planning & measurement.final

8/6/2019 Planning & Measurement.final

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M.Sc. Study Program WASTE

Topic:

Investigation of Air Pollution to Verify whether HarmfulEffects on Proposed Residents of Rainbow Residential

Estate Port Harcourt are to be Anticipated

Report on

Planning, Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Measurements (Planning of Measurements + Data

Acquisition)

Summer Semester: 2010

Group No.: II

Students:

Family Name First Name Matr.-No. E-Mail/Phone-No.Wong Yun Chin 2550189 [email protected]

0170-6669329Taheri Kamran [email protected]

017662983604Ndibe Collins [email protected]

015227023544

Supervisor: Dipl.-Ing. Ulrich Vogt

Institute of Supervisor:

Date of Delivery:


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Table of Contents

1. Problem Analysis ......................................................................... ..............................1

1.1 Introduction and Content of the Task D escription..................................................... ...

1.2 Analysis of Pre-Knowledge................................................................................1.2.1 Geographic and Meteorological Characteristics1.2.2 Current Situation1.2.3 Sources of Pollutants1.2.4 Effects of Air Pollution

1.3 Assessment of Measurement Results (Limits)..........................................................

1.4 Parameters, Area and Time of Measurement

1.5 Requirements on the Results .......................................................................................

2. Strategy of Measurements ...........................................................................................

2.1 Measurement Sites.................................. ..............................................................

2.2 Time of Measurements... ................................................................................................

2.3 Duration of Sampling......................................................................................................

2.4 Duration of Monitoring..........................................................................

2.5 Supplementary Measurement ............................... .........................................................

3. Measurement Techniques ...........................................................................................

3.1 Temporal Resolution of Measurement s..........................................................................

3.2 Performance Characteristics...........................................................................................

3.3 Standardised Measurement Methods .............................. ................................................

3.4 Frame conditions for the Application of Measurement Methods .....................................

3.5 Data Acquisition and Documentation of Measurement Results ......................................

4. Evaluation of Results ....................................................................................................

4.1 Formation of Measurement Results.................................................................................

4.2 Equations for Evaluation ..................................................................................................

4.3 Uncertainty of Results......................................................................................................

5. Organisation ............................ .......................................................................................

5.1 Project Management........................................................................................................

5.2 Planning of Personnal ........................ ..............................................................................

5.3 Time Arrangement...........................................................................................................

5.4 Subcontracts...................................................................................................................

6. Report.............................................................................................................................


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7. Reference.................................................................................................................... ....

8. Appendices................................................................................................................... .


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L ist of Tables

Table 1. Temperature, Precipitation and Relative Humidity in Port Harcourt, record for year 2003 2007.

Table 2. Monthly Surface Mean Wind Direction and Speed in Port Harcourt, record for year 2004

2009.Table 3. Air emissions (in tonnes/year) from industry and households in Port Harcourt, Delta State

and Calabar.

Table 4: The annual mean ambient particulate air pollution in seventeen cities in Nigeria.

Table 5: Effects of the pollutants.

Table 6: Comparison of various Air Quality Assessment Standard.

Table 7: Substance Immission Values in order to Ensure the Protection of Human Health.


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L ist of Figures

Figure 1. High Population Density in Port Harcourt (coloured in red), located in south of Nigeria

Figure 2. Rainbow Town in the Trans -Amadi Industrial Area.

Figure 3. Port Harcourt city is highly congested.

Figure 4. Various activities contribute to the anthropoge nic sources of pollutants.

Figure 5. Air emissions from traffic in Nigeria and some coastal cities.

Figure 6. Showing traffic situation at sample 9 (12.00pm) .

Figure 7. Showing traffic delay due to intersection of traffic .


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Investigation of Air Pollution to Verify whether Harmful Effects on ProposedResidents of Rainbow Residential Estate Port Harcourt are to be Anticipated

1. Analysis of Problem

1.1 Introduction and Content of the T ask Description

Air pollutants and its resulting effects on the environment, humans, vegetation and other objects

has become an important topic in the recent years. Among all, anthropogenic sources of air

pollutants are particula rly emphasized and investigated due to the increasing population and

human activities.

