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Syllabus
Cambridge International A & AS Level PhysicsSyllabus code 9702
For examination in June and November 2012
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Contents
Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics
Syllabus code 9702
1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 21.1 Why choose Cambridge?
1.2 Why choose Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics?
1.3 Cambridge Advanced International Certificate of Education (AICE)
1.4 How can I find out more?
2. Assessment at a glance .................................................................. 5
3. Syllabus aims and objectives ...........................................................83.1 Aims
3.2 Assessment objectives3.3 Weighting of assessment objectives
3.4 Additional information
4. Syllabus content ............................................................................ 124.1 Structure of the syllabus
4.2 Subject content
5 Practical assessment ..................................................................... 435.1 Introduction
5.2 Paper 31/Paper 325.3 Paper 5
6. Appendix ....................................................................................... 566.1 Safety in the laboratory
6.2 Mathematical requirements
6.3 Glossary of terms used in Physics papers
6.4 Summary of key quantities, symbols and units
6.5 Data and formulae
6.6 Resource list
6.7 IT usage in A Level Physics
UCLES 2009
Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
7. Additional information.................................................................... 72
7.1 Guided learning hours7.2 Recommended prior learning
7.3 Progression
7.4 Component codes
7.5 Grading and reporting
7.6 Resources
Alterations to the syllabus content are indicated by black vertical lines on both sides of the text.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
1. Introduction
1.1 Why choose Cambridge?University of Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) is the worlds largest provider of international
qualifications. Around 1.5 million students from 150 countries enter Cambridge examinations every year.
What makes educators around the world choose Cambridge?
Recognition
A Cambridge International A or AS Level is recognised around the world by schools, universities andemployers. The qualifications are accepted as proof of academic ability for entry to universities worldwide,
though some courses do require specific subjects. Cambridge International A Levels typically take two
years to complete and offer a flexible course of study that gives students the freedom to select subjects
that are right for them. Cambridge International AS Levels often represent the first half of an A Level
course but may also be taken as a freestanding qualification. They are accepted in all UK universities and
carry half the weighting of an A Level. University course credit and advanced standing is often available
for Cambridge International A/AS Levels in countries such as the USA and Canada. Learn more at
www.cie.org.uk/recognition.
SupportCIE provides a world-class support service for teachers and exams officers. We offer a wide range of
teacher materials to Centres, plus teacher training (online and face-to-face) and student support materials.
Exams officers can trust in reliable, efficient administration of exams entry and excellent, personal support
from CIE Customer Services. Learn more at www.cie.org.uk/teachers.
Excellence in educationCambridge qualifications develop successful students. They not only build understanding and knowledge
required for progression, but also learning and thinking skills that help students become independent
learners and equip them for life.
Not-for-profit, part of the University of CambridgeCIE is part of Cambridge Assessment, a not-for-profit organisation and part of the University of Cambridge.
The needs of teachers and learners are at the core of what we do. CIE invests constantly in improving its
qualifications and services. We draw upon educational research in developing our qualifications.
.
http://www.cie.org.uk/recognitionhttp://www.cie.org.uk/recognitionhttp://www.cie.org.uk/teachershttp://www.cie.org.uk/teachershttp://www.cie.org.uk/teachershttp://www.cie.org.uk/recognition -
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
1. Introduction
1.2 Why choose Cambridge International
A & AS Level Physics?Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics qualifications are accepted by universities and employers as
proof of essential knowledge and ability.
This syllabus is designed:
to give a thorough introduction to the study of Physics and scientific methods
to develop skills and abilities that are relevant to the safe practice of science and to everyday life:
concern for accuracy and precision, objectivity, integrity, the skills of enquiry, initiative and inventiveness
to emphasise the understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles, rather than the
recall of factual material
to enable candidates to become confident citizens in a technological world and to take an informed
interest in matters of scientific importance
to promote the use of IT as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the interpretation of experimental and
theoretical results.
Physics is one of a number of science syllabuses that CIE offers for details of other syllabuses at IGCSE,
O Level and A & AS Level visit the CIE website at www.cie.org.uk.
1.3 Cambridge Advanced International Certificate of
Education (AICE)Cambridge AICE is the group award of Cambridge International Advanced Supplementary Level and
Advanced Level (AS Level and A Level).
Cambridge AICE involves the selection of subjects from three curriculum areas Mathematics and Science;
Languages; Arts and Humanities.
An A Level counts as a double-credit qualification and an AS Level as a single-credit qualification within the
Cambridge AICE award framework. Half-credits are also available in English Language and Literature in
English and may be combined to obtain the equivalent of a single credit.
To be considered for an AICE Diploma, a candidate must earn the equivalent of six credits by passing a
combination of examinations at either double credit or single credit, with at least one course coming from
each of the three curriculum areas.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
1. Introduction
The examinations are administered in May/June and October/November sessions each year. A candidate
working towards the Cambridge AICE Diploma may use up to three sessions to take the equivalent of six
credits as long as they are taken within a 13-month period.
Physics (9702) falls into Group A, Mathematics and Sciences.
Learn more about AICE at http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/aice.
1.4 How can I find out more?
If you are already a Cambridge CentreYou can make entries for this qualification through your usual channels, e.g. CIE Direct.
If you have any queries, please contact us at [email protected] .
If you are not a Cambridge Centre
You can find out how your organisation can become a Cambridge Centre.Email us at [email protected] .
Learn more about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge Centre at www.cie.org.uk.
http://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/aicehttp://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/aicemailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.cie.org.uk/http://www.cie.org.uk/http://www.cie.org.uk/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.cie.org.uk/qualifications/academic/uppersec/aice -
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
2. Assessment at a glance
Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics
Syllabus code 9702 Candidates for Advanced Subsidiary (AS) certification will take Papers 1, 2 and either 31 or 32 in a single
examination session.
Candidates who, having received AS certification, wish to continue their studies to the full Advanced
Level qualification may carry their AS marks forward and take just Papers 4 and 5 in the examinationsession in which they require certification.
Candidates taking the complete Advanced Level qualification at the end of the course take all five papers
in a single examination session.
Candidates may not enter for single papers either on the first occasion or for re-sit purposes.
Candidates may only enter for the papers in the combinations indicated above.
Paper Type of Paper Duration Marks Weighting
AS Level A Level
1 Multiple Choice 1 hour 40 31% 15%
2 AS Structured Questions 1 hour 60 46% 23%
31/32 Advanced Practical Skills 2 hours 40 23% 12%
4 A2 Structured Questions 2 hours 100 38%
5 Planning, Analysis and
Evaluation
1 hour 15 min 30 12%
Paper 1The paper will consist of 40 questions, all of the direct choice type with four options. All questions will be
based on the AS syllabus. Candidates will answer all questions.
Paper 2This paper will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value. All questions will
be based on the AS syllabus. Candidates will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the question
paper.
