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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND GERMINATION OF HIBUSCUS SABDARIFFA LFOLLOWING

HYDRATION TREATMENTS

Syazwanie Binti Dzulhaimi

SB 413 86

Bachelor of Science with HonoursS981 (Plant Resource Science and Management)2011

2012

J I Pusat Khidmat MakJuUUlt Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND GERMINATION OF HIBISCUS

SABDARIFFA L FOLLOWING HYDRATION TREATMENTS

P~i~liiimi 1000235560

SYAZW ANIE BINTI DZULHAIMI

This project work is submitted in partial fulfilment ofthe requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science with Honours in Plant Resource Science and Management

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2012

ttl

APPROVAL SHEET

Name of candidate Syazwanie Binti Dzulhaimi

Matric no 25214

Title of thesis Physical characteristic and germination of Hibiscus sabdarifJa L

following hydration treatments

Approved by

(Assoc Prof Dr Petrus Bulan)

Supervisor

Plant Resource Science and Management


Date

(Dr Siti Rubiah Zainudin)

Coordinator



Date

ii

t I

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that no portion of this project work has been submitted in support of an

application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or institution

of higher learning

(Syazwanie Binti Dzulhaimi)


Department of Environment Science and Ecology


Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

iii

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to give my highest praise to God for giving me the

strength patience intelligence and integrity to complete this research study

Alhamdulillah

My gratitude and sincere appreciation to Assoc Prof Or Petrus Bulan as my supervisor

for his continuous help support guidance advice and constant assisstance

I would also like to give my deepest thanks to my beloved parents Mr Dzulhaimi Khalid

and Mdm Khariyah Ahmad for their support understanding and encouragement

throughout my three years journey as an undergraduate student in Universiti Malaysia

Sarawak Not forgetting my other families whose been always supporting me along the

way

Thanks to the people that have contributed tremendously in my final year project Mdm

Fatimah Daud the laboratory assisstant of Cryopreservation Laboratory and all other

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology staff

Last but not least my appreciation goes to all my dearest friends especially to

Norakliliriana Abdul Rahman Siti Nadiah Salleh and to all my Plant Science coursemates

for their assistance and support throughout this study

iv

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik I

UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE AND FRONT COVER I

APPROVAL SHEET II

DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V

LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES VII

ABSTRACT IX

10 INTRODUCTION 1 11 Background 1 12 Commercial Production 2 13 Medicinal Uses 3 14 Problem Statement 3 15 Objectives 4

20 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 21 Characteristic of Seed 5 22 Seed Germination 6 23 Seed Moisture Content 7 24 Seed Vigour 7 25 Seed Hydration 8 26 Seed Storage 9 27 Seed Specific Density 10 28 Seed Deterioration 10

30 MATERIAL AND METHOD 12 31 Material 12 32 Method 12

321 Preliminary Evaluation 12 322 Moisture Content Test 13 323 Germination Test 13 324 Seed Characteristic 14 325 Hydration of Seeds 14 326 Data Analysis 14

40 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 15 41 Preliminary Test 15 42 Seed Calibration 15 43 Seed Hydration 16

43 1 Seed Moisture Content 16 v

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432 Seed Germination 22 433 Gennination Analysis 28

50 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 29

60 REFERENCES 30

70 APPENDICES 31

vi

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~

LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES

Figure Page

Moisture content of Hsabdariffa seeds for different period of 15

hydration at 28degC

2 Moisture content of Hsabdariffa seeds for different period of 16

hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC


hydration at 28 30 35 and 40degC

6 Gennination of Hsabdariffa seeds for different period of 20

hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC

8 Gennination ofHsabdariffa seeds for different period of 22

hydration at 35degC

Gennination of Hsabdariffa seeds for different period of

hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24

Germination of HsabdarifJa seeds for different period of


Plate

Fresh fruit of H sabdarifJa 11

2 Fresh fruit of H sabdarifJa with seeds 11

3 Fresh seeds of H sabdarifJa 16

4 Dried seeds of H sabdarifJa 16

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Physical characteristic and germination of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L following hydration treatments