The objective of this report is to design a measurement p lan for stipulating the air quality

characteristics and verifying whether harmful effects resulting from the air pollutants are

anticipated in the upcoming residential estate in Rainbow T own. Rainbow Town is in the vicinity of

industrial emissions as it is located in the area of the main industrial area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria

called Trans-Amadi.

The measurement plan focuses on the pollutants that have significant effect on human health :

Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Ozone and Particulate

Matter. One continuous monitoring station as well as diffuse samplers are planned to be placed in

Rainbow Town for obtaining the mean concentrations of the various pollutants mentioned.

To ensure a standard and complete measurement plan, the report generally follows the steps

described in the VEREIN DEUTSCHER INGENIEURE, VDI 4280, Part 1 General Rules of the

Planning of ambient air quality measurement [1].

The report covers the content which includes Problem Analysis, Strategy of M easurements,Measurement Techniques, Evaluation of Results as well as the Project Implementation. The

details are covered in the various following sections.

1.2 Analysis of the Pre-knowledge

Rainbow Town is located on a 23-hectare stretch of land in the Trans Amadi Layout. Trans-Amadi

is the main industrial and business district of Port Harcourt which is the capital city of Rivers State,

Nigeria. Port Harcourt is the heart of Nigerias oil industry and i t lies along the Bonny River and is

located in the Niger Delta. The city is said to be highly congested. It is divided into the urban area

with an estimated population of 2.7 million and the greater/rural area which has a population of 3.7million people [2].

The new residential estate, "Rainbow Town Estate" is developed by the government of Rivers State

which has in collaborated with First Bank of Nigeria. The project investment amounts to N50 billion and


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is said to be the largest residential housing scheme. It consists of about 1,117 housing units and isexpected to be completed between December 2010 and D ecember 2011.

The main industries in Trans-Amadi are oil and gas and chemicals, it is headquarters to many

multinational giants such as Chevron, Total/Elf, Schlumberger, Baker Hughes and many others. Apart

from trade and industry, the area is strewn with myriads of other land uses such as housing and

road construction, refuse and waste disposal activities, and power generation. All these activitiesare environmentally sensitive and have caused attrition to the ambient air quality .

Fig. 1: High Population Density in Port Harcourt (coloured in red), located in south of Nigeria .

Source: Federal Government of Nigeria, 2006 [3].


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Fig. 2: Rainbow Town in the Trans-Amadi Industrial Area [3].

Fig. 3: Port Harcourt city is highly congested.


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1.2.1 Geographic and Meteorological Characteristics

Temperature, Precipitation and Relative Humidity :

Port Harcourts heaviest precipitation is seen during the month of September where on average

approximately 370 mm of rain is seen. December on average is the driest month of the year,where on average only 20 mm of rain is seen during the course of the month. Temperatures

throughout the year in the city are relatively co nstant, showing little variation throughout the course

of the year. Average temperatures are typicall y between 25C-28C in the city and the relative

humidity is in the range of 65% and 87%.

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

ANNUAL MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 22.8 23.1 21.7 20.6 20.6 ANNUAL MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 31.3 31.8 31.8 31.9 31.7 ANNUAL MEAN RAINFALL 203.1 156.5 171.2 215 186.4

ANNUAL MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT 1500 GMT 70 69 70 73 73 ANNUAL MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT 0900 GMT 70 83 82 85 80

Table 1: Temperature, Precipitation and Relative Humidity in Port Harcourt, record for year 2003 2007 [4].

Wind Speed and Wind Direction :

The prevailing winds in the area change with time of the year . Generally during the year, eight

prevailing winds are common, but the predominant ones are Northerly, North-easterly, Southerly,

South-westerly, Westerly and North-westerly.

Table 2 shows that 53 percent of the wind speeds in Port Harcourt is less than 3.1 m/s. This is due

to the high aerodynamic surface roughness which is related to the characteristics of the land use of

the city. The land use is predominantly built -up and with high floor area ratio (ratio of total building

square footage to the area of t he plot) result in high aerodynamic surface roughness. These cause

a weak wind speed; hence low pollutants diffusion. Apart from the wind speed and wind direction,

there are some other factors which affect the pollutants dispersion. Further discussion is p resented

in Section 5 (Evaluation of Results).


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Table 2: Monthly Surface Mean Wind Direction and Speed in Port Harcourt, record for year 2004

2009 [3].


