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APPLIED SCIENCESL A B O R ATO RY E X P E R I M E N TS

2 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 GöttingenLaboratory Experiments Applied Sciences

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3PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 Göttingen Laboratory Experiments Applied Sciences

Subhead Applied MechanicsSummary

1

3

4

2.3 Interferometry2.3.01-00 Fourier optics – 2f Arrangement

2.3.02-00 Fourier optics – 4f Arrangement – Filtering and reconstruction

2.3.03-05 Michelson interferometer with optical base plate

2.3.04-00 Michelson interferometer – High Resolution

2.3.07-00 Doppler effect with the Michelson interferometer

2.3.08-00 Magnetostriction with Michelson interferometer

2.3.10-05 Refraction index of air and CO2 with Michelson interferometer with optical base plate

2.3.12-00 Determination of the refraction index of air with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer

2.3.14-05 Fabry-Perot interferometer – Determination of the laser light’s wavelength

2.3.14-06 Fabry-Perot interferometer – Optical resonator modes

2.3.17-11 LDA – Laser Doppler Anemometry with Cobra3

2.4 Holography2.4.01-00 Recording and reconstruction of holograms

2.4.07-00 Transfer hologram from a master hologram

2.4.11-06 Real time procedure I (bending of a plate)

Applied Thermodynamics -Renewable Energies

3.1 Heat3.1.01-00 Solar ray Collector

3.1.02-00 Heat pump

3.1.04-00 Heat insulation / Heat conduction

3.1.10-01/15 Stirling engine

3.1.12-00 Semiconductor thermogenerator

3.1.13-00 Peltier heat pump

3.2 Photovoltaic3.2.01-01 Characteristic curves of a solar cell

3.3 Fuel Cell3.3.01-00 Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell

and PEM electrolyser

Applied Electrics/Electronics

4.1 Semiconductors4.1.01-15 Characteristic curves of semiconductors

with FG-Module

4.1.02-01 Hall effect in p-germanium

4.1.02-11 Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3

4.1.03-01/11 Hall effect in n-germanium

4.1.06-00 Hall effect in metals

4.1.07-01 Band gap of germanium

4.1.07-11 Band gap of germanium with Cobra3

2

Applied Mechanics

1.1 Statics1.1.01-00 Moments

1.1.02-00 Modulus of elasticity

1.1.03-00 Mechanical hysteresis

1.1.04-00 Torsional vibrations and torsion modulus

1.2 Statics with DMSin preparation

1.4 Fluids1.4.04-00 Lift and drag (resistance to flow)


1.4.15-00 Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer)

1.4.16-00 Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer

1.4.20-15 Ultrasonic Doppler effect

1.5 Non Destructive Testing (NDT) by X-ray1.5.01-00 Determination of the length and position of an object

which cannot be seen

1.6 Non Destructive Testing (NDT) by Ultrasoundin preparation

1.7 Ultrasound1.7.01-15 Ultrasonic diffraction at different single

and double slit systems

1.7.02-15 Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems

1.7.03-15 Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a pin hole and a circular obstacle

1.7.04-00 Diffraction of ultrasound at a Fresnel zone plate / Fresnel’s zone construction

1.7.05-15 Interference of two identical ultrasonic transmitters

1.7.06-00 Interference of ultrasonic waves by a Lloyd mirror

1.7.07-00 Absorption of ultrasonic in air

1.7.08-15 Determination of the velocity of sound (sonar principle)

1.7.09-00 Ultrasonic Michelson-Interferometer

1.8 Fracturein preparation

Applied Optics - Photonics

2.1 Laser2.1.01-00 CO2-laser

2.1.02-01/05 Helium Neon Laser

2.1.04-00 Optical pumping

2.1.05-00 Nd-YAG laser

2.2 Fibres2.2.01-00 Fibre optics

4

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 Göttingen

Laboratory Experiments Applied Sciences

Summary

Medicine

9.1 Hematologyin preparation

9.2 Clinical Chemistyin preparation

9.3 Bacteriologyin preparation

9.4 Radiology9.4.32-00 X-ray dosimetry

9.4.33-00 Contrast medium experiment with a blood vessel model

9.4.34-00 Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen

9.5 Ultrasonic Diagnosticsin preparation

9.6 Electrophysiology9.6.01-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical

simuIation at the rear end of an earthworm

9.6.02-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical simuIation at the front end of an earthworm

9.6.03-11 Recording of nerve potentials after eIectrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm

9.6.04-50 Model experiment illustrating the deveIopment of resting potential

9.6.05-11 Human electrocardiography (ECG)

9.6.06-11 EIectromyography (EMG) on the upper arm

9.6.07-11 Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting veIocity

9.6.08-11 Human electrooculography (EOG)

9.7 Neurobiologyin preparation

9.8 Human Biology9.8.01-11 Phonocardiography:

Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG)

9.8.02-11 Blood pressure measurement

9.8.03-11 Changes in the blood flow during smoking

9.8.04-00 Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold

9.8.05-11 Hearing threshold and frequency differentiatingthreshold in humans

9.8.06-11 Acoustic orientation in space

9.8.07-00 Determination of the human visual field

9.8.08-00 Time resolving capability of the human eye

9.8.09-11 Measurement of the human respiratory rate

5

8

9Material Sciences

5.1 Metallurgy5.1.01-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Grinding and

polishing of metals new

5.1.02-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Chemical etching new

5.2 Structural Analysis - X-ray5.2.01/02/03/ Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different

04/05-00 powder samples

5.2.06-00 Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity ofDebye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample

5.2.07-00 Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets

5.3 Material Analysis - XRED5.3.01-00 Spectroscopy with the X-ray energy detector

5.3.02-00 Energy resolution of the X-ray energy detector/multi-channelanalyser system

5.3.03-00 Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector

5.3.04-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of metals

5.3.05-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials

5.3.06-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of powder samples

5.3.07-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids

5.3.08-00 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials

5.3.09-00 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids

5.3.10-00 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy – layer thickness determination

5.4 Surfaces and Boundaries5.4.01-00 Surface treatment / Plasma Physics

5.4.02-00 Paschen curve / Plasma Physics

5.5 Magnetic Properties5.5.02-00 Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer

5.5.11-11 Ferromagnetic hysteresis

5.6 Nano Technologyin preparation

Earth Sciences8.1 Geology8.1.01-00 Absorption of X-rays

8.1.02-00 X-ray investigation of crystal structures / Laue method

8.1.03-00 Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations

8.1.04/05-00 X-ray investigation of different crystal structures / Debye-Scherrer powder method

8.1.06/07/08/ Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different09/10-00 powder samples



1Applied Mechanics


Contents

1.1 Statics

1.1.01-00 Moments


1.1.03-00 Mechanical hysteresis


1.2 Statics with DMS

in preparation

1.4 Fluids

1.4.04-00 Lift and drag (resistance to flow)



1.4.16-00 Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer


1.5 Non Destructive Testing (NDT) by X-ray


Applied Mechanics

1.6 Non Destructive Testing (NDT) by Ultrasound

in preparation

1.7 Ultrasound

1.7.01-15 Ultrasonic diffraction at different single and double slit systems

1.7.02-15 Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems


1.7.04-00 Diffraction of ultrasound at a Fresnel zone plate / Fresnel’s zone construction


1.7.06-00 Interference of ultrasonic waves by a Lloyd mirror


1.7.08-15 Determination of the velocity of sound (sonar principle)


1.8 Fracture

in preparation

1


Statics Applied Mechanics

Moments 1.1.01-00

Principle:Coplanar forces (weight, spring bal-ance) act on the moments disc on either side of the pivot. In equilibri-um, the moments are determined asa function of the magnitude and direction of the forces and of the reference point.

Moment as a function of the distance between the origin of the coordinatesand the point of action of the force.

Tasks:1. Moment as a function of the dis-

tance between the origin of thecoordinates and the point of ac-tion of the force,

2. moment as a function of the anglebetween the force and the posi-tion vector to the point of actionof the force,

3. moment as a function of the force.

Moments disk 02270.00 1

Precision spring balance 1 N 03060.01 2

Tripod base -PASS- 02002.55 2

Barrel base -PASS- 02006.55 1

Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 400 mm 02026.55 2

Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 1

Swivel clamp -PASS- 02041.55 1

Bolt with pin 02052.00 1

Weight holder for slotted weights 02204.00 1

Slotted weights, 10 g, coated black 02205.01 4

Slotted weight, 50 g, coated black 02206.01 1

Fishing line on spool, d = 0,5 mm, l = 100 mm 02090.00 1

Rule, plastic, 200 mm 09937.01 1

What you need:

MomentsP5110100

What you can learn about …

Moments Couple Equilibrium Statics Lever Coplanar forces

m = 0.1 kg

r2 = 0.12 m

= /2.


Applied Mechanics Statics


Principle:A flat bar is supported at two points.It is bent by the action of a forceacting at its centre. The modulus ofelasticity is determined from thebending and the geometric data ofthe bar.

Table 1: The modulus of elasticity for different materials.

Tasks:1. Determination of the characteris-

tic curve of the dial gauge

2. Determination the bending of flatbars as a function

of the force

of the thickness, at constantforce

of the width, at constant force

of the distance between thesupport points at constant force

3. Determination the modulus ofelasticity of steel, aluminium andbrass.


Young’s modulus Modulus of elasticity Stress Deformation Poisson’s ratio Hooke’s law

Dial gauge, 10/0.01 mm 03013.00 1

Holder for dial gauge 03013.01 1

Flat rods, set 17570.00 1

Knife-edge with stirrup 03015.00 1

Bolt with knife edge 02049.00 2

Weight holder for slotted weights 02204.00 1






Slotted weights, 10 g, coated black 02205.01 10

Slotted weight, 50 g, coated black 02206.01 6

Measuring tape, l = 2 m 09936.00 1

Vernier calipers, stainless steel 03010.00 1Fishing line on spool, d = 0.5 mm, l = 100 mm 02090.00 1

What you need:

Modulus of elasticityP5110200

Material Dimensions [mm] E N · m-2

Steel 101.5 2.059 · 1011

Steel 102 2.063 · 1011

Steel 103 2.171· 1011

Steel 151.5 2.204 · 1011

Steel 201.5 2.111 · 1011

Aluminium 102 6.702 · 1010

Brass 102 9.222 · 1010


Statics Applied Mechanics

Mechanical hysteresis 1.1.03-00

Principle:The relationship between torque andangle of rotation is determined whenmetal bars are twisted. The hystere-sis curve is recorded.

Mechanical hysteresis curve for the torsion of a copper rod of 2 mm dia meterand 0.5 m long.

Tasks:1. Record the hysteresis curve of

steel and copper rods.

2. Record the stress-relaxation curvewith various relaxation times ofdifferent materials.

Torsion apparatus 02421.00 1

Torsion rod, steel, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.01 1

Torsion rod, Al, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.02 1





Torsion rod, brass, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.07 1

Torsion rod, copper, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.08 1


Precision spring balances, 2.5 N 03060.02 1

Stopwatch, digital, 1/100 s 03071.01 1

Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1




What you need:

Mechanical hysteresisP5110300


Mechanical hysteresis Elasticity Plasticity Relaxation Torsion molulus Plastic flow Torque Hooke’s law


Applied Mechanics Statics


Principle:Bars of various materials will be ex-citing into torsional vibration. Therelationship between the vibrationperiod and the geometrical dimen-sions of the bars will be derived andthe specific shear modulus for thematerial determined.

Torque and deflection of a torsion bar.

Tasks:1. Static determination of the tor-

sion modulus of a bar.

2. Determination of the moment ofinertia of the rod and weightsfixed to the bar, from the vibrationperiod.

3. Determination of the dependenceof the vibration period on thelength and thickness of the bars.

4. Determination of the shear modu-lus of steel, copper, aluminiumand brass.

Torsion apparatus 02421.00 1Torsion rod, steel, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.01 1Torsion rod, Al, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.02 1Torsion rod, Al, d = 2 mm, l = 400 mm 02421.03 1Torsion rod, Al, d = 2 mm, l = 300 mm 02421.04 1Torsion rod, Al, d = 3 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.05 1Torsion rod, Al, d = 4 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.06 1Torsion rod, brass, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.07 1Torsion rod, copper, d = 2 mm, l = 500 mm 02421.08 1Precision spring balance 1 N 03060.01 1Precision spring balances, 2.5 N 03060.02 1Stopwatch, digital, 1/100 s 03071.01 1Sliding weight 03929.00 2Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 250 mm 02025.55 1Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 630 mm 02027.55 1Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 2

What you need:

Torsional vibrations and torsion modulusP5110400


Shear modulus Angular velocity Torque Moment of inertia Angular restoring torque G-modulus Modulus of elasticity


Applied Mechanics Fluids

1.4.04-00 Lift and drag (resistance to flow)

A) Objects of different cross-sectionand shape are placed in a laminarair stream. The drag is examinedas a function of the flow velocityand the geometry of the objects.

B) A rectangular plate or an aerofoilin a stream of air experiences abuoyant force (lift) and a resis-tance force (drag). These forces aredetermined in relation to area, rateof flow and angle of incidence.

Drag of an object as a function of its cross-sectional area A (q = 0.85 hPa).

B) Determination of the lift and thedrag of flat plates as a function of:

1. the plate area

2. the dynamic pressure

3. the angle of incidence (polar dia-gram)

4. Determination of the pressure dis-tribution over the aerofoil for var-ious angles of incidence.


Resistance to pressure Frictional resistance Drag coefficient Turbulent flow Laminar flow Reynolds number Dynamic pressure Bernoulli equation Aerofoil Induced resistance Circulation Angle of incidence Polar diagram

Aerodynamic bodies, set of 14 02787.00 1

Aerofoil model 02788.00 1

Pitot tube, Prandtl type 03094.00 1

Precision manometer 03091.00 1

Holder with bearing points 02411.00 1

Double shaft holder 02780.00 1

Precision pulley 11201.02 1

Transparent spring balances, 0.2 N 03065.01 1

Vernier calipers, stainless steel 03010.00 1

Blower, mains voltage 220 V 02742.93 1

Power regulator 32287.93 1

Pipe probe 02705.00 1

Universal clamp with joint 37716.00 1

Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1




Rod with hook 02051.00 2

Stand tube 02060.00 2

Pointed rod 02302.00 1

Silk thread on spool, l = 200 mm 02412.00 1


Rubber tubing, di = 6 mm, l = 1 m 39282.00 1

What you need:

Lift and drag (resistance to flow)P5140400

Tasks:A) Determination of the drag as a

function of:

1. the cross-section of differentbodies,

2. the flow velocity,

3. determination of the drag coeffi-cients cw for objects of variousshape.




Principle:Small particles in a current passthrough the LDA measuring volumeand scatter the light whose frequen-cy is shifted by the Doppler effectdue to the particle movement.

The frequency change of the scat-tered light is detected and convertedinto a particle or flow velocity.

Measurement of the signal spectrum with a signal peak


Interference Doppler effect Scattering of light by small

particles (Mie scattering) High- and low-pass filters Sampling theorem Spectral power density Turbulence

Tasks:1. Measurement of the light-fre-

quency change of individual lightbeams which are reflected bymoving particles.

2. Determination of the flow veloci-ties.

Optical base plate with rubberfeet 08700.00 1He/Ne Laser, 5 mW with holder 08701.00 1Power supply for laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1Adjusting support 35 x 35 mm 08711.00 2Surface mirror 30 x 30 mm 08711.01 2Magnetic foot for optical base plate 08710.00 8Holder for diaphragm/ beam plitter 08719.00 1Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm 08021.01 1Lens, mounted, f = +50 mm 08020.01 1Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1Iris diaphragm 08045.00 1Beam plitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 1Si-Photodetector with Amplifier 08735.00 1Control Unit for Si-Photodetector 08735.99 1Adapter BNC socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 1Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm 07542.11 1Prism table with holder for optical base plate 08725.00 1Lens holder for optical base plate 08723.00 3Screen, white, 150 x 150 mm 09826.00 1XY-shifting device 08714.00 1Pin hole 30 micron 08743.00 1LDA-Accessory-Set 08740.00 1Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 630 mm 02027.55 2Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 2Universal clamp 37718.00 2Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1Aspirator bottle, clear glass, 1000 ml 34175.00 2Silicone tubing, d = 7 mm 39296.00 1Pinchcock, width 10 mm 43631.10 3Glass tube, AR-glass, straight, d = 8 mm, l = 80 mm, 10 pcs. 36701.65 1Rubber stopper, d = 32/26 mm, 1 hole 39258.01 2Rubber stopper, d = 22/17 mm, 1 hole 39255.01 2Measuring tape, l = 2 m 09936.00 1Spatulas, double bladed, l = 150 mm, wide 33460.00 1Beaker, DURAN®, short form, 150 ml 36012.00 1

What you need:

Cobra3 Basic-Unit, USB 12150.50 1Power supply 12V/2A 12151.99 1Software Cobra3 Fourier Analysis 14514.61 1Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1PC, Windows® XP or higher

LDA – Laser Doppler Anemometrywith Cobra3 P5141011




Principle:The viscosity of liquids is to be deter-mined with a rotary viscometer, inwhich a variable-speed motor drivesa cylinder immersed in the liquid tobe investigated via a spiral spring.The viscosity of the liquid generatesa moment of rotation at the cylinderwhich can be measured with the aidof the torsion of the spiral spring andread on a scale.

Moment of rotation as a function of the frequency for a Newtonian liquid(+ Glycerine, o Liquid paraffin).

Tasks:1. Determine the gradient of the ro-

tational velocity as a function ofthe torsional shearing stress fortwo Newtonian liquids (glycerine,liquid paraffin).

2. Determine the flow curve for anon-Newtonian liquid (chocolate).

3. Investigate the temperature de-pendence of the viscosity of Cas-tor oil and glycerine.

Rotary viscometer, 3-6,000,000 mPas, 110...240 V 18222.99 1

Right angle clamp 37697.00 1

Support rod, stainless steel, l = 500 mm, M10 thread 02022.20 1

Spring balance holder 03065.20 1

Support rod with hole, l = 100 mm 02036.01 1

Magnetic heating stirrer 35750.93 1

Electronic temperature control 35750.01 1

Magnetic stirrer bar, l = 30mm 46299.02 1

Separator for magnetic bars 35680.03 1

Glass beaker, 600 ml, short 36015.00 3

Glass beaker, 250 ml, tall 36004.00 2

Glass rod, l = 200 mm, d = 5 mm 40485.03 2

Glycerol, 250 ml 30084.25 2

Liquid paraffin, 250 ml 30180.25 1

Castor oil, 250 ml 31799.27 2

Acetone, chem. pure, 250 ml 30004.25 3

What you need:

Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonianliquids (rotary viscometer) P5141500


Shear stress Internal friction Viscosity Newtonian liquid non-Newtonian liquid


Fluids Applied Mechanics

Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer 1.4.16-00

Principle:Due to internal friction among theirparticles, liquids and gases have dif-ferent viscosities. The viscosity, afunction of the substance’s structureand its temperature, can be experi-mentally determined, for example, bymeasuring the rate of fall of a ball ina tube filled with the liquid to be in-vestigated.

