pid control and design
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Research paper PID control and designsystem design feedback controlTRANSCRIPT
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Application manualProtectIT Line distance protection terminal
REL 511*2.5
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Copyright 2006 ABB. All rights reserved.
Application manualLine distance protection terminal
REL 511*2.5
About this manualDocument No: 1MRK 506 168-UEN
Issued: December 2006Revision: B
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COPYRIGHT
WE RESERVE ALL RIGHTS TO THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IN THE EVENT THAT A PATENT IS ISSUED AND A DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL PROPRIETARY RIGHT IS REGISTERED. IMPROPER USE, IN PARTICULAR REPRODUCTION AND DISSEMINATION TO THIRD PARTIES, IS NOT PERMITTED.
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN CAREFULLY CHECKED. HOWEVER, IN CASE ANY ERRORS ARE DETECTED, THE READER IS KINDLY REQUESTED TO NOTIFY THE MANUFACTURER AT THE ADDRESS BELOW.
THE DATA CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL IS INTENDED SOLELY FOR THE CONCEPT OR PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND IS NOT TO BE DEEMED TO BE A STATEMENT OF GUARAN-TEED PROPERTIES. IN THE INTERESTS OF OUR CUSTOMERS, WE CONSTANTLY SEEK TO ENSURE THAT OUR PRODUCTS ARE DEVELOPED TO THE LATEST TECHNOLOGICAL STAN-DARDS. AS A RESULT, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THERE MAY BE SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE HW/SW PRODUCT AND THIS INFORMATION PRODUCT.
Manufacturer:
ABB Power Technologies ABSubstation Automation ProductsSE-721 59 VstersSwedenTelephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18www.abb.com/substationautomation
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ContentsPageChapter
Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................... 1
Introduction to the application manual ................................................. 2About the complete set of manuals for a terminal .......................... 2About the application manual ......................................................... 2Intended audience .......................................................................... 3
General...................................................................................... 3Requirements ............................................................................ 3
Related documents......................................................................... 3Revision notes ................................................................................ 3Glossary ......................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 General........................................................................... 11
Features............................................................................................. 12Functions ........................................................................................... 13Application ......................................................................................... 17Design................................................................................................ 18Requirements .................................................................................... 19
General ......................................................................................... 19Voltage transformers .................................................................... 19Current transformers..................................................................... 19
Classification ........................................................................... 19Conditions................................................................................ 20Fault current ............................................................................ 21Cable resistance and additional load....................................... 21General current transformer requirements .............................. 21Distance protection ................................................................. 21Current transformer requirements for CTs according to other standards................................................................................. 22
Serial communication ........................................................................ 24SPA .............................................................................................. 24LON .............................................................................................. 24IEC 870-5-103 .............................................................................. 24
Terminal identification and base values............................................. 25Application .................................................................................... 25Calculations .................................................................................. 25
Example 1................................................................................ 26Example 2................................................................................ 28Chapter 3 Common functions ....................................................... 31
Real-time clock with external time synchronzation (TIME) ................ 32Application .................................................................................... 32Functionality ................................................................................. 32
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ContentsCalculations .................................................................................. 32Four parameter setting groups (GRP) ............................................... 34
Application .................................................................................... 34Functionality.................................................................................. 34Design........................................................................................... 35
Setting restriction of HMI (SRH)......................................................... 36Application .................................................................................... 36Functionality.................................................................................. 36
I/O system configurator (IOP) ............................................................ 38Application .................................................................................... 38Functionality.................................................................................. 38
I/O position .............................................................................. 38Configuration ........................................................................... 39
Configurable logic blocks (CL1) ......................................................... 40Application .................................................................................... 40
Application ............................................................................... 40Functionality.................................................................................. 40
Inverter (INV) ........................................................................... 40Controllable gate (GT) ............................................................. 41OR ........................................................................................... 41AND ......................................................................................... 42Timer ....................................................................................... 43Timer settable through HMI/SMS/PST .................................... 46Pulse........................................................................................ 47Exclusive OR (XOR) ................................................................ 48Set-Reset (SR) ........................................................................ 49Set-Reset with/without memory (SM) ...................................... 50MOVE ...................................................................................... 51
Calculations .................................................................................. 53Self supervision with internal event recorder (INT) ............................ 54
Application .................................................................................... 54Functionality.................................................................................. 54
Blocking of signals during test (BST) ................................................. 58Functionality.................................................................................. 58
Chapter 4 Line distance ................................................................. 59
Distance protection (ZM).................................................................... 60Application .................................................................................... 60
General .................................................................................... 60Distance protection zones ....................................................... 60Complement to the line differential protection ......................... 61Set of simplified setting parameters......................................... 61Basic characteristics ................................................................ 61
Functionality.................................................................................. 66Measuring principle ................................................................. 66Measured impedance .............................................................. 68Directional lines ....................................................................... 71
Design........................................................................................... 72Full-scheme measurement ...................................................... 72
Distance protection zone one .................................................. 73
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ContentsRemaining distance protection zones...................................... 77Calculations .................................................................................. 77
Setting instructions .................................................................. 77Reach setting recommendations ............................................. 77Conversion to secondary impedances .................................... 78Basic zone setting recommendations...................................... 78Earth return compensation ...................................................... 80Fault resistance ....................................................................... 82Zero-sequence mutual coupling on multicircuit lines............... 83Setting of the reach in resistive direction ................................ 89Setting of minimum operating current...................................... 91Setting of timers for the distance protection zones.................. 92Setting the directional lines...................................................... 92Simplified operating characteristic........................................... 93Set of simplified setting parameters ........................................ 93
Configuration ................................................................................ 93Basic configuration .................................................................. 93ZMn--BLOCK functional input.................................................. 94ZMn--VTSZ functional input..................................................... 94ZMn--BLKTR functional input .................................................. 94ZMn--STCND functional input ................................................. 94ZMn--START functional output................................................ 95ZMn--TRIP functional output ................................................... 95ZMn--STND functional output.................................................. 95
Automatic switch onto fault logic (SOTF)........................................... 96Application .................................................................................... 96Functionality ................................................................................. 96Calculations .................................................................................. 97
Setting instructions .................................................................. 97Local acceleration logic (ZCLC)......................................................... 98