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2. Assessment at a glance
Paper 31/Paper 32In some examination sessions, two versions of the Advanced Practical Skills paper will be available,
identified as Paper 31 and Paper 32. In other sessions, only Paper 31 will be available. Paper 31 and
Paper 32 will be equivalent and each candidate will be required to take only one of them. This is to allow
large Centres to split candidates into two groups: one group will take Paper 31; the other group will take
Paper 32. Each of these papers will be timetabled on a different day.
Each paper will consist of two experiments drawn from different areas of Physics. Candidates will beallowed to use the apparatus for each experiment for a maximum of 1 hour. The examiners will not be
restricted by the subject content. Candidates will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the
question paper.
See the Practical Assessment section of the syllabus for full details.
Paper 4This paper will consist of two sections:
Section A (70 marks) will consist of questions based on the A2 core, but may include material first
encountered in the AS syllabus.
Section B (30 marks) will consist of questions based on Applications of Physics, but may include
material first encountered in the core (AS and A2) syllabus.
Both sections will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value. Candidates
will answer all questions. Candidates will answer on the question paper.
Paper 5This paper will consist of two questions of equal mark value based on the practical skills of planning, analysis
and evaluation. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. Candidates will answer all
questions. Candidates will answer on the question paper.
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2. Assessment at a glance
AvailabilityThis syllabus is examined in the May/June examination session and the October/November examination
session.
This syllabus is available to private candidates. However it is expected that private candidates learn in an
environment where practical work is an integral part of the course. Candidates will not be able to perform
well in this assessment or successfully progress to further study without this necessary and important
aspect of science education.
Centres in the UK that receive government funding are advised to consult the CIE website www.cie.org.uk
for the latest information before beginning to teach this syllabus.
Combining this with other syllabusesCandidates can combine this syllabus in an examination session with any other CIE syllabus, except:
syllabuses with the same title at the same level
8780 AS Level Physical Science.
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3. Syllabus aims and objectives
3.1 AimsThese are not listed in order of priority. The aims of a course based on this syllabus should be to:
1. provide, through well-designed studies of experimental and practical science, a worthwhile educational
experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and, in
particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to
1.1 become confident citizens in a technological world and be able to take or develop an informed
interest in scientific matters
1.2 recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in
other disciplines and in everyday life
1.3 be suitably prepared for studies beyond A Level in Physics, in Engineering or in Physics-dependent
vocational courses.
2. develop abilities and skills that
2.1 are relevant to the study and practice of science
2.2 are useful in everyday life
2.3 encourage efficient and safe practice
2.4 encourage effective communication.
3. develop attitudes relevant to science such as
3.1 concern for accuracy and precision
3.2 objectivity
3.3 integrity
3.4 the skills of enquiry
3.5 initiative
3.6 inventiveness.
4. stimulate interest in, and care for, the environment in relation to the environmental impact of Physics
and its applications.
5. promote an awareness
5.1 that the study and practice of Physics are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to
social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations
5.2 that the implications of Physics may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the
community and the environment
5.3 of the importance of the use of IT for communication, as an aid to experiments and as a tool for the
interpretation of experimental and theoretical results.
6. stimulate students and create a sustained interest in Physics so that the study of the subject is enjoyable
and satisfying.
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3. Syllabus aims and objectives
3.2 Assessment objectivesThe assessment objectives listed below reflect those parts of the Aims that will be assessed in the
examination.
A Knowledge with understandingCandidates should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
1. scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts and theories
2. scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions (including symbols, quantities and units)
3. scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety
4. scientific quantities and their determination
5. scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications.
The syllabus content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and explain.
Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe,
or explain (see Glossary of terms).
B Handling, applying and evaluating informationCandidates should be able (in words or by using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation) to:
1. locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources
2. translate information from one form to another
3. manipulate numerical and other data
4. use information to identify patterns, report trends, draw inferences and report conclusions
5. present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships
6. make predictions and put forward hypotheses
7. apply knowledge, including principles, to new situations
8. evaluate information and hypotheses
9. demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models.
These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the syllabus content because questions
testing such skills may be based on information that is unfamiliar to the candidate. In answering such
questions, candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply
them in a logical, reasoned or deductive manner to a new situation. Questions testing these objectives will
often begin with one of the following words: predict, suggest, deduce, calculateor determine(see Glossary
of terms).
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3. Syllabus aims and objectives
C Experimental skills and investigationsCandidates should be able to:
1. follow a detailed set or sequence of instructions and use techniques, apparatus and materials safely and
effectively
2. make observations and measurements with due regard for precision and accuracy
3. interpret and evaluate observations and experimental data
4. identify a problem; design and plan investigations; evaluate methods and techniques; suggest possibleimprovement
5. record observations, measurements, methods and techniques with due regard for precision, accuracy
and units.
3.3 Weighting of assessment objectivesThe table below gives a general idea of the allocation of marks to the assessment objectives, though the
balance on each paper may vary slightly.
Assessment objective Weighting
(%)
Assessment components
A: Knowledge with understanding 37 Papers 1, 2 and 4
B: Handling information and solving problems 40 Papers 1, 2 and 4
C: Experimental skills and investigations 23 Papers 31/32 and 5
Teachers should note that there is a greater weighting of 63% for skills (including handling information,
solving problems, practical, experimental and investigative skills) compared to the 37% for knowledge
and understanding. Teachers schemes of work and the sequence of learning activities should reflect this
balance so that the aims of the syllabus are met and the candidates prepared for the assessment.
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3. Syllabus aims and objectives
3.4 Additional informationSymbols, signs and abbreviations used in examination papers will follow the recommendations made in the
ASE publication Signs, Symbols and Systematics(2000).
In accordance with current ASE convention, decimal markers in examination papers will be a single dot on
the line. Candidates are expected to follow this convention in their answers.
The units kW h, atmosphere, eV and unified atomic mass unit (u) may be used in examination papers
without further explanation.
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4. Syllabus content
4.1 Structure of the syllabus
The subject content of the syllabus is divided into:
AS and A2 Core (sections IVI)
Applications of Physics (section VII).
The table below shows which parts of the syllabus contain AS material and/or A2 material.
Section AS A2
I General Physics 1. Physical quantities and units
2. Measurement techniques
II Newtonian mechanics 3. Kinematics
4. Dynamics
5. Forces
6. Work, energy, power
7. Motion in a circle
8. Gravitational field
III Matter 9. Phases of matter
10. Deformation of solids
11. Ideal gases
12. Temperature
13. Thermal properties of materials
IV Oscillations and waves 14. Oscillations
15. Waves
16. Superposition
V Electricity and magnetism 17. Electric fields
18. Capacitance
19. Current of electricity
20. D.C. circuits
21. Magnetic fields
22. Electromagnetism
23. Electromagnetic induction
24. Alternating currents
VI Modern Physics 25. Charged particles
26. Quantum physics
27. Nuclear physics
VII Gathering and communicating
information
28. Direct sensing
29. Remote sensing
30. Communicating information
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4. Syllabus content
4.2 Subject contentTeachers should incorporate the social, environmental, economic and technological aspects of Physics,
wherever possible, throughout the syllabus (see Aims 4 and 5). Some examples are included in the
syllabus and candidates should be encouraged to apply the principles of these examples to other situations
introduced in the course. Further examples have not been included in the syllabus, as this would merely
increase the amount of factual recall required.