Syazwanie Binti Dzulbaimi

Plant Resource and Management Programme Faculty of Science and Technology


ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics and to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of hydration techniques in improving the performance of HibisclIs sabdariffa L seeds The average length width and thickness obtained for H sabdariffa seeds were 539 mm 455 mm and 234 mm respectively The average weight for a single seed was 002 g and it was estimated that one kg weight contained approximately 50000 seeds This indicated that the seeds used in this experiment were small In hydration treatment seeds of H sabdariffa were soaked in water at temperature 28 30 35 and 40degC for 0246 8 10 and 12 hours and were evaluated for moisture content and germination Results indicated that hydration treatment was not suitable for H sabdariffa seeds as it did not improved the germination The highest germination percentage of H sabdarifJa seeds following hydration treatment was 29 which was obtained for 2 hours hydration at 30degC

Key words Hibiscus sabdarifJa calibration hydration temperature

ABSTRAK

Satu kajian telah dijalankan IInt1lk menentukan ciri-ciri jizikal dall mengkaji serta menentukan keberkesanan teknik rawatall hidrasi dalam meningkatkan kadar pertllmbllhan biji benih Hibiscus sabdariffa Dalam penentlkuran biji benih pIrata panjang lebar dan ketebalan biji benih H sabdariffa yang diperoleh adalah 539 mm 455 mm dan 234 mm Purata berat sebiji benih adalah 002 g dan dianggarkan bahawa satll kilogram mengandungi lebih kurang 50000 biji benih Ini memmjukkan yang biji benih yang digllnakan unIlk kajian ini agak keci Dalam rawatan hidrasi biji benih H sabdariffa direndam di dalam air pada suhu 28degC 30degC 35degC dan 40degC Bagi setiap suhu yang digunakan biji benih direndam selama 0 2 4 6 8 10 dan 12 jam dan selepas itu kandungan kelembapan dan percambahan biji benih dinilai Keputlsan yang diperoleh menllnjukkan rawatan hidrasi adalah tidak sesuai bagi biji benih H sabdariffa memalldangkan peratls percambahan tidak meningkat berbanding sebelum rawatan Peratlls percambahan tertinggi bagi biji benih H sabdariffa selepas rawatan hidrasi adalah 29 iaitll bagi hidrasi selama 2 jam pada slhu 30degC

Kata kllnciHibisclS sabdarifJa kalibrasi hidrasi suhl

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10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Hibiscus sabdarifJa Linn or also known as Roselle or red sorrel belongs to the family

Malvaceae It is also known as asam paya asam susur and asam kumbang locally It is a

new commercial crop in Malaysia where it was brought from India (Amin et al 2008)

Since Roselle plantation only had started in early 1990s it is considered as a new crop in

Malaysia Two introduced varieties in Malaysia are Arab and Terengganu variety

However in 2009 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia had launched three new varieties

named UKMR-l UKMR-2 and UKMR-3 to help promote the Roselle industry Recently

Department of Agriculture had collaborated with F AMA entrepreneurs and growers in

order to strengthen the H sabdarifJa industry in Malaysia by expanding and marketing this

product locally and in foreign market

According to Qi et al (2005) H sabdarifJa is an annual mostly brannched and erect

shrub Its reddish stem can achieve 35m tall The leaves are dark green to red alternate

glabrous long - petiolate palmately divided into 3 - 7 lobes with serrate margins Having

both male and female organs the flower are red to yellow in color with a dark centre

containing short peduncles

H sabdarifJa can survive in a wann and humid tropical and subtropical climate It can be

grown in a greenhouse with litle shade but the best condition for growing it is under the

full sunlight (Qi et aI 2005) Roselle plants are suitable for tropical climates with wellshy

distributed rain - fall of 1500 - 2000 mm per year from sea level to about 600 m in

altitude (Amin et aI 2008) It can adapt to variety of soils but prefered a friable sandy

loam with humus

1

Current production of H sabdarifJa in Malaysia is about 240 tonnes annually Reported in

unpublished result from Agricultural Department of Terengganu in the process of

removing the calyces out of 3 tonnes of raw materials about 15 tonnes of the velvety

capsules containing the seeds are being disposed as a by - product and unexploited

(Halimatul Amin Mohd Esa Nawalyah amp Siti 2007) Amin et at (2008) mentioned that

the plant takes about three to four months to reach the commercial stage of maturity before

the flowers are harvested

12 Commercial Production

Many parts of H sabdariffa including seeds leaves fruits and roots are very useful

especially the fleshy red calyces They are used fresh for making wine juice jam jelly

syrup gelatin pudding cakes ice cream and flavors and also dried and brewed into tea

spice and used for butter pies sauces tarts and other desserts (Qi et al 2005) In a study

about commercial practice of Roselle beverage production Bolade et at (2009) reported

that the dried calyceswater ratios involved in the commercial practice ranged between

