SOLAR REFRIGERATION CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORTin partial fulfillment for the award of the degreeofBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYINMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under The Guidance of: Submitted by:Mr. Vikas Rathore Manoj K.Mallick (11105019)Assistant Professor (ME) Piyuesh Goyal (11102052) Puneet (11107785) Lokesh Paliwal (11107291) Pratik LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY Phagwara144401, Punjab (India)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project titled Solar Refrigeration that is being submitted by Phulkari is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY DEGREE, is a record of bonafide work done under my guidance. The contents of this project, in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor have been submitted to any other Institute or University for award of any degree or diploma and the same is certified.

Head of Department Mr. Vikas Rathore Mechanical Engineering Project SupervisorLovely Professional University (Mechanical Department)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As per our university syllabus we have to take capstone project. It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, and acts during the project. I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Vikas Rathore (Assistant Professor , Mechanical department) , for providing me an opportunity to undergo in this project . Great appreciation goes to Mr. (H.O.S . Mechanical Department ) who helps us from time to time during the project..We are thankful to Mr. Vikas Rathore for his support, cooperation, and motivation provided to me during our project for constant inspiration, presence and blessings. The supervision and support that he gave truly help the progression and smoothness of the project. The co-operation is much indeed appreciated.I also extend my sincere appreciation to my faculty members (Mechanical Engineering Department), who provided there valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report. Besides, this project makes me realized the value of working together as a team and as a new experience in working environment, which challenges us every minute. Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTSeeCERTIFICATEiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT...iiiLIST OF TABLES..viiLIST OF FIGURE..viii CHAPTER :1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Name of the project2 1.2. Coordinates.2 CHAPTER :21. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY......3

CHAPTER : 3 3. Literature review 3.1. What is Refrigeration3 3.2. Types of Refrigeration 4 3.3. Solar Refrigeration7 3.4. Types of Solar Refrigeration include8 3.4.1.Photovoltaic Operated Refrigeration Cycle8 3.4.2. Solar Mechanical Refrigeration9 3.4.3.Absorption Refrigeration9 3.5. Advantages10 3.6. Disadvantages11

CHAPTER:4 4. About project 4.1. Location17 4.2. Specification17 4.2.1. Front view Specification17 4.2.2. Side view Specification17 4.3. Job information18 4.4. Section properties19 4.5. Material use19

CHAPTER:5 5.1.Problem Statement.20 5.2.Preliminary work 21

CHAPTER:6 6.1. Design criteria.22. CHAPTER:7 7.1. Design Staad-Pro model 7.1.1. Front view of Foot over bridge28 7.1.1.1. Section A-A 28 7.1.1.2. Section B-B 28 7.1.2.Top view of Foot over bridge29 7.1.3. Foundation of foot over bridge29 7.1.4. Handrail of satir case30 7.1.5. Cross-section of foot over bridge30 7.1.6. Base of Foot bridge31 7.2. Load calculations32 7.2.1. Live load32 7.2.2. Dead load32 7.2.3. Summary of load33 7.3. Staad-Pro load34 7.3.1.Basic Load34 7.3.2. Seismic Loading : EL X+VE34 7.3.3. Seismic Loading : EL Z-VE35 7.3.4 Wind Load Definition Type-1 36 7.3.5 Dead Load (Self Weight)36 7.3.6. Live Load36 7.3.7. Wind Load37 7.3.8. Combination load cases38 7.4. Full 3-D Model39 7.4.1. Front View39 7.4.2. 3-D View39

CHAPTER:8 8.1. Scopse of project40 8.1.1. Some scope of Foot over bridge40 CHAPTER:9 9.1. Conclusion and summary of work done41

List of Tables

Table 1 Job information...18Table 2 Section properties.....19Table 3 material use......19Table 4 Design criteria..22Table 5 Basic load cases..34Table 6 Seismic loading EL X+VE...34Table 7 Seismic loading EL Z-VE....34 Table 8 Wind load definition Type 1..35Table 9 Dead load (self weight.....36Table 10 Wind load.37Table 11 Combination load cases..38