The A2 parts of the syllabus, which will be examined only in the full Advanced Level qualification, are
indicated in bold type throughout the subject content.
The Applications of Physics section occupies about 12% of the full Advanced Level course. A separate
booklet covering this section is available from CIE Publications.
Aim 5.3 emphasises the importance of Information technology (IT) in this Physics course. Candidates
should make full use of IT techniques in their practical work. Teachers may also use IT in demonstrations
and simulations. Advice on the use of IT in A Level Physics is printed at the back of the syllabus.
The table of subject content is neither intended to be used as a teaching syllabus, nor to represent ateaching order.
Alterations to the syllabus content are indicated by black vertical lines on both sides of the text.
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4. Syllabus content
4.2.1 AS and A2 Core: Sections IVI inclusive
Section I: General physics
Recommended prior knowledge
Candidates should be aware of the nature of a physical measurement, in terms of a magnitude and a unit.
They should have experience of making and recording such measurements in the laboratory.
1. Physical quantities and units
Content
1.1 Physical quantities
1.2 SI Units
1.3 The Avogadro constant
1.4 Scalars and vectors
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding that all physical quantities consist of a numerical
magnitude and a unit
(b) recall the following SI base quantities and their units: mass (kg),
length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount of
substance (mol)
(c) express derived units as products or quotients of the SI base units anduse the named units listed in this syllabus as appropriate
(d) use SI base units to check the homogeneity of physical equations
(e) show an understanding of and use the conventions for labelling graph
axes and table columns as set out in the ASE publication Signs, Symbols
and Systematics(The ASE Companionto 1619 Science, 2000)
(f) use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-
multiples or multiples of both base and derived units: pico (p), nano (n),
micro (), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M), giga (G), tera (T)
(g) make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the
syllabus
(h) show an understanding that the Avogadro constant is the number
of atoms in 0.012kg of carbon-12
(i) use molar quantities where one mole of any substance is the
amount containing a number of particles equal to the Avogadro
constant
(j) distinguish between scalar and vector quantities and give examples of
each
(k) add and subtract coplanar vectors
(l) represent a vector as two perpendicular components.
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4. Syllabus content
2. Measurement techniques
Content
2.1 Measurements
2.2 Errors and uncertainties
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) use techniques for the measurement of length, volume, angle, mass,
time, temperature and electrical quantities appropriate to the ranges
of magnitude implied by the relevant parts of the syllabus.
In particular, candidates should be able to:
measure lengths using a ruler, vernier scale and micrometer
measure weight and hence mass using spring and lever balances
measure an angle using a protractor
measure time intervals using clocks, stopwatches and the
calibrated time-base of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.)
measure temperature using a thermometer as a sensor
use ammeters and voltmeters with appropriate scales
use a galvanometer in null methods
use a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.)
use a calibrated Hall probe
(b) use both analogue scales and digital displays
(c) use calibration curves
(d) show an understanding of the distinction between systematic errors
(including zero errors) and random errors
(e) show an understanding of the distinction between precision and
accuracy
(f) assess the uncertainty in a derived quantity by simple addition of
actual, fractional or percentage uncertainties (a rigorous statisticaltreatment is not required).
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
Section II: Newtonian mechanics
Recommended prior knowledge
Candidates should be able to describe the action of a force on a body.
They should be able to describe the motion of a body and recognise acceleration and constant speed.
They should be able to use the relationship average speed= distance / time.
3. Kinematics
Content
3.1 Linear motion
3.2 Non-linear motion
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
(b) use graphical methods to represent displacement, speed, velocity and
acceleration
(c) find displacement from the area under a velocity-time graph
(d) use the slope of a displacement-time graph to find the velocity
(e) use the slope of a velocity-time graph to find the acceleration
(f) derive, from the definitions of velocity and acceleration, equations that
represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line
(g) solve problems using equations that represent uniformly accelerated
motion in a straight line, including the motion of bodies falling in a
uniform gravitational field without air resistance
(h) recall that the weight of a body is equal to the product of its mass and
the acceleration of free fall
(i) describe an experiment to determine the acceleration of free fall using
a falling body
(j) describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniformgravitational field with air resistance
(k) describe and explain motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction
and a uniform acceleration in a perpendicular direction.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
4. Dynamics
Content
4.1 Newtons laws of motion
4.2 Linear momentum and
its conservation
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) state each of Newtons laws of motion
(b) show an understanding that mass is the property of a body that
resists change in motion
(c) describe and use the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational
field on a mass
(d) define linear momentum as the product of mass and velocity
(e) define force as rate of change of momentum
(f) recall and solve problems using the relationship F = ma, appreciating
that acceleration and force are always in the same direction
(g) state the principle of conservation of momentum
(h) apply the principle of conservation of momentum to solve simple
problems including elastic and inelastic interactions between two
bodies in one dimension (knowledge of the concept of coefficient of
restitution is not required)
(i) recognise that, for a perfectly elastic collision, the relative speed of
approach is equal to the relative speed of separation
(j) show an understanding that, while momentum of a system is always
conserved in interactions between bodies, some change in kinetic
energy usually takes place.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
5. Forces
Content
5.1 Types of force
5.2 Equilibrium of forces
5.3 Centre of gravity
5.4 Turning effects of forces
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the forces on mass and charge in uniform gravitational and
electric fields, as appropriate
(b) show an understanding of the origin of the upthrust acting on a body
in a fluid
(c) show a qualitative understanding of frictional forces and viscous
forces including air resistance (no treatment of the coefficients of
friction and viscosity is required)
(d) use a vector triangle to represent forces in equilibrium
(e) show an understanding that the weight of a body may be taken as
acting at a single point known as its centre of gravity
(f) show an understanding that a couple is a pair of forces that tends to
produce rotation only
(g) define and apply the moment of a force and the torque of a couple(h) show an understanding that, when there is no resultant force and no
resultant torque, a system is in equilibrium
(i) apply the principle of moments.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
6. Work, energy, power
Content
6.1 Energy conversion and
conservation
6.2 Work
6.3 Potential energy, kinetic
energy and internal
energy
6.4 Power
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) give examples of energy in different forms, its conversion and
conservation, and apply the principle of energy conservation to simple
examples
(b) show an understanding of the concept of work in terms of the product
of a force and displacement in the direction of the force
(c) calculate the work done in a number of situations including the work
done by a gas that is expanding against a constant external pressure:
