planning the infrastructure for marine monitoring and operational oceanography lennart funkquist...

Planning the infrastructure for marine monitoring and operational

oceanography

Lennart FunkquistSwedish Meteorological and

Hydrological Institute

Figures are taken from a new SMHI report:

Karlson B., P. Axe, L. Funkquist, S. Kaitala and K. Sørensen (2009). Infrastructure for marine monitoring and operational oceanography, Reports Oceanography No. 39, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute.

Abingdon,11-13 March 2009

Swedish Coastal Waters

some areal facts

• Economical zone is about 155 000 km²

• Territorial water amounts to about 82 000 km²

• European Water Framework Directive (WFD) only contains about 36 000 km²

• But the whole Skagerrak, Kattegat and Baltic Sea may be regarded as coastal waters

• The length of the Swedish coastline is 11 500 or 32 000 km depending on definition

• About 100 000 islands


Marine environmental monitoring

• National goals- 16 environmental goals

• International conventions- HELCOM- OSPAR- EU Water Framework Directory- EU INSPIRE directory- EU Marine Strategy Framework Directory- EU Shellfish Hygiene Directive- EU Shellfish Water Directive- IMO Ballast water convention


Horizontal patchiness

Problems in marine monitoring

Abingdon,11-13 March 2009 Cyanobacteria 31 July 2008

MERIS

MODIS

Coccolithophorid 31 May 2004

Example of influence of sampling frequency

FerryBox vs Argos data

Temporal patchiness

Problems in marine monitoring

Vertical patchiness

Central Skagerrak

2003

2004

2007

Kattegat 1998


Requirements from operational oceanography

Real time

Buoys

Satellites

Ships

Hindcast

Satellite products

Analysed FerryBox data

Expedition data

Validation

Available data sets


What do we have today ?

Existing Swedish long term monitoring stations for pelagic biology

Most stations are visited 12 times per year

A few of them 24 times per year

Ship-based monitoring


Existing Swedish real-time buoys for physical parameters

Three wave buoys with SST sensor

Two profiling systems

One test system


N.B. Not shown are the three German buoys in SW Baltic

Chl-a in Skagerrak from FerryBox and MERIS in Feb 2008.

Remote sensing


FerryBox lines

FerryBox lines, existing and proposed


Comparison Ferrybox data with satellite data

and in situ data17 March 2007

Station BY1 in SW Baltic in 2006 FerryBox between Norway and Denmark


Comparison between FerryBox data and ship data in Skagerrakk


What do we propose ?

Existing and planned FerryBox lines in the Baltic Sea


New FerryBox lines

Existing and proposed FerryBox lines


Also shown is the Estonian mooring outside Tallinn.

Existing and proposed Swedish moorings


One mooring in each main sub-basin of the Baltic for data assimilation and climate time series

N.B. Not shown are the three German buoys in SW Baltic

Existing (red) and proposed (blue) network of observations in the Baltic Sea (left) and the transition area (right)

ODON project – a way to optimize the observational network


Proposed coastal moorings

Division of the coast into different water types


New type of communication

Examples-Waverider with SST-Oceanor buoy-Måseskär buoy-Winch based buoys US-Italian winch type-Piles

Different type of buoys


Fine-resolution (60m) operational local

models

A fjord in Skagerrak


Enironmental status indicators• Physical

• Exchanges

• Input

• State

• Chemical• Nutrients (input, fluxes, status, consumption)

• Oil spill

• Acidification

• Oxygen

• Biological• Production

Proposed ”new” indicators- a few examples

• Basin wide indicators

– Indicators for acidification

– Spring bloom index

– Changes in plankton community structure

– Physical climate indicators

• Indicators for specific areas

- Transport between basins- Inflow of water to the deep basins of the Baltic Proper


Proposed ”new” indicators- a few examples

• Basin wide indicators

– Indicators for acidification

– Spring bloom index– Changes in plankton

community structure– Physical climate

indicators

Indicators for specific areas

- Transport between basins- Inflow of water to the deep basins of the Baltic Proper


Logistics

– Establish co-operation between Swedish partners– Establish a national data host function for near

real time oceanographic data– Establish a national function for purchasing and

servicing of buoys etc.– Use new platforms such as wind mill parks as

measurement platforms– The Water authorities could be responsible for

coastal buoys– SMHI should be the leading partner in a

consortium operating FerryBoxes and off shore buoys


planning the infrastructure for marine monitoring and operational oceanography lennart funkquist...

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