place & manner of articulation hema
TRANSCRIPT
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PLACES & MANNERS OF ARTICULATION
By: Afiq
HemalathaLee Kaw Siang
Sam YujiaWinnie Beda
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PLACES OF ARTICULATION
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A phone produced by the closure or partial closure of both lips. (See the diagram of a head). The English sounds represented by the letters p in pit and b in bad are bilabial stops, produced by stopping and then releasing the air flow out of the mouth by closing the lips. Bilabial and labiodental phones are together classed as labial.
The consonants are b, p, m, and w
Bilabial
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[p], voiceless bilabial stop [b], voiced bilabial stop [m], voiced bilabial nasal [m- ], voiceless bilabial nasal [ɓ], voiced bilabial implosive [pʼ], bilabial ejective (rare) [ɓ-] or [pʼ↓], voiceless bilabial implosive
(very rare)
More generally, several kinds are distinguished:
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Interdentals
Example: ‘think’ and
‘this’
Inserting the tip of the tongue
between the teeth.
[ᶞ] [ᶿ]Both
spelled as ‘th’
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Lower lip and upper teeth
f, v
fall- [fɔːl]
LABIODENTAL
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Back of the tongue- soft palate @ velum
[k], [g], [ŋ]
Initial sound- kick- [kɪk]
Final sound- back- [bæk]
VELAR
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Raise tongue to the alveolar ridge. English alveolars include /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/
/l/ /r/ Lateral sound and central liquid.
ALVEOLAR
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Raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.
Palatal sounds in English: /∫/ /ʒ/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /j/
PALATAL
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[h] as in ‘hit’, ‘hat’, ‘hot’, ‘hut’, etc. The sound of [h] is from the flow of air
through the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h].
(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2011)
The narrowing that produces the friction noise is between the vocal folds.
[h] always has the quality of the vowel that it precedes.
(Roach, 2008)
GLOTTAL
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MANNER OF ARTICULATION
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Consonant Articulation
One/ two articulators
Formation of stricture
Air behind the stricture –pressure-loud noise
PLOSIVE
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Closing phase
Compression phase
Release phase
Post-release phase
4 phases
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No voicing in p,t,k Audible plosion Aspiration Very little voicing in b,d,g How to distinguish between b,d,g and p,t,k? Eg: pick and big
INITIAL POSITION (CV)
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May have the characteristics of either the final or initial plosives
MEDIAL POSITION (VCV)
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p,t,k are voiceless b,d,g have little voicing- very weak and not
audible How to distinguish between p,t,k and b,d,g?
FINAL POSITION (VC)
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Fricatives = Spirants
Airflows is severely obstructed. English fricatives include /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/
/ð/ /∫/ /ʒ/ /h/
FRICATIVE
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Only 2 affricate phonemes in English. Affricate = Plosive + Fricative Place of articulation is the same as for ʃ, ʒ
(post-alveolar). ʧ = t + ʃ (Voiceless/Fortis) ʤ = d + ʒ (Voiced/Lenis) t component of ʧ has a place if articulation
rather further back in the mouth than the t plosive usually has.
(Roach, 2008)
AFFRICATES
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ʧ & ʤ are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative.
ʧ & ʤ are not continuants because of the initial stop closure.
(Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2011) Example: church /tʃɜːtʃ/ judge /dʒʌdʒ/
AFFRICATES
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Nasal Stops
Air escapes through the nose
Referred as ‘Nasal’ or ‘Nasal
consonant’
Have stop stricture and have an open velum (Nasal
airflow and nasal resonance)
Air does not pass through the mouth; it’s
prevented by a complete closure
in the mouth
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ORAL NASAL
VOICED b d g m n ɧ
VOICELESS p t k *
*Nasal consonants in English are usually voiced. Both voiced and voiceless nasal sounds occur in other language.
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Approximants can be divided into two groups: Liquids and Glides
Liquid = {/l/, /r/}, Glide = {/w/, /y/}
Central Approximants = {/r/, /w/, /y/}, Lateral Approximant = {/l/}
APPROXIMANTS
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Approximant
Semi-Vowel / Glide Liquid
LateralRetroflex/y/ /w/
/r, er, axr/
/l/central approximants lateral approximant
APPROXIMANTS
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29
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Phonetics: Distinctive Feature Relationships: Consonants
Manner Voicing bilabial labio-dental
dental alveolar palato- alveolar
palatal velar glottal
stops+voice b d g
-voice p t k
fricatives+voice v dh z zh
h-voice f th s sh
affricates+voice jh
-voice ch
nasals +voice m n ng
glides +voice w y (w)
retroflex +voice r
lateral +voice l
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The bilabial approximant /w/ is produced by the two lips being moved against each other so as to cause a narrow rounded opening, through which the air is pushed. Approximants always merge into the following vowel, and the vocal tract achieves its relevant vowel position during the formation of the approximant.
BILABIAL APPROXIMANTS
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/w/As in
/wɒt/ /wea/ /waɪ/
APPROXIMANTS
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Lateral Consonant
The passage of air through the mouth does not go in the usual way along
Complete closure at the center of the
tongue
Lateral consonants are pronounced with the air escaping on
the side of the tongue rather than
on the front.
Divided according to whether they have lateral fricatives or
affricates