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1.2.2 Current Situation

In Nigeria, increasing trends in population, urbanization and most especially industrialization have

exacerbated the problem of air pollution. However, many have no idea about the actual air

characteristics as not many studies have been done and no air pollution monitoring stations are

available in many of the areas in Nigeria. In addition, most researchers on the issue focused on the

measurement of ambient concentration levels of criteria pollutants from vehicular emissions in

major cities and impact of emissions on farmlan ds and agricultural production . Most importantly, a

retinue of these studies were funded by oil -related companies which produced conflicting results to

satisfy specific interests.

Nigeria has multiple Environmental Management Authorities as well as Air Quality Regulation like

FEPA (Federal Environmental protection Agency of Nigeria). However, Nigeria has been facing

many various challenges in air pollution management like some other developing countries [5]:

- Lack of emissions inventory/database due to lack of consistent and systematic

measurements

- Lack of air pollution and monitoring stations

- Few independent and research -based measurement data are not readily available for

general public use

- Lack of collaboration between key regulatory authorities

- Laxity in the enforcement of emis sion regulations

- Non-usage of emissions abatement control mechanisms by polluters

- Lack of incentives to encourage polluters to check rate of pollution e.g. tax imposedon gas flaring was a paltry $0.03/m 3. This was reviewed up to $1.48/m 3 in 2008

- Poverty and lack of clean energy

- Insecurity and difficulty of terrain

- Lack of technical expertise

- Corruption and lack of Good Governance


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1 . . S P ll

The es f ll t ts i P t t e s i il t the ther reas i the i er e lta h i h

are summar i ed as e l [ ]:

- mes ti ac ti ities due t lack f c lean energy f r cook ing and ligh ting

- Burn ing o f f oss il f ue ls f or transpor ta tion in the in land urban and rura l cen tres

- Indus tr ies o il and gas re la ted indus tr ies and serv ice compan ies ;manu f ac tur ing)

- se of genera tors to genera te e lec tr icity to run indus tr ies , sma llsca le bus inesses and

domes tic ligh ting

- as flar ing

- pen burn ing , f or examp le : inc inera tion of so lid as te

ig . : Var ious ac tivities con tr ibu te to the an thropogen ic sources o f po llu tan ts .

Waste Dum Oil Ex loration Fertiliser Plant

Traffic Generator Gas Flarin


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Trans-Amadi is the location for the oil refineries and petrochemical plants of Port Harcourt. Theemissions from the industrial area in year 2002 are shown in Table 3 . The particulates emission is10,496 tonnes/year and 779 tonnes/year for NOx emission. The data were obtained from a surveyconducted in corporation with the Port Harcourt zonal office of the Federal EnvironmentalProtection Agency. And the data are incomparable to any of the National/International emissionsstandard which are generally expressed in mass concentration, like g/m 3.

Table 3: Air emissions (in tonnes/year) from industry and households in Port Ha rcourt, Delta Stateand Calabar in year 2002 [5].

Apart from the industrial emissions, Port Harcourt is filled with a class of vehicles known as

super emitters which refer to those with poor maintenance and those which are old and imported

from other areas. These super emitters have contributed to high emission of harmful pollutants

like TSP (Total suspended particulates), NOx, SO 2, and CO. However, the increase of this traffic-

related pollution is not based on the aforementioned factors only, but also on low quality fuel, poor traffic regulation and lack of air quality implementation force. These are clear indices to high levels

of traffic-related pollution in developin g countries also. The results obtained Fig. 5 below, show that

the concentrations of particulates, NOx and NMVOC in Port Harcourt.


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Fig. 5: Air emissions from traffic in Nigeria and some coastal cities. P/H: Port Harcourt.

Fig. 6 : Showing traffic situation at sample 9 (12.00pm) .


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Fig. 7: Showing traffic delay due to intersection of traffic .

With reference to Table 4 below, t he annual mean ambient particulate air pollution of Port Harcourt

is 118 g/m 3 which is lower than that of the northern cities like 132 g/m 3 at Maiduguri, 130 g/m 3 at

Sokoto. The higher figures in the northern cities were due to the deposition of particulates or dust

raised during the Harmatan season, wind movement of dry particulat es and aerosols from the

Sahara desert, and burning of anthropogenic substances etc. It is clear that for Port Harcourt, thecontributors are road traffic, the refinery and cement industries . Figure shows that Port Harcourt

had the lowest value of 129g/m3 at her urban corridors, and 59 g/m 3 at their rural landscape.