3. of methanol as a function of tem-perature.

From the temperature dependence ofthe viscosity, calculate the energybarriers for the displaceability ofwater and methanol.

Temperature dependence of the dynamic viscosity of water (o) andmethanol (+), respectively.

Tasks:Measure the viscosity

1. of methanol-water mixtures ofvarious composition at a constanttemperature,

2. of water as a function of the tem-perature and


Liquid Newtonian liquid Stokes law Fluidity Dynamic and kinematic

viscosity Viscosity measurements

Falling ball viscosimeter 18220.00 1

Immersion thermostat C10 08492.93 1

Accessory set for TC10 08492.01 1

Bath for thermostat, Makrolon 08487.02 1

Retort stand, h = 750 mm 37694.00 1

Right angle clamp 37697.00 1


Pyknometer, 25 ml, calibrated 03023.00 1

Volumetric flasks with standard joint and PP stopper, BORO 3.3, 100 ml 36548.00 9

Beaker, DURAN®, tall form, 150 ml 36003.00 11

Beaker, DURAN®, short form, 250 ml 36013.00 1

Pasteur pipettes, l = 145 ml 36590.00 1

Rubber caps, 10 pcs 39275.03 1

Hose clip, d = 8-12 mm 40996.01 6



Set of Precision Balance 49224.88 1

Thermometer 18220.02 1

Wash bottle, plastic, 500 ml 33931.00 2

Methanol 500 ml 30142.50 2

Water, distilled 5 l 31246.81 1

What you need:

Viscosity measurements with the falling ballviscometer P5141600




Principle:If a source of sound is in motion rel-ative to its medium of propagation,the frequency of the waves that areemitted is displaced due to theDoppler effect.

Doppler shift of frequency.

Tasks:The frequency changes are measuredand analysed for different relativevelocities of source and observer.


Propagation of sound waves Superimposition of sound

waves Doppler shift of frequency Longitudinal waves

Ultrasound operation unit 13900.00 1

Power supply 5 VDC/2.4 A with DC-socket 2.1 mm 13900.99 1

Ultrasonic transmitter 13901.00 1

Ultrasonic receiver on stem 13902.00 1

Car, motor driven 11061.00 1

Attachment for car 11061.02 1

Battery cell, 1.5 V, baby size, type C 07922.01 2



Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 1000 mm, red 07363.01 1

Connecting cable, 32 A, l = 1000 mm, yellow 07363.02 1

Connecting cable, 32 A, l = 1000 mm, blue 07363.04 1

Connecting cable, 32 A, l = 100 mm, yellow 07359.02 1

Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm 07542.11 1

Adapter BNC socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 1

Track, l = 900 mm 11606.00 1

Cobra3 Basic-Unit, USB 12150.50 1

Power supply 12V/2A 12151.99 1

Software Cobra3, Timer/Counter 14511.61 1

Double socket, 1 pair, red and black 07264.00 1

Spring balance holder 03065.20 1

Screen with plug, l = 100 mm 11202.03 1

Support rod, stainless steel, l = 600 mm 02037.00 1

Light barrier, compact 11207.20 1

Bosshead 02043.00 1

PC, Windows® XP or higher

What you need:

Ultrasonic Doppler effectP5142015


Applied Mechanics Non Destructive Testing (NDT) by X-ray


Principle:The length and the spatial position ofa metal pin which cannot be seen areto be determined from radiograms oftwo different planes which are atright angles to each other.

Projection fotos of the implant model in the xz-plane (left) and in the yz-plane (right).

Tasks:1. The length of a metal pin which

cannot be seen is to be deter -mined from radiograms of twodifferent planes which are at rightangles to each other.

2. The true length of the pin is tobe determined by taking themagni fication which results fromthe divergence of the X-rays into account.

3. The spatial position of the pin is tobe determined.

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1

Plug-in module with W-X-ray tube 09058.80 1

Film holder 09058.08 1

Implant model for X-ray photography 09058.07 1

Vernier caliper 03010.00 1

X-ray films, wet chemical, 100 x 100 mm, 100 pieces 09058.23 1

Bag for x-ray films, 10 pieces 09058.22 1

X-ray film developer, for 4.5 l solution 06696.20 1

X-ray film fixing, for 4.5 l solution 06696.30 1

Tray (PP), 180 x 240 mm, white 47481.00 3

What you need:

Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen P51501000


X-ray radiation Bremsstrahlung Characteristic radiation Law of absorption Mass absorption coefficient Stereographic projection


Applied Mechanics Ultrasound

1.7.01-15 Ultrasonic diffraction at different single and double slit systems

Principle:A plane ultrasonic wave is subjectedto diffraction at single slits of vari-ous widths and at various doubleslits. The intensity of the diffractedand interfering partial waves are au-tomatically recorded using a motor-driven, swivel ultrasound detectorand a PC.

The angular distribution of the intensity of a plane ultrasonic wave diffract-ed at a slit.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of an ultra-

sonic wave diffracted by variousslits and double slits as a functionof diffraction angle.

2. Determine the angular positionsof the maximum and minimumvalues and compare them with thetheoretical results.

Goniometer with reflecting mirror 13903.00 1

Goniometer Operation Unit 13903.99 1





Object holder for goniometer 13904.00 1

Diffraction objects for ultrasonic 13905.00 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1




Software Goniometer 14523.61 1


What you need:

Ultrasonic diffraction at different singleand double slit systems P5170115


Longitudinal waves Huygens’ principle Interference Fraunhofer and Fresnel

diffraction


Ultrasound Applied Mechanics

Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems 1.7.02-15

Principle:An ultrasonic plane wave is subject-ed to diffraction at various multipleslits. The intensity of the diffractedand interfering partial waves are au-tomatically recorded using a motor-driven, swivel ultrasound detectorand a PC.

The angular distribution of the intensity of a plane ultrasonic wave diffract-ed by a fourfold slit.

Tasks:1. Determine the angular distribu-

tion of a plane ultrasonic wavediffracted by various multiple slits.

2. Determine the angular positionsof the maximum and mininumvalues and compare them with thetheoretical values.



diffraction








Diffraction objects for ultrasonic 13905.00 1



Vernier calipers, stainless steel 03010.00 1





What you need:

Ultrasonic diffraction at different multipleslit systems P5170215




Principle:An ultrasonic plane wave is subject-ed to diffraction by a pin-hole obsta-cle and a complementary circularobstacle. The intensity distribution ofthe diffracted and interfering partialwaves are automatically recordedusing a motor-driven, swivel ultra-sound detector and a PC.

The angular distribution of the intensity of a plane ultrasonic wave diffract-ed by a pin-hole obstacle.

Tasks:1. Determine the angular distribu-

tion of an ultrasonic wavediffracted by a pin-hole and circu-lar obstacle.

2. Compare the angular positions ofthe minimum intensities with thetheoretical values.








Pin hole and circular obstacle for ultrasonic 13906.00 1







What you need:

Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a pin holeand a circular obstacle P5170315



diffraction Fresnel’s zone construction Poisson’s spot Babinet’s theorem Bessel function



Ultrasonic diffraction at Fresnel lenses / Fresnel’s zone contruction 1.7.04-00

Principle:An ultrasonic plane wave strikes aFresnel zone plate. The ultrasonic in-tensity is determined as a function ofthe distance behind the plate, usingan ultrasonic detector that can bemoved in the direction of the zoneplate axis.

Graph of the intensity of the ultrasound as a function of the distance from aFresnel zone plate( curve a ); curve b without zone plate.

Tasks:1. Determine and plot graphs of the

intensity of the ultrasonic behinddifferent Fresnel zone plates as afunction of the distance behindthe plates.

2. Carry out the same measurementseries without a plate.

3. Determine the image width ateach distance of the transmitterfrom the zone plate and comparethe values obtained with thosetheoretically expected.



diffraction Fresnel’s zone construction Zone plates





Fresnel zone plates for ultrasonic 13907.00 1

Digital multimeter 2010 07128.00 1

Optical profile bench, l = 1500 mm 08281.00 1

Base for optical profile bench, adjustable 08284.00 2

Slide mount 08286.00 3


Plate holder, opening width 0...10 mm 02062.00 1

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, red, l = 50 cm 07361.01 1

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, blue, l = 50 cm 07361.04 1

What you need:

Ultrasonic diffraction at Fresnel lenses /Fresnel’s zone contruction P5170400




Principle:Ultrasonic waves of the same fre-quence, amplitude and direction ofpropagation are generated by twosources positioned parallel to eachother. The sources can vibrate bothin-phase and out-of phase. The an-gular distribution of the intensity ofthe waves, which interfere with eachother, is automatically recordedusing a motor-driven ultrasonic de-tector and a PC.

Angular distribution of the intensity of two interfering ultrasonic waves hav-ing the same phase, amplitude, frequency and direction of propagation.

Tasks:1. Determine the angular distribution

of the sound pressure of two ultra-sonic transmitters vibrating in-phase.

2. Determine the angular positions ofthe interference minima and com-pare the values found with thosetheoretically expected.

3. Repeat the measurements with thetwo ultrasonic transmitters vibrat-ing out-of-phase.

4. Repeat the first measurement andadditionally determine with theangular distribution of the soundpressure of each single transmitter.














What you need:

Interference of two indentical ultrasonictransmitters P5170515


Longitudinal waves Sound pressure Huygens’ principle Interference Fraunhofer and Fresnel

diffraction



Interference of ultrasonic waves by a Lloyd mirror 1.7.06-00

Principle:A partial packet of radiation passesdirectly from a fixed ultrasonictransmitter to a fixed ultrasonic re-ceiver. A further partial packet hitsagainst a metal screen that is posi-tioned parallel to the connecting linebetween the transmitter and receiv-er, and is reflected in the direction ofthe receiver. The two packets of radi-ation interfere with each other atthe receiver. When the reflector ismoved parallel to itself, the differ-ence in the path lengths of the twopackets changes. According to thisdifference, either constructive or de-structive interference occurs.

The received signal as a function of the reflector distance d.

Tasks:1. The sliding device is to be used to

move the reflector screen posi-tioned parallel to the connectingline between the transmitter andreceiver parallel to itself in stepsof d = (0.5-1) mm. The reflectorvoltage U is to be recorded at eachstep.

2. The d values of the various maxi-ma and minima are to be deter-mined from the U = U(d) graphand compared with the theoreti-cally expected values.


Longitudinal waves Superposition of waves Reflection of longitudinal

waves Interference








Slide mount for optical profil bench, h = 80 mm 08286.02 2

Slide mount 08286.00 1

Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1

Swinging arm 08256.00 1

Screen, metal, 300 mm x 300 mm 08062.00 1




What you need:

Interference of ultrasonic waves by a Lloyd mirror P5170600




Principle:Sound needs a material medium withwhich it can enter into reciprocal ac-tion for its propagation, whereby aloss of energy occurs. The amplitude,and so also the intensity, decreasesalong the propagation path.

The change in sound pressure intensity as a function of the distance from thesource of sound.

Tasks:1. Move an ultrasonic receiver along

the direction of propagation of asound wave to measure the soundintensity as a function of the dis-tance from the source of thesound.

2. Plot linear and logarithmic graphsof the values of the sound intensi-ty as a function of the distance.

3. Confirm the law of absorption anddetermine the absorption coeffi-cient.

4. Verify that the emitted wave is aspherical wave near to the trans-mitter.


Longitudinal waves Plane waves Spherical waves Propagation of sound waves Sound pressure Alternating sound pressure Sound intensity Absorption coefficient of ul-

trasonic waves Law of absorption











What you need:

Absorption of ultrasonic in airP5170700



Determination of the velocity of sound (sonar principle) 1.7.08-15

Principle:An ultrasonic transmitter emitssound pulses onto a reflector, fromwhich recording of them by a receiv-er shows a time delay. The velocity ofsound is calculated from the pathlength and transmission time of thesound pulses.

Measured time between the transmitted and the received reflected ultrasonic waves.

Tasks:1. Determine transmission times for

different distances apart of thetransmitter and the receiver.

2. Plot a graph of the path lengths ofthe sound pulses against theirtransmission time.

3. Determine the velocity of soundfrom the graph.










Meter Scale, l = 1000 x 27 mm 03001.00 1



Software Cobra3 Universal recorder 14504.61 1


What you need:

Determination of the velocity of sound(sonar principle) P5170815


Longitudinal waves Sound pressure Phase- and group velocity Sonar principle




Principle:A “semi-permeable“ membrane di-vides an ultrasonic wave into twopartial packets which travel at rightangles to each other. They are subse-quently reflected at different hardmetal reflectors, one of which is fixedin position, and the other of whichcan be displaced in the direction ofthe beam, before being reunited.Shifting the displaceable reflectorchanges the path length of the corre-sponding packet, so that superposi-tioning of the reunited partial pack-ets gives maxima and minima of thealternating sound pressure accordingto the differenc in the distance trav-elled. The wavelength of the ultra-sound can be determined from these.

Intensity of the alternating sound pressure as a function of the displacementd of reflector screen Sc2.

Tasks:1. Determine the intensity of the al-

ternating sound pressure in de-pendence on the displacement ofone of the reflectors.

2. Calculate the wavelength of theultrasound from the measurementcurve.


Longitudinal waves Reflection of longitudinal

waves Superposition of waves Interference Interferometer





Multi range meter, analogue 07028.01 1







Screen, translucent, 250 mm x 250 mm 08064.00 1






What you need:

Ultrasonic Michelson-InterferometerP5170900

2Applied OpticsPhotonics


Contents

2.1 Laser

2.1.01-00 CO2-laser


2.1.04-00 Optical pumping


2.2 Fibres

2.2.01-00 Fibre optics

2.3 Interferometry

2.3.01-00 Fourier optics – 2f Arrangement

2.3.02-00 Fourier optics – 4f Arrangement – Filtering and reconstruction


2.3.04-00 Michelson interferometer – High Resolution


2.3.08-00 Magnetostriction with Michelson interferometer

2.3.10-05 Refraction index of air and CO2 with Michelson interferometerwith optical base plate

2.3.12-00 Determination of the refraction index of air with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer


2.3.14-06 Fabry-Perot interferometer – Optical resonator modes


Applied Optics - Photonics

2.4 Holography

2.4.01-00 Recording and reconstruction of holograms


2.4.11-06 Real time procedure I (bending of a plate)

2


Laser Applied Optics - Photonics

CO2-laser 2.1.01-00

Principle:Among molec u lar laser, the CO2-laseris of great est prac ti cal impor tance.The high level of effi cien cy with whichlaser radi a tion can be gen er at ed incon tin u ous wave (cw) and pulse oper -a tion is its most fas ci nat ing fea ture.The experi men tal equip ment set is anopen CO2-didac tic laser system of typ. 5 W power out put. Since it is an“open” system, all com po nents of the system can be han dled indi vid u al lyand the influ ence of each pro ce dureon the out put power can be stud ied.One very pri mary and essen tial tar getin learn ing is the align ment of theCO2-laser by means of a He-Ne-laser.

Tasks:1. Align the CO2-laser and opti mize

its power out put.

2. Check the influ ence of theBrewster win dows posi tion on thepower out put.

3. Determine the power out put as afunc tion of the electric powerinput and gasflow.

4. Evaluate the effi cien cy as a func -tion of the electric power inputand gasflow.

Laser power as a func tion of the angle of incli na tion of the brew ster win downor mal N.

5. If the gas-mixing unit is suppliedthe influence of the differentcomponents of the laser gas (CO2,He, N2) to the output efficiency ofthe CO2-laser are analyzed.

6. Measurement of temperaturesdifferences for the laser gas(imput / output) for study of con-version efficiency.

CO2-laser tube, detachable, typically 5 W 08596.00 1Module box for CO2-laser tube 08597.00 1Set of laser mirrors, ZnSe and Si 08598.00 1Optical bench on steel rail, l = 1,3 m 08599.00 1HV-power supply 5 kV/50 mA DC 08600.93 1Ballast resistor unit incl. 3 HV cables 08601.00 1Cooling water unit, portable 08602.93 1Rotatory vane vacuum pump, two stages 02751.93 1Gas filter/buffer unit 08605.00 1He/Ne-laser/adjusting device 08607.93 1Diaphragm for adjusting CO2 Laser 08608.00 2Screen, translucent, 250 mm x 250 mm 08064.00 1Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 1Powermeter 30 mW/10 Watt 08579.93 1Support for power probe 08580.00 1Protection glasses, 10.6 micro-m 08581.00 1Cleaning set for laser 08582.00 1ZnSe biconvex lens, d = 24 mm, f = 150 mm 08609.00 1Digital Thermometer, 2 x NiCr-Ni 07050.01 1HV-isolated temperature probe 08584.00 1Control panel with support, 1 gas* 08606.00 1Pressure control valve 200/3 bar, CO2/He* 08604.01 1Laser gas in bottle, 50 l/200 bar* 08603.00 1

*Alternative to:Laser gas mixing unit, 3 gases 08606.88 1

Option: Experiment set for laser beam analysis 08610.10 1

1. Estimation of wavelength by diffraction grating and2. Distribution of power by diaphragm

IR conversion plate for observation of CO2-laser infrared radiation 08611.00 1

What you need:

CO2-laserP5210100


Molecular vibra tion Exi ta tion of molec u lar

vibra tion Electric dis charge Spon ta ne ous emis sion Vibra tion niveau Rota tion niveau Inver sion Induced emis sion Spec trum of emis sion Pola riza tion Brewster angle Opti cal res o na tor

Class 4 Laser


Applied Optics - Photonics Laser


Principle:The difference between spontaneousand stimulated emission of light isdemonstrated. The beam propagationwithin the resonator cavity of a He-Ne laser and its divergence are deter-mined, its stability criterion ischecked and the relative outputpower of the laser is measured as afunction of the tube’s position insidethe resonator and of the tube current.

The following items can be realizedwith advanced set 08656.02.By means of a birefringent tuner anda Littrow prism different wave-lengths can be selected and quanti-tatively determined if a monochro-mator is available.Finally you can demonstrate the ex-istence of longitudinal modes andthe gain profile of the He-Ne laserprovided an analysing Fabry Perotsystem is at your disposal.

Tasks:1. Set up the He-Ne laser. Adjust the

resonator mirrors by use of thepilot laser. (left mirror: VIS, HR,plane ; right mirror: VIS, HR, R =700 mm)

2. Check on the stability condition ofa hemispherical resonator.

Relative out put power as a func tion of mir ror spac ing.