Application .................................................................................... 98Functionality ................................................................................. 98
Zone extension ........................................................................ 98Loss-of-load acceleration ........................................................ 98
Calculations .................................................................................. 99Setting instructions .................................................................. 99
General fault criteria (GFC) ............................................................. 100Application .................................................................................. 100
Phase preference logic.......................................................... 102Functionality ............................................................................... 102
Impedance measuring elements ........................................... 102Measuring elements for the ph-E faults................................. 102Measuring elements for ph-ph and three-phase faults .......... 104Current-based GFC elements ............................................... 106
Design ........................................................................................ 106Phase preference logic.......................................................... 112
Calculations ................................................................................ 116Setting instructions ................................................................ 116General setting parameters ................................................... 116Setting parameters for the I> mode of operation................... 117Setting parameters for the Z< mode of operation.................. 117
Phase preference logic.......................................................... 119
Power swing detection (PSD) .......................................................... 121
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ContentsApplication .................................................................................. 121General .................................................................................. 121Basic characteristics .............................................................. 121
Functionality................................................................................ 122Theory of operation ............................................................... 122
Design......................................................................................... 123Basic detection logic .............................................................. 123Operating and inhibit conditions ............................................ 124
Calculations ................................................................................ 126Setting instructions ................................................................ 126Setting the reach of the inner characteristic .......................... 126Setting the reach of the outer characteristic .......................... 127Limitation of the resistive reach ............................................. 128Determination of the impedance difference and speed ......... 128Reactive reach....................................................................... 129tH hold timer .......................................................................... 129tR1 inhibit timer...................................................................... 130tR2 inhibit timer...................................................................... 130tEF timer for reclosing on persistent single-phase faults ....... 130
Radial feeder protection (PAP) ........................................................ 131Application .................................................................................. 131Functionality................................................................................ 131Design......................................................................................... 131Calculations ................................................................................ 136
Setting instructions ................................................................ 136Scheme communication logic (ZCOM) ........................................... 137
Application .................................................................................. 137Functionality................................................................................ 137
Theory of operation ............................................................... 137Blocking communication scheme .......................................... 137Permissive communication scheme ...................................... 138Direct inter-trip scheme.......................................................... 139
Calculations ................................................................................ 139Settings.................................................................................. 139
Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic (ZCAL)........................ 140Application .................................................................................. 140
Current reversal logic............................................................. 140Weak end infeed (WEI) logic ................................................. 140
Functionality................................................................................ 140Current reversal logic............................................................. 140Weak end infeed logic ........................................................... 141
Design......................................................................................... 141Current reversal logic............................................................. 141Weak end infeed logic ........................................................... 142
Calculations ................................................................................ 143Setting ................................................................................... 143Current reversal logic............................................................. 143Weak end infeed logic ........................................................... 144
Chapter 5 Current ......................................................................... 145
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ContentsInstantaneous non-directional overcurrent protection (IOC)............ 146Application .................................................................................. 146Functionality ............................................................................... 147Design ........................................................................................ 147Calculations ................................................................................ 150
Setting instructions ................................................................ 150Meshed network without parallel line..................................... 150Meshed network with parallel line.......................................... 151Setting instructions ................................................................ 152Meshed network without parallel line..................................... 153.......................................... Meshed network with parallel line154
Definite time non-directional overcurrent protection (TOC) ............. 155Application .................................................................................. 155Functionality ............................................................................... 155Design ........................................................................................ 156Calculations ................................................................................ 158
Setting instructions ................................................................ 158Setting of operating current IP>............................................. 159Setting instructions ................................................................ 159Setting of operating current IN> ............................................ 160
Two step time delayed non-directional phase overcurrent protection (TOC2)......................................................... 162
Application .................................................................................. 162Functionality ............................................................................... 162Calculations ................................................................................ 163
Setting instructions ................................................................ 163Line protection in radial network............................................ 163Line protection in meshed network........................................ 165Setting characteristics ........................................................... 165
Two step time delayed directional phase overcurrent protection (TOC3) ........................................................ 167
Application .................................................................................. 167Functionality ............................................................................... 167
Theory of operation and design............................................. 167Current measuring element ................................................... 167Directional overcurrent function............................................. 168
Calculations ................................................................................ 174Setting instructions ................................................................ 174Line protection in a radial network......................................... 174Line protection in meshed network........................................ 176Setting characteristics ........................................................... 176
Time delayed residual overcurrent protection (TEF) ...................... 178Application .................................................................................. 178
Earth-fault overcurrent protection .......................................... 178Directional comparison logic function .................................... 179
Functionality ............................................................................... 179Theory of operation ............................................................... 179
Calculations ................................................................................ 182Setting instructions ................................................................ 182
Four step time delayed directional residual overcurrent protection (EF4) .......................................................... 186Application .................................................................................. 186Functionality ............................................................................... 186
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ContentsTheory of operation ............................................................... 186Function logic ........................................................................ 186The directional measuring function........................................ 189Definite time overcurrent step 1............................................. 190Definite time overcurrent step 2 and 3................................... 191Overcurrent step 4................................................................. 191
Calculations ................................................................................ 192Settings.................................................................................. 192General .................................................................................. 192Step 1 .................................................................................... 192Step 2 and 3 .......................................................................... 195Step 4, non-directional........................................................... 196Inverse time delay ................................................................. 197Directional current function .................................................... 198Example of protection scheme .............................................. 199