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Table 4: The annual mean ambient particulate air pollution in seventeen cities in Nigeria. [6]

Fig. 8: Comparison between the values of rural and urban areas - PM10 [6].


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1.2.4 Effects of Air Pollution

The problem of air pollution is a serious threat to not only living human beings and animals, but

also to the vegetation, materials as well as climate and habitat . The effects can be of reversible

and permanent, i.e., irreversible damage. The symptoms are, however, manifold, and

simultaneous exposure along with other irritants often makes it very difficult to determine the

specific effects of air pollutants [7]. However, high concentration levels of pollutants have been

shown to have adverse impact on respiratory systems, cardiovascular and neurological systems in

humans. It has been associated with a wide range of symptoms , low birth weight, increased

hospitalization, sudden infant death and high mortality .

In this report, following pollutants are focused, most of which are originated from incomplete

combustion: Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Ozone and

Particulate Matter. The effects of the pollutants are di scussed individually in Table 5.

Pollutants Effects

Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2) Irritant gas for respiratory system dissolves in mucous membranes of

eyes, mouth, nose and bronchi; increase of flow resistance in

respiratory system.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Has higher affinity to the blood pigment than O 2. Hence, it has the

potential effect to obstruct the transportation of O 2 in the blood and

thus the O 2 supply to the body; points of attack: central nervoussystem (brain) and cardiovascular system.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Irritant gas for respiratory system dissolves in mucous membrane;

increased susceptibility to germs in the respiratory system.

Ozone Strong irritant gas for respiratory system, it can impair the lung

functions and susceptible to infections. It is a component of

photochemical smog, combination effect with other photo oxidizing

compounds.

Particulate Matter Particulates that enter the lungs may lodge there and result in

chronic respiratory problems including emphysema, pneumonia,

bronchitis asthma and respiratory t uberculosis, etc. In addition, fine

particulate also increase the toxic of SO 2.

Table 5: Effects of the pollutants [7].


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1.3 Assessment of Measurement Results ( L imits)

The Federal Environmental protection Agency of Nigeria (FEPA) has actually set up the National

Limits for the air pollutants emission. However, the limit is not obtainable during the course of data

searching.

The limits which are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes USEPA)

will be used for assessing the measure ment results:

Pollutants EPA

Time Averaging Standards

Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2) Annual Arithmetic Mean

24 Hours 0.030 ppm (80 g/m 3)0.14 ppm (365 g/m 3)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)8 hours1 hour

9 ppm (10 mg/m 3)35 ppm (40 mg/m 3)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Annual Arithmetic Mean

1 hour

0.053 ppm (100 g/m 3)0.100 ppm

(see footnote c))

Ozone 8 hours 0.075 ppm (147 g/m3)

Particulate Matter 24 hours 150 g/m3

Table 6: Comparison of various Air Quality Assessment Standard.

Note:a) National standards (other than ozone, particulate matter, and those based on annual

averages or annual arithmetic mean) are not to be exceeded more than once a year.

The ozone standard is attained when the fourth highest eight hour concentration in a

year, averaged over three years, is equal to or less than the standard. For PM10, the

24 hour standard is attained when the expected number of days per calender year

with a 24-hour average concentration above 150 g/m3 is equal to or less than one.

For PM2.5, the 24 hour standard is attained when 98 percent of the daily

concentrations, averaged over three years, are equal to or less than the standard.

b) Concentration expressed first in units in which it was promulgated. Equivalent unitsgiven in parentheses are based upon a reference temperatur e of 25C and a

reference pressure of 760 torr. Most measurements of air quality are to be corrected

to a reference temperature of 25C and a reference pressure of 760 torr.

c) To attain this standard, the 3 -year average of the 98th percentile of the daily ma ximum

1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 0.100 ppm (effective

January 22, 2010).


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In Germany, specified Immission Limits are set by the German Government to protect against

hazards for human health due to the air pollutants:

Table 7: Substance Immission Values in order to Ensure the Protection of Human Health [8].


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1.4 Parameters, Area and Time of Measurement

As mentioned, the measurands to be investigated in this plan are: Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2), Carbon

Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Ozone and Particulate Matter. In addition, meteorological

conditions like wind speed, wind direction are also included.