Helium Neon Laser, advanced set P5210205 Helium Neon Laser P5210201 Exp. Set-Helium-Neon Laser 08656.93 1 1

Photoelement for optical base plate 08734.00 1 1

DMM, auto range, NiCr-Ni thermocouple 07123.00 1 1

Scale, l = 750 mm, on rod 02200.00 1 1

Screen, white, 150x150mm 09826.00 1

Diffraction grating, 600 lines/mm 08546.00 1 1

Plate holder 02062.00 1 1

Slide mount for optical profile-bench 08286.00 1 1

Danger sign -Laser- 06542.00 1 1

Barrel base -PASS- 02006.55 1 1

Vernier caliper 03010.00 1 1

Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1 1

Connection box 06030.23 1 1

Resistor 10 Ohm 2%, 2 W, G1 06056.10 1 1

Resistor 100 Ohm 2%, 1 W, G1 06057.10 1 1

Resistor 1 kOhm, 1 W, G1 39104.19 1 1

Resistor 10 kOhm, 1 W, G1 39104.30 1 1

Resistor 100 kOhm, 1 W, G1 39104.41 1 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 750 mm, red 07362.01 1 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 750 mm, blue 07362.04 1 1


Protection glasses HeNe-laser 08581.10 1 1

Lyot-plate with holder and rider 08656.10 1

Littrow-prism with x/y-holder 08656.20 1

Fabry-Perot etalon in x/y-holder 08656.30 1

Cleaning set for laser 08582.00 1 1

What you need:

Helium Neon LaserP5210201/05


Spontaneous and stim u lat edlight emis sion

Inver sion Col li sion of sec ond type Gas dis charge tube Res o na tor cav ity Trans verse and lon gi tu di nal

res o na tor modes Bire frin gence Brewster angle Littrow prism Fabry Perot Etalon

3. Measure the integral relative out-put power as a function of thelaser tube’s position within thehemispherical resonator.

4. Measure the beam diameter with-in the hemispherical resonatorright and left of the laser tube.

5. Determine the divergence of thelaser beam.

6. Measure the integral relative out-put power as a function of thetube current.

The He-Ne laser can be tuned usinga BFT or a LTP. Longitudinal modescan be observed by use of a FabryPerot Etalon of low finesse. Remark:These points can only be coveredquantitatively if a monochromatorand an analysing Fabry Perot systemare available.

Class 3B Laser


Laser Applied Optics - Photonics

Optical pumping 2.1.04-00

10 20 30 40 50 60

Prel

1,0

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

812,9nm

817,3nm

808,4nm

804,4nm

T∞C

Principle:The visible light of a semiconductordiode laser is used to excite theneodymium atoms within a Nd-YAG(Neodymium-Yttrium AluminiumGarnet) rod. The power output of thesemiconductor diode laser is firstrecorded as a function of the injec-tion current. The fluorescent spec-trum of the Nd-YAG rod is then de-termined and the maon absorptionlines of the Nd-atoms are verified.Conclusively, the mean life-time ofthe 4F3/2-level of the Nd-atoms ismeasured in appoximation.

Relative fluorescent power of the Nd-YAG rod as a function of the diode temperature (wavelength) for I = 450 mA.

Tasks:1. To determine the power output of

the semiconductor diode laser as afunction of the injection current.

2. To trace the fluorescent spectrumof the Nd-YAG rod pumped by thediode laser and to verify the mainabsorption lines of neodymium.

3. To measure the mean life-time ofthe 4F3/2-level of the Nd-atoms.

4. For further applications see ex-periment 2.6.09 “Nd-YAG laser”.


Spontaneous emission Induced emission Mean lifetime of a

metastable state Relaxation Inversion Diode laser

Basic set optical pumping 08590.93 1

Sensor for measurement of beam power 08595.00 1


Oscilloscope 30 MHz, 2 channels 11459.95 1


Protection glasses for Nd-YAG laser 08581.20 1

Optical base plate in exp. case 08700.01 1

What you need:

Optical pumpingP5210400

Class 4 Laser


Applied Optics - Photonics Laser


25

20

15

10

5

50 100 150

PNd-YAGmW

Pump powermW

From graphic:Threshold power = 57 mW

From graphic:Slope efficiency: 30%

Principle:The rate equation model for an opti-cally pumped four-level laser systemis determined. As lasing medium, aNd-YAG (Neodymium-Yttrium Alu-minium Garnet) rod has been select-ed which is pumped by means of asemiconductor diode laser.

The IR-power output of the Nd-YAGlaser is measured as a function of theoptical power input and the slope ef-ficiency as well as the thresholdpower are determined.

Finally, a KTP-crystal is inserted intothe laser cavity and frequency dou-bling is demonstrated. The quadraticrelationship between the power ofthe fundamental wave and the beampower for the second harmonic isthen evident.

Nd-YAG laser power output as a function of the pump power = 808.4 nm.

Tasks:1. Set up the Nd-YAG laser and opti-

mize its power output.

2. The IR-power output of the Nd-YAG laser is to be meas ured as afunction of the pump power. Theslope efficiency and the thresholdpower are to be determined.

3. Verify the quadratic relationshipbetweenthe power of the funda-mental wave, with = 1064 nm,and the beam power of the secondharmonic with = 532 nm.

Basic set optical pumping 08590.93 1

Sensor for measurement of beam power 08595.00 1

Nd-YAG laser cavity mirror/holder 08591.01 1

Laser cavity mirror frequency doubling 08591.02 1

Frequency doubling crystal in holder 08593.00 1

Filter plate, short pass type 08594.00 1


Oscilloscope 30 MHz, 2 channels 11459.95 1


Protection glasses for Nd-YAG laser 08581.20 1

Cleaning set for laser 08582.00 1

Optical base plate in exp. case 08700.01 1

What you need:

Nd-YAG laserP5210500


Optical pumping Spontaneous emission Induced emission Inversion Relaxation Optical resonator Resonator modes Polarization Frequency doubling

Class 4 Laser


Fibres Applied Optics - Photonics

Fibre optics 2.2.01-00

Principle:The beam of a laser diode is treat edin a way that it can be cou pled intoa mono mode fibre. The prob lemsrelat ed to coupling the beam intothe fibre are eval u at ed and ver i fied.In con se quence a low fre quen cy sig -nal is trans mit ted through the fibre.The numer i cal aper ture of the fibre isrecord ed. The tran sit time of light

through the fibre is meas ured andthe veloc ity of light with in the fibreis deter mined. Finally the meas ure -ment of the rel a tive out put power ofthe dio del as er as a func tion of thesup ply cur rent leads to the char ac -ter is tics of the dio del as er such as“threshold energy” and “slope efficiency”.

Tasks:1. Couple the laser beam into the

fibre and adjust the set ting-up ina way that a max i mum of out put

Relative out put power at the fibre end ver sus angle read out.

power is achieved at the exit ofthe fibre.

2. Demonstrate the trans mis sion of aLF – sig nal through the fibre.

3. Measure the numer i cal aper tureof the fibre.

4. Measure the tran sit time of light through the fibre and deter minethe veloc ity of light with in thefibre.

5. Determine the rel a tive out putpower of the dio del as er as a func -tion of the sup ply cur rent.


Total reflec tion Dio de l as er Gaussian beam Mono mode and mul ti mode

fibre Numer i cal aper ture Trans verse and lon gi tu di nal

modes Tran sit time Thresh old ener gy Slope effi cien cy Velocity of light

Experimentation Set Fibre Optics 08662.93 1


Oscilloscope 150 MHz, 2-channel 11452.99 1

What you need:

Fibre opticsP5220100


Applied Optics - Photonics Interferometry

2.3.01-00 Fourier optics – 2f Arrangement

Principle:The electric field dis tri bu tion of lightin a spe cif ic plane ( object plane) isFourier trans formed into the 2 f con -fig u ra tion.

Experimental set-up for the fun da men tal prin ci ples of Fourier optic (2f set-up). *only required for the 5 mW laser!

Tasks:Investigation of the Fourier trans -form by a con vex lens for dif fer entdif frac tion objects in a 2 f set-up.

Optical base plate with rubberfeet 08700.00 1

He/Ne Laser, 5mW with holder 08701.00 1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1

Adjusting support 35 x 35 mm 08711.00 2

Surface mirror 30 x 30 mm 08711.01 2

Magnetic foot for optical base plate 08710.00 7

Holder for diaphragm/ beam plitter 08719.00 1

Lens, mounted, f = +150 mm 08022.01 1

Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm 08021.01 1

Lens holder for optical base plate 08723.00 2

Screen, white, 150 x 150 mm 09826.00 1

Diffraction grating, 50 lines/mm 08543.00 1

Screen with diffracting elements 08577.02 1

Achromatic objective 20 x N.A.0.4 62174.20 1


XY-shifting device 08714.00 2

Adapter ring device 08714.01 1

Pin hole 30 micron 08743.00 1


What you need:

Fourier optics – 2f ArrangementP5230100


Fourier trans form Lens es Fraunhofer dif frac tion Index of refrac tion Huygens’ prin ci ple


Interferometry Applied Optics - Photonics

Fourier optics – 4f Arrangement – Filtering and reconstruction 2.3.02-00

Principle:The electric field distribution of lightin a specific plane (object plane) isFourier transformed into the 4f configuration by 2 lenses and opti-cally filtered with appropriate dia -phragms.

Tasks:1. Optical filtration of diffraction

objects in 4f set-up.

2. Reconstruction of a filtered image.


Fourier transform Lenses Fraunhofer diffraction Index of refraction Huygens’ principle Debye-Sears-effect







Holder for diaphragm/beam plitter 08719.00 2

Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm 08021.01 3


Screen, white, 150 x 150 mm 09826.00 1

Slide -Emperor Maximilian- 82140.00 1

Screen with arrow slit 08133.01 1



Diaphragms, d = 1, 2, 3 and 5 mm 09815.00 1

Screen with diffracting elements 08577.02 1


XY-shifting device 08714.00 2

Achromatic objective 20 x N.A.0.4 62174.20 1




Ultrasonic generator 13920.99 1

Glass cell, 150 x 55 x 100 mm 03504.00 1

Table with stem 09824.00 2

Support rod, stainless steel 18/8, l = 250 mm, d = 10 mm 02031.00 1

Bosshead 02043.00 1

Universal clamp 37718.00 1

What you need:

Principle of the set-up for coherent optical filtration.

Fourier optics – 4f Arrangement –Filtering and reconstruction P5230200




Principle:In a Michelson interferometer, a lightbeam is split into two partial beamsby a semi transparent glass plate(amplitude splitting). These beamsare reflected by two mirrors andbrought to interference after theypassed through the glass plate a second time.

Formation of interference rings.

Tasks:The wavelength of the used laserlight is determined through the ob-servation of the change in the inter-ference pattern upon changing thelength of one of the interferometerarms.

Optical base plate with rubber feet 08700.00 1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder* 08701.00 1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW* 08702.93 1

Adjusting support 3535 mm 08711.00 1

Surface mirror 3030 mm 08711.01 1


Michelson interferometer 08557.00 1

Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45 62174.20 1

Pinhole 30 micron 08743.00 1


xy shifting device 08714.00 2


Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter:

Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC 08180.93 1

or

Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm 08760.99 1

What you need:

Michelson interferometer with optical base plate P5230305


Interference Wavelength Refraction index Light velocity Phase Virtual light source Coherence



Michelson interferometer – High Resolution 2.3.04-00

Principle:With the aid of two mirrors in aMichelson arrangement, light isbrought to interference. While mov-ing one of the mirrors, the alterationin the interference pattern is ob-served and the wavelength of thelaser light determined.


Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source

Experimentally determined contrast function in comparison to the theoreticalcontrast function K of a 2-mode laser.

Tasks:1. Construction of a Michelson inter-

ferometer using separate compo-nents.

2. The interferometer is used to de-termine the wavelength of thelaser light.

3. The contrast function K is quali-tatively recorded in order to deter-mine the coherence length with it.







Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter 08719.00 1

Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1

Lensholder for optical base plate 08723.00 1

Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1

Interferometer plate with precision drive 08715.00 1

Photoelement for optical base plate 08734.00 1

Digital multimeter 07134.00 1

Flat cell battery, 9 V 07496.10 1



Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC 08180.93 1

What you need:

Michelson interferometer – High Resolution P5230400




Principle:With the aid of two mirrors in aMichelson arrangement, light isbrought to interference. While mov-ing one of the mirrors, the alterationin the interference pattern is ob-served and the modulation frequen-cy is measured using the Doppler ef-fect.

Sample measurement with the y-t recorder.


ferometer using separate compo-nents.

2. Measurement of the Doppler ef-fect via uniform displacement ofone of the mirrors.

Optical base plate with rubber feet 08700.00 1He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder* 08701.00 1Power supply for laser head 5 mW* 08702.93 1Interferometer plate with precision drive 08715.00 1Light barrier with counter 11207.30 1Power supply 5 VDC/2.4 A 11076.99 1Support 09906.00 1Motor with gearing and cord pulley 08738.00 1Perforated disk with driving belt 08738.01 1Recorder, tY, 2 channel** 11415.95 1Perforated disk with driving belt 08738.01 1Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, red** 07361.01 2Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue** 07361.04 2Photoelement for optical base plate** 08734.00 1Power supply 0-12 V DC/6 V,12 V AC 13505.93 1Adjusting support 3535 mm 08711.00 4Surface mirror 3030 mm 08711.01 4Magnetic foot for optical base plate 08710.00 8Support rod, stainless steel, 100 mm 02030.00 1Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter 08719.00 1Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 1Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 1Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1Lensholder for optical base plate 08723.00 1Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1

*Alternative to laser 5 mW, power supply and shutter:Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC 08180.93 1

**Alternative:Stop watch 03071.01 1

What you need:


Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Temporal coherence Special relativity theory Lorentz transformation

Doppler effect with the Michelson interferometer P5230700



Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer 2.3.08-00

Principle:With the aid of two mirrors in aMichelson arrangement, light isbrought to interference. Due to themagnetostrictive effect, one of themirrors is shifted by variation in themagnetic field applied to a sample,and the change in the interferencepattern is observed.

Measuring results of the magnetostriction of nickel with the relative changein length l/l plotted against applied field strength H


ferometer using separate opticalcomponents.

2. Testing various ferromagnetic ma-terials (iron and nickel) as well asa non-ferromagnetic material,copper, with regard to their mag-netostrictive properties.









Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1


Screen, white, 150150mm 09826.00 1

Faraday modulator for optical base plate 08733.00 1

Rods for magnetostriction, set 08733.01 1

Power supply, universal 13500.93 1

Digital multimeter 07134.00 1

Connecting cord, l = 500 mm, blue 07361.04 1



Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC 08180.93 1

What you need:

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer P5230800


Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Ferromagnetic material Weiss molecular magnetic

fields Spin-orbit coupling



Principle:Light is caused to interfere by meansof a beam splitter and two mirrorsaccording to Michelson’s set up.Substituting the air in a measure-ment cuvette located in one of theinterferometer arms by CO2 gass al-lows to determine the index of re-fraction of CO2.

Michelson’s set up for interference.

Tasks:A Michelson Interferometer is set upand adjusted so that interferencerings can be observed. CO2 gas isfilled into a measurement cuvettethat was filled before with air. Fromchanges in the interference patternthe difference of the refraction indexbetween air and CO2 is determined.







Michelson interferometer 08557.00 1


Pinhole 30 micron 08743.00 1




Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1

Glass cell, diameter 21.5 mm 08625.00 1

Compressed gas, CO2, 21 g 41772.06 1

Pipette, with rubber bulb 64701.00 1


Silicone tubing, d = 5 mm 39297.00 1


Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC 08180.93 1

or

Diodelaser 0.2/1 mW; 635 nm 08760.99 1

What you need:

Determination of the index of refraction of CO2 with Michelson’s interferometer with optical base plate P5231005


Interference Wavelength Index of refraction Light velocity Phase Virtual light source Coherence

2.3.10-05 Determination of the index of refraction of CO2 with Michelson’s interferometerwith optical base plate



Determination of the refraction index of air with the Mach-Zehnder interferometer 2.3.12-00

Principle:Light is brought to interference bytwo mirrors and two beam splittersin the Mach-Zehnder arrangement.By changing the pressure in a mea-suring cell located in the beam path,one can deduce the refraction indexof air.

Schematic representation of the cell with normal pressure (a) and nearly absolute vacuum (b)

Tasks:1. Construction of a Mach-Zehnder

interferometer using individualoptical components.

2. Measurement of the refractionindex n of air by lowering the airpressure in a measuring cell.














Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1

Glass cell, diameter 21.5 mm 08625.00 1

Manual vacuum pump with manometer 08745.00 1


Tubing connector, T-shape, ID 8-9 mm 47519.03 1

Tubing adaptor, ID 3-6/7-11 mm 47517.01 1

Vacuum hose, di = 6 mm 39286.00 1

Silicone tubing, di = 3mm 39292.00 1

Glass cell holder on rod 08706.00 1


Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC 08180.93 1

What you need:

Determination of the refraction index of airwith the Mach-Zehnder interferometer P5231200


Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source




Principle:Two mirrors are assembled to form aFabry-Perot interfero meter. Usingthem, the multibeam interference ofa laser’s light beam is investigated.By moving one of the mirrors, thechange in the interference pattern isstudied and the wavelength of thelaser’s light determined.

Multibeam interferometer after Fabry and Perot. Illustration of the principlefor deriving the individual amplitudes.

Tasks:1. Construction of a Fabry-Perot in-

terferometer using separate opti-cal components.

2. The interferometer is used to de-termine the wavelength of thelaser light.










Beam splitter T = 30, R = 70, with holder 08741.01 1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1


Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1


Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 V AC 08180.93 1

What you need:

Fabry-Perot interferometer – Determinationof the laser lights’s wavelength P5231405


Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Multibeam interferometer



Fabry-Perot interferometer – Optical resonator modes 2.3.14-06

Principle:Two mirrors are assembled to form aFabry-Perot Interferometer. Usingthem, the multibeam interference ofa laser’s light beam is investigated.On moving one of the mirrors, thechange in the intensity distributionof the interference pattern is stud-ied. This is a qualitative experiment,to study the shape of different lasermodes and compare it with somephotos given in this description.

Intensity distribution of the Hermitian-Gaussian resonator modes.

Tasks:1. Construction of a Fabry-Perot in-

terferometer using separate opti-cal components.

2. The interferometer is used to ob-serve different resonator modeswithin the interferometer.







Concave mirror OC; r = 1.4 m, T = 1.7%, mounted 08711.03 1

Plane mirror HR >99%, mounted 08711.02 1


Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1


Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1

What you need:

Fabry-Perot interferometer –Optical resonator modes P5231406


Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Two-beam interferometer




Principle:Small particles in a current passthrough the LDA measuring volumeand scatter the light whose frequen-cy is shifted by the Doppler effectdue to the particle movement.

The frequency change of the scat-tered light is detected and convertedinto a particle or flow velocity.