List of figure

Figure 1 Beam bridge4Figure 2 Truss bridge4Figure 3 Cantilever bridge4Figure 4 Arch bridge4Figure 5 Tied arch bridge5Figure 6 Suspension bridge5Figure 7 Cable-stayed bridge5Figure 8 simple suspension bridge8Figure 9 clapper bridge8Figure 10 Moon bridge9Figure 11 Step-stone bridge10Figure 12 Zig-Zag bridge11Figure 13 Plank bridge11Figure 14 Boardwalk bridge12Figure 15 Joist14Figure 16 Truss15Figure 17 Front view specification17Figure 18 Side view specification 17Figure 19 Problem statement20Figure 20 Foundation of foot over bridge29Figure 21 Half plan at founadtion30Figure 22 Base of foot bridge31Figure 23 Earthquake load form X direction34Figure 24 Earthquake load form Z direction35Figure 25 Dead load36

Page | iv

CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction

1.1. Name of Project:- Design of Foot Over Bridge (F.O.B.) in front of Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, National Highway 1, Phagwara, Punjab 144411with the help of Staad Pro Software.

1.2. Coordinates Coordinates of lovely professional university is 31.2536 N, 75.7037 E. A working knowledge of Foot Over Bridge not only provides the necessary expertise to conduct a quick and accurate size-up of a steel structure, it also provides the foundation for effective, timely, and safe fire ground operations in the areas.

CHAPTER 2

1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this project is To design the steel structure foot over bridge in staad pro software for the peak load.This project will received tremendous response from the market in the pre-launch stage.This is due to the strong belief that the public has in lovely professional university and the strong value system of the university.

With the usage of effective and efficient space-planning techniques, lovely professional university is being designed to create a vibrant place to live in. It has facilities and amenities which match any Foot over bridge. This Foot over bridge will suit those people who have cross the main G.T road without any harm or accident.

For future development of this project, this kind of Foot over bridge can be develop or modify so that it can help human.

CHAPTER 3 Literature review

3.1. What is Refrigeration?

Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature.

One of the most important applications of refrigeration has been the preservation of perishable food products by storing them at low temperatures. Refrigeration systems are also used extensively for providing thermal comfort to human beings by means of air conditioning. Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odour and circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space.

Refrigerationis a process in which work is done to moveheatfrom one location to another. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven bymechanical work, but can also be driven by heat,magnetism,electricity,laser, or other means.

Refrigeration has many applications, including, but not limited to: householdrefrigerators, industrialfreezers,cryogenics, andair conditioning.Heat pumpsmay use the heat output of the refrigeration process, and also may be designed to be reversible, but are otherwise similar to refrigeration units.

3.2. Types of Refrigeration

1. Ice Refrigeration

2. Evaporative Refrigeration

3. Air Refrigeration

4. Vapour Refrigeration

5. Steam-jet Refrigeration

6. Solar Refrigeration

3.3. Solar Refrigeration

Asolar refrigeratoris arefrigeratorwhich runs on energy directly provided by sun, and may includephotovoltaicorsolar thermalenergy.

Solar refrigerators are able to keep perishable goods such as meat and dairy cool in hot climates, and are used to keep much needed vaccines at their appropriate temperature to avoid spoilage.

Solar refrigerators may be most commonly used in the developing world to help mitigatepovertyandclimate change.

Need of solar refrigeration:-

Need refrigeration in areas not connected to power grid. Need to minimize environmental impact and fuel cost. Evaluate potential of solar energy to meet these needs. Evaluate efficiencies of three types of solar refrigeration.