W= pV
(d) derive, from the equations of motion, the formula Ek=
1
2
2mv
(e) recall and apply the formula Ek=
1
2
2mv
(f) distinguish between gravitational potential energy, electric potential
energy and elastic potential energy
(g) show an understanding and use the relationship between force andpotential energy in a uniform field to solve problems
(h) derive, from the defining equation W= Fs, the formula Ep = mgh for
potential energy changes near the Earths surface
(i) recall and use the formula Ep = mgh for potential energy changes near
the Earths surface
(j) show an understanding of the concept of internal energy
(k) recall and understand that the efficiency of a system is the ratio of
useful work done by the system to the total energy input
(l) show an appreciation for the implications of energy losses in practical
devices and use the concept of efficiency to solve problems
(m) define power as work done per unit time and derive power as the
product of force and velocity
(n) solve problems using the relationships P= and P= Fv.Wt
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
7. Motion in a circle
Content
7.1 Kinematics of uniform
circular motion
7.2 Centripetal acceleration
7.3 Centripetal force
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) express angular displacement in radians
(b) understand and use the concept of angular velocity to solve
problems
(c) recall and use v= r to solve problems
(d) describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to
a perpendicular force, and understand the centripetal
acceleration in the case of uniform motion in a circle
(e) recall and use centripetal acceleration a= r2, a=
(f) recall and use centripetal force F= mr2, F=mv2
r
v2
r
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
8. Gravitational field
Content
8.1 Gravitational field
8.2 Force between point
masses
8.3 Field of a point mass
8.4 Field near to the surface of
the Earth
8.5 Gravitational potential
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding of the concept of a gravitational field
as an example of field of force and define gravitational field
strength as force per unit mass
(b) recall and use Newtons law of gravitation in the form
F=
(c) derive, from Newtons law of gravitation and the definition
of gravitational field strength, the equation gGM
r=
2for the
gravitational field strength of a point mass
(d) recall and solve problems using the equation gGM
r=
2for the
gravitational field strength of a point mass
(e) show an appreciation that on the surface of the Earth gis
approximately constant and is called the acceleration of freefall
(f) define potential at a point as the work done in bringing unit
mass from infinity to the point
(g) solve problems using the equation = GMr
for the potential
in the field of a point mass
(h) recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and
quantitative aspects of gravitational field and electric field
(i) analyse circular orbits in inverse square law fields by relating
the gravitational force to the centripetal acceleration it
causes
(j) show an understanding of geostationary orbits and their
application.
Gm1m2
r2
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
Section III: Matter
Recommended prior knowledge
Candidates should be able to describe matter in terms of particles, with a qualitative understanding of
their behaviour.
9. Phases of matter
Content
9.1 Density
9.2 Solids, liquids, gases
9.3 Pressure in fluids
9.4 Change of phase
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define the term density
(b) relate the difference in the structures and densities of solids, liquids
and gases to simple ideas of the spacing, ordering and motion of
molecules
(c) describe a simple kinetic model for solids, liquids and gases
(d) describe an experiment that demonstrates Brownian motion and
appreciate the evidence for the movement of molecules provided by
such an experiment
(e) distinguish between the structure of crystalline and non-crystalline
solids with particular reference to metals, polymers and amorphous
materials
(f) define the term pressure and use the kinetic model to explain the
pressure exerted by gases
(g) derive, from the definitions of pressure and density, the equation
p= gh
(h) use the equation p= gh
(i) distinguish between the processes of melting, boiling and
evaporation.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
10. Deformation of solids
Content
10.1 Stress, strain
10.2 Elastic and plastic
behaviour
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) appreciate that deformation is caused by a force and that, in one dimension,
the deformation can be tensile or compressive
(b) describe the behaviour of springs in terms of load, extension, elastic limit,
Hookes law and the spring constant (i.e. force per unit extension)
(c) define and use the terms stress, strain and the Young modulus
(d) describe an experiment to determine the Young modulus of a metal in the
form of a wire
(e) distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation of a material
(f) deduce the strain energy in a deformed material from the area under the
force-extension graph
(g) demonstrate knowledge of the force-extension graphs for typical ductile,
brittle and polymeric materials, including an understanding of ultimate
tensile stress.
11. Ideal gases
Content
11.1 Equation of state
11.2 Kinetic theory of
gases
11.3 Pressure of a gas
11.4 Kinetic energy of
a molecule
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) recall and solve problems using the equation of state for an ideal gas
expressed as pV= nRT(n= number of moles)
(b) infer from a Brownian motion experiment the evidence for the
movement of molecules
(c) state the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases
(d) explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a
gas and hence deduce the relationship pNmV
=1
3< c2 >
(N= number of molecules)
[a rigorous derivation is not required]
(e) compare pV= 13
Nm< c2 > with pV= NkTand hence deduce that the
average translational kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to T.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
12. Temperature
Content
12.1 Thermal equilibrium
12.2 Temperature scales
12.3 Practical
thermometers
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an appreciation that thermal energy is transferred from a
region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
(b) show an understanding that regions of equal temperature are in
thermal equilibrium
(c) show an understanding that a physical property that varies with
temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature
and state examples of such properties
(d) compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of resistance
and thermocouple thermometers as previously calibrated
instruments
(e) show an understanding that there is an absolute scale of
temperature that does not depend on the property of any
particular substance (i.e. the thermodynamic scale and the
concept of absolute zero)
(f) convert temperatures measured in kelvin to degrees Celsius and
recall that T/ K = T/ C + 273.15
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
13. Thermal properties of materials
Content
13.1 Specific heat capacity
13.2 Specific latent heat
13.3 Internal energy
13.4 First law of
thermodynamics
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain using a simple kinetic model for matter why
melting and boiling take place without a change in
temperature
the specific latent heat of vaporisation is higher than specific
latent heat of fusion for the same substance
a cooling effect accompanies evaporation
(b) define and use the concept of specific heat capacity, and identify
the main principles of its determination by electrical methods
(c) define and use the concept of specific latent heat, and identify
the main principles of its determination by electrical methods
(d) relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in its internal
energy
(e) show an understanding that internal energy is determined by thestate of the system and that it can be expressed as the sum of a
random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated
with the molecules of a system
(f) recall and use the first law of thermodynamics expressed in terms
of the increase in internal energy, the heating of the system and
the work done on the system.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
Section IV: Oscillations and waves
Recommended prior knowledge
Candidates should be able to describe basic wave behaviour, gained through a study of optics. They
should be aware of the basic ideas of reflection and refraction in light.