Sensitive directional residual overcurrent protection (WEF1) .......... 200Application .................................................................................. 200Functionality................................................................................ 200Calculations ................................................................................ 203
Sensitive directional residual power protection (WEF2) .................. 207Application .................................................................................. 207Functionality................................................................................ 207Calculations ................................................................................ 211
Scheme communication logic for residual overcurrent protection (EFC) ......................................................... 215
Application .................................................................................. 215Functionality................................................................................ 215
Theory of operation ............................................................... 215Directional comparison logic function .................................... 215Blocking scheme ................................................................... 216Permissive overreach scheme............................................... 216
Design......................................................................................... 217Blocking scheme ................................................................... 217Permissive overreaching scheme.......................................... 218
Calculations ................................................................................ 218Setting ................................................................................... 218Blocking scheme ................................................................... 218Permissive communication scheme ...................................... 218
Current reversal and weak end infeed logic for residual overcurrent protection (EFCA) ........................................... 219
Application .................................................................................. 219Current reversal logic............................................................. 219Weak end infeed logic ........................................................... 219
Functionality................................................................................ 219Theory of operation ............................................................... 219Directional comparison logic function .................................... 219Fault current reversal logic .................................................... 220Weak and infeed logic ........................................................... 221
Design......................................................................................... 222Calculations ................................................................................ 223
Setting ................................................................................... 223Thermal phase overload protection (THOL) .................................... 224Application .................................................................................. 224
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ContentsFunctionality ............................................................................... 224Calculations ................................................................................ 225
Breaker failure protection (BFP) ...................................................... 228Application .................................................................................. 228Functionality ............................................................................... 230
Input and output signals ........................................................ 231Start functions........................................................................ 231Measuring principles.............................................................. 231
Design ........................................................................................ 233Calculations ................................................................................ 234
Setting ................................................................................... 234Human-machine interface (HMI) ........................................... 234
Chapter 6 Voltage ......................................................................... 235
Time delayed undervoltage protection (TUV) .................................. 236Application .................................................................................. 236Functionality ............................................................................... 236Design ........................................................................................ 237Calculations ................................................................................ 237
Time delayed overvoltage protection (TOV) .................................... 238Application .................................................................................. 238Functionality ............................................................................... 238Design ........................................................................................ 238Calculations ................................................................................ 241
Setting ................................................................................... 241
Chapter 7 Power system supervision......................................... 243
Broken conductor check (BRC) ....................................................... 244Application .................................................................................. 244Functionality ............................................................................... 244Design ........................................................................................ 244Calculations ................................................................................ 245
Setting instructions ................................................................ 245Setting of the minimum operating current IP> ....................... 245Setting of time delay t ............................................................ 247
Loss of voltage check (LOV)............................................................ 248Application .................................................................................. 248Functionality ............................................................................... 248Design ........................................................................................ 248Calculations ................................................................................ 250
Setting instructions ................................................................ 250Overload supervision (OVLD).......................................................... 251
Application .................................................................................. 251Functionality ............................................................................... 251Design ........................................................................................ 251Calculations ................................................................................ 252Setting instructions ................................................................ 252Setting of operating current IP>............................................. 252
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ContentsDead line detection (DLD)................................................................ 254Application .................................................................................. 254Design......................................................................................... 254Calculations ................................................................................ 255
Setting instructions ................................................................ 255
Chapter 8 Secondary system supervision.................................. 257
Current circuit supervision, current based (CTSU) .......................... 258Application .................................................................................. 258Functionality................................................................................ 258Calculations ................................................................................ 260
Setting instructions ................................................................ 260Fuse failure supervision (FUSE) ...................................................... 261
Application .................................................................................. 261Functionality................................................................................ 261
Negative sequence................................................................ 261Zero sequence ...................................................................... 262du/dt, di/dt .............................................................................. 265Logic ...................................................................................... 265
Calculations ................................................................................ 267Negative sequence function .................................................. 267Setting of negative sequence voltage 3U2> .......................... 267Setting of negative sequence current 3I2< ............................ 267Zero sequence function ......................................................... 268Setting of zero sequence voltage 3U0>................................. 268Setting of zero sequence current 3I0.............................................. 268Setting of current change DI
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ContentsVoltage selection, single circuit breaker ................................ 285Voltage selection for a single bus and single bay.................. 286Voltage selection for a double bus and single bay ................ 287Phasing, double circuit breaker ............................................. 288Voltage connection, double circuit breaker and single bay ... 289
Functionality ............................................................................... 290Single circuit breaker ............................................................. 290Synchrocheck ........................................................................ 290Voltage selection ................................................................... 293Double circuit breaker............................................................ 295Synchrocheck ........................................................................ 295Phasing and synchrocheck, single circuit breaker................. 298Phasing and synchrocheck.................................................... 298Voltage selection ................................................................... 302Phasing and synchrocheck, double circuit breaker ............... 303Phasing and synchrocheck.................................................... 303
