHLIGHT

EMPLACEMENT

SECOND WORLD

WAR

The earthwork mound of a See-Saw electric light emplacement is visible on historic air photos. (1)

It appears to have been levelled on more recent air photos. (2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4025

2 GE2003

110 TA1805 2615 RECTILINEAR

ENCLOSURE

DITCH

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Ditches and a possible mound are visible as earthworks on historic air photos. The ditches may be two sides of a

rectilinear enclosure and they are flanked to the north by medieval ridge and furrow (see P). The interior of the

putative enclosure is partially obscured by the mound and a more recent trackway but it appears to be devoid of ridge

and furrow ploughing. (1)

These feature were levelled by 1975. (2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

2 MAL/75030 261

111 HEAVY ANTI

AIRCRAFT

BATTERY

MILITARY

BUILDING

GUN

EMPLACEMENTS

SECOND WORLD

WAR

The remains of a heavy anti aircraft battery are visible on early air photographs. Four gun emplacements stood on

hardstandings radiating from a central building with further buildings to the north. (1)

Recent air photos indicate that some of the buildings may survive but the gun emplacements have been removed.(2)

1 RAF/540/1497 F21 55 05-DEC-1954

2 BING



24


117 TA 1795 2695 RIDGE AND

FURROW

SCARP

BANK

DITCH

RECTILINEAR

ENCLOSURE

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Earthworks are visible in two fields (Hospital Garth and Newton Garth) that have been identified as the site medieval

hospital. (1-2)

The earthworks comprise ridge and furrow, aligned north to south, in both fields, a broad ditch partially dividing the

two fields, a series of banks and scarp slopes at the edges of Newton Garth and a small rectilinear enclosure. The ridge

and furrow appears to be of medieval date but the other features, particularly the enclosure, which appears to overlie

the plough ridges may be of post medieval origin. It is not certain if any of these remains are directly associated with

medieval hospital. (3-5)

1 NHRE 1345568

2 Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 1855

3 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

4 OS/66222 255

5 GE2003

A TA1742 2720 RIDGE AND

FURROW

POND

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Medieval ridge and furrow and a small pond of likely post medieval date are visible as earthworks, cropmarks and

soilmarks on historic and recent air photos. These remains lie on either side of Paull Road. The small elongated pond

appears to be hollowed into a plough ridge at TA1719 2725. All of these remains appear to have been levelled on

recent air photos. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

2 RC8 CV169

3 BING

B TA1819 2711 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on historic air photos on the north-east side of Newton Garth.

These remains appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos. (1-2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

2 BING



25


C TA1712 2649 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as cropmarks and earthworks on historic air photos in the fields. These remains

appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos (1-2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2094

2 BING

D TA1702 2607 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks and cropmarks on historic air photos in the fields around Turpit

Lane. These remains appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2094

2 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4022

3 BING

E TA1744 2594 RIDGE AND

FURROW

POND

MEDIEVAL POST

MEDIEVAL

Medieval ridge and furrow and a small post medieval pond are visible as earthworks and cropmarks on historic air

photos. These remains appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

2 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2094

3 BING

F TA1788 2660 RIDGE AND

FURROW

FIELD BOUNDARY

SCARP

DRAINAGE DITCH

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Medieval ridge and furrow and post medieval field boundaries or drainage ditches are visible as earthworks and

cropmarks on historic air photos. These remains lie in the fields to the north of Rose Hill. The furrows are aligned

north-east to south-west. Most of the field boundaries or drainage ditches are in the same alignment and probably

recut the original furrows. These remains appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2092

2 BKS/UK/8901 188

3 BING



26


G TA1816 2676 NARROW RIDGE

AND FURROW

POST MEDIEVAL A block of post medieval narrow ridge and furrow and a fragment of field boundary are visible as earthworks on

historic air photos. These remains lie in a field to the south of Newton Garth. The narrow ridge and furrow appears to

cut across a relict marsh creek. These remains appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos. (1-2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2092