The measurement area is Rainbow Town, the new housing estate which is located in the Trans-

Amadi industrial area. The mon itoring equipments will not be placed near to the direct emission

sources in the industrial area as the objective of this plan is to measure and obtain the Immision

Values the Ambient Air Quality of the said measurands in order to anticipate whether ha rmful

effects are expected on the residents in the estate.

The measurement period shall stretch over 1 year which to cover every season.

The details on how the monitoring equipments are placed in the measurement area are clarified in

section 2 Measurement Strategy.

1.5 Requirements on Measurement

To ensure the measurement results are representative and having acceptable uncertainty range,

the VEREIN DEUTSCHER INGENIEURE,which describes a general method for the determination

of the analytical function of calibratable air quality measurement methods as well as the

determination of the measurement uncertainty of measurement methods correspondinglycalibrated are referred and complied to in this plan.


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2. Strategy of Measurement

The strategy for measurement to be implemented with the knowledge that costs must be kept as

minimal as possible because of the economic situation of the country. Technical requirements will

also be kept minimal without compromising the aims and quality of results . The following willtherefore be the aims of the measurement strategy ;

Temporal and spatial resolution of the pollutants throughout the measur ement area (about234,200m 2).

Mean concentrations of the pollutants throughout the entire year. Meteorological determinations in order to observe seasonal and other climatic influences .

2.1 Measurement Sites

The measurement sites will consist of one continuous monitoring station to be placed in the

downstream wind direction and six locations for installation of diffuse samplers within the proposed

housing scheme. The entire area of the housing scheme is on a flat plain and covers a total area of

23.42 hectares or 234,420m 2. The diffuse samplers will be placed at constant distances from each

other in grid network. The strategy for the entire measurement is based the need to measure

concentrations of the various pollutants that the inhabitants (about 6000 people based on the

average size of a Nigerian household) will be exposed to. In selecting our measurement sites as

the German VDI guidelines will be adhered to in order to ensure quality of results. Some

precautions taken into consideration include;

y Ensuring that the measuring equipment does not measure direct emissions fromsources but measures ambient levels (already mixed in the surrounding air).

y Monitoring stations should be situated at some distance away from obstacles (such as

buildings, trees etc) that may affect the natural flow of the wind and this is extremely

important for meteorological measurements.y Immissions should be measured at a height of 1.5 to 4 metres above ground and at a

lateral distance of 1.5 metres from buildings

The strategy employed here is to utilize the continuous measuring station in order to have an idea

of the temporal resolution for pollutants measured as well as for other supplementarymeteorological data determination such as wind speeds, wind direction and ambient temperature

measurements.

Diffuse samplers will be used within the estate scheme in ord er to monitor mean monthly exposure

to the pollutants. This decision is based on the fact that about 1,117 houses will be built here for

inhabitation by families. Average ambient levels of these pollutants will therefore be an indicator for


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health risks and exposure effect correlations. Results obtained may be used as a further basis for epidemiological studies.

Number of Sites Location Type Parameters to be measured

8 Placed to cover theentire area

DiffuseSamplers

SO 2, NOx, Ozone, PM 10, CO,Ozone

1 Centrally placed in thedownstream direction of the wind

Continuous/ Automatic

PM10, SO 2, NOx, CO,Benzene, Ozone.

Additionally meteorologicaldata such as temperature,wind speed, Humidity,Precipitation, and winddirections also to be

determined.

2.2 Times of Measurements/ Sampling Duration ;

Stations Type Sampling DurationStation A Continuous/ Automatic

Monitoring station24 hours

Stations B1, B2, B3,B4, B5, B6, B7, andB8

Diffuse Samplers Every 4 weeks (for the entire 12months)

2.3 Duration of Monitoring

A total period of twelve months will be used for the monitoring campaign for us to understand the

air quality in different seasons and under different time behavioral patterns.

2.4 Supplementary Measurements

Supplementary measurements to be carried out will be meteorological determinations of;

y Temperaturey Humidityy Precipitationy Wind Speedy Wind Direction


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Google 2010 Map with blue pointer showing Rainbow Residential Estate Site


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G oog le Sa te llite image of proposed res iden tia l es ta te s ite show ing measuremen t s ites

3 . m i

In measur ing techno logy one mus t d is tingu ish be tween d iscon tinuous and con tinuous measur ing

me thods . hereas con tinuous ly opera ting measur ing dev ices re flec t the tempora l of the measured

ua lity, d iscon tinuous me thods prov ide the measured uan tity as a mean va lue over the samp ling

per iod .