Interference Doppler effect Scattering of light by small

particles (Mie scattering) High- and low-pass filters Sampling theorem Spectral power density Turbulence

Tasks:1. Measurement of the light-fre-

quency change of individual lightbeams which are reflected bymoving particles.

2. Determination of the flow veloci-ties.

Optical base plate with rubberfeet 08700.00 1He/Ne Laser, 5 mW with holder 08701.00 1Power supply for laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1Adjusting support 35 x 35 mm 08711.00 2Surface mirror 30 x 30 mm 08711.01 2Magnetic foot for optical base plate 08710.00 8Holder for diaphragm/ beam plitter 08719.00 1Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm 08021.01 1Lens, mounted, f = +50 mm 08020.01 1Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1Iris diaphragm 08045.00 1Beam plitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 1Si-Photodetector with Amplifier 08735.00 1Control Unit for Si-Photodetector 08735.99 1Adapter BNC socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 1Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm 07542.11 1Prism table with holder for optical base plate 08725.00 1Lens holder for optical base plate 08723.00 3Screen, white, 150 x 150 mm 09826.00 1XY-shifting device 08714.00 1Pin hole 30 micron 08743.00 1LDA-Accessory-Set 08740.00 1Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 630 mm 02027.55 2Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 2Universal clamp 37718.00 2Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1Aspirator bottle, clear glass, 1000 ml 34175.00 2Silicone tubing, d = 7 mm 39296.00 1Pinchcock, width 10 mm 43631.10 3Glass tube, AR-glass, straight, d = 8 mm, l = 80 mm, 10 pcs. 36701.65 1Rubber stopper, d = 32/26 mm, 1 hole 39258.01 2Rubber stopper, d = 22/17 mm, 1 hole 39255.01 2Measuring tape, l = 2 m 09936.00 1Spatulas, double bladed, l = 150 mm, wide 33460.00 1Beaker, DURAN®, short form, 150 ml 36012.00 1

What you need:

Cobra3 Basic-Unit, USB 12150.50 1Power supply 12V/2A 12151.99 1Software Cobra3 Fourier Analysis 14514.61 1Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1PC, Windows® XP or higher

LDA – Laser Doppler Anemometrywith Cobra3 P5231711

Measurement of the signal spectrum with a signal peak


Holography Applied Optics - Photonics

Recording and reconstruction of holograms 2.4.01-00

Principle:In contrast to normal photography ahologram can store information aboutthe three-dimensionality of an object.To capture the three-dimensionalityof an object, the film stores not onlythe amplitude but also the phase ofthe light rays. To achieve this, a co-herent light beam (laser light) is splitinto an object and a reference beamby being passed through a beam split-ter. These beams interfere in the planeof the holographic film. The hologramis reconstructed with the referencebeam which was also used to recordthe hologram.

Setup for recording and reconstruction of a transmis sion hologram.

Tasks:1. Capture the holographic image of

an object.

2. Perform the development andbleaching of this phase hologram.

3. Reconstruct the transmissionhologram (reconstruction beam isthe reference beam during imagecapture).


Object beam Reference beam Real and virtual image Phase holograms Amplitude holograms Interference Diffraction Coherence Developing of film

Recording and reconstruction of hologramsP5240100

Base plate in experimental case 08700.01 1He/Ne Laser, 5mW with holder 08701.00 1Power supply for laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1Magnetic foot for optical base plate 08710.00 6Holder for diaphragm/ beam plitter 08719.00 2Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1XY-shifting device 08714.00 2Adapter ring device 08714.01 1Achromatic objective 20 x N.A.0.4 62174.20 1Pin hole 30 micron 08743.00 1Adjusting support 35 x 35 mm 08711.00 2Surface mirror 30 x 30 mm 08711.01 2Surface mirror,large, d = 80 mm 08712.00 1Beam plitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 1Object for holography 08749.00 1Holographic plates, 20 pcs.* 08746.00 1Darkroom equipment for holography 08747.88 1

consisting of:

Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Tray thermome-ter, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Film tongs, 2 pcs. •Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W • Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

Set of photographic chemicals 08746.88 1Consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent • Laminate; Paint

Bleaching chemicals:Potassium dichromate, 250 g 30102.25 1Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml 30219.50 1

*Alternative:Holographic sheet film 08746.01 1Glass plate, 120 x 120 x 2 mm 64819.00 2

What you need:


Applied Optics - Photonics Holography


Principle:After preparing a transmission holo-gram (master hologram) of an object,the reconstructed real image is usedto illuminate a second holographicplate. Thereby a transfer hologram isprepared.

Tasks:Image-capture and reconstructionof a transmission hologram, whichis also termed the master hologram.Reconstruction of the master holo-gram with the phase conjugated

Correct selection of the object position so that the image-capture of a trans-fer hologram is possible.

reference wave R* and image-cap-ture of the transfer hologram,whereby an image-plane hologramshould be generated.

Optical base plate in experiment case 08700.01 1

He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder 08701.00 1











Surface mirror, large, d = 80 mm 08712.00 1


Object for holography 08749.00 1

Holographic plates, 20 pieces* 08746.00 1

Darkroom equipment for holography 08747.88 1

consisting of:

Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Tray

thermometer, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Film

tongs, 2 pcs. • Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W •

Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

Set of photographic chemicals 08746.88 1

consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent •

Laminate • Paint

Bleaching chemicals:

Potassium dichromate, 250 g 30102.25 1

Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml 30219.50 1

What you need:

Transfer hologram from a master hologramP5240705


Coherence of light Object/Reference beam Real and virtual image Phase conjugation Phase/Amplitude holograms Interference diffraction Developing of film

*Alternative:

Holographic sheet film 08746.01 1

Glass plate, 1201202 mm 64819.00 4


Holography Applied Optics - Photonics

– During the occurrence of minoralterations (e.g. bending) of theobject, interference fringes be-come visible on observing thehologram.

Experimental set-up for real-time procedures as a holographic interferometerfor a bending plate.

Optical base plate in experiment case 08700.01 1He-Ne-laser, 5 mW with holder 08701.00 1Power supply for laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1Magnetic foot for optical base plate 08710.00 7Holder for diaphragm/beam splitter 08719.00 2Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1xy shifting device 08714.00 2Adapter ring device 08714.01 1Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45 62174.20 1Pin hole 30 micron 08743.00 1Adjusting support 3535 mm 08711.00 2Surface mirror 3030 mm 08711.01 2Surface mirror, large, d = 80 mm 08712.00 1Beam splitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 2Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1Slotted weight, 50 g, black 02206.01 2Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 4Cell with magnetic base 08748.00 1Hose clip, diam. 8-12mm 40996.01 2Filter funnel, PP, d = 75 mm 46895.00 1Retort stand, h = 500 mm 37692.00 1Pinchcock, width 15 mm 43631.15 1Ballon flask, HDPE, 10 l 47477.00 1Universal clamp 37715.00 4Holographic sheet film* 08746.01 1Insert for cell 08748.00 for films* 08748.02 1Rubber tubing, vacuum i. d. 6 mm 39286.00 2Gas wash bottle, w/o frit, 250 ml 35834.05 1Manual vacuum pump with manometer* 08745.00 1Silicone grease, 50 g 31863.00 1Silicone tubing, di = 8 mm 47531.00 1

Darkroom equipment for holography 08747.88 1consisting of:Plastic trays, 4 pcs. • Laboratory gloves, medium, 100 pcs. • Traythermometer, offset, +40°C • Roller squeegee • Clamps, 2 pcs. • Filmtongs, 2 pcs. • Darkroom lamp with green filter • Light bulb 230 V/15 W •Funnel • Narrow-necked bottles, 4 pcs.

What you need:

Real time procedure I (bending of a plate)P5241106

Real time procedure I (bending of a plate) 2.4.11-06

Set of photographic chemicals 08746.88 1consisting of: Holographic developer • Stop bath • Wetting agent •Laminate • Paint

Bleaching chemicals:Potassium dichromate, 250 g 30102.25 1Sulphuric acid, 95-98%, 500 ml 30219.50 1

*Alternative:Holographic plates, 20 pieces 08746.00 1Insert for cell 08748.00 for plates 08748.01 1

Principle:– In real time procedures, alter-

ations of an object are directly ob-served. A hologram is recordedunder the initial object conditionsand remains in exactly the sameposition (at exactly the sameplace) where it was located duringthe image-capture procedurewhile it is being developed.

– The hologram is reconstructedwith the reference beam and theobject is illuminated with the ob-ject beam (both waves are un-changed with respect to the cap-tured image). The light scatteredby the object interferes with thereconstructed light wave of thehologram.


Interference Optical path length Refraction index Phase difference

Tasks:Image-capture and reconstructionof a hologram of a plate which iscovered with different masses dur-ing the reconstruction.

3Applied ThermodynamicsRenewable Energies


Contents

3.1 Heat

3.1.01-00 Solar ray Collector

3.1.02-00 Heat pump

3.1.04-00 Heat insulation / Heat conduction


3.1.12-00 Semiconductor thermogenerator


3.2 Photovoltaic

3.2.01-01 Characteristic curves of a solar cell

3.3 Fuel Cell

3.3.01-00 Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser

Applied Thermodynamics - Renewable Energies

3


Heat Applied Thermodynamics - Renewable Energy

Solar ray Collector 3.1.01-00

Principle:The solar ray collector is illuminatedwith a halogen lamp of known lightintensity. The heat energy absorbedby the collector can be calculatedfrom the volume flow and the differ-ence in the water temperatures atthe inlet and outlet of the absorber,if the inlet temperature stays almostconstant by releasing energy to areservoir. The efficiency of the col-lector is determined from this. Themeasurement is made with variouscollector arrangements and at vari-ous absorber temperatures.

Tasks:To determine the efficiency of thesolar ray collector under various ex-perimental conditions.

1. Absorption of energy from the en-vironment (20°C) without illumi -nation by sun or halogen lamp,water temperature at the absorberinlet e ≈ 5°C.

1.1 Absorber with insulation andglass plate (complete collec-tor)

1.2 Absorber alone(energy ceiling)

Water Temperatures and Collector Efficiency under VariousExperimental Conditions, m· = 100 cm3/min, qi = 1 kW/m2, A = 0 · 12 m2.

2. Illumination with halogen lamp.Water temperature qe≈ 20°C.

2.1 Complete collector

2.2 Collector without glass plate

3. Illumination with halogen lamp.Water temperature qe ≈ 50°C.

3.1 Complete collector

3.2 Complete collector, cold jet ofair impinges

3.3 Collector without glass plate

3.4 Collector without glass plate,cold jet of air impinges.


Absorption Heat radiation Greenhouse effect Convection Conduction of heat Collector equations Efficiency Energy ceil ing

Solar collector 06753.00 1

Laboratory thermometers, -10...+100°C 38056.00 2

Laboratory thermometer -10...+110 °C 38060.00 1

Circulating pump w. flowmeter 06754.01 1

Power supply 0-12 V DC/ 6 V, 12 V AC 13505.93 1

Heat exchanger 06755.00 1

Stand for solar collector 06757.00 1

Immersion heater, 1000 W, 220-250 V 04020.93 1

Halogen lamp 1000 W 08125.93 1

Hot/cold air blower, 1700 W 04030.93 1







Safety gas tubing, DVGW, l = 1000 mm 39281.10 3





What you need:

Solar ray CollectorP5310100

No. Glass Light Cold plate air 0C K %

1.1 +* – – ≈ 5 2.5 15

1.2 –* – – ≈ 5 5.0 29

2.1 + + – ≈ 20 11.0 64

2.2 – + – ≈ 20 12.5 73

3.1 + + – ≈ 50 8.0 47

3.2 – + + ≈ 50 8.0 47

3.3 + + – ≈ 50 6.0 35

3.4 – + + ≈ 50 3.0 17

* This series of measurements without rear insulation

a – ee


Applied Thermodynamics - Renewable Energy Heat

3.1.02-00 Heat pump

∞C

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

10 20 30 tminVi

2

V0

c0

1

ci

Principle:Pressures and temperatures in thecirculation of the heat electricalcompression heat pump are mea-sured as a function of time when it isoperated as a water-water heatpump.

The energy taken up and released iscalculated from the heat ing andcooling of the two water baths.

When it is operated as an air-waterheat pump, the coefficient of perfor-mance at different vaporiser temper-atures is deter mined.

Tasks:1. Water heat pump:

To measure pressure and tempera-ture in the circuit and in the waterreservoirs on the condenser sideand the vapor iser side alternately.To calculate energy taken up andreleased, also the volume concen-tration in the circuit and the volu-metric efficiency of the compres-sor.

2. Air-water heat pump:To measure vaporiser temperatureand water bath temperature on

Temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the vaporiser Vi (), Vo () andcondenser Ci (), Co () as a function of the operating time; continuouscurves: temperature in water reservoirs.

the condenser side under differentoperating conditions on the va-poriser side,

2.1 with stream of cold air

2.2 with stream of hot air

2.3 without blower.

If a power meter is available, theelectric power consumed by thecompressor can be determined withit and the coefficient of performancecalculated.

Heat pump, compressor principle 04370.88 1


Laboratory thermometer -10...+110 °C 38060.00 2

Heat conductive paste, 50 g 03747.00 1








Stirring rods, BORO 3.3, l = 300 mm, d = 7 mm 40485.05 2

Work and power meter 13715.93 1

What you need:

Heat pumpP5310200


Refrigerator Compressor Restrictor valve Cycle Vaporization Condensation Vapour pressure Vaporisation enthalpy



Heat insulation / Heat conduction 3.1.04-00

Principle:A model house with replaceable sidewalls is used for determining theheat transition coefficients (k val-ues) of various walls and windowsand for establishing the heat con-ductivities of different materials. Forthis purpose the temperatures on theinside and outside of the walls aremeasured at a constant interior andouter air temperature (in the steadystate).

With a multilayer wall structure thetemperature difference over a layeris proportional to the particular ther-

mal transmission resistance. Thethermal capacity of the wall materi-al affects the wall temperatures dur-ing heating up and tempo rary expo-sure to solar radiation.

Heat transition resistance 1/k as a function of the wall thickness d.

Tasks:1. Measurement and interpretation

of water temperatures during theheating up and during temporaryexternal illumination of the walls.

2. Determination of the heat con-ductivities of wood and Styropor.

3. Determination of the k values ofordinary glass and insulat ing glasswindows and of wooden walls ofdifferent thick nesses, and of wallswith wood, Styropor or cavity layers.


Heat transition Heat transfer Heat conductivity Thermal radiation Hothouse effect Thermal capacity Temperature amplitude

attenuation

High insulation house 04507.93 1

Thermal regulation for high insulation house 04506.93 1

Partitions, plastic foam, 5 off 44536.02 1

Ceramic lamp socket E27 with reflector, switch, safety plug 06751.01 1

Filament lamp with reflector, 230 V/120 W 06759.93 1

Cobra4 Mobile Link 12620.55 2

Cobra4 Sensor-Unit 2x Temp NiCr-Ni 12641.00 2

Thermocouple NiCr-Ni, max. 500°C, simple 13615.02 4




High performance charger for 4 Ni-MH accumulators 07929.99 1

What you need:

Heat insulation / Heat conductionP5310400




Principle:The Stirling engine is sub mit ted to aload by means of an adjust able torque meter, or by a cou pled gen er -a tor. Rotation fre quen cy and tem -per a ture chang es of the Stirling engine are observed. Effectivemechan i cal ener gy and power, aswell as effec tive electri cal power, are assessed as a func tion of rota tionfre quen cy. The amount of ener gycon vert ed to work per cycle can be

Tasks:1. Determination of the burner’s

ther mal effi cien cy

2. Calibration of the sen sor unit

3. Calculation of the total ener gypro duced by the engine throughdeter mi na tion of the cycle area onthe oscil lo scope screen, usingtrans par ent paper and coor di natepaper.

Pressure as a function of Volume for the Stirling process.

4. Assessment of the mechan i calwork per rev o lu tion, and cal cu la -tion of the mechan i cal power out -put as a func tion of the rota tionfre quen cy, with the assis tance ofthe torque meter.

5. Assessment of the electric powerout put as a func tion of the rota -tion fre quen cy.

6. Efficiency assess ment.

First and sec ond law of ther mo dy nam ics

Rever sible cycles Iso chor ic and iso ther mal

chang es Gas laws Effi cien cy Stirling engine Con ver sion of heat Ther mal pump

Experiment P5311015 with Cobra3Experiment P5311001 with oscilloscope

Stirling motor, transparent 04372.00 1 1Motor/Generator unit 04372.01 1 1Torque meter 04372.02 1 1Chimney for Stirling engine 04372.04 1 1Meter for Stirling engine, pVnT 04371.97 1 1Sensor unit pVn for Stirling engine 04371.00 1 1Syringe 20 ml, Luer, 10 pcs 02591.03 1Rheostats, 330 Ω, 1.0 A 06116.02 1Digital multimeter 2010 07128.00 2Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, red, l = 50 cm 07361.01 2Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, blue, l = 50 cm 07361.04 3Oscilloscope 30 MHz, 2 channels 11459.95 1Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm 07542.11 2 2Thermocouple NiCr-Ni, sheathed 13615.01 2 2Cylinder, PP, 50 ml 36628.01 1Denatured alcohol (Spirit forburning), 1000 ml 31150.70 1 1Adapter BNC socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 2Cobra3 Basic-Unit, USB 12150.50 1Power supply 12V/2A 12151.99 1Software Cobra3 Universal recorder 14504.61 1PC, Windows® XP or higherOptional accessories for solar motor workAccessories f. solar motor work 04372.03 1Support base -PASS- 02005.55 1Extension coupling, hinged 02045.00 1Support rod, stainl. steel, l = 500 mm 02032.00 1Optional accessories for heat pump workPower supply 13505.93 1

What you need:

Stirling engineP5311001/15

Set-up of experiment P5311015 with Cobra3

deter mined with the assis tance ofthe pV dia gram. The effi cien cy of theStirling engine can be esti mat ed.




Semiconductor thermogenerator 3.1.12-00

Principle:In a semi-conductor thermogenera-tor, the no-load voltage and theshort-circuit current are measured asa function of the temperature differ-ence. The internal resistance, theSeebeck coefficient and the efficien-cy are determined.

Tasks:1. To measure no-load voltage Uo

and short-circuit current Is at dif-ferent temperature differencesand to determine the Seebeck co-efficient.

2. To measure current and voltage ata constant temperature differencebut with different load resistors,

Electrical power generated as a function of the temperature difference.

and to determine the internal re-sistance Ri from the measuredvalues.

3. To determine the efficiency of en-ergy conversion, from the quantityof heat consumed and the electri-cal energy produced per unit time.