14. Oscillations
Content
14.1 Simple harmonic
motion
14.2 Energy in simple
harmonic motion
14.3 Damped and
forced oscillations:
resonance
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe simple examples of free oscillations
(b) investigate the motion of an oscillator using experimental and
graphical methods
(c) understand and use the terms amplitude, period, frequency, angular
frequency and phase difference and express the period in terms of
both frequency and angular frequency
(d) recognise and use the equation a= 2xas the defining equation of
simple harmonic motion
(e) recall and use x= x0sintas a solution to the equation a= 2x
(f) recognise and use
v= v0cos t, v= )(22
0xx
(g) describe, with graphical illustrations, the changes in displacement,
velocity and acceleration during simple harmonic motion
(h) describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy
during simple harmonic motion
(i) describe practical examples of damped oscillations with particular
reference to the effects of the degree of damping and the importanceof critical damping in cases such as a car suspension system
(j) describe practical examples of forced oscillations and resonance
(k) describe graphically how the amplitude of a forced oscillation
changes with frequency near to the natural frequency of the
system, and understand qualitatively the factors that determine the
frequency response and sharpness of the resonance
(l) show an appreciation that there are some circumstances in which
resonance is useful and other circumstances in which resonance
should be avoided.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
15. Waves
Content
15.1 Progressive waves
15.2 Transverse and
longitudinal waves
15.3 Polarisation
15.4 Determination of
speed, frequency
and wavelength
15.5 Electromagnetic
spectrum
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in
ropes, springs and ripple tanks
(b) show an understanding of and use the terms displacement, amplitude,
phase difference, period, frequency, wavelength and speed
(c) deduce, from the definitions of speed, frequency and wavelength, the
equation v= f
(d) recall and use the equation v= f
(e) show an understanding that energy is transferred due to a progressive
wave
(f) recall and use the relationship intensity (amplitude)2
(g) compare transverse and longitudinal waves
(h) analyse and interpret graphical representations of transverse and
longitudinal waves(i) show an understanding that polarisation is a phenomenon associated
with transverse waves
(j) determine the frequency of sound using a calibrated c.r.o.
(k) determine the wavelength of sound using stationary waves
(l) state that all electromagnetic waves travel with the same speed in free
space and recall the orders of magnitude of the wavelengths of the
principal radiations from radio waves to -rays.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
16. Superposition
Content
16.1 Stationary waves
16.2 Diffraction
16.3 Interference
16.4 Two-source interferencepatterns
16.5 Diffraction grating
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain and use the principle of superposition in simple applications
(b) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate stationary
waves using microwaves, stretched strings and air columns
(c) explain the formation of a stationary wave using a graphical method,
and identify nodes and antinodes
(d) explain the meaning of the term diffraction
(e) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate diffraction
including the diffraction of water waves in a ripple tank with both a
wide gap and a narrow gap
(f) show an understanding of the terms interference and coherence
(g) show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate two-source
interference using water, light and microwaves
(h) show an understanding of the conditions required if two-source
interference fringes are to be observed
(i) recall and solve problems using the equation =ax
Dfor double-slit
interference using light
(j) recall and solve problems using the formula dsin= n and describe
the use of a diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of light
(the structure and use of the spectrometer are not included).
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
Section V: Electricity and magnetism
Recommended prior knowledge
Candidates should be aware of the two types of charge, charging by friction and by induction. They
should be able to distinguish between conductors and insulators using a simple electron model.
17. Electric fields
Content
17.1 Concept of an electric
field
17.2 Uniform electric fields
17.3 Force between point
charges
17.4 Electric field of a point
charge
17.5 Electric potential
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding of the concept of an electric field as an
example of a field of force and define electric field strength as force
per unit positive charge acting on a stationary point charge
(b) represent an electric field by means of field lines
(c) recall and used
VE= to calculate the field strength of the uniform field
between charged parallel plates in terms of potential difference and
separation( ) calculate the forces on charges in uniform electric fields
( ) describe the effect of a uniform electric field on the motion of charged
particles
(f) recall and use Coulombs law in the form F=Q1Q2
40r2 for the force
between two point charges in free space or air
(g) recall and use E=Q
40r2
for the field strength of a point charge in
free space or air
(h) define potential at a point in terms of the work done in bringing
unit positive charge from infinity to the point
(i) state that the field strength of the field at a point is equal to the
negative of potential gradient at that point
(j) use the equation V=Q
40rfor the potential in the field of a point
charge
(k) recognise the analogy between certain qualitative and
quantitative aspects of electric fields and gravitational fields.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
18. Capacitance
Content
18.1 Capacitors and
capacitance
18.2 Energy stored in a
capacitor
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding of the function of capacitors in simple
circuits
(b) define capacitance and the farad
(c) recall and solve problems using C QV
=
(d) derive, using the formula CQV
= , conservation of charge and the
addition of p.d.s, formulae for capacitors in series and in parallel
(e) solve problems using formulae for capacitors in series and in
parallel
(f) deduce, from the area under a potential-charge graph, the
equation W Q V=1
2and hence W C V=
1
2
2.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
19. Current of electricity
Content
19.1 Electric current
19.2 Potential difference
19.3 Resistance and
resistivity
19.4 Sources of
electromotive force
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding that electric current is the flow of charged
particles
(b) define charge and the coulomb
(c) recall and solve problems using the equation Q= It
(d) define potential difference and the volt
(e) recall and solve problems using VW
Q=
(f) recall and solve problems using P= VI, P= I2R
(g) define resistance and the ohm
(h) recall and solve problems using V= IR
(i) sketch and explain the I-Vcharacteristics of a metallic conductor at
constant temperature, a semiconductor diode and a filament lamp
(j) sketch the temperature characteristic of a thermistor (thermistors willbe assumed to be of the negative temperature coefficient type)
(k) state Ohms law
(l) recall and solve problems using R=
(m) define e.m.f. in terms of the energy transferred by a source in driving
unit charge round a complete circuit
(n) distinguish between e.m.f. and p.d. in terms of energy considerations
(o) show an understanding of the effects of the internal resistance of a
source of e.m.f. on the terminal potential difference and output power.
L
A
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
20. D.C. circuits
Content
20.1 Practical circuits
20.2 Conservation of charge
and energy
20.3 Balanced potentials
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) recall and use appropriate circuit symbols as set out in the ASE
publication Signs, Symbols and Systematics
(b) draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches,
resistors, ammeters, voltmeters, and/or any other type of component
referred to in the syllabus
(c) recall Kirchhoffs first law and appreciate the link to conservation of
charge
(d) recall Kirchhoffs second law and appreciate the link to conservation of
energy
(e) derive, using Kirchhoffs laws, a formula for the combined resistance
of two or more resistors in series
(f) solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two
or more resistors in series
(g) derive, using Kirchhoffs laws, a formula for the combined resistance
of two or more resistors in parallel
(h) solve problems using the formula for the combined resistance of two
or more resistors in parallel
(i) apply Kirchhoffs laws to solve simple circuit problems
(j) show an understanding of the use of a potential divider circuit as a
source of variable p.d.
(k) explain the use of thermistors and light-dependent resistors in
potential dividers to provide a potential difference that is dependent on
temperature and illumination respectively
(l) recall and solve problems using the principle of the potentiometer as a
means of comparing potential differences.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
21. Magnetic fields
Content
21.1 Concept of
magnetic field
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding that a magnetic field is an example of a
field of force produced either by current-carrying conductors or by
permanent magnets
(b) represent a magnetic field by field lines.