3 .1 m l l i m

Exper imen ta l demons tra te tha t the measuremen t and ana lytica l equ ipmen t used f or mon itor ing

em iss ions and a ir po llu tion compr ises with the m in imum requ iremen ts es tab lished in regu la tions f or

the in tended app lica tion , tak ing in to accoun t the appropr ia te tes t des igns . or con tinuous ly

record ing measur ing ins trumen ts , t he time per iods can be d ivided up on a broad ly var iab le bas is .

B8 B7


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These will not provide truly instantaneous values. The shortest possible integration time will

depend on the measurement arrangement. Sampling times are generally set at:y 1 hour y 8 hoursy 24 hoursy

one calendar year

Object Method Technique Range L imitValue Remarks

Measurementof sulphur dioxideconcentration(SO2)

Continuous UVfruorescence0-20ppm

< 1.0 ppb/24hours, 2,0ppb/7 days

Measure theamount of light that asampleabsorbs. Theamount of lightabsorbedindicates theamount of analytepresent inthe sample

determinationof nitrogenoxideconcentration(NO/NO2/NOx)

Continuous

Photometricmanualstandardmethod(Saltzmann)

0-10ppm

< 2.0ppb/24hours< 2.0 ppb/7 days

Differencesdue tosamplevolume

measurementof carbon

monoxideconcentration(CO)

Continuous

Infraredabsorption

method(URAS 1and 2)

1 ppm atmeasurementrange of 0-100 ppm

< 0.08ppm /24

hours< 0.4 ppm/7 days

measurementof ozoneconcentration(O3) Continuous

Direct UV-photometricmethod(Standardmethod)

0.01 ppm

< 1.0ppb/24hours< 1.0 ppb/7 days

Only for purified or synthetic air for calibration of monitors

measurementof particulatematter in

ambient air (PM-10 or PM-2,5)

ContinuousHigh volumesampler HV100

2.5 mg(24hsampling)

uncertaintyrange+ 2.5 g in

the range4-90

g/m3

The sampling time for one individual reading in discontinuous measurements corresponds to the

averaging period in automatic continuous measurements. The shorter the sampling time, the

higher the maximum values that can be expected. The sampling time is determined by taking into


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account the limit values, the effect criteria of the substances to be measured, and by aspects of the

measurement method (detection limits, expenditure etc.). For the Diffuse Sampler, the sampling

times are set as follow:

Object Rang e i n

g/m 3 Limit Valu e Exter nal Influ e n ce Sa mp ling Time

Sulphur DioxideConcentration(SO2)

0.5 240

0.2 g/m 3 forsamplingperiods of fourweeks

Wi nd spee d < 10% up to 4.5 m/secusing protection sheltersTemper a t u reno influence between 10 to30 oCHu mi d ityno influence between 20 to80%

2 4 weeks

Nitrogen OxideConcentration(NOx)

1 200

0.64g/m 3 for2-week exposure

Wi nd spee d < 10% up to 4.5m/secTemper a t u reno influence between 5 to 40 oCHu mi d ityno influence between 20 to80%

1 4 weeks

CarbonMonoxideConcentration(CO)

5 240

< 0.08ppm /24hours< 0.4

ppm/7 days

Measurement of OzoneConcentration(O3)

5 2405.1 g/m 3 weeklyexposures


1 2 weeks

Benzene

0.5 50

0.2g/m 3 fora samplingtime of 1month


2 4 weeks


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3.2 Performance Characteristics

For the measurement of ambient air quality, two types of equipments base on our measurement

methods are applied; automatic monitoring station for continuous ambient air measurement and

Diffusive Sampler for measuring the mean concentration of pollutants fo r each month of an entire

year.

Important Parameters in Measurement Techniques:

Analytical function Statistical relationship between the output quantity (measured signal) and the

associated measured result (measured value) simultaneously is determined at the same point of

the measurement using a standard reference method.