3.4. Types of Solar Refrigeration include:

3.4.1. Photovoltaic Operated Refrigeration Cycle 3.4.2 Solar Mechanical Refrigeration 3.4.3 Absorption Refrigeration

Photovoltaic Operated Refrigeration

Vapor compression cycle with power input from Photovoltaic cells

DC electric power output from PV runs the compressor of a conventional cycle

Considerations Must match voltage imposed on PV array to the motor characteristics and power requirements of the refrigeration cycle .

For given operating condition (solar radiation and module temperature), single voltage provides maximum power output.

Must find compressor motor closely matched to the electric characteristics of the PV module.

Solar Mechanical Refrigeration :-

Vapor compression cycle with power input from solar Rankine cycle.

Considerations

1. Efficiency optimization based on delivery temperature.

2. Efficiency of Rankine cycle increases with increased heat exchanger temperature.

3. Efficiency of solar collector decreases with increase in temperature.

Absorption Refrigeration :-

Condenser, throttle, evaporator function exactly the same way Replaces compressor with thermal compression system Ammonia is working fluid Minimal mechanical power input (pump instead of compressor)

Absorption into water solution allows it to be pumped.

Desorbed in generator (rectifier required to separate out water).

Heat into generator provided by solar collectors.

This system greatly increases complexity.

3.5. Advantages:- Foot over bridge Provides for safe and sustainable crossings. These are provided by the technical assistance to local government and communities need simple, easily applied guidelines on the selection. Environmentally Friendly and Low-Impact . These provide essential access to water, firewood, farm plots and the classified road network. Easier to Negotiate. Footbridges are designed to safely help the hiker negotiate creek crossings.

3.6. Disadvantages:- Foot over bridge (Pedestrian over passes) over highways or railroads are expensive. General cost. Steel structures may be more costly than other types of structures. Fireproofing- The strength of steel is reduced substantially when heated at temperatures commonly observed in building fires. Steel structures exposed to air and water, such as Foot over bridges, are susceptible to corrosion and should be painted regularly. People with mobility handicaps will not be able to use the structure.

CHAPTER 4 About Project 4.1. Location: In front of Lovely professional university G.T road.4.2. Specification 4.2.1. Front View specification 4.2.2 Side view specification

4.4. Section properties

4.5. Material use

CHAPTER 5 PROBLEM STATEMENT Our college Lovely Professional University at the coordinate is 31.2536 N, 75.7037 E at NH 1. Thousand of student daily cross the six lane highway which is busy 24 hours with heavy traffic, so there is no safety.

The NH 1 passes through Amritsar, Jalandhar, Phagwara, Ludhiana, Rajpura, Ambala, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat and Delhi. It runs for a distance of 456 km (283 mi). The DelhiLahore Bus travels on NH 1 in India. It does not have a uniform laning. From the Wagah Border (between India and Pakistan) through Amritsar up to Jalandhar it is 4-laned. From Jalandhar up to the border between Haryana's Sonipat and the national capital Delhi, it is 6-laned. Its entire stretch in Delhi is 8-laned. The NH 1 terminates into one of Delhi's arterial roadsthe Ring Road. Daily one or two accident take place. Our college has also provided security people to control the traffic but then also it so not risky. So me and my capstone team members think to design and give the proposal for FOOT OVER BRIDGE in front to LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY to cross the NH 1 road easily without and risk. We proposed to design steel bridge with the help to Staad pro software over the NH 1 highway in front to lovely professional university.

5.2.Preliminary work Before designing the F.O.B. we had done the survey of the site and measure the length required for our F.O.B. project. It is calculated to be 40 meters. The roadway is 20 meters with 4 meter wide median and border of 10 meter both side of roadway up to Right Of Way line (R.O.W.). We also cross check our measurement with the designs of the SOMA who had got a tender to construct the road to Six lane. We also check how many people cross the road at peak hour.

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN CRITERIA

Sr.no Component Sub component DESIGN STANDARDS/REQUIREMENTS NOTE

1Need criteria >80M roadFOB could be provided at mid-block or T-point locations on roads of 80 M or more for people to cross safely and conveniently, where at-grade crossings are not feasible.If provided, requirements 2 to 7 below (location and design criteria) must be met.