157 and 171 (wv) while the sweetness level of the beverage ranged between 112 and

133 degBrix The red calyces which contains high amount of vitamin C was used to make

those healthy beverages In Malaysia we also consume the leaves as vegetables There are

previous study shows that H sabdarifJa seeds can be used as a protein source Instead of

using protein from conventional sources protein isolates or concentrates from Roselle

seeds might be useful as low cost source of protein substitute in dietary supplement or food

ingredient in food industry thus alleviating the problem of protein scarcity (Halimatul et

al 2007)

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13 Medicinal Uses

H sabdariffa is said to be useful in traditional medicine as a digestive agent purgative and

diuretic among others Having two diuretic ingredients ascorbic acid and glycolic acid it

has the ability to increase urination and also valued for its mild laxative effect Containing

citric acid it also can be used as cooling herb The tonic tea produce from the leaves and

flowers is good for digestive and kidney function The heated leaves are applied to cracks

in the feet and on boils and ulcers to speed maturation (Qi et aI 2005) Other roselle s part

have also been reported to be folk remedy for cancer obesity diabetes and hypertension

(Bolad et aI 2009) Amin et al (2008) also added that the flower and fleshy fruits are

used in pharmaceutical industry to relieve symptoms of bronchitis and coughs Roselle s

lotion products are useful for treating sores and wounds

Another nutritional value of Roselle discovered by UKM was the high content of

hydroxycitric acid (HCA) which is widely used as the main ingredients in many

commercial weight loss and slimming products Recent studies by local and international

scientist have proven the effectiveness of HCA in reducing body weight This

characteristic makes Roselle a very valuable crop

14 Problem Statement

The demand for H sabdariffa production nowadays had increase due to its commercial and

medicinal values To fulfill these demands more good quality seeds are needed

Furthermore not many research had been done on improving the H sabdarifJa seeds as a

planting material eventhough the best propagation method for H sabdariffa is by seeds

Other than that disease has been reported as a limiting factor to the production of Roselle

worldwide (Sie R S et aI 2011)

3

1S Objectives

1 To detennine the physical characteristics of H sabdariffa seeds for 10 100 and

1000 seeds weight and for length width and thickness of the seed

2 To evaluate the germination of H sabdariffa seeds following hydration at different

temperatures

3 To determine the effectiveness of hydration technique in improving the gennination

of H sabdariffa seeds

4

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Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akadtmik VNIVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

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20 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Characteristic of Seed

Seeds quality can be affected by changes in environmental temperature and relative

humidity The characteristic of seed must be determine because it is important to ensure

high quality yield in field planting Seed germination can be affected by number of factors

such as level of oxygen temperature and moisture content Growth performance of seed

also can be related to seed size Therefore grading is important to obtain seed that can

grows better Some useful criteria for visual separation of seed includes the seed size

shape colour weight thickness density and surface texture

According to Jain and Bal (1997) roselle seeds are having average principal dimensions of

298-336 186-224 and 170-201 mm Omobuwajo et al (2000) found that the average of

roselle seeds length width and thickness were 558 521 and 281 mm respectively The

seed was reported to be important for its oil in some parts of Africa its native origin From

previous research by scientist roselle seed was among the highest protein-containing seeds

when compared with other seeds like passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) Amaranthus seeds

and Pisum sativum seeds Latest findings by Hainida et al (2008) found that the seed from

Malaysia are composed of 99 moisture 335 protein 221 lipids 130 available

carbohydrate 183 total dietary fibers and 75 ash

H sabdarifJa can be grown easily in most of the tropical country Like other hibiscus

species it is quite hard for roselle to be affected by pest and disease and maintaining this

plant in the field is not so difficult The seeds were sown in a suitable container and the

seedlings will be ready for planting at the age of 10-15 days However it is also important

to ensure that the seeds to be sown were in a good condition and quality to avoid losses