Detection limit smallest value of the state parameter which can be differentiated from a zero state

with an confidence of 95%

Suitability testing requirement suitability testing shall be carried out in laboratory and field tests

with two measuring systems of the same type. Suitability testing generally begins with establishing

the performance characteristics to be determined in laboratory tests, taking into account theintended area of use.

Frequency of Measurements The "measurement frequency" indicates the number of and i ntervals

between individual measurements in discontinuous measurements when samplings taken at one

measuring site or in one measuring area.

Automatic Monitoring station

The Automatic Monitoring station is a self contained ambient air monitoring system ut ilized for

criteria pollution field surveys. The end purpose of this system is collect, store and down -load

measurement data of ambient pollutants consisting of O 3, NOx, , SO 2, CO, BTX, HCx, Particulate

matter (PM 10, PM2.5 , PM1), or other type of pollutants, to the end users remote, centrally -located

computer.

The System can be configured including those type of analyzer of interest for the application, as

well as meteorological parameters, and can be supplied either inside a shelter (Fixed Statio n) or in

a Truck or Van (Mobile Station) or as (Alone system) to be integrated in some installation by the

final user


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Diffusive samplers

Diffusive samplers are an ideal tool to determine the pollutant distribution over a large area and to

assess integrated concentration levels, over long period of time.

The theoretical basis of diffusive samplers covers the effect of environmental factors (temperature

and pressure), sampler response time, effect of air velocity and the relative advantages of devic es

based on diffusion and permeation.

Installation of monitoring site

The diffusion tubes are placed, with the open end in a shelter to protect them from light and to

minimize the influence of strong wind. In the absence of other requirements samplers should be

exposed at heights of 2 - 3 m above the ground in positions of unrestricted air movement. In order

to avoid sampling in the pollutant depleted boundary layer close to walls, preferred sites are free

standing columns, lamp posts etc.

3.3 Standardization of Measurement Methods

The use of suitability tested measuring systems to increase the accuracy of the facilities, the work

of the authorization and monitoring authorities, which then do not need to test the performance of

the measuring system required for the specific measurement task. In addition, the use of suitability

tested measuring systems gives the user the substantial security that the measuring equipment

can be used without problem for the measurement task. Base on suitability test, methods and


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operating instructions shall be follow the standardized measurement procedure and the sequenceof the investigation should be precisely documented.

3.4 Frame conditions for the Application of Measurement Methods

To have a temporal profile for the pollutants measured, we need Continuous/Automatic measuring

devices. This is necessary in analysis of results obtained in order to fulfil the main aim of our

measurement planning which is the determination of whether harm ful effects are to be anticipated

on the proposed residents of the residential scheme. For example, 8 hourly ozone measurements

must be obtained for establishing whether harmful effects from high concentrations of ozone may

be anticipated. Besides that, Diffusive sampling devices have some advantages which are

increase the flexibility of using this instrument.

y No pumps required

y Parallel sampling of many sites possible without high investment

y No electrical supply needed

y Works independent: Can be used in haz ardous environments

y Easy handling: Can be done also by untrained personnel

y Noiseless: No disturbing noise during e.g. indoor sampling

y they can find locations where a risk of excessive pollution exists

y Find the differences within an area over time (trends); find the spatial distribution of

concentrations in a specific area

3.5 Documentation of Measurement Results

The test institute shall prepare a test report covering the course and result of the suitability test.This test report shall contain the following minimum information:

y Description of the tasky Description of the measuring system testedy Test programy Standard reference methods usedy Results of testingy Details of required servicing operations


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y Details on carrying out regular functiona l testsy Proposal of the declaration of suitability

4. Evaluation of Results

4.1 Formation of Measurement Results

The rules of calculus used when evaluating the measurement data are generally required [1]:

- To obtain measured values from the measured sigals;

- To determine the air quality characteristics in question from the measured values,

and

- To estimate measurement uncertainties.

4.2 Equations for Evaluation

Normally the values obtained by monitoring equipments are expressed in volume concentr ation

(ppm, ppb) and it is necessary transform them into mass concentration ( mg/m 3) at standard

temperature 298.15 k and pressure 101.32 bar. Meanwhile to make this transformation, the

following equation is used for ideal gas:


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C mg/m 3 = (C ppm). [(molecular weight)/24.45]

Where:

C mg/m 3 concentration of the pollutant in mass concentration

C ppm concentration of the pollutant in volume concentration

Molecular weight Molar mass (g/mole)

For the calculation of the validation data in g/m 3 following equation is used:

=

Usually the standard values for some pollutant are expressed by mass concentration and to have acomparison with standard values, these conversions are needed.