22. Electromagnetism
Content
22.1 Force on a current-
carrying conductor
22.2 Force on a moving
charge
22.3 Magnetic fields due
to currents
22.4 Force between
current-carrying
conductors
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an appreciation that a force might act on a current-carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field
(b) recall, and solve problems using, the equation F= BIlsin, with
directions as interpreted by Flemings left-hand rule
(c) define magnetic flux density and the tesla
(d) show an understanding of how the force on a current-carrying
conductor can be used to measure the flux density of a magnetic
field using a current balance
(e) predict the direction of the force on a charge moving in a
magnetic field
(f) recall and solve problems using F= BQvsin
(g) sketch flux patterns due to a long straight wire, a flat circular coil
and a long solenoid
(h) show an understanding that the field due to a solenoid may beinfluenced by the presence of a ferrous core
(i) explain the forces between current-carrying conductors and
predict the direction of the forces
(j) describe and compare the forces on mass, charge and current in
gravitational, electric and magnetic fields, as appropriate.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
23. Electromagnetic induction
Content
23.1 Laws of
electromagnetic
induction
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) define magnetic flux and the weber
(b) recall and solve problems using = BA
(c) define magnetic flux linkage
(d) infer from appropriate experiments on electromagnetic induction:
that a changing magnetic flux can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit
that the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the change
producing it
the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
(e) recall and solve problems using Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction and Lenzs law
(f) explain simple applications of electromagnetic induction.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
24. Alternating currents
Content
24.1 Characteristics of
alternating currents
24.2 The transformer
24.3 Transmission of
electrical energy
24.4 Rectification
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding of and use the terms period, frequency,
peak value and root-mean-square value as applied to an
alternating current or voltage
(b) deduce that the mean power in a resistive load is half the
maximum power for a sinusoidal alternating current
(c) represent a sinusoidally alternating current or voltage by an
equation of the form x= x0sint
(d) distinguish between r.m.s. and peak values and recall and solve
problems using the relationship Irms =
2
I0
for the sinusoidal case
(e) show an understanding of the principle of operation of a simple
laminated iron-cored transformer and recall and solve problems
usingp
s
p
s
p
s
I
I
== V
V
N
N
for an ideal transformer(f) show an appreciation of the scientific and economic advantages
of alternating current and of high voltages for the transmission of
electrical energy
(g) distinguish graphically between half-wave and full-wave
rectification
(h) explain the use of a single diode for the half-wave rectification of
an alternating current
(i) explain the use of four diodes (bridge rectifier) for the full-wave
rectification of an alternating current(j) analyse the effect of a single capacitor in smoothing, including
the effect of the value of capacitance in relation to the load
resistance.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
Section VI: Modern Physics
Recommended prior knowledge
Candidates should be able to describe matter in terms of atoms, with electrons orbiting a positively
charged nucleus. Candidates should have studied some of the material in Section IV.
25. Charged particles
Content
25.1 Electrons
25.2 Beams of charged
particles
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding of the main principles of determination
of eby Millikans experiment
(b) summarise and interpret the experimental evidence for
quantisation of charge
(c) describe and analyse qualitatively the deflection of beams of
charged particles by uniform electric and uniform magnetic fields
(d) explain how electric and magnetic fields can be used in velocity
selection
(e) explain the main principles of one method for the determination of
vand em
e
for electrons.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
26. Quantum physics
Content
26.1 Energy of a photon
26.2 Photoelectric
emission of electrons
26.3 Wave-particle duality
26.4 Energy levels in
atoms
26.5 Line spectra
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an appreciation of the particulate nature of electromagnetic
radiation
(b) recall and use E= hf
(c) show an understanding that the photoelectric effect provides
evidence for a particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation
while phenomena such as interference and diffraction provide
evidence for a wave nature
(d) recall the significance of threshold frequency
(e) explain photoelectric phenomena in terms of photon energy and
work function energy
(f) explain why the maximum photoelectric energy is independent
of intensity, whereas the photoelectric current is proportional to
intensity
(g) recall, use and explain the significance of hf= + mv12 max
2
(h) describe and interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by
electron diffraction for the wave nature of particles
(i) recall and use the relation for the de Broglie wavelength =h
p
(j) show an understanding of the existence of discrete electron
energy levels in isolated atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen) and
deduce how this leads to spectral lines
(k) distinguish between emission and absorption line spectra
(l) recall and solve problems using the relation hf= E1
E2
.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
27. Nuclear physics
Content
27.1 The nucleus
27.2 Isotopes
27.3 Nuclear processes
27.4 Mass excess and
nuclear binding
energy
27.5 Radioactive decay
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) infer from the results of the -particle scattering experiment the existenceand small size of the nucleus
(b) describe a simple model for the nuclear atom to include protons, neutrons
and orbital electrons
(c) distinguish between nucleon number and proton number
(d) show an understanding that an element can exist in various isotopic forms,
each with a different number of neutrons
(e) use the usual notation for the representation of nuclides
(f) appreciate that nucleon number, proton number, and mass-energy are all
conserved in nuclear processes
(g) represent simple nuclear reactions by nuclear equations of the form
HOHeN1
1
17
8
4
2
14
7++
(h) show an appreciation of the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear
decay
(i) show an understanding of the nature and properties of -, - and -radiations (+ is not included: - radiation will be taken to refer to )
(j) infer the random nature of radioactive decay from the fluctuations in count
rate
(k) show an appreciation of the association between energy and mass
as represented by E= mc2 and recall and solve problems using this
relationship
(l) sketch the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon
number
(m)explain what is meant by nuclear fusion and nuclear fission
(n) explain the relevance of binding energy per nucleon to nuclear fusion
and to nuclear fission
(o) define the terms activity and decay constant and recall and solve
problems using A = N
(p) infer and sketch the exponential nature of radioactive decay and solve
problems using the relationship x= x0exp(t), where xcould represent
activity, number of undecayed particles or received count rate
(q) define half-life(r) solve problems using the relation = 0.693
1
2
t.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
4.2.2 Applications of Physics: Section VIITeachers will find it helpful to refer to CIE's Applications of Physicsbook when teaching this section. This is
available from the CIE Teacher Support website and from CIE Publications, and provides a guide to the level
of detail required. The Applications of Physics section of the syllabus forms approximately one-eighth of the
A Level material examined.