5

22 Seed Germination

Germination is the emergence and development from the seed embryo of those essential

structures which are indicative of the ability to produce a normal plant under favorable

conditions (AOSA 1991) According to Smith (2011) the sum of germination events

beginning with hydration and culminating with root emergence Several stages involved in

germination are imbibition of water activation of enzyme systems metabolism of storage

products and their transport and finally the emergence of the radicle and growth of the

seedling Seed germination is described as the emergence and development from the seed

embryo of those essential structures which for the kind of seed in question are indicative

of the ability to produce a normal plant under favorable conditions (AOSA 1978) In a

simpler contcxt germination is the emergence of the radicle through the seed coat

Depending on the species seeds can germinate as quick as a few days or for as long as

several years Due to the high respiration rate and some exudation and leakage through the

seed coat the germinating seedling will undergoes a net loss in dry weight before the

germination For a particular kind of species the germination condition is mostly affected

by temperature type of substrate on which to germinate the seed light condition and

moisture level

The germination test is commonly used to determine seed viability It is an analytical

procedure to evaluate seed germination under standardized favorable conditions that are

seldom if ever encountered in the field The germination test is merely an estimate and

has certain limitations as a universal estimate of seed quality However if these limitations

are recognized the germination test is a useful viability index The need for germination

test is to estimate how the seed will perform in the field

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23 Seed Moisture Content

Amount of water in the seed that usually expressed in a percentage fonn is the seed

moisture content Agrawal (1980) found that the amount of moisture in the seed is

probably the most important factor influencing seed viability during storage By

determining the seeds moisture content the possible storage life for the seeds can be

predicted According to McDonald (2005) selecting the appropriate salt to achieve a seed

moisture content of 5-6 is the recommended method for achieving optimum seed

storage and minimizing seed deterioration It is necessary to dry seeds to the safe moisture

contents since the life of a seed and its span largely revolves around its moisture content

and the suitable moisture content for starchy seeds are less than 14 while for oily seeds

are less than 11 (Agrawal 1980)

24 Seed Vigour

According to Geneve (2005) seed vigour is defined by the Asociation of official Seed

analysts as those seed properties which detennine the potential for rapid unifonn

emergence and development of nonnal seedlings under the wide range of field conditions

Seed vigour is closely related with seed storage environment and duration During seed

storage the vigour of a seed lot is reduced prior to seed viability as indicated by standard

germination (Hampton amp TeKrony 1995) Major factors influencing the seed vigour in

stored seed lots are the environmental conditions during seed storage and the length of time

in storage Tetrazolium test is one of the method for detennining the seeds vigour To

minimize the decline in vigour and germination seeds should be undamaged

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25 Seed Hydration

A process of supplying water to seed to maintain the fluid or moisture content in the seed

is called hydration According to Copeland and McDonald (1995) seed hydration is a

process whereby seeds are hydrated using various protocols and then redried to permit

routine handling This process results in increased germination rate more uniform

emergence germination under a broader range of environments and improved sedling

vigour and growth It is one of the priming treatments of seed which usually applied to

strengthen or increase vitality of seed Priming process can increase a rate of germination

as the treatment improves the seed vigor Hydration is one component of priming which

can increase germination with more range of environment condition The objective of seed

hydration technology is to increase the percentage and rate of germination expand the

range of temperatures over which the seed will germinate and increase the uniformity of

stand establishment To accomplish these objectives seeds must be hydrated in some way

at a moisture level sufficient to initiate the early events of germination but not sufficient to

permit radicle protrusion (Akers and Holley 1986) However the performance of the seed

might also being influence by other factors like the species type of seed and the seeds

quality

Water can be used for the hydration treatment because it had proved to enhance

germination emergence growth and yield of seed However other mediwns such as the

solution of potassium hydrophosphate (KH2P04) monobasic polyethylene glycol (PEG)

potassium chloride (KCl) potassiwn nitrate (KN03) potassium phoshate (K3P04)

magnesium sulphate (MgS04) sodiwn chloride (NaCl) glycerol and mannitol also can be

used to immerse the seed in hydration process The benefit of such salts is to supply the

seed with nitrogen and other nutrients essential for protein synthesis during germination

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26 Seed Storage

A basic requirement in seed production is a good seed storage The purpose of seed storage

is to preserve planting stocks from one season to the next (Larry amp McDonald 1995)