2 BING

H TA1844 2673 RIDGE AND

FURROW

POND

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Medieval ridge and furrow and a probable post medieval pond are visible as earthworks on historic air photos. More

recent air photos indicate that the ridge and furrow has been levelled but the pond survives as an earthwork. (1-2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2092

2 BING

I TA1698 2582 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks and soilmarks on historic air photos. These remains lie in fields

either side of Battery Road. The remains to the west of the road appear to survive as earthworks on recent air photos,

those to the east appear to have been levelled since the earliest air photos. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2094

2 RAF/58/1004 130

3 BING

J TA1692 2581 BARRAGE

BALLOON SITE

SECOND WORLD

WAR

The remains of barrage balloon tethering site are visible as earthworks on early post-war air photos. No above ground

remains of this feature are visible at the location on more recent air photos. (1-2)

1 RAF/3G/TUD/UK/217 5030

2 BING

K TA1703 2532 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL A fragment of medieval ridge and furrow is visible as faint cropmarks and soilmarks in the field to the south of Fort

Paull.

1 RAF/58/1004 130

2 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4025



27


L TA1705 2525 GUN

EMPLACMENT

MOUND

WEAPONS PIT

EMERGENCY

WATER SUPPLY

SECOND WORLD

WAR

Early post-war air photos show several small and discrete Second World War features on the land south of Fort Paull.

Some of these are described in SM2 or 97 those that are not are included in this record. These are a possible gun

emplacement at TA1699 2534, two small mounds at TA17051 25329 and TA17067 2529, which may be weapons pits,

a curving embankment of unknown function at TA1703 2525 and a circular tank, possibly an emergency water supply

adjacent to the coast artillery searchlight included in SM2. These features appear to have been levelled on more

recent air photos. (1-2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4025

2 BING

M TA1813 2452 SEA DEFENCEAS POST MEDIEVAL A section of former sea wall is visible as vestigial earthworks on historic air photos. In the 1940s the extant sea wall,

known as Cherry Cobb Sands Bank lay further inland and this area was marsh. By 1976 this area had been reclaimed

and was protected by a more southerly sea defence, and the old sea wall was visible as a soilmark. This feature has

now been impacted by the recent Managed Realignment scheme. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK11748 3101

2 MAL/76007 57

3 BING

N TA1748 2522 NARROW RIDGE

AND FURROW

RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Possible medieval or post medieval ridge and furrow and post medieval narrow ridge and furrow are visible as

soilmarks on historic air photos. These remains were located in fields between Thorngumbald Road and the sea wall as

it stood at that time. In 2003 the sea wall was rebuilt 570m inland as part of the Managed Realignment scheme and so

large parts of these remains have been eroded by the ingress of water. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4025

2 HSL/UK 8135 1153

3 BING



28


O TA1804 2566 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Medieval or post medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks, cropmarks and soilmarks on historic air photos.

All of these remains appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2092

2 OS/82039 15

3 HSL/UK 8135 1153

P TA1800 2622 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL Medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on historic air photos. These remains are located in small fields to

the south and south-west of Rose Hill Farm. These features appear to have been levelled on more recent air photos.

(1-4)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

2 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2092

3 RC8 CV169

4 BING

Q TA1806 2628 GRAVEL PIT POST MEDIEVAL A small post medieval gravel pit is visible as earthworks on historic air photos. This quarry appears to have truncated

the earlier ridge and furrow (P). A slightly smaller pit is depicted and labelled ‘Gravel Pit’ on the Ordnance Survey map

of 1855 at this location. This feature appears to have been levelled and is partially built over. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

2 Ordnance Survey 1:10 560 1855

3 BING



29


R TA1815 2615 HOLLOW

POND

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

A low lying area, which may be the remains of a medieval or post medieval pond or other hollow is visible on historic

air photos. This hollow is flanked by medieval ridge and furrow to the north (see P) and post medieval quarrying to the

south (see S). Photographs taken in 1977 show the hollow as it is being filled in. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093