Arithmetic average calculation

The arithmetic mean (or simply the mean) of a list of concentrations, is the sum of all measurementdivided by the number concentrations measured in a period of time.

The arithmetic mean is the "standard" average, often simply called the "mean".

Cave,i . = Arithmetic mean concentration

Ci = Concentration for time i

N = number of measurement

Detection Limits (DLs)

Detection Limits (DLs) is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from theabsence of that substance (a blank value) within a stated confidence limit (generally 1%). The

detection limit is estimated from the mean of the blank, the standard deviation of the blank and

some confidence factor. Another considerati on that affects the detection limit is the accuracy of the

model used to predict concentration from the raw analytical signal.


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4.3 Uncertainty of Result

The uncertainty of the values measured is heavily influenced by our spatial distribution of

measurement locations as well as the number of such measurements we carry out in order to

obtain representative mean values.

In our planning exercise we made use of four diffuse samplers around the entire area of the

housing scheme as well as one continuous measuremen t station.

We will therefore take the mean values from our diffuse samplers and then compare the mean

against measurements from our continuous monitoring station in order to obtain the standard

deviation.The Flow scheme for result uncertainty is as follows;

Obtain values from B5, B7and B8 diffuse samplers

Determine the standarddeviation

Collect values from Automatic Measuring

Station

Compare both results


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6 Organization

6.1 Project Management

This w ill be ove see by an e e ie nced Manag e wh ose ta sk desc ip t ion wou ld include;

y Log ist ics an d Infra stru ctur e coor d inat ion for t he me asur e me nt proj ec ty Se t u p an d Mon itor ing of Var iou s Me a sur ing Equ ipme nt an d stat ion s y P e rsonn e l Manag e me nty Coor d inat ing w ith Loca l Auth or it ies for P e rm its an d Informat iony P rojec t P lann ing an d Exec ut iony P e rsonn e l Supe rvision a s we ll as Qua lity Ass uran ce Mon itor ingy D ata Manag e me nt an d S tat ist ica l Tre atm e nt of r es ult s y Finan cia l P lann ing

Such a Manag e r wou ld have re le vant e xpe rience an d know led ge in t he fo llow ing ar e as;

y Air Qua lity C ontro l y Me te oro log ica l de te rm inat ion s for t he a im of A ir Qua lity Mon itor ingy Mo de rn Mo de ling M e th ods in t he Air Qua lity Mon itor ing f ie ld y Know led ge of e lec tron ics an d use of r e le vant e qu ipme nt s y Emiss ion s Inve ntory an d Manag e me nty Me asur e me nt s P lann ing an d Exec ut iony Adm inistrat ive an d P e rsonn e l Manag e me nty Loca l Environm e nt an d know led ge of Gov e rnm e nt R egu lat ion s an d Re qu ire me nt s

6.2 Personnel Planning


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The pe rsonn e l for t he me a sur e me nt cam pa ign w ill be ma in ly 4 pe rson s wh o wou ld be e mployed fu ll t ime. The stru ctur e is a s fo llow s

References

1) VEREIN DEUTSCHER INGENIEURE, VDI 4280, Part 1 General Rules of the Planning of ambient air quality measurement.

2) Internet: .

3) Chima Okoko OGBA and B. Pius UTANG, Nigeria . Air Pollution Climatology in Spatial Planning for Sustainable Development in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

4) Area and Climate. Internet:

5) Challenges in air pollution management . Internet:http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aqm/files/Mofoluso_Air_Pollution2008_Presentation.pdf

P rojec t Manag e r/O pe rat ion s S upe rvisor

D ocum e ntat ion C hie f/ Ass istant Manag e r

Ope rat ion S taff 1 O pe rat ion S taff 2


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6) Dr S I Efe , the Geography and Regional Planning Department, Delta State University of Nigeri a.Spatial distribution of particulate air pollution in Nigerian cities: implications for human health,year 2008

7) Air Quality Control by G nter Baumbach.

8) Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control TA Luft by the German Government .

9) http://passam.ch/ozone.htm

Appendices

planning & measurement.final

Documents