> 30 up to 80M Roads without BRTExceptional FOB may be permitted where: - At grade pedestrian crossing is not possible due to severe physical site constraints. - Strong desire line exists within 150M of the landing of an existing flyover.If provided, requirements 2 to 7 below (location and design criteria)must be met.

> 30 up to 80M Roads with BRTPedestrian crossings to be designed as part of an integrated BRT proposalInterim solution of atgrade pedestrian crossing with synchronised signals with nearest intersection / signal on either side may be considered till such time

30M RoadsExceptional FOB may be permitted where an at grade Pedestrian crossing is not possible due to severe physical site constraints.If provided, requirements 2 to 7 below (location and design criteria) must be met.

2Location criteria, (once conditions in 1 have been met)Should be located at Mid Block Locations aligned with:1. Areas with pedestrian attractors with mid block entries like shopping areas, schools, key civic areas, residential areas,etc.2. Land Use activities and neighbouring building entries and destinations etc3. Mid block transit/Bus stop locations

3Perceived ease of accessibilityReaching the FOB1. Pavements leading to the FOB must be encroachment free, accessible to all categories of road users. 2. Guided pedestrian movement to be implemented.

Universal Accessibility1. Should have a combination of either Staircase + Ramp or Staircase + Elevator for universal accessibility.2. Tactile paving/tiles and a colour contrast should be provided at the top and bottom of the flight of steps and these areas should be well lit.

Pedestrian movement adjacent to FOB accessAn unobstructed pavement of min. 1.8M must be left clear of the staircase and ramps/elevators and all FOB related features and other obstructions.

Pedestrian movement at gradeFences, medians, railings or other barriers may be needed to prevent pedestrians from crossing at grade to ensure their safety

4Engineering Feasibilityi) Min Width of FOB walkway: - FOB only for pedestrians: 2.50 -3.00M - For Pedestrians & cyclists: 3.50Mii) Min Width of staircase: 2.5Miii) Vertical clearance: - A height of 5.5M as per standard must be kept free above Roadways iv) FOB should span the entire carriageway such that one can cross safely.v) A slope of 8% (1 in 12) on footbridge ramps, while a slope of 5% (1 in 20) with appropriate resting places/ landings is preferable. vi) All public staircase, ramp/ elevator design standards to be followed.vii) Minimum size for Elevator is 1400 x 1400 MMviii) Cycle Elevators should be provided at every alternate FOB and should be 1400 x 2000 MMix) Relocation of overhead services must be considered while designing the structure

5UsabilityAll year round weather protectionFOB must provide partial shelter from the elements at least along one edge of the bridge. This is most relevant during extreme weather conditions.

Lighting for safety and visibilityFOB must deliver a sense of security and safety even during evening/night.Adequate lighting must be provided at both access points and along the FOB.Lighting level on and around the FOB must be minimum 20 lux.Access to the FOB should also be well lit.

SeatingResting places and seating must be provided at minimum two locations along the bridge.

Garbage DisposalGarbage bins must be located adjacent to both access points.

Way Finding/information mapsSignage indicating the location of an FOB must be provided as per standard.Where appropriate, particularly near pedestrian attractors, way-finding / information maps must be provided.

6Quality and type of construction Structural systemEasy and quick to erect and space efficient structural systems are recommended. Structures which can be dismantled in future and reassembled elsewhere are highly recommended.

QualityRobust and vandalism-proof materials and furniture/fixtures should be used.