2 OS/66222 264

3 BING

S TA1814 2606 SAND PIT POST MEDIEVAL

EARLY 20TH

CENTURY

An area of late post medieval or early 20th century extraction is visible as earthworks on historic air photos. These

workings are depicted and labelled ‘Sand Pit’ on the Ordnance Survey map of 1910 but not the 1890 edition. These

remains have been partly relandscaped on more recent air photos. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2093


2 BING

T TA1838 2604 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL Possible medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks on historic air photos. This ridge and furrow appears to

have been levelled on recent air photos. (1-2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2092

2 BING



30


U TA1814 2496 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL Medieval ridge and furrow, a plough headland and a ditch of possible post medieval date are visible as earthworks on

historic air photos. These remains are located on Holme Hill, to the west of Paull Holme. Some of the ridge and furrow

appears to have been truncated by 20th century gravel extraction (see V). More recent air photos suggest most of

these remains have been levelled but the plough headland is visible as a vestigial earthworks on the lidar imagery. (1-

3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 LIDAR

3 BING

V TA1834 2496 GRAVEL PIT 20TH CENTURY Gravel pits are visible as earthworks and may still have been in use on historic air photos. These remains are located

on the eastern side of Holme Hill. (1) These pits are depicted on the Ordnance Survey map of 1927 but not earlier

editions. (2) They appear to have been relandscaped on the more recent air photos. (3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101


3 BING



31


W TA1876 2523 RIDGE AND

FURROW

PLOUGH

HEADLAND

POND

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Medieval ridge and furrow, a plough headland and a post medieval pond are visible as earthworks across Boreas Hill

on historic air photos. Some of this ridge and furrow appears to be cut by Dark Lane indicating that the ploughing

predates the road. Most of this ridge and furrow appears to have been levelled on more recent air photos but ridges in

fields to the immediate south and east of Boreas Hill Farm are visible as earthworks on recent air photos and on the

lidar imagery. (1-8).

1 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4022

2 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4023

3 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

4 BKS/UK/8901 186

5 BKS/UK/8901 187

6 OS/66222 262

7 LIDAR

8 BING

X TA1820 2482 TRACKWAY

SCARP

HOLLOW

QUARRY

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

20TH CENTURY

The route of a possible trackway and two small hollows which may be the remains of quarry pits are visible as

earthworks on historic air photos and lidar imagery. The putative trackway, which is marked by a scarp slope and ditch

may be a continuation of the medieval route running through the settlements to the east (SM1 and 91). Most of these

features appear to survive as earthworks on more recent air photos though some may be impacted by the recently-

constructed sea defence. (1-5)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4025

3 RAF/541/170 4329

4 GE2003

5 LIDAR



32


Y TA1918 2542 RIDGE AND

FURROW

POST MEDIEVAL A block of possible post medieval ridge and furrow is visible as cropmarks on historic air photos. (1)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4022

Z TA1943 2536 GRAVEL PIT

FIELD BOUNDARY

DITCH

DRAINAGE DITCH

POST MEDIEVAL

20TH CENTURY

A chain of gravel pits, a field boundary and drainage ditches are visible as earthworks on historic air photos on Checker

Hill. (1-3). Some of these pits are depicted on the Ordnance Survey map of 1888, those to the north of the road are

labelled ‘Old Gravel Pit’, those to the south ‘Gravel Pit’. (4) Recent air photos indicate most of these features have now

been levelled. (5)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4022

2 RC8 RC172

3 BKS/UK/8901 186


5 BING

AA TA1822 2466 RIDGE AND

FURROW

POND

DITCH

MEDEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Medieval and/or post medieval ridge and furrow, a small pond and a ditch are visible as earthworks and cropmarks on

historic air photos. The ridge and furrow is located in the fields between Holme Hill and what may be the remains of

the old sea wall (see M). In the 1940s the extant sea defences, known as Cherry Cobb Sands Bank, lay inland of the

putative old sea wall (M) and the land between the two was marsh. However the presence of plough furrows here

suggests that it was cultivated in the medieval or post medieval period. (1-3)