Thermogenerator 04366.00 1

Flow-through heat exchanger 04366.01 2


Connection box 06030.23 1

Rheostats, 33 Ω, 3.1 A 06112.02 1

Voltmeter 0.3...300 V-, 10...300 V~ 07035.00 1

Ammeter 1/5 A DC 07038.00 1


Immersion thermostat TC10 08492.93 1

Accessory set for TC10 08492.01 1

Bath for thermostat, Makrolon 08487.02 1


Precision mercury thermometers, -10...+ 50°C 38033.00 1

Resistor 2 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06055.20 1




Resistor 1 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06055.10 1

Resistor 5 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06055.50 1

Resistor 10 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06056.10 1

What you need:

Semiconductor thermogeneratorP5311200


Seebeck effect (thermoelectric effect)

Thermoelectric e.m.f. Efficiency Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient Seebeck coefficient Direct energy conversion Thomson equations




Principle:The cooling capacity heating capaci-ty and efficiency rating of a Peltierheat pump are determined under dif-ferent operating conditions.

Tasks:1. To determine the cooling capacity

Pc the pump as a function of thecurrent and to calculate the effi-ciency rating hc at maximum out-put.

2. To determine the heating capacityPw of the pump and its efficiencyrating hw at constant current andconstant temperature on the coldside.

Pump cooling capacity as a function of the operating current.

3. To determine Pw , w and Pc , c

from the relation ship betweentemperature and time on the hotand cold sides.

4. To investigate the temperaturebehaviour when the pump is usedfor cooling, with the hot side air-cooled.


Peltier effect Heat pipe Termoelectric e.m.f. Peltier coefficient Cooling capacity Heating capacity Efficiency rating Thomson coefficient Seebeck coefficient Thomson equations Heat conduction Convection Forced cooling Joule effect

Thermogenerator 04366.00 1

Flow-through heat exchanger 04366.01 1

Air cooler 04366.02 1

Heating coil with sockets 04450.00 1

Distributor 06024.00 1

Rheostats, 33 Ω, 3.1 A 06112.02 1

Connecting plug, pack of 2 07278.05 1






Precision mercury thermometers, -10...+ 50°C 38034.00 2












What you need:

Peltier heat pumpP5311300


Photovoltaic Applied Thermodynamics - Renewable Energy

Characteristic curves of a solar cell 3.2.01-01

Principle:The current-voltage characteristicsof a solar cell are measured at differ-ent light intensities, the distance be-tween the light source and the solarcell being varied.

The depencence of no-load voltageand short-circuit current on temper-ature is determined.

Tasks:1. To determine the light intensity

with the thermopile at variousdistances from the light source.

2. To measure the short-circuit cur-rent and no-load voltage at vari-ous distances from the lightsource.

3. To estimate the dependence ofno-load voltage, and short-circuitcurrent on temperature.

4. To plot the current-voltage char-acteristic at different light inten-sities.

Current-voltage characteristic at different light intensities J.

5. To plot the current-votlage char-acteristic under different operat-ing conditions: cooling the equip-ment with a blower, no cooling,shining the light through a glassplate.

6. To determine the characteristiccurve when illuminating by sun-light.

Solar battery, 4 cells, 2.5 x 5 cm 06752.04 1

Thermopile, Moll type 08479.00 1

Universal measuring amplifier 13626.93 1

Rheostats, 330 Ω, 1.0 A 06116.02 1

Ceramic lamp socket E27 with reflector, switch, safety plug 06751.01 1

Filament lamp with reflector, 230 V/120 W 06759.93 1


Meter Scale, l = 1000 x 27 mm 03001.00 1





Plate holder, opening width 0...10 mm 02062.00 1


G-clamp 02014.00 2

Glass pane, 150 x 100 x 4 mm, 2 off 35010.10 1





What you need:

Characteristic curves of a solar cellP5320101


Semiconductor p-n junction Energy-band diagram Fermi characteristic energy

level Diffusion potential Internal resistance Efficiency Photo-conductive effect Acceptors Donors Valence band Conduction band


Applied Thermodynamics - Renewable Energy Fuel Cell

3.3.01-00 Characteristic and efficiency of PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser

Principle:In a PEM electrolyser, the electrolyteconsists of a proton-conductingmem brane and water (PEM = Pro ton-Exchange-Membrane). When anelectric voltage is applied, hy dro genand oxygen are formed. The PEM fuelcell generates electrical energy fromhydrogen and oxygen.

The electrical properties of the elec-trolyser and the fuel cell are investi-gated by recording a current-voltagecharacteristic line. To determine theefficiency, the gases are stored insmall gasometers in order to be ableto measure the quantities of thegases generated or consumed.

Volume of the hydrogen generated by the PEM electrolyser as a function oftime at different current I.

Tasks:1. Recording the characteristic line

of the PEM electrolyser.

2. Recording the characteristic lineof the PEM fuel cell.

3. Determination of the efficiency ofthe PEM electrolysis unit.

4. Determination of the efficiency ofthe PEM fuel cell.


Electrolysis Electrode polarisation Decomposition voltage Galvanic elements Faraday´s law

PEM fuel cell 06747.00 1

PEM electrolyser 06748.00 1

Connection box 06030.23 1

Resistor 10 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06056.10 2

Resistor 5 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06055.50 1

Resistor 2 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06055.20 1

Resistor 1 Ω 2%, 2W, G1 06055.10 2

Short-circuit plug, black 06027.05 2

Gas bar 40466.00 1

Graduated cylinder, 100 ml, plastic 36629.01 1

Rubber tubing, d = 4 mm 39280.00 1


Pinchcock, width 10 mm 43631.10 4

Hose connector, reducing, d = 3-5/6-10 mm 47517.01 2


Beaker, 250 ml, low form, plastic 36013.01 1


Cobra4 Mobile Link 12620.55 1

Cobra4 Sensor-Unit Weather 12670.00 1








High performance charger for 4 Ni-MH accumulators 07929.99 1

Water, distilled 5 l 31246.81 1

What you need:

Characteristic and efficiencyof PEM fuel cell and PEM electrolyser P5330100

4Applied Electrics/Electronics


Contents

4.1 Semiconductors

4.1.01-15 Characteristic curves of semiconductors with FG-Module


4.1.02-11 Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3


4.1.06-00 Hall effect in metals


4.1.07-11 Band gap of germanium with Cobra3

Applied Electrics/Electronics

4


Semiconductors Applied Electrics /Electronics

Characteristic curves of semiconductors with FG-Module 4.1.01-15

Principle:Determine the current strengthflow ing through a semi-conductingdiode.

Determine the collector current withthe collector voltage for various val-ues of the base current intensity.

Collector current/voltage characteristic of BC337 transistor.

Tasks:1. To investigate the dependence of

the current strength flowingthrough a semi-conducting diode.

2. To determine the variations of thecollector current with the collec-tor voltage for varios values of thebase current intensity.


Semiconductor P-n junction Energy-band diagram Acceptors Donors Valence band Conduction band Transistor Operating point



Software Cobra3 PowerGraph 14525.61 1

Measuring module Function Generator 12111.00 1


Potentiometer 1 kΩ, 0.4W, G2 39103.04 1

Plug-in board 4 mm plugs 06033.00 1

Transistors BC-337/40, in G3 casing 39127.20 1

Carbon resistor 47 kΩ, 1W, G1 39104.38 1

Silicon diode 1 N 4007, G1 39106.02 1

Silicon diode 1 N 4148, G1 39106.03 1





What you need:

Characteristic curves of semiconductorswith FG-Module P5410115


Applied Electrics /Electronics Semiconductors


Principle:The resistivity and Hall voltage of arectangular germanium sample aremeasured as a function of tempera-ture and mag netic field. The bandspacing, the specific conductivity,the type of charge carrier and themobility of the charge carriers aredetermined from the measurements.

2. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at room temperatureand constant control current as afunction of the magnetic induc-tion B.

3. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at constant controlcurrent as a function of the tem-

Hall voltage as a function of current.

Tasks:1. The Hall voltage is measured at

room temperature and constantmagnetic field as a function ofthe control current and plotted ona graph (measurement withoutcompensation for defect voltage).

Hall effect module 11801.00 1

Hall effect, p-Ge, carrier board 11805.01 1

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2

Iron core, U-shaped, laminated 06501.00 1

Pole pieces, plane, 30 x 30 x 48 mm, 1 pair 06489.00 1

Hall probe, tangential, with protective cap 13610.02 1







Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, black, l = 75 cm 07362.05 2

Teslameter, digital 13610.93 1


What you need:

Hall effect in p-germaniumP5410201


Semiconductor Band theory Forbidden zone Intrinsic conductivity Extrinsic conductivity Valence band Conduction band Lorentz force Magnetic resistance Mobility Conducti vity Band spacing Hall coefficient

Hall voltage as a function of magnetic induction.

perature. The band spacing of ger-manium is calculated from the mea-surements.

4. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of the magnetic in-duction B, at room temperature.The sign of the charge carriers andthe Hall constant RH together

with the Hall mobility mH and thecarrier concentration p are calcu-lated from the measurements.

5. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of temperature atconstant magnetic induction Band the values are plotted on agraph.



Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3 4.1.02-11

Principle:The resistivity and Hall voltage of arectangular germanium sample aremeasured as a function of tempera-ture and mag netic field. The bandspacing, the specific conductivity,the type of charge carrier and themobility of the charge carriers aredetermined from the measurements.

4. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of the magnetic in-duction B, at room temperature.The sign of the charge carriersand the Hall constant RH togeth-er with the Hall mobility mH andthe carrier concentration p arecalculated from the measure-ments.

5. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of temperature atconstant magnetic induction Band the values are plotted on agraph.

Hall voltage as a function of temperature.

Tasks:1. The Hall voltage is measured at

room temperature and constantmagnetic field as a function ofthe control current and plotted ona graph (measurement withoutcompensation for defect voltage).

2. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at room temperatureand constant control current as afunction of the magnetic induc-tion B.

3. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at constant controlcurrent as a function of the tem-perature. The band spacing ofgermanium is calculated from themeasurements.


Semiconductor Band theory Forbidden zone Intrinsic conductivity Extrinsic conductivity Valence band Conduction band Lorentz force Magnetic resistance Mobility Conducti vity Band spacing Hall coefficient


Hall effect, p-Ge, carrier board 11805.01 1

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2













Cobra3 measuring module Tesla 12109.00 1

Software Cobra3 Hall effect 14521.61 1



What you need:

Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3P54102111




Principle:The resistance and Hall voltage aremeasured on a rectangular strip ofgermanium as a function of the tem-perature and of the magnetic field.From the results obtained the energygap, specific conductivity, type ofcharge carrier and the carrier mobil-ity are determined.

4. At room temperature measure theHall Voltage UH as a func tion ofthe magnetic flux density B. Fromthe readings taken, determine theHall coefficient RH and the sign ofthe charge carriers. Also calculatethe Hall mobility mH and the carri-er density n.

5. Measure the Hall voltage UH as afunction of temperature at uni-form magnetic flux density B, andplot the readings on a graph.

Tasks:1. At constant room temperature

and with a uniform magnet ic fieldmeasure the Hall voltage as afunction of the control currentand plot the values on a graph(measurement without compensa-tion for error voltage).

2. At room temperature and with aconstant control current, measurethe voltage across the specimenas a function of the magnetic fluxdensity B.

3. Keeping the control current con-stant measure the voltage acrossthe specimen as a function oftemperature. From the readingstaken, calculate the energy gap ofgermanium.


Semiconductor Band theory Forbidden zone Intrinsic conduction Extrinsic conduction Valence band Conduction band Lorentz force Magneto resistance Neyer-Neldel Rule

Experiment P5410311 with Cobra3Experiment P5410301 with teslameter

Hall effect module 11801.00 1 1

Hall effect, n-Ge, carrier board 11802.01 1 1

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2 2

Iron core, U-shaped, laminated 06501.00 1 1

Pole pieces, plane, 30 x 30 x 48 mm, 1 pair 06489.00 1 1

Hall probe, tangential, with protective cap 13610.02 1 1

Power supply 0-12 V DC/ 6 V, 12 V AC 13505.93 1 1

Tripod base -PASS- 02002.55 1 1

Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 250 mm 02025.55 1 1

Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 1 1

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, red, l = 50 cm 07361.01 3 2

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, blue, l = 50 cm 07361.04 2 1

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, black, l = 75 cm 07362.05 2 2









What you need:

Hall effect in n-germaniumP5410301/11

Hall voltage as a function of temperature.

Set-up of experiment P5410311 with Cobra3



Hall effect in metals 4.1.06-00

Principle:The Hall effect in thin zinc and cop -per foils is stud ied and the Hall coef -fi cient deter mined. The effect oftem per a ture on the Hall volt age isinves ti gat ed.

Hall voltage as a function of mag net ic induction B, using a cop per sam ple.

Tasks:1. The Hall volt age is measured in

thin copper and zinc foils.

2. The Hall coef fi cient is deter minedfrom meas ure ments of the cur rentand the mag net ic induc tion.

3. The tem per a ture depen dence ofthe Hall volt age is inves ti gat ed onthe cop per sam ple.

Hall effect, Cu, carrier board 11803.00 1

Hall effect, Zn, carrier board 11804.01 1

Coil, 300 turns 06513.01 2



Power supply, stabilised, 0...30 V- / 20 A 13536.93 1


Universal measuring amplifier 13626.93 1




Meter 10/30 mV, 200°C 07019.00 1








What you need:

Hall effect in metalsP5410600


Normal Hall effect Anomalous Hall effect Charge car riers Hall mobil ity Elec trons Defect elec trons




Principle:The conductivity of a germaniumtestpiece is measured as a functionof temperature. The energy gap isdetermined from the measured val-ues.

Regression of the conductivity versus the reciprocal of the absolute temper-ature.

Tasks:1. The current and voltage are to be

measured across a germaniumtest-piece as a function of tem-perature.

2. From the measurements, the con-ductivity is to be calculated andplotted against the reciprocal ofthe tem per a ture T. A linear plot isobtained, from whose slope theenergy gap of germanium can bedetermined.


Semiconductor Band theory Forbidden band Intrinsic conduction Extrinsic conduction Impurity depletion Valence band Conduction band


Intrinsic conductor, Ge, carrier board 11807.01 1









What you need:

Band gap of germaniumP5410701



Band gap of germanium with Cobra3 4.1.07-11

Principle:The conductivity of a germaniumtestpiece is measured as a functionof temperature. The energy gap isdetermined from the measured val-ues.

Typical measurement of the probe-voltage as a function of the temperature.

Tasks:1. The current and voltage are to be

measured across a germaniumtest-piece as a function of tem-perature.

2. From the measurements, the con-ductivity is to be calculated andplotted against the reciprocal ofthe tem per a ture T. A linear plot isobtained, from whose slope theenergy gap of germanium can bedetermined.


Intrinsic conductor, Ge, carrier board 11807.01 1











What you need:

Band gap of germanium with Cobra3P5410711


Semiconductor Band theory Forbidden band Intrinsic conduction Extrinsic conduction Impurity depletion Valence band Conduction band

5Material Sciences


Contents

5.1 Metallurgy

5.1.01-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Grinding and polishing of metals new

5.1.02-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Chemical etching new

5.2 Structural Analysis - X-ray




5.3 Material Analysis - XRED

5.3.01-00 Spectroscopy with the X-ray energy detector

5.3.02-00 Energy resolution of the X-ray energy detector/multi-channelanalyser system

5.3.03-00 Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector


5.3.05-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials


5.3.07-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids


5.3.09-00 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids


Material Sciences

5.4 Surfaces and Boundaries

5.4.01-00 Surface treatment / Plasma Physics


5.5 Magnetic Properties

5.5.02-00 Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer

5.5.11-11 Ferromagnetic hysteresis

5.6 Nano Technology

in preparation

5


Metallurgy Material Sciences

Metallographic sample preparation: Grinding and polishing of metals 5.1.01-00


Principle:Metallography is the art of preparingmetallic samples by grinding, polish-ing and eventual etching for subse-quent microscopic examination.

Grinding and polishing prepare thesurface to a mirror polished statenecessary to reveal the microstruc-ture by a suitable etching procedureor for further analysis.

Tasks:1. Check the six metal specimens by

means of the magnifier for anycoarse defects.

2. Grind and polish the samples ac-cording to the general rules andthe detailed instructions given,considering the hardness and duc-tility data and the basic process-ing guidelines specified.

Surface condition of brass sample after step 1, magnification: 100x

3. Evaluate the influence of the indi-vidual process parameters on thesurface quality obtained in the in-termediate steps and after thefinal polishing.

4. Try to optimize the grinding andpolishing procedures.

Grinding Polishing Metallographic sample

preparation Ductility

Grinding and polishing machine, 230 V 70000.93 1

Grinding wheel, aluminium, Ø 200 mm 70000.11 1

Polishing wheel, PVC, dia. 200 mm 70000.12 1

Splash guard, 200 mm 70000.13 1

Cover, 200 + 250 mm 70000.14 1

Special magnetic foil, Ø 200 mm 70000.15 2

Thin metal disk, Ø 200 mm 70000.16 5

Polishing cloths METAPO-P, Ø 200 mm,

for 10-6 µm diamond , pkg. of 10 pcs. 70002.03 1

Polishing cloths METAPO-B, Ø 200 mm,

for 3-1 µm diamond, pkg. of 10 pcs. 70003.03 1

Polishing cloths METAPO-V, Ø 200 mm,

for 1-0.1 µm diamond and oxide, 10 pcs. 70004.03 1

Fine-polishing cloths, MD-Nap, Ø 200 mm, 5 pcs. 70005.02 1

SiC paper Grinding disks G240, Ø 200 mm, 100 pcs. 70011.70 1

Diamond suspension, 6 µm, 250 ml, bottle with sprayer 70040.25 1



Diamond suspension, 0.25 µm, 250 ml, bottle with sprayer 70043.25 1

Diamond stick , 6 µm, 25 g 70050.04 1

Aluminium oxide suspension, 0.05 µm, 1 l 70055.70 1

Diamond Lubricant, water-based, 1 l bottle 70060.70 1

Diamon Lubricant RED, 1 l 70061.70 1

Diamant plane-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Piano 220 70020.01 1

SiC plane-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Primo 220 70021.01 1

Diamant fine-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Piano 220 70022.01 1

Fine-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Largo 70023.01 1

Fine-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Allegro 70024.01 2

Sample set applied sciences 70001.01 3

Spray bottle, PE, transp., 500 ml 47446.00 1

Kimtech Science precision tissue, 198 pcs. 46417.00 1

Prot. gloves, large, pack of 100 pcs. 39175.03 1


Dropping bottle, plastic, 50 ml 33920.00 7

Funnel, d = 40 mm, for burettes 36888.00 7

Universal brush, nylon 46421.07 6

What you need:

Labels, blank, 37 x 74 mm, 10 pcs. 37677.03 1

Marking pencils, set, waterproof 38710.21 1

Magnifier, 10x, d = 23 mm 87004.10 1

Ultrasonic cleaning bath, RK100H 46423.93 1

Cleansing solution, concentrated, 1 kg 38820.70 1

Metallographic sample preparation: Grinding and polishing of metals P5510100

5.1.02-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Chemical etching


Principle:Chemical etching is the most com-mon method for contrasting polishedmetal surfaces to reveal structuraldetails of pure metals and alloys. Theprecondition for a good result inetching is a carefully polished andclean surface. The experiment de-scribes the basic procedure, givessome recipes and presents a few pic-tures of several metal structures andphases.