Section VII: Gathering and communicating information
28. Direct sensing
Content
28.1 Sensing
devices
28.2 The ideal
operational
amplifier
28.3 Operational
amplifier
circuits
28.4 Output devices
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) show an understanding that an electronic sensor consists of a sensing
device and a circuit that provides an output voltage
(b) show an understanding of the change in resistance with light intensity of
a light-dependent resistor (LDR)
(c) sketch the temperature characteristic of a negative temperature coefficient
thermistor
(d) show an understanding of the action of a piezo-electric transducer and itsapplication in a simple microphone
(e) describe the structure of a metal-wire strain gauge
(f) relate extension of a strain gauge to change in resistance of the gauge
(g) show an understanding that the output from sensing devices can be
registered as a voltage
(h) recall the main properties of the ideal operational amplifier (op-amp)
(i) deduce, from the properties of an ideal operational amplifier, the use of an
operational amplifier as a comparator
(j) show an understanding of the effects of negative feedback on the gain of
an operational amplifier
(k) recall the circuit diagrams for both the inverting and the non-inverting
amplifier for single signal input
(l) show an understanding of the virtual earth approximation and derive an
expression for the gain of inverting amplifiers
(m) recall and use expressions for the voltage gain of inverting and of
non-inverting amplifiers
(n) show an understanding of the use of relays in electronic circuits
(o) show an understanding of the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as
devices to indicate the state of the output of electronic circuits
(p) show an understanding of the need for calibration where digital or
analogue meters are used as output devices.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
29. Remote sensing
Content
29.1 Production and use
of X-rays
29.2 Production and use
of ultrasound
29.3 Use of magneticresonance as an
imaging technique
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain in simple terms the need for remote sensing (non-invasive
techniques of diagnosis) in medicine
(b) explain the principles of the production of X-rays by electron
bombardment of a metal target
(c) describe the main features of a modern X-ray tube, including
control of the intensity and hardness of the X-ray beam
(d) show an understanding of the use of X-rays in imaging internal
body structures, including a simple analysis of the causes of
sharpness and contrast in X-ray imaging
(e) show an understanding of the purpose of computed tomography
or CT scanning
(f) show an understanding of the principles of CT scanning
(g) show an understanding of how the image of an 8-voxel cube can
be developed using CT scanning
(h) explain the principles of the generation and detection of ultrasonic
waves using piezo-electric transducers
(i) explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain
diagnostic information about internal structures
(j) show an understanding of the meaning of specific acoustic
impedance and its importance to the intensity reflection coefficient
at a boundary
(k) recall and solve problems by using the equation I= I0exfor the
attenuation of X-rays and of ultrasound in matter(l) explain the main principles behind the use of magnetic resonance
to obtain diagnostic information about internal structures
(m)show an understanding of the function of the non-uniform
magnetic field, superimposed on the large constant magnetic field,
in diagnosis using magnetic resonance.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
30. Communicating information
Content
30.1 Principles of
modulation
30.2 Sidebands and
bandwidth
30.3 Transmission of
information by digital
means
30.4 Different channels of
communication
30.5 The mobile-phone
network
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) understand the term modulation and be able to distinguish
between amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation
(FM)
(b) recall that a carrier wave, amplitude modulated by a single audio
frequency, is equivalent to the carrier wave frequency together
with two sideband frequencies
(c) understand the term bandwidth
(d) demonstrate an awareness of the relative advantages of AM and
FM transmissions
(e) recall the advantages of the transmission of data in digital form,
compared to the transmission of data in analogue form
(f) understand that the digital transmission of speech or music
involves analogue-to-digital conversion (ADC) on transmissionand digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) on reception
(g) show an understanding of the effect of the sampling rate and the
number of bits in each sample on the reproduction of an input
signal
(h) appreciate that information may be carried by a number of
different channels, including wire-pairs, coaxial cables, radio and
microwave links and optic fibres
(i) discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of channels
of communication in terms of available bandwidth, noise, cross-
linking, security, signal attenuation, repeaters and regeneration,cost and convenience
(j) describe the use of satellites in communication
(k) recall the relative merits of both geostationary and polar orbiting
satellites for communicating information
(l) recall the frequencies and wavelengths used in different channels
of communication
(m)understand and use signal attenuation expressed in dB and
dB per unit length
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
4. Syllabus content
(n) recall and use the expression numberof dB= 10 lgP
1
P2
( ) for the ratio oftwo powers
(o) understand that, in a mobile-phone system, the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) is linked to base stations via a cellular
exchange
(p) understand the need for an area to be divided into a number of cells,each cell served by a base station
(q) understand the role of the base station and the cellular exchange
during the making of a call from a mobile phone handset
(r) recall a simplified block diagram of a mobile phone handset and
understand the function of each block.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
5. Practical assessment
5.1 IntroductionTeachers should ensure that candidates practice experimental skills throughout the whole period of their
course of study. As a guide, candidates should spend at least 20% of their time doing practical work
individually or in small groups. This 20% does not include time spent observing teacher demonstrations of
experiments.
The practical work that candidates do during their course should aim to:
provide learning opportunities so that candidates develop the skills they need to carry out experimental
and investigative work
reinforce the learning of the theoretical subject content of the syllabus
instil an understanding of the interplay of experiment and theory in scientific method
prove enjoyable, contributing to the motivation of candidates
Candidates experimental skills will be assessed in Paper 31/32 and Paper 5. In each of these papers, the
examiners will not be strictly bound by the subject content of the syllabus in setting questions. Where
appropriate, candidates will be told exactly what to do and how to do it: only knowledge of theory and
experimental skills within the syllabus will be expected.
5.2 Paper 31/Paper 32In some examination sessions, two versions of the Advanced Practical Skills paper will be available, identified
as Paper 31 and Paper 32. Paper 31 and Paper 32 will contain different questions, but will be equivalent in
the skills assessed and in the level of demand. Each candidate should take one of these papers.
Where two versions of the paper are offered, some schools may wish to divide their candidates so that
some are entered for Paper 31 and the others are entered for Paper 32; other schools may wish to enter allof their candidates for the same paper.
Paper 31/32 will be a timetabled, laboratory-based practical paper, focusing on the following experimental
skills:
manipulation, measurement and observation
presentation of data and observations
analysis, conclusions and evaluation
Each paper will consist of two questions, each of 1 hour and each of 20 marks.
The first question will be an experiment requiring candidates to collect data, to plot a graph and to draw
simple conclusions.
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5. Practical assessment
The second question will not require the plotting of a graph. In the second question, the experimental
method to be followed will be inaccurate, and candidates will be required to evaluate the method and
suggest improvements.
The two questions will be set in different areas of Physics. No prior knowledge of the theory will be
required. The areas of Physics will not be confined to the AS subject content, and may relate to A2 topics.
5.2.1 Mark scheme for Paper 31/32Paper 31/32 will be marked using the generic mark scheme below. The expectations for each mark category
are listed in the sections that follow.
Question 1
Skill Breakdown of marks
Manipulation, measurement and
observation
9 marks Successful collection of data 7 marks
Range and distribution of values 1 mark
Quality of data 1 mark
Presentation of data andobservations
7 marks Table of results: layout 1 mark
Table of results: raw data 1 mark
Table of results: calculated quantities 2 marks
Graph: layout 1 mark
Graph: plotting of points 1 mark
Graph: trend line 1 mark
Analysis, conclusions and
evaluation
4 marks Interpretation of graph 2 marks
Drawing conclusions 2 marks
Question 2
Skill Breakdown of marks
Manipulation, measurement and
observation
7 marks Successful collection of data 6 marks
Quality of data 1 mark
Presentation of data and
observations
3 marks Display of calculation and reasoning 3 marks
Analysis, conclusions and
evaluation
10 marks Drawing conclusions 1 mark
Estimating uncertainties 1 mark
Identifying limitations 4 marks
Suggesting improvements 4 marks
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5. Practical assessment
5.2.2 Expectations for each mark category (Paper 31/32)
Manipulation, measurement and observation
Successful collection of data
Candidates should be able to:
set up apparatus correctly without assistance from the Supervisor
follow instructions given in the form of written instructions, diagrams or circuit diagrams
use their apparatus to collect an appropriate quantity of data
repeat readings where appropriate
make measurements using common laboratory apparatus, such as millimetre scales, protractors,
stopwatches, top-pan balances, newton-meters, analogue or digital electrical meters, measuring
cylinders, vernier calipers, micrometer screw gauges and thermometers
use both analogue scales and digital displays.