By 1976 the land south of Cherry Cobb Sands Bank had been reclaimed and was defended by a more southerly sea

wall but many of these features were impacted by the recent managed realignment scheme. (4-5)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4025

3 OS/66222 261

4 MAL/76007 57

5 BING



33


AB TA1915 2476 RIDGE AND

FURROW

POND

MEDIEVAL

POST MEDIEVAL

Possible medieval ridge and furrow and a small pond of likely post medieval date are visible as earthworks and

cropmarks on historic air photos. These remains are located in the fields around Auster Grange. The plough ridges in

the fields immediately adjacent to the farm appear to survive as earthworks on more recent air photos but the others

appear to have been levelled. (1-3)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4022

3 BING

AC TA1978 2514 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL

Possible medieval and/or post medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks and cropmarks on historic air photos.

The remains are located in fields around Oxgoddess Farm. Sometime between 1966 and 1976 a small airfield was

established in a field to the south-east of the farm, just beyond the limits of this survey. Associated structures were

built around the farm including an aircraft hangar and at some point a Second World War Nissen Hut has been

reconstructed on the site. These features have not been mapped or recorded. The plough ridges appear to have been

levelled on recent air photos. (1-4)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1911 4022

2 RC8 CV172

3 BKS/8901 186

4 BING

AD TA2006 2600 RIDGE AND

FURROW

MEDIEVAL Possible medieval and/or post medieval ridge and furrow is visible as earthworks and cropmarks on historic air photos.

The remains are located on the north side of Green Marsh Farm



34


AE TA1864 2488 GRAVEL PIT POST MEDIEVAL Three small post medieval gravel pits are visible as earthworks on historic and recent air photos and on lidar imagery.

(1-3). The more northerly of the three is depicted but not labelled on the Ordnance Survey map of 1890. (4)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 3101

2 LIDAR

3 BING


AF TA16894

26093

POND

BARRAGE

BALLOON SITE

POST MEDIEVAL

SECOND WORLD

WAR

A small disturbance is visible as an earthwork cut into underlying medieval ridge and furrow on historic air photos. The

feature may be the remains of a Second World War barrage balloon site, another such site lies 275m to the south-

west (see J) or a post medieval pond. This site has now been built over. (1-2)

1 RAF/CPE/UK1748 2094

2 BING

AG TA1767 2673 DITCH UNCERTAIN Cropmarks suggesting a pair of ditches are visible on recent air photos. These putative ditches are aligned north-west

to south-east towards Rose Hill. They are only visible over a distance of 60m and appear to predate the ridge and

furrow that survived as earthworks in this area until at least the 1940s (see F) but these cropmarks may not be of

archaeological origin (1)

1 GE2003



35

References and resources cited

Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited In Prep. National Grid Feeder No. 9 River Humber Pipeline Replacement Project

Environmental Impact Assessment Cultural Heritage Desk-Based Assessment.

Jones, R J A and Evans, R 1975. ‘Soil and crop marks in the recognition of archaeological site by air photography’

in Wilson, D (ed) Aerial Reconnaissance for Archaeology. CBA Research Report 12. 1-11

Digital resources

Geology of Britain Viewer was accessed via http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html July 2014

NHRE records were accessed via http://www.pastscape.org.uk/

Scheduled monument descriptions were accessed via http://www.english-

heritage.org.uk/professional/protection/process/national-heritage-list-for-england/

Information on the Paull Holme (new) triangulation point TA12/TO44 was accessed via

http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/gps/legacy-control-information/triangulation-stations

AIR PHOTO AND LIDAR

SURVEY AREA

RED LINE BOUNDARY

EXTENT OF LIDAR

COVERAGE

EAST RIDING

SurveyArea

Figure 1. Location plan for the River Humber Gas Pipeline Replacement Project (Paull), East Riding

NORTH SEA

photograph analysis at paull - planning inspectorate · photograph analysis at paull river humber...

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