Tasks:1. Check the six metal specimens

polished according to ExperimentSection 5.1.01-00 by means of themicroscope to see if any macro-scopic or microscopic structuralfeatures can be noticed.

Copper, etched in sol. 5, grain contrast/precip. etching, magnification approx. 100x

2. Prepare the etching solutions andetch the specimens according tothe instructions.

3. Examine the specimen surfaces asto whether the structural detailshave been satisfactorily revealed.

Etching Reveal crystallographic

structure Microscopy Micrographic phases Metal microscopy

Microscope with incident and transmitted illumination 62244.88 1

Press for polished section 62244.15 1

Plasticine, 10 sticks 03935.03 1

Microscope slides, 50 pcs. 64691.00 1

Balance, DENVER DLT-411, 400 g/0.1 g 49061.00 1

Power supply for DLT balances, 115 V / 230 V 49064.95 1

Hot-air blower, 1200 W 47540.95 1

Marking pencils, set, waterproof 38710.21 1

Labels, blank, chemistry, 40 pcs 38687.00 1

Gloves, Neoprene, medium 46347.00 3

Safety goggles, anti mist 46333.01 1


Pasteur pipettes, 3 ml, PE, 500 pcs. 36616.00 1

Cristallizing dish, BORO 3.3, 190 ml 46242.00 2

Dish, PVC, red, 300 x 240 x 75 mm 85105.01 1

Beaker, low, BORO 3.3, 250 ml 46054.00 5

Glass rod, boro 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 180 mm, plastic 38833.00 1

Sieve, fine mesh, d = 60 mm 40968.00 1

Sample set applied sciences 70001.01 3

Nitric acid 1,40, 65%, 500 ml 30213.50 1

Hydrochloric acid 30%, 500 ml 48451.50 1

Ammonia solution, 25%, 250 ml 30933.25 1

Hydrogen peroxide, 30%, 250 ml 31710.25 1

Sodium hydroxide, flakes, 500 g 30157.50 1

Zinc chloride, dry, 250 g 31983.25 1

Iron-III chloride, 250 g 30069.25 1

Denatured alcohol (Spirit for burning), 1000 ml 31150.70 1

Isopropyl alcohol, 1000 ml 30092.70 1

PC or notebook, Windows® XP or higher

What you need:


Material Sciences Metallurgy

Recommended accessories:Metallographic sample preparation Grinding and polishing of metalsP5510100

Metallographic sample preparation: Chemical etching P5510200


Material Sciences Structural Analysis - X-ray

5.2.01/02/03/04/05-00 Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples

Principle:Polycrystalline powder samples,which crystallize in the three cubicBravais types, simple, face-centeredand body-centered, are irradiatedwith the radiation from a Roentgentube with a copper anode. A swivel-ling Geiger-Mueller counter tube de-tects the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automatically

recorded. Their evaluation gives theassignment of the Bragg lines to theindividual lattice planes, their spac-ings as well as the lattice constantsof the samples, and so also the cor-responding Bravais lattice type.

Problems:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by the fourcubic crystal powder samples withvarious Bravais lattice types as afunction of the scattering angle.

Bragg-Cu-Ka and Cu-Kb-lines of NH4Cl.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings appropriate to the angularpositions of the individual Bragglines.

3. Assign the Bragg reflections to therespective lattice planes. Deter-mine the lattice constants of thesamples and their Bravais latticetypes.

4. Determine the number of atoms inthe unit cell.

Exp. P5520100 with a cubic powder sampleExp. P5520200 with a tetragonal lattice structureExp. P5520300 with a hexagonal lattice structureExp. P5520400 with diamond structureExp. P5520500 with the three cubic Bravais lattices

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1 1 1 1 1

Goniometer for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.10 1 1 1 1 1

Plug-in module with Cu-X-ray tube 09058.50 1 1 1 1 1

Counter tube type B, BNC cable, l = 50 cm 09005.00 1 1 1 1 1

Lithium fluorid crystal, mounted 09056.05 1 1 1 1 1

Universal crystal holder for X-Ray Unit 09058.02 1 1 1 1 1

Probe holder for powder probes (diffractometry) 09058.09 1 1 1 1 1

Diaphragm tube with Ni- foil 09056.03 1 1 1 1 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1 1 1 1 1

Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1 1 1 1 1

Mortar with pestle, 70 ml, porcelain 32603.00 1 1 1

Ammonium chloride, 250 g 30024.25 1

Potassium chloride, 250 g 30098.25 1

Potassium bromide 100 g 30258.10 1

Molybdenum, Powder, 99,7%, 100 g 31767.10 1

Germanium, Powder, 99%, 10 g 31768.03 1

Silicium, Powder, 50 g 31155.05 1

Zinc, powder 100 g 31978.10 1

Lead-IV oxide, lead diox., 250 g 31122.25 1

Sodium chloride, 250 g 30155.25 1

Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV* 14407.61 1 1 1 1 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole* 14602.00 1 1 1 1 1

PC, Windows® XP or higher*

What you need:

Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples

P55201/02/03/04/05-00


Wavelength Crystal lattices Crystal systems Bravais-lattice Reciprocal lattice Miller indices Structure factor Atomic scattering factor Bragg scattering Characteristic X-rays Monochromatization

of X-rays


Structural Analysis - X-ray Material Sciences

Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes 5.2.06-00using a cubic lattice powder sample

Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing powder sample isirradiated with the radiation from aX-ray tube with a copper anode. AGeiger-Mueller counter tube is auto-matically swivelled to detect the ra-diation that is constructively reflect-

ed from the various lattice planes ofthe crystallites. The Bragg diagram isautomatically recorded. The intensi-ties of the individual reflex lines aredetermined and compared withthose theoretically expected. In ad-dition, the evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes, and boththeir spacing and the correspondingBravais lattice type to be deter-mined.

Debye-Scherrer pattern of a copper powder sample.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by a cubic-crystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings from the angle positions ofthe individual Bragg lines.


Crystal lattices Crystal systems Bravais-lattice Reciprocal lattice Miller indices Structure factor Atomic scattering factor Lorentz-polarization factor Multiplicity factor Debye-Waller factor Absorption factor Bragg scattering Characteristic X-rays Monochromatization

of X-rays


Goniometer for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.10 1

Plug-in module with Cu-X-ray tube 09058.50 1

Counter tube type B, BNC cable, l = 50 cm 09005.00 1

Lithium fluorid crystal, mounted 09056.05 1

Universal crystal holder for X-Ray Unit 09058.02 1

Probe holder for powder probes (diffractometry) 09058.09 1

Diaphragm tube with Ni- foil 09056.03 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1

Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1

Copper, powder, 100 g 30119.10 1

Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV* 14407.61 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole* 14602.00 1


What you need:

Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample P5520600

3. Assign the Bragg reflexes to therespective lattice planes. Calculatethe lattice constant of the sub-stance and the Bravais lattice type.

4. Determine the intensity of the in-dividual reflex lines and comparethem with the theoretically ex-pected intensities.



Material Sciences Structural Analysis - X-ray

What you need:


Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing copper powdersample and a thin copper sheet areseparately irradiated with the radia-tion from a X-ray tube with a copperanode. A Geiger-Mueller counter

tube is automatically swivelled todetect the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automaticallyrecorded. The evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes. In contrastto the powder sample, the rolled thinsheet gives a spectrum showing analignment of the crystallites (rolledtexture), that is made even morecomplete by heating the sheet.

Debye-Scherrer diagram of a rolled copper sheet.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu X-

rays back scattered by a cubiccrystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Assign the Bragg reflexes to theindividual lattice planes.

3. Record the Bragg spectrum of athin sheet of copper.

4. Repeat the measurements made inTask 3 after the sheet of copperhas been subjected to annealing.










Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1


Copper foil, 0.1 mm, 100 g 30117.10 1

Crucible tongs, 200 mm, stainless steel 33600.00 1

Butane burner for cartridge 270 and 470 47536.00 1

Butane cartridge 47535.00 1




Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets P5520700



of X-rays Fiber textures Sheet textures Annealing texture Recrystallization


Material Analysis - XRED Material Sciences

Spectroscopy with the X-ray energy detector 5.3.01-00

Principle:The X-ray energy detector is used togain information about the energydistribution of high energy gammaradiation in the range of 2 to 40 keV.The X-ray energy detector with a res-olution of 380 keV in combinationwith a multi channel analyzer is usedfor direct measurement of the tran-sition energies of K and L levels ofmetals and alloys.

Fluorescence spectrum of zinc.

Tasks:1. Calibration of the X-ray energy

spectrum of copper

2. Determination of the resolution ofthe X-ray energy detector

3. X-ray fluorescence analysis ofpure metals and alloys

4. Verification of the Bragg equationwith the help of the X-ray energydetector


Goniometer for X-ray unit 35 kV 09058.10 1

Plug-in Cu tube for X-ray unit 09058.50 1

X-ray energy detector 09058.30 1

Multi-Channel-Analyzer 13727.99 1

Software Multi-Channel-Analyzer 14452.61 1

Specimen set X-ray energy detector 09058.31 1

Univ. crystal holder 09058.02 1

Probe holder for powder probes 09058.09 1


What you need:

Spectroscopy with the X-ray energy detector P5530100


Energy levels Bremsstrahlung Characteristic radiation Bragg equation Selection rules


Material Sciences Material Analysis - XRED

5.3.02-00 Energy resolution of the X-ray energy detector/multi-channel analyser system

Principle:Various metal samples are subjectedto polychromatic X-rays. The result-ing fluorescence radiation is anal-ysed with the aid of a semiconductordetector and a multi-channel anal-yser. The energy of the characteristicX-ray lines and their full widths at halfmaximum are determined. In addition,the dependence of the full widths athalf maximum and the shift of theline centroid as a function of thecounting rate are examined.

Tasks:1. Calibration of the semiconductor

detector with the aid of the char-acteristic radiation of the molyb-denum X-ray tube.

2. Recording of the spectra of thefluorescence radiation that is gen-erated by the metal samples.

3. Determination of the energy levelsand full widths at half maximumof the characteristic Ka-lines andtheir graphical representation.

4. Determination and graphical re -presentation of the full widths athalf maximum as a function of thecounting rate, with the Ka-line ofzircon used as an example.

Normal distribution of the iron Ka-lines for determining the line energy andthe full width at half maximum (the original measurement curve is hidden).

5. Determination and graphical re -presentation of the shift of theline centroid as a function of thecounting rate, with the Ka-line ofzircon used as an example.


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Fluorescence radiation Conduction processes in

semiconductors Doping of semiconductors Pin-diodes Resolution and resolving power Semiconductor energy Multi-channel analysers


Goniometer for the 35 kV X-ray unit 09058.10 1

Plug-in molybdenum tube for the X-ray unit 09058.60 1

Multi-channel analyser 13727.99 1


Metal samples for X-ray fluorescence, set of 7 09058.31 1

Universal crystal holder for the X-ray unit 09058.02 1

Software for the multi-channel analyser 14452.61 1

Soldering tin


What you need:

Energy resolution of the X-ray energy detector/multi-channel analyser system P5530200



Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector 5.3.03-00

Principle:Fluorescence radiation of the ele-ments of a sample can cause fluores-cence radiation inside the detectorand its housing if the energy is suffi-ciently high. As a result, the spec-trum may include lines that are notcaused by the sample.

For the detection of potential addi-tional lines, the detector is subjected


energy detector with the aid ofthe characteristic fluorescence ra-diation of the calibration sample.

2. Irradiation of the X-ray energy de-tector with monoenergetic X-raysthat are produced by the Bragg reflection on an LiF monocrystal.Meas urement of the resulting fluorescence spectrum.

3. Determination of the energy ofthe spectrum lines.

Characteristic fluorescence spectrum of the detector components (energy ofthe primary radiation E0 = 32.5 keV).

4. Assignment of the lines to ele-ments by comparing the measuredvalues with table values.

5. Comparative measurement andevaluation of the fluorescencespectra of pure metal samples.







LiF monocrystal with a holder 09056.05 1




What you need:

Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector P5530300


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Fluorescence radiation Fluorescent yield Interference of X-rays Crystal structures Bragg’s law Compton scattering Escape peaks Semiconductor energy

detectors Multi-channel analysers

to monochromatic X-radiation withthe aid of a monocrystal. For com-parison, the fluorescence spectra ofpure metal samples are measured.




Principle:Various metal samples are subjectedto polychromatic X-rays. The energyof the resulting fluorescence radia-tion is analysed with the aid of asemiconductor detector and a multi-channel analyser. The energy of thecorresponding characteristic X-raylines is determined, and the resultingMoseley diagrams are used to deter-mine the Rydberg frequency and thescreening constants.

Fluorescence spectra of various metals: (The Mo spectrum was obtainedthrough the analysis of the primary radiation of the Mo X-ray tube and is notcaused, therefore, by any of the metal samples.)


energy detector with the aid ofthe characteristic radiation of themolybdenum X-ray tube.

2. Recording of the spectra of thefluorescence radiation that is gen-erated by the metal samples.

3. Determination of the energy val-ues of the corresponding charac-teristic Ka- and Kb-lines.

4. Determination of the Rydberg fre-quency and screening constantswith the aid of the resultingMoseley diagrams.


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Absorption of X-rays Bohr’s atomic model Energy levels Moseley’s law Rydberg frequency Screening constant Semiconductor energy











What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of metals P5530400



Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials 5.3.05-00

Principle:Various alloyed materials are sub-jected to polychromatic Xrays. Theenergy of the resulting fluorescenceradiation is analysed with the aid ofa semiconductor detector and a mul-tichannel analyser. The energy of thecorresponding characteristic X-rayfluorescence lines is determined. Thealloyed materials are identified bycomparing the line energies with thecorresponding table values.

Fluorescence spectrum of a superconductor (YBaCu-O).



2. Recording of the spectra of thefluorescence radiation that is gen-erated by the samples.

3. Determination of the energy val-ues of the corresponding fluores-cence lines.

4. Comparison of the experimentalenergy values with table values inorder to identify the alloy con-stituents.






Alloy samples for X-ray fluorescence, set of 5 09058.33 1

Wood’s metal, 50 g 30242.05 1


Crucible tongs, steel, 200 mm 33600.00 1

Evaporating dish, porcelain, d = 51 mm 32514.00 1


Soldering tin


What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials P5530500


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Energy levels Fluorescent yield Semiconductor energy





Principle:Various powder samples are subject-ed to polychromatic X-rays. The en-ergy of the resulting fluorescence ra-diation is analysed with the aid of asemiconductor detector and a multi-channel analyser. The energy of thecorresponding characteristic X-rayfluorescence lines is determined.

The elements of the samples areidentified by comparing the line en-ergies with the corresponding tablevalues.

L fluorescence lines of lead and bismuth.



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra that are produced by thesamples.


4. Comparison of the experimentalenergy values with the corre-sponding table values in order toidentify the powder components.


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Energy levels Fluorescent yield Semiconductor energy







Set of chemicals for the edge absorption 09056.04 1


Spatula for powder, steel, l = 150 mm 47560.00 1

Holder for powder samples 09058.09 1


PC, Windows® 98 or higher

What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of powder samples P5530600



Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids 5.3.07-00

Principle:Various saturated solutions are sub-jected to polychromatic X-rays. Theenergy of the resulting fluorescenceradiation is analysed with the aid ofa semiconductor detector and amulti-channel analyser. The energyof the corresponding characteristicX-ray fluorescence lines is deter-mined. The elements of the samplesare identified by comparing the lineenergies with the correspondingtable values.

L-fluorescence lines of lead



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra of saturated potassiumbromide and lead chloride solu-tions.

3. Determination of the energy val-ues of the corresponding fluores-cence lines and comparison withthe corresponding table values.







Balance, DENVER DLT-411, 400 g, 0.1g 49061.00 1

Beaker, polypropylene, 100 ml 36011.01 2

Spoon and spatula, steel, l = 120 mm 46949.00 1

Glass rod, BORO 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 2

Macro-cuvettes, 4 ml, PS, 100 pieces 35663.10 1

Lead(II) chloride, 250 g 31117.25 1

Potassium bromide, 50 g 30258.05 1



What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids P5530700


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Energy levels Fluorescent yield Solubility Solubility product Semiconductor energy





Principle:Various alloyed materials are sub-jected to polychromatic X-rays. Theenergy of the resulting fluorescenceradiation is analysed with the aid ofa semiconductor detector and amulti-channel analyser. The energyof the corresponding characteristic

X-ray fluorescence lines is deter-mined.

In order to determine the concentra-tion of the alloy constituents, the in-tensity of their respective fluores-cence signals is compared to that ofthe pure elements.



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra that are produced by thealloyed samples.

Spectrum evaluation method: Ka-lines of constantan, copper, and nickel witha scaled normal distribution.

3. Recording of the fluorescencespectra that are produced by thepure metals.


5. Calculation of the concentrationlevels of the alloy constituents.


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Energy levels Fluorescent yield Auger effect Coherent and incoherent

photon scattering Absorption of X-rays Edge absorption Matrix effects Semiconductor energy








Set of samples for the quantitative

X-ray fluorescence analysis, set of 4 09058.34 1

Set of metal samples for the X-ray

fluorescence analysis, set of 7 09058.31 1



What you need:

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials 5530800



Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids 5.3.09-00

Principle:Various solutions, with known ele-ment concentrations, are subjectedto polychromatic X-rays. The energyand intensity of the resulting fluo-rescence radiation of the dissolvedelements are analysed with the aidof a semiconductor detector and a

multi-channel analyser. In order todetermine the unknown elementconcentrations in the solutions, cali-bration is performed. For this pur-pose, the known element concentra-tions of the calibration solution areplotted against the correspondingfluorescence intensities of the dis-solved elements.



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra of potassium bromide so-lutions with various concentrationlevels.

Zoomed representation with a fitted normal distribution of the Ka- and Kb-lines of bromine.

3. Determination of the intensity ofthe characteristic bromine radia-tion, based on the spectra.

4. Creation of a calibration functionthat is based on the concentrationvalues as well as the intensity ofthe associated fluorescence radia-tion.