Calculations ................................................................................ 307Settings for single circuit breaker .......................................... 307Operation............................................................................... 307Input phase............................................................................ 307UMeasure .............................................................................. 307PhaseShift ............................................................................. 307URatio.................................................................................... 307USelection ............................................................................. 307AutoEnerg and ManEnerg ..................................................... 307ManDBDL .............................................................................. 308UHigh and ULow ................................................................... 308FreqDiff, PhaseDiff and UDiff ................................................ 308VTConnection........................................................................ 308tSync...................................................................................... 308Settings for double circuit breaker ......................................... 308Operation .............................................................................. 308Input phase............................................................................ 309UMeasure .............................................................................. 309PhaseShift ............................................................................. 309URatio.................................................................................... 309AutoEnerg and ManEnerg ..................................................... 309ManDBDL .............................................................................. 309UHigh and ULow ................................................................... 309FreqDiff, PhaseDiff and UDiff ................................................ 309tSync...................................................................................... 310Settings for single circuit breaker with phasing ..................... 310Operation............................................................................... 310Input phase............................................................................ 310PhaseShift ............................................................................. 310URatio.................................................................................... 310USelection ............................................................................. 310AutoEnerg and ManEnerg ..................................................... 310ManDBDL .............................................................................. 311UHigh and ULow ................................................................... 311FreqDiff, PhaseDiff and UDiff ................................................ 311
OperationSync....................................................................... 311ShortPulse ............................................................................. 311
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ContentsFreqDiffSynch........................................................................ 311tPulse..................................................................................... 311tBreaker ................................................................................. 311VTConnection........................................................................ 311tSync...................................................................................... 311FreqDiffBlock ......................................................................... 311Settings for double circuit breaker with phasing .................... 312Operation............................................................................... 312Input phase............................................................................ 312PhaseShift ............................................................................. 312URatio.................................................................................... 312AutoEnerg and ManEnerg ..................................................... 312ManDBDL .............................................................................. 313UHigh and ULow ................................................................... 313FreqDiff, PhaseDiff and UDiff ................................................ 313FreqDiffSynch........................................................................ 313OperationSynch..................................................................... 313ShortPulse ............................................................................. 313tPulse..................................................................................... 313tBreaker ................................................................................. 313tSync...................................................................................... 313FreqDiffBlock ......................................................................... 313
Autorecloser (AR) ............................................................................ 314Application .................................................................................. 314Functionality................................................................................ 316
AR operation.......................................................................... 316Start and control of the auto-reclosing................................... 316Extended AR open time, shot 1 ............................................. 316Long trip signal ...................................................................... 317Reclosing programs............................................................... 317Blocking of a new reclosing cycle .......................................... 319Reclosing checks and Reclaim timer..................................... 319Pulsing of CB closing command............................................ 320Transient fault ........................................................................ 320Unsuccessful signal ............................................................... 320Permanent fault ..................................................................... 320Automatic confirmation of programmed reclosing attempts... 320
Calculations ................................................................................ 321Configuration and setting....................................................... 321Recommendations for input signals....................................... 321Recommendations for output signals .................................... 322Recommendations for multi-breaker arrangement ................ 324Settings.................................................................................. 326
Single command, 16 signals (CD) ................................................... 327Application .................................................................................. 327Design......................................................................................... 328Calculations ................................................................................ 329
Setting ................................................................................... 329Multiple command (CM)................................................................... 330
Application .................................................................................. 330Design......................................................................................... 330
General .................................................................................. 330
Binary signal interbay communication ................................... 330
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ContentsCalculations ................................................................................ 331Settings.................................................................................. 331
Chapter 10 Logic............................................................................. 333
Tripping logic (TR) ........................................................................... 334Application .................................................................................. 334Functionality ............................................................................... 335Design ........................................................................................ 335
Three-phase front logic.......................................................... 336Phase segregated front logic................................................. 336Additional logic for 1ph/3ph operating mode ......................... 337Additional logic for 1ph/2ph/3ph operating mode .................. 338Final tripping circuits.............................................................. 339
Calculations ................................................................................ 340Pole discordance logic (PDc)........................................................... 341
Application .................................................................................. 341Functionality ............................................................................... 341
Functionality for contact based pole discordance.................. 341Design ........................................................................................ 342Calculations ................................................................................ 344
Setting Instruction.................................................................. 344High speed binary output logic (HSBO)........................................... 345
Application .................................................................................. 345Functionality ............................................................................... 345Design ........................................................................................ 347
Communication channel test logic (CCHT)...................................... 350Application .................................................................................. 350Design ........................................................................................ 350
Selection of an operating mode............................................. 351Operation at sending end ...................................................... 351Operation at receiving end .................................................... 351
Binary signal transfer to remote end (RTC12) ................................. 352Application .................................................................................. 352Design ........................................................................................ 352
Remote end data communication.......................................... 354Event function (EV).......................................................................... 355
Application .................................................................................. 355Functionality ............................................................................... 355Design ........................................................................................ 355
General.................................................................................. 355Double indication ................................................................... 356Communication between terminals ....................................... 356
Calculations ................................................................................ 357Event counter (CN) .......................................................................... 358
Application .................................................................................. 358Functionality ............................................................................... 358
Reporting ............................................................................... 358Calculations ................................................................................ 358
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ContentsChapter 11 Monitoring.................................................................... 359
Disturbance report ........................................................................... 360Application .................................................................................. 360
Requirement of trig condition for disturbance report .......... 360Functionality................................................................................ 360
Disturbance information......................................................... 361Indications ............................................................................. 362Event recorder ....................................................................... 362Fault locator ........................................................................... 362Trip values ............................................................................. 362Disturbance recorder ............................................................. 362Recording times..................................................................... 362Analog signals ....................................................................... 363Binary signals ........................................................................ 364Trigger signals ....................................................................... 364
