physics part 1 mechanics physics 1700 gasses (& hydrodynamics) w. pezzaglia updated: 2013jul23
DESCRIPTION
A. Gasses 1.Boyle’s Law 2.Kinetic Model of Pressure 3.Temperature of a Gas 3TRANSCRIPT
Physics Part 1MECHANICSPhysics 1700
Gasses (& Hydrodynamics)
W. PezzagliaUpdated: 2013Jul23
Gasses & Hydrodynamics
A. Gas Laws
B. Atmospheric Pressure
C. Hydrodynamics (Bernoulli’s Law)
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A. Gasses
1. Boyle’s Law
2. Kinetic Model of Pressure
3. Temperature of a Gas
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1. Boyle’s Law• Boyle’s Law (1662) at constant temperature,
pressure is inversely proportional to volume, or
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Robert Boyle(1627 – 1691)
constantPV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boyles_Law_animated.gif
Demo: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas-properties
2. Kinetic Theory of Pressure• 1738 Daniel Bernoulli derives Boyle’s law by assuming gasses
consist of moving molecules, and the impacts with wall causes pressure.
• Impulse by collision
• Time between collisions for box of width “L” knowing x-velocity
• Average Force on wall for 1 molecule
• Average Kinetic Energy in 3D
• Pressure is related to KE
• Boyle’s Law for N molecules
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Daniel Bernoulli (1700 – 1782)
KENPV
KELAAFPV
mvvvvmmvKELmv
tpF
vLt
mvp
xzyx
x
x
32
32
223222
212
21
2
)(
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3. Kinetic Theory of Temperature• Equate Kinetic pressure law
with ideal gas law and we find average kinetic energy of a mole of gas is
• 1900(?) Planck writes that the average Kinetic Energy of a single monoatomic gas atom is given by:
• Hence “temperature” is a measure of average kinetic energy of molecules.
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KJ
avg
k
kTK
23-
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10×1.38Boltzmann Constant=R/Na
RTK avg 23
B. Atmospheric Pressure
1. Barometer
2. Pressure & Altitude
3. Helium Balloons
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1. Barometer
1643 Torricelli invents Mercury Barometer
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2. Pressure and Altitude• Pascal’s law of depth assumes constant density
• Boyle’s law shows that density of gas decreases in proportion to decrease in pressure
• Modified law of depth,Pressure “P” at altitude “h”:P0 is pressure at sea levelScale height H=8500 meters
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HhePhP 0)(
Pressure is 0.33 atm at top of Mt. Everest
3. Helium Balloons• Molecular weight of Helium is about 1/7 that of air
• Hence density of Helium is always about 1/7 that of air at the same pressure.
• Thus Helium balloons have buoyant force which theoretically could take them to the top of the atmosphere.
• Record is only about 16.2 km (the balloon expands and bursts)
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C. Hydrodynamics
1. Torricelli's law (1643)
2. Bernoulli effect
3. Bernoulli equation (1738)
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1. Torricelli's law (1643)
In brief, the velocity of a fluid exiting at the bottom of a tank of depth “h” is independent of the fluid’s density (i.e. the fluid analogy of Galileo’s law that all bodies fall at same rate independent of mass)
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ghv 2
2. Bernoulli Effect
1738, Daniel Bernoulli notes that pressure decreases when a fluid’s velocity increases.
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21222
1 vvP
2b. Bernoulli Equation
1738, at any point in the fluid, the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy density and potential energy density is a constant
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constant221 ghvP
From this can derive Pascal’s law of depth, Torricelli’s law and Bernoulli effect
3a. Continuity Equation
Based upon conservation of mass, when a fluid (liquid or gas) is forced through a smaller pipe, the speed must increase.
If the density is unchanged (“incompressible”) the velocity increases inversely proportional to cross section area
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222111 AvAv
3b. Venturi TubeCan be used to measure flow rate v1 of a liquid (or gas) from the observed pressure
difference (inferred from “h”) when cross section area is decreased.
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2
112
21
21
222
121
AAvv
ghPPvvPP
Notes• Demo PHET Bernoulli:
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/fluid-pressure-and-flow
• Demo PHET for Gas Law: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/gas-properties
• Video Mechanical Universe #45 Temperature & Gas Laws
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