Balance, DENVER DLT-411, 400g, 0.1g 49061.00 1

Pipette, 10 ml, graduated in steps of 0.1 ml 36600.00 3

Pipette ball 36592.00 1

Snap-cap vials, d = 30 mm, h = 75 mm, 10 pcs. 33622.03 1

Beaker, BORO 3.3, 250 ml 46054.00 3

Spoon and spatula, steel, l = 120 mm 46949.00 1

Glass rod, BORO 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 2

Macro-cuvettes, 4 ml, PS, 100 pieces 35663.10 1

Potassium bromide, 50 g 30258.05 1

Water, distilled, 5 l 31246.81 1



What you need:

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids P5530900


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Energy levels Fluorescent yield Absorption of X-rays Auger effect Scattering of X-rays Matrix effects Solubility Solubility product Semiconductor energy





Principle:X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) issuitable for the noncontact and non-destructive thickness measurementof thin layers as well as for deter-mining their chemical composition.For this type of measurement, the X-ray source and detector are locatedon the same side of the sample.

When the layer on the substrate issubjected to X-rays, the radiationwill penetrate the layer, if it is suffi-ciently thin, to a certain extent, de-pending on the thickness, and in turncause characteristic fluorescence ra-diation in the material of the under-lying substrate. On its way to the de-tector, this fluorescence radiation willbe attenuated by absorption at thelayer. The thickness of the layer canbe determined based on the intensi-ty attenuation of the fluorescenceradiation of the substrate material.



2. Determination of the fluorescencespectrum of an iron sample.

3. Measurement of the fluorescencespectrum of the iron substratewith different numbers of pieces

Fe-fluorescence lines as a function of the number n of the pieces of alumini-um foils placed on the substrate.

of aluminium foil with the samethickness placed on the substrate.Determination of the intensity ofthe Fe-Ka fluorescence line.

4. Linear and semilogarithmic graph-ical representation of the intensi-ty of the Fe-Ka fluorescence lineas a function of the number ofpieces of aluminium foil placed onthe substrate.

5. Determination of the intensity ofthe Fe-Ka fluorescence line forvarious numbers of pieces of alu-minium foil that are fastened infront of the outlet of the tube ofthe energy detector with some ad-hesive tape.

6. Calculation of the thickness of thealuminium foil.

7. Determination of the fluorescencespectrum of a molybdenum andcopper sample.

8. Execution of tasks 3 to 6 for cop-per foil on a molybdenum sub-strate.


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic X-radiation Fluorescent yield Auger effect Coherent and incoherent

photon scattering Law of absorption Mass attenuation coefficient Saturation thickness Matrix effects Semiconductor energy







Set of metal samples

for the X-ray fluorescence analysis, set of 7 09058.31 1

Set of samples for the quantitative

X-ray fluorescence analysis, set of 4 09058.34 1



Household aluminium foil


What you need:

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy – layer thickness determination P5531000


Surfaces and Boundaries Material Sciences

Surface treatment / Plasma Physics 5.4.01-00

Principle:Different samples are exposed to adielectric barrier discharge in air atatmospheric pressure. The plasma induces both chemical and physicalreactions on the sample surface al-tering the surface structure and thusthe surface energy. The contact angleof water on the sample surface is observed in the exposed and in the

unexposed region to analyse the effect of the plasma treatment onthe surface energy.

Measurement results for the contact angle of water on different sample surfaces after plasma exposure of duration t.

Tasks:Various samples are to be treatedwith a plasma for different periods oftime. The effect of the treatment onthe contact angle of water on thesurface is to be observed by drop sizemeasurement or by web cam photo -graphy.


Arc discharge Glow discharge Electron avalanches Townsend breakthrough

mechanism Streamers Microdischarges Dielectric barrier discharge

(DBD) Surface energy Contact angle (CA) Contact angle measurement

Plasma Physics Operating Unit 09108.99 1

Plasma Physics Experimental Set 09108.10 1

Plasma Physics Sample Set 09108.30 1

Microliterpipette dig. 2-20 µl 47141.01 1

Pipette tips, 2-200 µl, 1000pcs 47148.01 1

Denatured alcohol (Spirit f.burning), 1000 ml 31150.70 1


Water, distilled, 5 l 31246.81 1

Contact angle measurement equipment

Housing for experiment lamp 08129.01 1

Halogen lamp, 12 V/50 W 08129.06 1

Power supply 0-12V DC/6V,12V AC 13505.93 1

Lab jack, 160 x 130 mm 02074.00 1





Web-Cam CCD USB VGA PC Philips SPC900NC 88040.00 1

Software "Measure Dynamics", single user license 14440.62 1


What you need:

Surface treatment / Plasma PhysicsP5540100


Material Sciences Surfaces and Boundaries


Principle:The electric breakthrough voltage inair is measured in dependence onelectrode distance and gas pressure.The results are compared to thePaschen curve which is a result ofTownsend electric breakdown theorywhich assumes the product pd ofelectrode distance d and gas pres-sure p to be the similarity parameterdescribing the electric breakdownbehavior of a gas.

Breakdown voltage in dependence on electrode distance for different gaspressures.

Tasks:Measure the voltage between planeparallel electrodes at which electricbreakthrough occurs in dependenceon electrode distance d at differentgas pressures p in the hPa range.

Create plots of the breakthroughvoltage over electrode distance dand over product of electrode dis-tance and pressure pd (Paschencurve).

Plasma Physics Operating Unit 09108.99 1

Plasma Physics Experimental Set 09108.10 1


Vacuum pump, one stage 02750.93 1

Oil mist filter 02752.00 1

Rubber tubing, vacuum, i.d. 6 mm 39289.00 2

Fine control valve 33499.00 1

Vacuum gauge DVR 2 34171.00 1

Tubing connect., T-shape, ID 8-9 mm 47519.03 1

Connecting cord, safety, 32 A, l = 100 cm, red 07337.01 1

Connecting cord, safety, 32A, l = 100 cm, blue 07337.04 1

What you need:

Paschen curve / Plasma PhysicsP5540200


Glow discharge Electron avalanches Free path length Townsend breakdown theory Paschen curve


Magnetic Properties Material Sciences

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer 5.5.02-00

Principle:With the aid of two mirrors in aMichelson arrangement, light isbrought to interference. Due to themagnetostrictive effect, one of themirrors is shifted by variation in themagnetic field applied to a sample,and the change in the interferencepattern is observed.

Measuring results of the magnetostriction of nickel with the relative changein length l/l plotted against applied field strength H.


ferometer using separate opticalcomponents.

2. Testing various ferromagnetic ma-terials (iron and nickel) as well asa non-ferromagnetic material(copper), with regard to theirmagnetostrictive properties.


Interference Wavelength Diffraction index Speed of light Phase Virtual light source Ferromagnetic material Weiss molecular magnetic

fields Spin-orbit coupling







Holder for diaphragm/ beam plitter 08719.00 1

Beam plitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1


Screen, white, 150 x 150 mm 09826.00 1

Faraday modulator for optical base plate 08733.00 1

Rods for magnetotriction, set of 3 08733.01 1





What you need:

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer P5550200


Material Sciences Magnetic Properties

5.5.11-11 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system

Principle:A magnetic field is generated in aring-shaped iron core by a continu-ous adjustable direct current appliedto two coils. The field strength Hand the flux density B are measuredand the hysteresis recorded.

The remanence and the coercive fieldstrength of two different iron corescan be compared.

Hysteresis for a massive iron core.

Tasks:Record the hysteresis curve for amassive iron core and for a laminat-ed one.


Induction Magnetic flux, coil Magnetic field strength Magnetic field of coils Remanence Coercive field strength

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2

Iron core, U-shaped, solid 06491.00 1

Iron core, rod shaped, solid 06490.00 1


Iron core, rod shaped, laminated 06500.00 1

Commutator switch 06034.03 1

Power supply, universal, with analog display 13501.93 1

Rheostats, 10 Ω, 5.7 A 06110.02 1




Support rod with hole, stainless steel, l = 150 mm 02030.15 1






Software Cobra3 Force/Tesla 14515.61 1


What you need:

Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system P5551111

8Earth Sciences


Contents

8.1 Geology

8.1.01-00 Absorption of X-rays


8.1.03-00 Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations





Earth Sciences

8


Geology Earth Sciences

Absorption of X-rays 8.1.01-00

1 0

10

8

8

7

2

1

3

7

6

6

9

9

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20

5

5

Principle:Polychromatic X-rays are to be ener-gy selected using a monocrystal an-alyzer. The monochromatic radiationobtained is to serve as the primaryradiation source for examination ofthe absorption behaviour of variousmetals as a function of the absorberthickness and the wavelength of theprimary radiation.

3. The absorption coefficients forcopper and nickel are to be deter-mined as a function of the wave-length and the measured valuesplotted. The energies of the K lev-els are to be calculated.

4. The validity of m/r = f(Z3) is tobe proved.

Semi-logarithmic representation of the pulse rates as a function of the ab-sorber thickness.

Ua = 35 kV, Ia = 1 mA.

Curve 1: Al (Z = 13); l = 139 pm

Curve 2: Al (Z = 13); l = 70 pm

Curve 3: Zn (Z = 30); l = 139 pm.

Tasks:1. The intensity attenuation of the

primary radiation is to be mea-sured for aluminium and zinc as afunction of the material thicknessand at two different wavelengths.The mass absorption coefficientsare to be determined from thegraphical representation of themeasured values.

2. The mass absorption coefficientsfor aluminium, zinc and tin foils ofconstant thickness are to be de-termined as a function of thewavelength. It is to be shown fromthe graphical representation thatm/r = f(l3).


Bremsstrahlung Characteristic radiation Bragg scattering Law of absorption Mass absorption coefficient Absorption edges Half-value thickness Photoelectric effect Compton scattering Pair production






Absorption set for x-rays 09056.02 1

Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV 14407.61 1



What you need:

Absorption of X-raysP5810100

d/mm

I/I0


Earth Sciences Geology


Principle:A monocrystal is to be irradiated by apolychromatic X-ray beam and theresulting diffraction patterns record-ed on film and evaluated.

Laue pattern of an LiF (100) crystal.

Cu X-ray tube: UA = 35 kV; IA = 1 mADistance between sample and film: D = 19 mmExposure time: t = 120 min

Tasks:1. The Laue diffraction of an LiF

monocrystal is to be recorded on afilm.

2. The Miller indices of the corre-sponding crystal surfaces are to beassigned to the Laue reflections.


Plug-in module with Mo-X-ray tube 09058.60 1


Crystal holder for lane diffraction 09058.11 1


Vernier caliper, plastic 03011.00 1





Tray (PP), 180 x 240 mm, white 47481.00 3

What you need:

X-ray investigation of crystal structures /Laue method P5810200


Crystal lattices Crystal systems Crystal classes Bravais lattice Reciprocal lattice Miller indices Structure amplitude Atomic form factor The Bragg equation



Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations 8.1.03-00

Principle:Polychromatic X-rays are to be directed against NaCl monocrystalswith different orientations. Thespacing between the lattice planesof each monocrystals then to be determined by analyzing the wave-length-dependent intensity of thereflected radiation.

X-ray intensity of copper as a function of the glancing angle:

NaCl monocrystal with different orientations as Bragg-analyzer:

1-(100); 2-(110); 3-(111)

Tasks:1. NaCl monocrystals with the orien-

tations (100), (110) and (111) areeach to be separately used torecord an intensity spectrum ofthe polychromatic radiation em-anated by the X-ray tube.

2. The Bragg angles of the character-istic radiations are to be deter-mined from the spectra, and thedistances between lattice planescalculated for each orientation.

3. The planes of reflection and theirMiller indices are to be found.


Characteristic X-ray radiation Energy levels Crystal structures Reciprocal lattice Miller indices Bragg scattering Atomic form factor Structure factor






NaCl-monocrystals, set of 3 09058.01 1

Software X-ray unit, 35 kV 14407.61 1



What you need:

Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystalswith different orientations P5810300




Principle:Polycrystalline samples are to be irradiated by an X-ray beam and theresulting diffraction patterns record-ed on film and evaluated.

3. The lattice constants of the sam-ple materials are to be deter-mined.

4. The number of atoms in the unitcells of each sample are to be de-termined.

Debye-Scherrer pattern of a powdered sample of CsCl. Thickness of the sam-ple, 0.4 mm. Exposure time, 2.0 h. Mo X-ray tube: UA = 35 kV; IA = 1 mA.

Tasks:1. Debye-Scherrer photographs are

to be taken of powdered samplesof sodium chloride and caesiumchloride.

2. The Debye-Scherrer rings are to beevaluated and assigned to the cor-responding lattice planes.

Exp. P5810500 with hexagonal structuresExp. P5810400 with cubic structures

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1 1

Plug-in module with Mo-X-ray tube 09058.60 1 1

Mortar with pestle, 70 ml, porcelain 32603.00 1



Caesium chloride 5 g 31171.02 1

Diaphragm tube with Zr- foil 09058.03 1

Vernier caliper, plastic 03011.00 1 1

Film holder 09058.08 1 1

X-ray films, wet chemical, 100 x 100 mm, 100 pieces 09058.23 1 1

Bag for x-ray films, 10 pieces 09058.22 1 1

X-ray film developer, for 4.5 l solution 06696.20 1 1

X-ray film fixing, for 4.5 l solution 06696.30 1 1

Tray (PP), 180 x 240 mm, white 47481.00 3 3

What you need:

X-ray investigation of different crystal structures /Debye-Scherrer powder method… of cubic crystal structures P5810400… of hexagonal crystal structures P5810500


Crystal lattices Crystal systems Reciprocal lattice Miller indices Structure amplitude Atomic form factor Bragg scattering

Set-up of experiment P5810400



Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples 8.1.06/07/08/09/10-00

Principle:Polycrystalline powder samples,which crystallize in the three cubicBravais types, simple, face-centeredand body-centered, are irradiatedwith the radiation from a Roentgentube with a copper anode. A swivel-ling Geiger-Mueller counter tube de-tects the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automatically

recorded. Their evaluation gives theassignment of the Bragg lines to theindividual lattice planes, their spac-ings as well as the lattice constantsof the samples, and so also the cor-responding Bravais lattice type.

Problems:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by the fourcubic crystal powder samples withvarious Bravais lattice types as afunction of the scattering angle.

Bragg-Cu-Ka and Cu-Kb-lines of NH4Cl.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings appropriate to the angularpositions of the individual Bragglines.

3. Assign the Bragg reflections to therespective lattice planes. Deter-mine the lattice constants of thesamples and their Bravais latticetypes.


Exp. P5810600 with a cubic powder sampleExp. P5810700 with a tetragonal lattice structureExp. P5810800 with a hexagonal lattice structureExp. P5810900 with diamond structureExp. P581100 with the three cubic Bravais lattices

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1 1 1 1 1

Goniometer for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.10 1 1 1 1 1

Plug-in module with Cu-X-ray tube 09058.50 1 1 1 1 1

Counter tube type B, BNC cable, l = 50 cm 09005.00 1 1 1 1 1

Lithium fluorid crystal, mounted 09056.05 1 1 1 1 1

Universal crystal holder for X-Ray Unit 09058.02 1 1 1 1 1

Probe holder for powder probes (diffractometry) 09058.09 1 1 1 1 1

Diaphragm tube with Ni- foil 09056.03 1 1 1 1 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1 1 1 1 1

Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1 1 1 1 1

Mortar with pestle, 70 ml, porcelain 32603.00 1 1 1

Ammonium chloride, 250 g 30024.25 1


Potassium bromide 100 g 30258.10 1

Molybdenum, Powder, 99,7%, 100 g 31767.10 1

Germanium, Powder, 99%, 10 g 31768.03 1

Silicium, Powder, 50 g 31155.05 1

Zinc, powder 100 g 31978.10 1

Lead-IV oxide, lead diox., 250 g 31122.25 1


Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV* 14407.61 1 1 1 1 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole* 14602.00 1 1 1 1 1

PC, Windows® XP or higher*

What you need:

Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples

P58106/07/08/09/10-00



of X-rays



8.1.11-00 Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexesusing a cubic lattice powder sample

Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing powder sample isirradiated with the radiation from aX-ray tube with a copper anode. AGeiger-Mueller counter tube is auto-matically swivelled to detect the ra-diation that is constructively reflect-

ed from the various lattice planes ofthe crystallites. The Bragg diagram isautomatically recorded. The intensi-ties of the individual reflex lines aredetermined and compared withthose theoretically expected. In ad-dition, the evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes, and boththeir spacing and the correspondingBravais lattice type to be deter-mined.

Debye-Scherrer pattern of a copper powder sample.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by a cubic-crystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings from the angle positions ofthe individual Bragg lines.


Crystal lattices Crystal systems Bravais-lattice Reciprocal lattice Miller indices Structure factor Atomic scattering factor Lorentz-polarization factor Multiplicity factor Debye-Waller factor Absorption factor Bragg scattering Characteristic X-rays Monochromatization

of X-rays










Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1





What you need:

Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample P5811100

3. Assign the Bragg reflexes to therespective lattice planes. Calculatethe lattice constant of the sub-stance and the Bravais lattice type.

4. Determine the intensity of the in-dividual reflex lines and comparethem with the theoretically ex-pected intensities.




What you need:

Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination 8.1.12-00of the texture of rolled sheets

Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing copper powdersample and a thin copper sheet areseparately irradiated with the radia-tion from a X-ray tube with a copperanode. A Geiger-Mueller counter

tube is automatically swivelled todetect the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automaticallyrecorded. The evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes. In contrastto the powder sample, the rolled thinsheet gives a spectrum showing analignment of the crystallites (rolledtexture), that is made even morecomplete by heating the sheet.

Debye-Scherrer diagram of a rolled copper sheet.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu X-

rays back scattered by a cubiccrystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Assign the Bragg reflexes to theindividual lattice planes.

3. Record the Bragg spectrum of athin sheet of copper.

4. Repeat the measurements made inTask 3 after the sheet of copperhas been subjected to annealing.










Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1


Copper foil, 0.1 mm, 100 g 30117.10 1

Crucible tongs, 200 mm, stainless steel 33600.00 1

Butane burner for cartridge 270 and 470 47536.00 1

Butane cartridge 47535.00 1




Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets P5811200



of X-rays Fiber textures Sheet textures Annealing texture Recrystallization

9Medicine


Contents

9.1 Hematology

in preparation

9.2 Clinical Chemisty

in preparation

9.3 Bacteriology

in preparation

9.4 Radiology

9.4.32-00 X-ray dosimetry



9.5 Ultrasonic Diagnostics

in preparation

9.6 Electrophysiology

9.6.01-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical simuIation at the rear end of an earthworm

9.6.02-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical simuIation at the front end of an earthworm

9.6.03-11 Recording of nerve potentials after eIectrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm

9.6.04-50 Model experiment illustrating the deveIopment of resting potential


9.6.06-11 EIectromyography (EMG) on the upper arm

9.6.07-11 Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting veIocity

9.6.08-11 Human electrooculography (EOG)

Medicine

9.7 Neurobiology

in preparation

9.8 Human Biology

9.8.01-11 Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG)

9.8.02-11 Blood pressure measurement


9.8.04-00 Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold

9.8.05-11 Hearing threshold and frequency differentiatingthreshold in humans

9.8.06-11 Acoustic orientation in space


9.8.08-00 Time resolving capability of the human eye


9


Radiology Medicine

X-ray dosimetry 9.4.32-00

3.0

2.0

1.0

100 200 300 400 500

Principle:The molecules of air within a platecapacitor are to be ionized by X-rays.The ion dose, ion dose rate and localion dose rate are to be calculatedfrom the ionization current and theradiated mass of air.

ous anode currents but with maxi-mum anode and capacitor voltages.