Calculations ................................................................................ 365Settings during normal conditions.......................................... 365Operation............................................................................... 366Sequence number ................................................................. 366Recording times..................................................................... 367Binary signals ........................................................................ 367Analog signals ....................................................................... 367Behavior during test mode..................................................... 367
Indications........................................................................................ 369Application .................................................................................. 369Functionality................................................................................ 369Calculations ................................................................................ 370
Disturbance recorder (DR)............................................................... 371Application .................................................................................. 371Functionality................................................................................ 371
Recording Capacity ............................................................... 372Memory capacity ................................................................... 372Time tagging.......................................................................... 372Signal processing .................................................................. 372
Design......................................................................................... 373Calculations ................................................................................ 374
Event recorder (ER) ......................................................................... 376Application .................................................................................. 376Functionality................................................................................ 376Calculations ................................................................................ 376
Fault locator (FLOC) ........................................................................ 377Application .................................................................................. 377Functionality................................................................................ 377
Distance-to-fault locator......................................................... 377Measuring principle..................................................................... 378Accurate algorithm for measurement of distance to fault ........... 378The non-compensated impedance model .................................. 382Design......................................................................................... 383Calculations ................................................................................ 383
Trip value recorder (TVR) ................................................................ 385
Application .................................................................................. 385
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ContentsDesign ........................................................................................ 385Calculations ................................................................................ 385
Supervision of AC input quantities (DA) .......................................... 386Application .................................................................................. 386Functionality ............................................................................... 386
User-defined measuring ranges ............................................ 387Continuous monitoring of the measured quantity .................. 387Continuous supervision of the measured quantity................. 388
Design ........................................................................................ 393Calculations ................................................................................ 394
Increased accuray of AC input quantities (IMA) .............................. 398Application .................................................................................. 398Functionality ............................................................................... 398
Supervision of mA input quantities (MI) ........................................... 399Application .................................................................................. 399Functionality ............................................................................... 399
User-defined measuring ranges ............................................ 399Continuous monitoring of the measured quantity .................. 400Continuous supervision of the measured quantity................. 401
Design ........................................................................................ 406Calculations ................................................................................ 408
Chapter 12 Metering ....................................................................... 411
Pulse counter logic for metering (PC).............................................. 412Application .................................................................................. 412Functionality ............................................................................... 412Design ........................................................................................ 413Calculations ................................................................................ 414
Setting ................................................................................... 414
Chapter 13 System protection and control functions ................. 415
Pole Slip Protection (PSP)............................................................... 416Application .................................................................................. 416
Oscillations of mechanical masses in power system............. 416Requirements on protection systems during pole slip conditions in network ................................................... 421
Functionality ............................................................................... 422Theory of operation ............................................................... 422Detection of the oscillations and transitions .......................... 425Tripping on way in and on way out ........................................ 428Close-in and remote end tripping areas ................................ 431
Design ........................................................................................ 431Detection of oscillations......................................................... 433Logic for cooperation with the line distance protection.......... 434Tripping criteria...................................................................... 436
Calculations ................................................................................ 443
Setting instructions ................................................................ 443
Low active power protection (LAPP)................................................ 454
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ContentsApplication .................................................................................. 454General .................................................................................. 454Power transformer directly connected to the feeding line...... 454Line connected shunt reactor ................................................ 455Breaker failure protection with transfer trip ............................ 455
Functionality................................................................................ 456General .................................................................................. 456Active power calculation ........................................................ 456Direction of active power ....................................................... 457Conditioning elements ........................................................... 458
Design......................................................................................... 458Calculation .................................................................................. 461
Setting instructions ................................................................ 461Setting example..................................................................... 462
Low active and reactive power protection (LARP)........................... 464Application .................................................................................. 464
General .................................................................................. 464Power transformer directly connected to the feeding line...... 464Line connected shunt reactor ................................................ 465Breaker failure protection with transfer trip ............................ 466
Functionality................................................................................ 466General .................................................................................. 466Active and reactive power calculation.................................... 467Direction of reactive power .................................................... 468Conditioning elements ........................................................... 468
Design......................................................................................... 469Calculation .................................................................................. 472
Setting instructions ................................................................ 472Setting example..................................................................... 473
High active power protection (HAPP) .............................................. 475Application .................................................................................. 475Functionality................................................................................ 475
General .................................................................................. 475Active power calculation ........................................................ 477Direction of active power ....................................................... 478
Design......................................................................................... 479Calculation .................................................................................. 482
Setting instructions ................................................................ 482Setting example..................................................................... 483
High active and reactive power protection (HARP).......................... 485Application .................................................................................. 485Functionality................................................................................ 486
General .................................................................................. 486Active and reactive power calculation.................................... 486Direction of reactive power .................................................... 487
Design......................................................................................... 488Calculation .................................................................................. 490
Setting instructions ................................................................ 490Setting example..................................................................... 491
Sudden change in phase current protection function (SCC1).......... 493Application .................................................................................. 493
General .................................................................................. 493
Power transformer directly connected to the feeding line...... 493
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ContentsLine connected shunt reactor ................................................ 494Breaker failure protection with transfer trip............................ 495
Functionality ............................................................................... 495General.................................................................................. 495Sudden change in current calculation ................................... 496
Design ........................................................................................ 496Calculation.................................................................................. 497