Generally we stored seeds for the commercial purpose for carry - over seeds or for genn

plasm seeds Maintaining the seed quality for the longest duration possible is the main

objective in seed storage Loss of gennination during storage cannot be stopped but it

could be reduce by giving good storage conditions According to Agrawal (1980) the

seeds are considered to be in storage from the moment they reach physiological maturity

until they genninate or until they are thrown away because they are dead or otherwise

worthless

The seed storage must be properly handled because it can affect the seed quality There are

some factors that can affect the seed longevity in storage such as the variety of the seed

initial seed quality moisture content relative humidity and storage temperature It is

necessary for the seed storage condition to be dry and cool effective in pest control and

have a proper sanitation Other than than storing only high quality of seed also can help in

better production From all of the factors temperature is one of the most important element

which influence seed viability and vigour during storage Agrawal (1980) mentioned that

the lower the temperature the longer the seeds maintain gennination capacity so

decreasing temperature and seed moisture is an effective means of maintaining seed quality

in storage Every seed lot should be gennination - tested when it is received for storage to

record the seed quality Subsequent periodic checks also should be made to detect

deterioration and if it occurs storage condition should be checked to discover the reasons

and to take corrective measures

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27 Seed Specific Density

Density of seed refers to it mass per unit volume The seed size and density will affect the

yield One of the method for grouping seeds into some specific density is the liquid density

separation system It is one of the easier and cheaper method compared to using a machine

When seed is loaded into a liquid some will float and some will sink That mean the

floating seeds density is lower than the liquids density Vice versa the sinking seeds

density is higher than the liquids density Wang and Alyarez (2008) explained that this

method of separating seeds works by adjusting the specific gravity of the liquid in the

reservoir so that a first portion of the seeds float near the surface of the liquid and a second

portion of the seeds sink near the bottom of the reservoir and providing an outlet flow of

the liquid from a location proximal to the top of the reservoir above the location of the

second portion of seeds By this way seeds of lower density can be separated from higher

density Kwong Sellman Jalink amp Schoor (2005) illustrated that separation by density is

commonly incorporated as part of the routine cleaning and grading process in flower seed

production procedures Other than grouping seeds according to their specific density this

density separation also can be used to remove broken partially filled empty or immature

seeds

28 Seed Deterioration

McDonald (2005) defined flower seed deterioration as deteriorative changes occuring with

time that increase the seeds vulnerability to external challenges and decrease the ability of

the seed to survive Important factors contribute to seed deterioration are genetics seed

structure seed chemistry physicalphysiological quality seed treatments relative humidity

10

and temperature Relative humidity is important because it will influence the moisture

content of seeds in storage while temperature determines the amount of moisture in the air

and influences the rate of deteriorative reactions in seeds According to Agrawal (1980)

the rate of deterioration increases as the seed moisture content increases This could be due

to the mold growth in and on the seed

11

~

30 MATERIAL AND METHOD

31 Material

Fresh matured fruits of Hibiscus sabdarifJa L (Plate I) were obtained from local fanns in

Kota Samarahan Seeds were extracted from these fruits cleaned and dried under shade

Dried seeds were dusted with Captan 80 and then placed in air-tight bottle to keep it in a

safe place before use in the subsequent experiment

Plate 1 Fresh fruit ofH sabdarifJa Plate 2 Fresh fruit of H sabdarifJa with seeds

32 Method

321 Preliminary Evaluation

Moisture content and germination was conducted as an initial evaluation to assess the

quality of seeds used in this research The procedures were those prescribed by Association

ofOfficial Seeds Analysts (AOSA 1985)

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322 Moisture Content Test

Four replicates of 10 seeds each were placed into saucers (Plate 5) and calibrated to get the

wet weight The seeds then were placed in an oven at 60degC for 48 hours After that the

seeds were weighed again to get the dry weight The percentage of moisture content of the

seeds was calculated based on the formula below (AOSA 1985)

Moisture content () = b - c x 100

b-a

where a = weight of empty saucer

b = weight of (a) + weight of seeds before drying

c = weight of (a) + weight of seeds after drying in the oven

323 Germination Test

Germination test was conducted base on the AOSA (1985) where 25 seeds with four

replications were used For every replicates seeds were put into a petry dish on 3 layers of

moist Whatman filter paper (Plate 6) The seeds were left to germinate by incubating it in a