5. The saturation current is to beplotted as a function of the anodevoltage.

6. Using the d = 5 mm aperture, theion current is to be determinedand graphically recorded at vari-ous anode currents but with max-imum anode and capacitor volt-ages.

7. Using the two different diaphragmtubes and the fluorescent screen,the given distance between theaperture and the radiation sourceat maximum anode coltage andcurrent is to be verified.

Ionization current IC as a function of capacitor voltage UC for various anodevoltages UA. Diaphragm tube d = 5 mm; IA = 1 mA.

Tasks:1. The ion current at maximum

anode voltage is to be measuredand graphically recorded as afunction of the capacitor voltageby using two different beam limit-ing apertures.

2. The ion dose rate is to be deter-mined from the saturation currentvalues and the air masses pene-trated by radiation are to be cal-culated.

3. The energy dose rate and variouslocal ion dose rates are to be cal-culated.

4. Using the d = 5 mm aperture, theion current is to be determinedand graphically recorded at vari-



Capacitor plates for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.05 1

Power supply, regulated, 0...600 V- 13672.93 1

Direct current measuring amplifier 13620.93 1


High value resistors, 50 MΩ 07159.00 1

Adapter, BNC socket - 4 mm plug 07542.20 1

Screened cable, BNC, l = 30 cm 07542.10 1





What you need:

X-ray dosimetryP5943200


X-rays Absorption inverse square law Ionizing energy Energy dose Equivalent dose and ion dose

and their rates Q factor Local ion dose rate Dosimeter

IC/nA

UC/V

UA= 35 kV

UA= 30 kV

UA= 25 kV

UA= 20 kV

UA= 15 kV


Medicine Radiology


Principle:A liquid contrast medium is to be in-jected into a model of a blood vessel,which is hidden from sight and ex-posed to X-ray radiation, to enablethe inner structure of the model tobe examined on a fluorescent screen.

Figure shows the model filled to different extents with contrast medium.

Experimental steps:1. A 50% potassium iodide solution

is to be injected into the bloodvessel model.

2. The fluorescent screen of the X-ray basic unit is to be observedto follow the course taken by theinjected solution in the blood ves-sel model.


X-ray radiation Bremsstrahlung Characteristic radiation Law of absorption Mass absorption coefficient Contrast medium



Blood vessel, model for contrast fluid 09058.06 1

Potassium iodide, 50 g 30104.05 1


Wide mouth bottle with screw cap, clear glass, 250 ml 46213.00 1

Stirring rods, BORO 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 6 mm 40485.04 1

What you need:

Contrast medium experiment with a bood vessel model P943300


Radiology Medicine

Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen 9.4.34-00

Principle:The length and the spatial position ofa metal pin which cannot be seen areto be determined from radiograms oftwo different planes which are atright angles to each other.

Projection fotos of the implant model in the xz-plane (left) and in the yz-plane (right).

Tasks:1. The length of a metal pin which

cannot be seen is to be deter -mined from radiograms of twodifferent planes which are at rightangles to each other.

2. The true length of the pin is tobe determined by taking themagni fication which results fromthe divergence of the X-rays into account.

3. The spatial position of the pin is tobe determined.




Implant model for X-ray photography 09058.07 1






Tray (PP), 180 x 240 mm, white 47481.00 3

What you need:

Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen P5943400


X-ray radiation Bremsstrahlung Characteristic radiation Law of absorption Mass absorption coefficient Stereographic projection


Medicine Electrophysiology

Principle and tasks:To work on the following themes bymeasuring nerve and muscle poten-tials:

The course of a biphasic actionpotential over time

Estimation of the conductionvelo city

Coding of the stimulant intensityas frequency modulation

Result with weak stimulation


Nerve and muscle potentials Mechanical stimulation Biphasic action potential Frequency modulation Median and lateral giant

nerve fibres Conduction velocity


Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1

Software Cobra3 Universal Recorder 14504.61 1

Bio-amplifier 65961.93 1

Earthworm experiment chamber 65981.20 1

Stimulus bristle, triggering 65981.21 1


Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, blue 07360.04 2

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, black 07360.05 2

Crocodile clip, insulated, black, 10 pieces 07276.15 1

Adapter BNC plug/4 mm sockets 07542.26 1

Aluminium foil

Earthworms


What you need:

Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the rear end of an earthworm P5960111

9.6.01-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the rear end of an earthworm

Result with moderate stimulation


Electrophysiology Medicine

Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation 9.6.02-11at the front end of an earthworm


The difference in sensitivity of thefront and rear ends

The facilitation effect

Conduction velocity and fibre diameter

Synaptic depression

Result with weak stimulation






Stimulus bristle, triggering 65981.21 1






Aluminium foil

Earthworms

PC, Windows®XP or higher

What you need:

Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the front end of an earthworm P5960211

What you can learn about

Nerve and muscle potentials Positive feedback Synaptic depression Synaptic facilitation Conduction velocity in median

and lateral giant nerve fibres

Result with infrequent strong stimulation




The action of an anaesthetic

The different conduction velocitiesof median and lateral giant fibres

Refractory period of the mediangiant fibre

Result with a weak stimulus


Nerve and muscle potentials Electrical stimulation Anaesthetization of muscles Electrical resistance of nerve

fibres Double pulse stimulation Refractory period





Stimuli generator 65962.93 1








Petri dish, d = 100 mm 64705.00 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1

Balance MXX-212R, 210 g/0.01 g, RS232 49111.93 1

Graduated cylinder, 100 ml 36629.00 1

Aluminium foil

Earthworms

Chloretone as anaesthetic (pharmacy or dentist: 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol)


What you need:

Result with a double pulse 6 ms

Recording of nerve potentials after electrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm P5960311

9.6.03-11 Recording of nerve potentials after electrical stimulationof an anaesthetized earthworm



Model experiment illustrating the development of resting potential 9.6.04-50

Principle and tasks:The potential difference betweentwo elec trolyte solutions of differentconcentrations separated by a mem-brane is detected by two silver chlo-ride electrodes and measured with amV meter. The measured and calcu-lated values are compared.

Cobra4 Mobile-Link Set 12620.55 1

Cobra4 Sensor-Unit Chemistry, pH and 2 x Temperature NiCr-Ni 12630.00 1

Immersion probe NiCr-Ni, -50...1000°C 13615.03 1

Ussing chamber 65977.00 1

Reference electrode, silver chloride 18475.00 2


Volumetric flask, 500 ml, IGJ 19/26 36551.00 1

Volumetric flask, 1000 ml, IGJ 24/29 36552.00 1

Graduated cylinder, 100 ml, BORO 3.3 36629.00 2

Cylinder, 250 ml, d = 40 mm, h = 20 cm 34213.00 1

Bottle, narrow neck, plastic, 500 ml 33906.00 4

Bottle, narrow neck, plastic, 1000 ml 33907.00 6

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel 33398.00 1

Membrane, permeable for cations, 5 pieces 31504.02 1



Wasser, distilled 5 l 31246.81 2


What you need:

Model experiment illustrating the development of resting potential P5960450


Selective ion permeability of membranes

Resting potential Diffusion potential Asymmetry potential Silver chloride electrodes Ion pump




Principle and tasks:To record an electrocardiogram (ECG)between the left leg and the rightand left arm (lead II according toEinthoven). To relate the ECG seg-ments to the course of heart con-traction (P wave, P-Q segment, QRScomplex, T wave)

Circuit diagram


Electrophysiology Electrocardiogram according

to Einthoven II Heart rate Quiet and strained heart ECG segments Atria Ventricles AV nodes





Electrode collecting cable 65981.03 1

ECG electrodes, 3 pieces 65981.01 1


Connection cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, red 07360.01 1

Connection cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, blue 07360.04 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1


Graduated cylinder, 100 ml 36629.00 1


Tempo/Kleenex Tissues

What you need:

Human electrocardiography (ECG)P59605111

Typical measuring results



Electromyography (EMG) on the upper arm 9.6.06-11

Principle and tasks:To prepare an electromyogram (EMG)from a contracting or relaxing upperarm muscle (biceps) using surfaceelectrodes. Measurement of the frequency and the amplitude of theEMG at maximum contraction.

Attaching the electrodes


Electrophysiology Electromyogram Muscle contractions Biceps Muscle potentials Compound action potentials





EMG electrodes 65981.02 1


Electrode cream, tube 65981.05 1



Roll of adhesive tape (e.g. Elastoplast)


What you need:

Electromyography (EMG) on the upper armP5960611

Typical result



9.6.07-11 Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting velocity

Principle and tasks:To trigger a stretch reflex in thelower leg musculature by tappingthe Achilles tendon (Achilles tendonreflex). To record the compound action potential and determine thereflex latency and the conductionvelocity.









Reflex hammer, triggering 65981.10 1





What you need:

Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting velocity P5960711


Electrophysiology Electromyogram Muscle stretch reflex Achilles tendon Reflex latency Conduction velocity Jendrassik effect Facilitation

Typical result



Human electrooculography (EOG) 9.6.08-11

Principle and tasks:To record the changes in the electri-cal field induced by eye movements,using electrodes stuck to the skinnear the eyes. To measure an electro -oculogram (EOG) with a practisedreader, a less practised (six year old)schoolchild and, if possible, a testperson who practises a rapid readingtechnique. To evaluate the rapid hor-izontal eye movements (sacchades)and the fixation periods.



Electrophysiology Electrical field measurement Eye movements Dipole Sacchades Fixation period Practised reader versus

schoolchild Rapid reading techniques












What you need:

Human electrooculography (EOG)P5960811

Typical result


Medicine Human Biology

9.8.01-11 Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG)

Principle and tasks:Cardiac and vascular sonic measure-ment at different locations of thecirculatory system. Measurement ofthe pulse rate at different levels ofathletic loading.

Typical vascular phonometric measurement




Acustic measuring probe 03544.00 1


What you need:

Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG) P5980111


Pulse Throat and chest sonic

measurement Quiet and strained heart Contraction tune Systole Flapping sound Diastole


Human Biology Medicine

Blood pressure measurement 9.8.02-11

Principle and tasks:To prepare a plot of blood pressuremeasurement and to read the valuesof systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Typical result


Systolic blood pressure Diastolic blood pressure Measuring cuff Blood pulse waves



Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61 1

Measuring module, pressure 12103.00 1

Blood pressure measurement set 64234.00 1

Y piece 47518.01 1


What you need:

Blood pressure measurementP5980211




Principle and tasks:To prepare a curve showing thechange in skin temperature duringsmoking. To discuss different curvesdepending on the smoking habits ofthe test person.

Typical result

Experiment P5980311 with Cobra3 Basic-UnitExperiment P5980340 with Cobra3 Chem-Unit


Cobra3 Chem-Unit 12153.00 1

Power supply, 12 V/2 A 12151.99 1 1

Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1

Software Cobra3 Temperature 14503.61 1

Software Cobra3 Chem-Unit 14520.61 1

Cobra3, sensor –20…110°C 12120.00 1

Lab thermometer, –10…+100°C, w/o Hg 47040.00 1

Immersion probe NiCr-Ni, –50/1000°C 13615.03 1


What you need:

Changes in the blood flow during smokingP5980311/40


Skin temperature Heavy and moderate smokers Occasional smokers Non-smokers

Experimental set-up using the Chem-Unit (P4020440)



Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold 9.8.04-00

Principle and tasks:Determination of the merging fre-quency and upper acoustic thresholdof test subjects of various ages.


Acoustic hearing thresholds Merging frequency Hearing range Sine wave generator

Headphones, stereo 65974.00 1

Sine wave generator 65960.93 1

What you need:

Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold P5980400



9.8.05-11 Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating threshold in humans

Principle and tasks:1. Determine the hearing threshold

for a number of frequencies in thehearing range of humans and plota hearing threshold curve.

2. Determine the frequency differ-ence between two sounds of thesame intensity which can just stillbe perceived as two differentsounds (frequency differentiatingthreshold). Plot a curve of the fre -quency differentiating threshold.


Headphone, stereo 65974.00 1




Shielded BNC cable, l = 30 cm 07542.10 1



What you need:

Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating threshold in humans P5980511


Hearing threshold curve Frequency differentiation

thresholds Hearing range

Frequency differentiating threshold curve



Acoustic orientation in space 9.8.06-11

Principle and tasks:To localize a source of sound usingan artificial head. To measure thetime difference and the difference inintensity of the sound waves inci-dent on each ear of the artificialhead.

Result for 0 degrees


Spatial orientation Artificial head Acoustic probes Threshold angle Travelling time difference




Artificial head 65975.01 1

Measuring microphone with amplifier 03543.00 2

Tripod base ”PASS” 02002.55 1



Protractor scale with pointer 08218.00 1

Tuning fork, 440 Hz, on resonance box 03427.00 1


What you need:

Acoustic orientation in spaceP5980611

Result for 20 degrees




Principle and tasks:Determination of the visual field ofthe right and left eye for white, blue,red and green. Detection of any visual field deficiency (scotoma). Location of the blind spot (site ofoptic nerve emergence).

The extent of the visual fields of botheyes and the position of the blindspot are determined with the aid of aperimeter.

Visual field of a right eye

Perimeter 65984.00 1

Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless 02032.00 1

Bench clamp, “PASS” 02010.00 1

Right-angle clamp 02043.00 1

Protractor scale with pointer 08218.00 1


Support base, variable 02001.00 1

Table top on rod 08060.00 1

What you need:

Determination of the human visual fieldP5980700


Perimeter Visual field (for white, blue,

red, green) Field of view Blind spot Scotoma Rods and cones



Time resolving capability of the human eye 9.8.08-00

Principle and tasks:To determine the flashing frequencyof an LED at which the impression ofa continuous light just occurs. Tochange the direction of incidence ofthe light using a perimeter.

To determine the flicker fusionthreshold of the left and right eye inrelation to the direction of incidenceof light stimulus and the state ofadaptation of the eyes.


Perimeter Time-related resolving power Flicker fusion frequency Light/dark adapted eye


Stimulant light source 65985.00 1

Perimeter 65984.00 1

Right-angle clamp 02043.00 1

Table top on rod 08060.00 1

Bench clamp, “PASS” 02010.00 1

Support base, variable 02001.00 1

Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless 02032.00 1


What you need:

Time resolving capability of the human eyeP5980800

Flicker fusion frequency curve




Principle and tasks:The number of inhalations per unittime is dependent on many factors,such as the capacity of the lungs,health condition and activity. Therespiratory frequencies before andafter bodily exertion are to be meas -ured and compared.

Result (at rest)


Respiratory frequency Chest pressure measurement Breathing in resting position In slight and strong exertion Eupnea Diaphragmatic and thoracic

respiration



Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61 1

Measuring module, pressure 12103.00 1

Blood pressure measurement set 64234.00 1

Y piece 47518.01 1

Rubber tubing, i.d. 4 mm 39280.00 1

Additionally required:

Kidney protective belt (motor cycle accessory)


What you need:

Measurement of the human respiratory ratewith Cobra3 Basic-Unit P5980911

Result (during slight exertion)

Send to Fax No. (00 49) 5 51 60 4115or by postor contact our local representative

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG

D-37070 GöttingenFederal Republic of Germany

Address of institution

Telephone Fax

Date Signature

Please circle the corresponding experiment numbers

Information / Quotation

Please send detailed descriptions, free of charge

Please send an offer for the following experiments

1.1.01-00 1.1.02-00 1.1.03-00 1.1.04-00 1.4.04-00 1.4.10-11 1.4.15-00 1.4.16-00 1.4.20-15

1.5.01-00 1.7.01-15 1.7.02-15 1.7.03-15 1.7.04-00 1.7.05-15 1.7.06-00 1.7.07-00 1.7.08-15

1.7.09-00 2.1.01-00 2.1.02-01 2.1.02-05 2.1.04-00 2.1.05-00 2.2.01-00 2.3.01-00 2.3.02-00

2.3.03-05 2.3.04-00 2.3.07-00 2.3.08-00 2.3.10-05 2.3.12-00 2.3.14-05 2.3.14-06 2.3.17-11

2.4.01-00 2.4.07-00 2.4.11-06 3.1.01-00 3.1.02-00 3.1.04-00 3.1.10-01 3.1.10-15 3.1.12-00

3.1.13-00 3.2.01-01 3.3.01-00 4.1.01-15 4.1.02-01 4.1.02-11 4.1.03-01 4.1.03-11 4.1.06-00

4.1.07-01 4.1.07-11 5.1.01-00 5.1.02-00 5.2.01-00 5.2.02-00 5.2.03-00 5.2.04-00 5.2.05-00

5.2.06-00 5.2.07-00 5.3.01-00 5.3.02-00 5.3.03-00 5.3.04-00 5.3.05-00 5.3.06-00 5.3.07-00

5.3.08-00 5.3.09-00 5.3.10-00 5.4.01-00 5.4.02-00 5.5.02-00 5.5.11-11 8.1.01-00 8.1.02-00

8.1.03-00 8.1.04-00 8.1.05-00 8.1.06-00 8.1.07-00 8.1.08-00 8.1.09-00 8.1.10-00 8.1.11-00

8.1.12-00 9.4.32-00 9.4.33-00 9.4.34-00 9.6.01-11 9.6.02-11 9.6.03-11 9.6.04-50 9.6.05-11

9.6.06-11 9.6.07-11 9.6.08-11 9.8.01-11 9.8.02-11 9.8.03-11 9.8.04-00 9.8.05-11 9.8.06-11

9.8.07-00 9.8.08-00 9.8.09-11

Send to Fax No. (00 49) 5 51 60 4115or by postor contact our local representative

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG

D-37070 GöttingenFederal Republic of Germany

Address of institution

Telephone Fax

Date Signature

Equipment Article-No. Quantity

Information / Quotation

Please send an offer for the following equipment

Phywe Systeme GmbH & Co. KGRobert-Bosch-Breite 10

D-37079 GöttingenGermany

phone: ++49/551/604-0fax: ++49/551/604-115

[email protected]

We reserve ourselves all rights concerning errors, translation, partial reproduction and photocopies.

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