Setting instructions ................................................................ 497Setting example..................................................................... 498
Sudden change in residual current protection function (SCRC) ...... 500Application .................................................................................. 500Functionality ............................................................................... 500Design ........................................................................................ 500Calculation.................................................................................. 502
Setting instructions ................................................................ 502Sudden change in voltage protection function (SCV) ...................... 503
Application .................................................................................. 503Functionality ............................................................................... 503
General.................................................................................. 503Sudden change in voltage calculation ................................... 503
Design ........................................................................................ 504Calculation.................................................................................. 505
Setting instructions ................................................................ 505Overvoltage protection (OVP).......................................................... 507
Application .................................................................................. 507Functionality ............................................................................... 507
General.................................................................................. 507Votage calculation ................................................................. 508
Design ........................................................................................ 508Calculation.................................................................................. 510
Setting instructions ................................................................ 510Setting example..................................................................... 510
Accurate undercurrent protection function (UCP)............................ 513Application .................................................................................. 513
Power transformer directly connected to the feeding line...... 513Line connected shunt reactor ................................................ 514Breaker failure protection with transfer trip............................ 514
Functionality ............................................................................... 515Design ........................................................................................ 516Calculation.................................................................................. 517
Setting instructions ................................................................ 517Setting example..................................................................... 518
Phase overcurrent protection (OCP) ............................................... 520Application .................................................................................. 520Functionality ............................................................................... 520Design ........................................................................................ 521Calculation.................................................................................. 523
Setting instructions ................................................................ 523Setting example..................................................................... 523
Residual overcurrent protection (ROCP) ......................................... 526Application .................................................................................. 526
Functionality ............................................................................... 526
General.................................................................................. 526
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ContentsCurrent calculation................................................................. 526Conditioning elements ........................................................... 526
Design......................................................................................... 526Calculation .................................................................................. 528
Setting instructions ................................................................ 528
Chapter 14 Data communication ................................................... 531
Remote end data communication .................................................... 532Application .................................................................................. 532
General .................................................................................. 532Design......................................................................................... 532Fibre optical module DCM-FOM ................................................. 534
Application ............................................................................. 534Design ................................................................................... 535Calculation............................................................................. 537
Galvanic interface ....................................................................... 537Application ............................................................................. 537Design ................................................................................... 540
Short range galvanic module DCM-SGM ................................... 541Application ............................................................................. 541
Short range fibre optical module DCM-SFOM ............................ 542Application ............................................................................. 542
Co-directional G.703 galvanic interface DCM-G.703.................. 545Application ............................................................................. 545
Carrier module ............................................................................ 545Application ............................................................................. 545Design ................................................................................... 546
Serial communication....................................................................... 547Serial communication, SPA ....................................................... 547
Application ............................................................................. 547Functionality .......................................................................... 548Design ................................................................................... 548Calculations ........................................................................... 549
Serial communication, IEC (IEC 60870-5-103 protocol) ............. 549Application ............................................................................. 549Functionality .......................................................................... 551Design ................................................................................... 551Calculation............................................................................. 553
Serial communication, LON ........................................................ 555Application ............................................................................. 555Functionality .......................................................................... 555Design ................................................................................... 555Calculations ........................................................................... 556
Serial communication modules................................................... 556SPA/IEC ................................................................................ 556LON ....................................................................................... 557
Chapter 15 Hardware modules ...................................................... 559
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ContentsPlatform ........................................................................................... 560General ....................................................................................... 560Platform configuration................................................................. 5603/4x19" platform.......................................................................... 5611/2x19" platform.......................................................................... 562
Transformer module (TRM) ............................................................. 563A/D module (ADM)........................................................................... 566Main processing module (MPM) ...................................................... 568Input/Output modules ...................................................................... 570
General ....................................................................................... 570Binary input module (BIM) .......................................................... 572Binary output module (BOM) ...................................................... 573Binary I/O module (IOM)............................................................. 575
Power supply module (PSM) ........................................................... 577mA input module (MIM) ................................................................... 578Local LCD human machine interface (LCD-HMI) ............................ 579
Application .................................................................................. 57918 LED indication module (LED-HMI).............................................. 581
Application .................................................................................. 581Design ........................................................................................ 581LED indication function (HL, HLED) ........................................... 582
Application ............................................................................. 582Functionality .......................................................................... 582Calculation............................................................................. 593
Serial communication modules (SCM) ............................................ 594Design, SPA/IEC ........................................................................ 594Design, LON ............................................................................... 594
Data communication modules (DCM).............................................. 595
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Contents
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1About this chapter Chapter 1Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
About this chapterThis chapter introduces you to the manual as such.
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2Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
1 Introduction to the application manual
1.1 About the complete set of manuals for a terminalThe users manual (UM) is a complete set of four different manuals:
The Application Manual (AM) contains descriptions, such as application and functionality de-scriptions as well as setting calculation examples sorted per function. The application manual should be used when designing and engineering the protection terminal to find out when and for what a typical protection function could be used. The manual should also be used when calcu-lating settings and creating configurations.
The Technical Reference Manual (TRM) contains technical descriptions, such as function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameter tables and technical data sort-ed per function. The technical reference manual should be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during the normal service phase.
The Operator's Manual (OM) contains instructions on how to operate the protection terminal during normal service (after commissioning and before periodic maintenance tests). The opera-tor's manual can be used to find out how to handle disturbances or how to view calculated and measured network data in order to determine the cause of a fault.