Some candidates will be unable to set up their apparatus without help and may ask for assistance
from the Supervisor. Supervisors will be given clear instructions on what assistance may be given to
candidates, but this assistance should never go beyond the minimum necessary to enable candidates to
take some readings: under no circumstances should help be given with the presentation of data, analysis
or evaluation sections. All assistance must be reported to the examiners, and candidates who require
assistance will not be able to score full marks for the successful collection of data.
Range and distribution of values
Candidates should be able to:
make measurements that span the largest possible range of values within the limits either of the
equipment provided or of the instructions given
make measurements whose values are appropriately distributed within this range.
In most experiments, including those involving straight-line graphs, a regularly-spaced set of
measurements will be appropriate. For other experiments, such as those requiring the peak value of a
curved graph to be determined, it may be appropriate for the measurements to be concentrated in one
part of the range investigated. Candidates will be expected to be able to identify the most appropriate
distribution of values.
Quality of data
Candidates should be able to:
make and record accurate measurements.
Marks will be awarded for measured data in which the values obtained are reasonable. In some cases,
the award of the mark will be based on the scatter of points on a graph; in other cases, the candidates
data may be compared with information supplied by the supervisor or known to the examiners. The
examiners will only consider the extent to which the candidate has affected the quality of the data:
allowances will be made where the quality of data is limited by the experimental method required or by
the apparatus used.
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5. Practical assessment
Presentation of data and observations
Table of results: layout
Candidates should be able to:
present numerical data and values in a single table of results
draw up the table in advance of taking readings so that they do not have to copy up their results
include in the table of results columns for raw data and for values calculated from them
use column headings that include both the quantity and the unit and that conform to accepted
scientific conventions.
As an example of accepted practice in column headings, if the quantity being measured is current in
milliamperes, then I/mA would be the usual way to write the column heading, but I in mA or I (mA)
would be allowed. Headings such as ImA or just mA are not acceptable. The quantity or the unit or
both may be written in words rather than symbols. Conventional symbols or abbreviations (such as p.d.)
may be used without explanation.
Table of results: raw data
Candidates should be able to:
record raw readings of a quantity to the same degree of precision.
For example, if one measurement of length in a column of raw data is given to the nearest millimetre,
then all the lengths in that column should be given to the nearest millimetre. The degree of precision
used should be compatible with the measuring instrument used: it would be inappropriate to record a
distance measured on a millimetre scale as 2 cm.
Table of results: calculated quantities
Candidates should be able to:
calculate other quantities from their raw data
use the correct number of significant figures for these calculated quantities.
Except where they are produced by addition or subtraction, calculated quantities should be given to the
same number of significant figures (or one more than) the measured quantity of least accuracy. For
example, if values of a potential difference and of a current are measured to 2 and 4 significant figures
respectively, then the corresponding resistance should be given to 2 or 3 significant figures, but not 1
or 4. The number of significant figures may, if necessary, vary down a column of values for a calculated
quantity.
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5. Practical assessment
Graph: layout
Candidates should be able to:
plot the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis, except where
the variables are conventionally plotted the other way around
clearly label graph axes with both the quantity and the unit, following accepted scientific conventions
choose scales for graph axes such that the data points occupy at least half of the graph grid in both
x- and y-directions
use a false origin where appropriate
choose scales for the graph axes that allow the graph to be read easily, such as 1, 2 or 5 units to a
2 cm square
place regularly-spaced numerical labels along the whole of each axis.
The accepted scientific conventions for labelling the axes of a graph are the same as for the column
headings in a table of results.
Graph: plotting of points
Candidates should be able to:
plot all their data points on their graph grid to an accuracy of better than 1 mm.
Points should be finely drawn with a sharp pencil, but must still be visible. A fine cross or an encircled
dot is suitable; a thick pencil blob is not.
Graph: trend line
Candidates should be able to:
identify when the trend of a graph is linear or curved
draw straight lines of best fit or curves to show the trend of a graph
draw tangents to curved trend lines.
The trend line should show an even distribution of points on either side of the line along its whole length.
Lines should be finely drawn and should not contain kinks or breaks.
Display of calculation and reasoningCandidates should be able to:
show their working in calculations, and the key steps in their reasoning
justify the number of significant figures in a calculated quantity.
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5. Practical assessment
Analysis, conclusions and evaluation
Interpretation of graph
Candidates should be able to:
relate straight-line graphs to equations of the form y= mx+ c, and hence to derive expressions that
equate to the gradient or the y-intercept of their graphs
read the co-ordinates of points on the trend line of a graph
determine the gradient of a straight-line graph or of a tangent to a curve determine the y-intercept of a straight-line graph or of a tangent to a curve, including where these are
on graphs with a false origin.
When a gradient is to be determined, the points on the line chosen for the calculation should be
separated by at least half of the length of the line drawn.
In cases where the y-intercept cannot be read directly from the y-axis, it is expected that the co-ordinates
of a point on the line and the gradient will be substituted into y= mx+ c.
Drawing conclusions
Candidates should be able to:
draw conclusions from an experiment, including determining the values of constants, considering
whether experimental data supports a given hypothesis, and making predictions.
Estimating uncertainties
Candidates should be able to:
estimate, quantitatively, the uncertainty in their measurements
express the uncertainty in a measurement as an actual, fractional or percentage uncertainty, and
translate between these forms.
Identifying limitations
Candidates should be able to:
identify and describe the limitations in an experimental procedure
identify the most significant sources of uncertainty in an experiment show an understanding of the distinction between systematic errors (including zero errors) and
random errors.
Suggesting improvements
Candidates should be able to:
suggest modifications to an experimental arrangement that will improve the accuracy of the
experiment or to extend the investigation to answer a new question
describe these modifications clearly in words or diagrams.
Candidates suggestions should be realistic, so that in principle they are achievable in practice. The
suggestions may relate either to the apparatus used or to the experimental procedure followed.
Candidates may include improvements that they have actually made while carrying out the experiment.The suggested modifications may relate to sources of uncertainty identified by the candidate.
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Cambridge International A & AS Level Physics 9702. Examination in June and November 2012.
5. Practical assessment
5.2.3 Administration of the practical testDetailed regulations on the administration of CIE practical examinations are contained in the Handbook for
Centres.
A document called the Confidential Instructionswill be despatched to Centres,