Plant Growth Chamber (28OC) and was checked daily until 10 days Seed was considered

as germinated if the radicles were about 5mm length emerged from the seed coat The

germination percentage was calculated base on AOSA 1985 formula below

13

-----------------------------------1

Gennination () a x 100

b

where a = total number of germinated seeds

b = total number of seeds used

324 Seed Characteristic

The size of the H sabdariffa seeds was calibrated for its length width and thickness Ten

replicates of seeds were used for calibrating the physical characteristics Then the seed

weights of 10 100 and 1000 seeds were calibrated Four replicates of 10 100 and 1000

seed-weight classes were used

325 Hydration of Seeds

Seed of H sabdariffa was placed in distilled water for 0 2 4 6 8 10 and 12 hours at

temperatures of 28 30 35 and 40degC Then seeds were analyzed for the moisture content

and gennination

326 Data Analysis

The experimental units were arranged randomly based on Completely Randomized Design

(CRD) and data was analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOV A) If there any

significant differences the mean were discriminated using Least Significant Different

(LSD)

14

J I Pusat Khidmat MakJuUUlt Akademik UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND GERMINATION OF HIBISCUS

SABDARIFFA L FOLLOWING HYDRATION TREATMENTS

P~i~liiimi 1000235560

SYAZW ANIE BINTI DZULHAIMI

This project work is submitted in partial fulfilment ofthe requirement for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science with Honours in Plant Resource Science and Management


UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK

2012

ttl

APPROVAL SHEET


Matric no 25214



Approved by


Supervisor



Date


Coordinator



Date

ii

t I

DECLARATION



of higher learning






iii

middot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



Alhamdulillah







way







iv



TABLE OF CONTENTS


APPROVAL SHEET II

DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V


ABSTRACT IX







I

L

t I shy



60 REFERENCES 30

70 APPENDICES 31

vi

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~


Figure Page


hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC




hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24



Plate





viii

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I

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ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

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10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

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24 Seed Vigour










7

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25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

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26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

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seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

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b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

ttl

APPROVAL SHEET


Matric no 25214



Approved by


Supervisor



Date


Coordinator



Date

ii

t I

DECLARATION



of higher learning






iii

middot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



Alhamdulillah







way







iv



TABLE OF CONTENTS


APPROVAL SHEET II

DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V


ABSTRACT IX







I

L

t I shy



60 REFERENCES 30

70 APPENDICES 31

vi

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~


Figure Page


hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC




hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24



Plate





viii

--_shy

I

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

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26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

t I

DECLARATION



of higher learning






iii

middot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



Alhamdulillah







way







iv



TABLE OF CONTENTS


APPROVAL SHEET II

DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V


ABSTRACT IX







I

L

t I shy



60 REFERENCES 30

70 APPENDICES 31

vi

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~


Figure Page


hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC




hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24



Plate





viii

--_shy

I

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

middot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



Alhamdulillah







way







iv



TABLE OF CONTENTS


APPROVAL SHEET II

DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V


ABSTRACT IX







I

L

t I shy



60 REFERENCES 30

70 APPENDICES 31

vi

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~


Figure Page


hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC




hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24



Plate





viii

--_shy

I

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14



TABLE OF CONTENTS


APPROVAL SHEET II

DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS V


ABSTRACT IX







I

L

t I shy



60 REFERENCES 30

70 APPENDICES 31

vi

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~


Figure Page


hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC




hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24



Plate





viii

--_shy

I

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

I

L

t I shy



60 REFERENCES 30

70 APPENDICES 31

vi

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~


Figure Page


hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC




hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24



Plate





viii

--_shy

I

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

r---~~------------------------------------------------------------------~


Figure Page


hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC




hydration at 28degC


hydration at 30degC


hydration at 35degC


hydration at 40degC

9 23

vii

10 24



Plate





viii

--_shy

I

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

10 24



Plate





viii

--_shy

I

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

I





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK



ix

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

I bull

10 INTRODUCTION

11 Background





















loam with humus

1






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14






















al 2007)

2

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

middot

13 Medicinal Uses























3

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

1S Objectives




temperatures



4

-


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14


I J bull bull
























5

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

22 Seed Germination
















moisture level







6

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

I bull bull












24 Seed Vigour










7

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

bull t I I

25 Seed Hydration
















quality








8

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

t I amp

26 Seed Storage









worthless














9

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

middot

















seeds






10






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14






11

~


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14


31 Material






32 Method





12

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

middot







b-a











13

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

-----------------------------------1


b











and gennination

326 Data Analysis




(LSD)

14

physical characteristic and germination of … characteristic and germination...j . i , . .'...

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