The Installation and Commissioning Manual (ICM) contains instructions on how to install and commission the protection terminal. The manual can also be used as a reference if a periodic test is performed. The manual covers procedures for mechanical and electrical installation, en-ergizing and checking of external circuitry, setting and configuration as well as verifying set-tings and performing a directional test. The chapters and sections are organized in the chronological order (indicated by chapter/section numbers) in which the protection terminal should be installed and commissioned.
1.2 About the application manualThe application manual contains the following chapters:
The chapter General describes the terminal in general. The chapter Common functions describes the common functions in the termi-
nal. The chapter Line distance describes the line distance functions in the terminal.
Applicationmanual
Technicalreference
manual
Installation andcommissioning
manual
Operatorsmanual
en01000044.vsd
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3Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
The chapter Current describes the current protection functions. The chapter Voltage describes the voltage protection functions. The chapter Power system supervision describes the power system supervision
functions. The chapter Monitoring describes the monitoring functions. The chapter Metering describes the metering functions. The chapter System protection and control functionsdescribes the system pro-
tection and control functions. The chapter Data communication describes the data communication and the
associated hardware. The chapter Hardware modules describes the different hardware modules.
1.3 Intended audience
1.3.1 GeneralThe application manual is addressing the system engineer/technical responsible who is respon-sible for specifying the application of the terminal.
1.3.2 RequirementsThe system engineer/technical responsible must have a good knowledge about protection sys-tems, protection equipment, protection functions and the configured functional logics in the pro-tection.
1.4 Related documents
1.5 Revision notes
Documents related to REL 511*2.5 Identity number
Operator's manual 1MRK 506 165-UEN
Installation and commissioning manual 1MRK 506 167-UEN
Technical reference manual 1MRK 506 166-UEN
Application manual 1MRK 506 168-UEN
Buyer's guide 1MRK 506 164-BEN
Revision Description
B Minor updates in chapter:
Common functions/Configurable logic blocks (CL1) Line differential/Line differential protection, phase segregated (DIFL) Hardware/ Main processing module (MPM)
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4Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
1.6 Glossary
AC Alternating Current
ACrv2 Setting A for programmable overvoltage IDMT curve, step 2
A/D converter Analog to Digital converter
ADBS Amplitude dead-band supervision
AIM Analog input module
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASCT Auxiliary summation current transformer
ASD Adaptive Signal Detection
AWG American Wire Gauge standard
BIM Binary input module
BLKDEL Block of delayed fault clearing
BOM Binary output module
BR Binary transfer receive over LDCM
BS British Standard
BSR Binary Signal Receive (SMT) over LDCM
BST Binary Signal Transmit (SMT) over LDCM
BT Binary Transfer Transmit over LDCM
C34.97
CAN Controller Area Network. ISO standard (ISO 11898) for serial communi-cation
CAP 531 Configuration and programming tool
CB Circuit breaker
CBM Combined backplane module
CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephony. A United Nations sponsored standards body within the International Tele-communications Union.
CCS Current circuit supervision
CEM Controller area network emulation module
CIM Communication interface module
CMPPS Combined Mega Pulses Per Second
CO cycle Close-Open cycle
Co-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves two twisted pairs making it possible to transmit information in both directions
Contra-directional Way of transmitting G.703 over a balanced line. Involves four twisted pairs of with two are used for transmitting data in both directions, and two pairs for transmitting clock signals
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5Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
CPU Central Processor Unit
CR Carrier Receive
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
CRL POR carrier for WEI logic
CS Carrier send
CT Current transformer
CT1L1 Input to be used for transmit CT group 1line L1 in signal matrix tool
CT1L1NAM Signal name for CT-group 1line L1 in signal matrix tool
CT2L3 Input to be used for transmission of CT-group 2 line L3 to remote end
CT2N Input to be used for transmission of CT-group 2 neutral N to remote end.
CVT Capacitive voltage transformer
DAR Delayed auto-reclosing
db dead band
DBDL Dead bus dead line
DBLL Dead bus live line
DC Direct Current
DIN-rail Rail conforming to DIN standard
DIP-switch Small switch mounted on a printed circuit board
DLLB Dead line live bus
DSP Digital signal processor
DTT Direct transfer trip scheme
EHV network Extra high voltage network
EIA Electronic Industries Association
EMC Electro magnetic compatibility
ENGV1 Enable execution of step one
ENMULT Current multiplier used when THOL is used for two or more lines
EMI Electro magnetic interference
ESD Electrostatic discharge
FOX 20 Modular 20 channel telecommunication system for speech, data and protection signals
FOX 512/515 Access multiplexer
FOX 6Plus Compact, time-division multiplexer for the transmission of up to seven duplex channels of digital data over optical fibers
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
FRRATED Rated system frequency
FSMPL Physical channel number for frequency calculation
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6Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
G.703 Electrical and functional description for digital lines used by local tele-phone companies. Can be transported over balanced and unbalanced lines
G.711 Standard for pulse code modulation of analog signals on digital lines
GCM Communication interface module with carrier of GPS receiver module
GI General interrogation command
GIS Gas insulated switchgear.
