Pioneer Charter School of Science

9th Grade Biology Summer Packet Name: ________________________

Note: This packet will count as a quiz grade. In order to receive full credit, please write in complete sentences and show all of your work / thinking processes in the space provided.

Section 1: Biology-Related 8th Grade Review Answer the questions in complete sentences based on your knowledge from 8th grade science. 1. Why do we need to have a system of classification? What are characteristics that scientists look for when classifying organisms, and what does this information tell us about these organisms’ histories? 2. Make a Venn Diagram comparing Mitosis and Meiosis. Use the following words in your response: Asexual Reproduction, Chromosomes, Diploid, DNA, Gametes, Haploid, Sexual Reproduction, Somatic (body) Cells. You may add additional words to this list.

3. Fill in the type of cell on the lower right line (plant or animal cell). Then, label the structures based on the following word bank. Then, provide a one-sentence description of that structure’s function. Word bank: Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Nucleolus, Nucleus, Ribosome, Vacuole

Organelle Name Function (Job)

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Cytoplasm

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Ribosome

Vacuole

4. Write the function (job) of each of the following body systems. Give an example of one organ involved in that system and write the specific function of the organ. Systems: Circulatory, Digestive, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, Skeletal 5. In humans, brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes. Cross two heterozygous individuals and give the probability of an offspring having each genotype and phenotype (please give the probabilities as percentages). Show all of your work.

Section 2: Review of the Scientific Method and Science Fair Ideas Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

6. Read the scenario and answer the following questions:

The Strange Case of Beriberi In 1887, a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was Beriberi. Symptoms of the disease include weakness, loss of appetite, and heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by bacteria. They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with Beriberi. The injected chickens became sick. However, a group of chickens that were not injected with bacteria also became sick.

a. What was the problem presented in this case?

b. What was the hypothesis?

c. How was the hypothesis tested?

d. Should the hypothesis be rejected or accepted based on the experiment? One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, made an important observation. Before the experiment, all of the chickens had eaten whole-grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this interesting case. He found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health.

e. What is the new hypothesis in this scenario? 7. Define the following words:

Control Dependent variable Independent variable

8. Identify the control, dependent variable, and independent variable in each of the following scenarios: a. Three sunflower plants are watered with saltwater. Each plant receives a different

concentration of salt solutions. A fourth plant receives pure water. After a two-week period, the height of the plants is measured.

Control: Dependent variable: Independent variable:

b. A scientist wants to determine which household cleaner kills the most bacteria. She plates

bacteria on petri dishes, treats 3 dishes with Lysol, 3 dishes with Clorox, 3 with Pinesol and leaves 3 untreated. After 4 days, she uses a microscope to count the bacteria colonies. Control:

Dependent variable:

Independent variable:

9. Write out three ideas for your science fair project. These ideas should be something that you are interested in, not just ideas that you copied from ScienceBuddies or the internet. For each idea, write a hypothesis, a list of variables, and an outline of the experiment.

Section 3: Data Analysis Interpret the graph below and answer the follow-up questions in complete sentences. 10. Frequency Histogram:

A frequency histogram displays the number of times a certain event or entry is present in a set of data. The following histogram is collected based on data about songs from someone’s iPod.

a. Based on the frequency histogram above, from what decade (note, decade = 10 years) is

most of the music from this person’s iPod?

b. What are some of the reasons which could explain why this is true? Back up your conclusions with data from the graph.

c. Based on your observations, what do you think the age of the person who contributed this data? Explain your answer using data from the graph.

Section 4: Lab Safety Review Read the following story about a science activity. Under the passage, rewrite the paragraph identifying and correcting the unsafe laboratory behaviors.

A Story of First Period Science Lab

Sarah, Sean, and Tommy loved science class and could not wait to begin their lab. Before Mr. Smith arrived, Tommy lit a Bunsen burner and reached across the flame to give Sarah a beaker to start the experiment. Once Mr. Smith came, the students took a lab quiz, but Michael failed because he did not read the protocol the night before. During the lab, Terry observed a sample substance. He noticed that the substance had a sweet smell, so he decided to take a big whiff of it. John was bored during the lab, so he decided to dare his partner Jodi to put the lens of the cow eye they were dissecting into her mouth. Sam heated a chemical in a test tube over a Bunsen burner. The tube fogged over and he could not see that material in the tube, so he looked over into the tube with his goggles up on his head. He pointed the tube away from his body while he was heating it, but it was pointed directly at another group of students. While trying to open a sample container, Rachel cut her hand. It was not bleeding badly, so she wiped it with a tissue that she had in her pocket and put the tissue back in her pocket without telling Mr. Smith. When Jeff and Gina finished their lab exercise, they noticed that they had a lot of excess chemicals. They dumped the chemicals down the sink and ran the water for 2 minutes to wash them away. At the end of the lab, Ryan and Michelle were cleaning up and noticed a small crack in one of their test tubes. They were afraid that they would get blamed for it, so they secretly put it away with the others. Austin and Karen were working slowly and had just completed the testing of the last sample when the bell rang to dismiss them. Austin and Karen left for their next class because they were afraid they would be late for ELA.