CHAPTER 7 Design Staad Pro Model 7.1. Front view of Foot over bridge

Section A-A

Section B-B

7.1.2. Top view of Foot over bridge

7.1.3. Foundation of Foot over bridge

Half plan at foundation

7.1.4. Hadrail of Staircase

Typical detail of Handrail

7.1.5. Cross-section of Foot bridge

7.1.6. Base of Foot bridge

Detail at Base of Stanchion7.2. Load CalculationsLength = 40mWidth = 3.5mHeight = 2.5mNo of bays = 24 7.2.1. Live LoadAssume weight of one person = 80kgAdditional weigth that person carries = 80kgTotal weight (80+80)kg = 160kgArea required for one person to stand = 4sq.ft i.e (2*2)sq.ftTotal number of persons at an instant = 377Total weight on platform = (160*377) = 60320kg/sq.mLoad = P/A = 60320/140 = 430.8 kg/sq.mLive load = 4.2 kN/sq.m 7.2.2. Dead LoadNo. of tiles required =1510 approxTotal area of platform = 140 sq.m (1506.9 sq.ft)Area of one tile =1 sq.ftNo fo tile that are used = 1506/1 = 1506 tilesAssume weight of one tile =0.7 kgTotal weight of tiles = 1510*0.7 = 1057kg =1100kg approxLoad = P/A = 1100/140=7.85 kg/sq.mTile Load = 0.07 kN/sq.mTotal load = T L + Assume Extra Load = 0.07+.03 = 1kN/sq.m

7.2.3 Summary of Loads

1. Live Load = 4.2kN/sq.m2. Dead load :- It includes (wt. of prestressed concrete + imposed load as per IRC 56 + wt. of tiles + parapit load + partition load) = (25+.4+1+2+1.5)kN= 29.9kN (Assume 32kN) Distribution of dead load on nodes = Dead Load/ No of bottom nodes = 31/48= 0.67kN (Assume0 .8 For Safety Factor)

7.3. Staad Pro load 7.3.1. Basic load cases

7.3.2. Seismic loading : EL X+VE

Earthquake load form X direction

7.3.3. Seismic loading : EL Z-VE

Earthquake load form Z direction

7.3.4. Wind load definition :Type 1

7.3.5. Dead load (Self weight)-

Dead load

7.3.6. Live load

Live load

7.3.7. Wind load

Wind load

7.3.8. Combination load cases

7.4. Full 3D Model

Front View

3D view

CHAPTER 8 Scope of project The scope of work also included assessment of the direction and flow of pedestrians during peak and off peak hours , determination of project site, architectural assessment of the need and the nature of intervention required, preparation of the concept drawing, carry out necessary survey and geotechnical investigations , detailed to pographic surveys, planning and design of structures.

8.1.1. SOME SCOPE OF FOOT OVER BRIDGE :- Designed for pedestrians and cyclists rather than vehicular traffic. Useful for crossing water/railways where there are no road bridges. Allow safe crossing of busy roads. Can also be used for walkways between buildings or in car parks. Usually require stairways and ramps.

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY OF WORKDONE The main aim of studies within this project was to investigate how a structure is design with in its desired properties. We get knowledge about the basic & advanced techniques of Foot Over Bridge as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer have to face during design. i.e. labour problems, cost management, environmental challenges etc.

Although are subjects more important for technicians, in the project we have been Studied some mechanic or electro-mechanic machinery such as the ready mix plant because basic knowledge about their working is important for an engineer but also because was the opportunity to see and understand them. We cleared our many doubts regarding Foot Over Bridge . Overhaul it must be said that the design methods in Staad-Pro and quality control on a Foot Over Bridge Project needs a very good coordination and quantities of man power, equipment and funds.

During the period of 6 month the mentor and other staff helped us a lot to provide all the information about any query. So we are grateful to all the staff of Civil Engineering , as well as we are so thankful to our group member for their kind support.

REFERRENCES |Somas company drawing. |Steel table www.irc.org.in https://www.ipfw.edu/dotAsset/239460.pdf

seminarprojects.com/s/foot-over-bridge-disadvantages

Design of steel Structures, by SS Bhavikatti

IS:800 (2007) , Indian Standard Code for General construction in Steel

Design of Steel Structures , by N Subramnanian

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IITMADRAS/Design_Steel_Structures_I/index.php ,

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCkQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/foot_over_bridge