GOOSE Generic Object Orientated Substation Event
GPS Global positioning system
GR GOOSE Receive (interlock)
HDLC protocol High level data link control, protocol based on the HDLC standard
HFBR connector type Fibre connector receiver
HMI Human-Machine Interface
HSAR High-Speed Auto-Reclosing
HV High voltage
HVDC High voltage direct current
HysAbsFreq Absolute hysteresis for over and under frequency operation
HysAbsMagn Absolute hysteresis for signal magnitude in percentage of Ubase
HysRelMagn Relative hysteresis for signal magnitude
HystAbs Overexcitation level of absolute hysteresis as a percentage
HystRel Overexcitation level of relative hysteresis as a percentage
IBIAS Magnitude of the bias current common to L1, L2 and L3
IDBS Integrating dead-band supervision
IDMT Minimum inverse delay time
IDMTtmin Inverse delay minimum time in seconds
IdMin Operational restrictive characteristic, section 1 sensitivity, multiple Ibase
IDNSMAG Magnitude of negative sequence differential current
Idunre Unrestrained prot. limit multiple of winding1 rated current
ICHARGE Amount of compensated charging current
IEC International Electrical Committee
IEC 186A
IEC 60044-6 IEC Standard, Instrument transformers Part 6: Requirements for pro-tective current transformers for transient performance
IEC 60870-5-103 Communication standard for protective equipment. A serial master/slave protocol for point-to-point communication
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802.12 A network technology standard that provides 100 Mbits/s on twisted-pair or optical fiber cable
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7Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
IEEE P1386.1 PCI Mezzanine Card (PMC) standard for local bus modules. References the CMC (IEEE P1386, also known as Common Mezzanine Card) stan-dard for the mechanics and the PCI specifications from the PCI SIG (Special Interest Group) for the electrical
EMF Electro magnetic force
IED Intelligent electronic device
I-GIS Intelligent gas insulated switchgear
IL1RE Real current component, phase L1
IL1IM Imaginary current component, phase L1
IminNegSeq Negative sequence current must be higher than this to be used
INAMPL Present magnitude of residual current
INSTMAGN Magnitude of instantaneous value
INSTNAME Instance name in signal matrix tool
IOM Binary Input/Output module
IPOSIM Imaginary part of positive sequence current
IPOSRE Real component of positve sequence current
IP 20 Enclosure protects against solid foreign objects 12.5mm in diameter and larger but no protection against ingression of liquid according to IEC60529. Equivalent to NEMA type 1.
IP 40 Enclosure protects against solid foreign objects 1.0mm in diameter or larger but no protection against ingression of liquid according to IEC60529.
IP 54 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) according to IEC 60529. Dust protected. Protected against splashing water. Equiva-lent to NEMA type 12.
Ip>block Block of the function at high phase current in percentage of base
IRVBLK Block of current reversal function
IRV Activation of current reversal logic
ITU International Telecommunications Union
k2 Time multiplier in IDMT mode
kForIEEE Time multiplier for IEEE inverse type curve
LAN Local area network
LIB 520
LCD Liquid chrystal display
LDCM Line differential communication module
LDD Local detection device
LED Light emitting diode
LNT LON network tool
LON Local operating network
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8Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
MAGN Magnitude of deadband value
MCB Miniature circuit breaker
MCM Mezzanine carrier module
MIM Milliampere Input Module
MIP
MPPS
MPM Main processing module
MV Medium voltage
MVB Multifunction vehicle bus. Standardized serial bus originally developed for use in trains
MVsubEna Enable substitution
NegSeqROA Operate angle for internal/external negative sequence fault discrimina-tor.
NSANGLE Angle between local and remote negative sequence currents
NUMSTEP Number of steps that shall be activated
NX
OCO cycle Open-Close-Open cycle
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCM Pulse code modulation
PISA Process interface for sensors & actuators
PLD Programmable Logic Device
PMC
POTT Permissive overreach transfer trip
PPS Precise Positioning System
Process bus Bus or LAN used at the process level, that is, in near proximity to the measured and/or controlled components
PSM Power supply module
PST Parameter setting tool
PT ratio Potential transformer or voltage transformer ratio
PUTT Permissive underreach transfer trip
R1A Source resistance A (near end)
R1B Source resistance B (far end)
RADSS Resource Allocation Decision Support System
RASC Synchrocheck relay, from COMBIFLEX range.
RCA Functionality characteristic angle
REVAL Evaluation software
RFPP Resistance of phase-to-phase faults
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9Introduction to the application manual Chapter 1Introduction
RFPE Resistance of phase-to-earth faults
RISC Reduced instruction set computer
RMS value Root mean square value
RS422 A balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital data in point-to-point connections
RS485 Serial link according to EIA standard RS485
RS530 A generic connector specification that can be used to support RS422, V.35 and X.21 and others
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
RTC Real Time Clock
SA Substation Automation
SC Switch or push-button to close
SCS Station control system
SLM Serial communication module. Used for SPA/LON/IEC communication
SMA connector Sub Miniature version A connector
SMS Station monitoring system
SPA Strmberg Protection Acquisition, a serial master/slave protocol for point-to-point communication
SPGGIO Single Point Gxxxxx Generic Input/Output
SRY Switch for CB ready condition
ST3UO RMS voltage at neutral point
STL1 Start signal from phase L1
ST Switch or push-button to trip
SVC Static VAr compensation
t1 1Ph Open time for shot 1, single phase
t1 3PhHS Open time for shot 1, high speed reclosing three phase
tAutoContWait Wait period after close command before next shot
tCBCLosedMin Minimum time that the circuit breaker must be closed before new sequence is permitted
tExtended t1 Open time extended by this value if Extended t1 is true
THL Thermal Overload Line cable
THOL Thermal overload
tInhibit Reset reclosing time for inhibit
tPulse Pulse length for single command ou