plant anatomy & physiology
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant Anatomy & Physiology
By: Johnny M. JessupAgricultural Instructor/FFA
Advisor
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The Four Basic Parts of Plants
Leaves Stems Roots Flowers
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Leaves Functions
Make food through photosynthesis Site of gas exchange
Respiration Photosynthesis
Store food
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Tissues of the Leaf (Epidermis)
Cuticle Waxy substance
that covers the leaves & stems
Waterproof layer that keeps water in plants
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Tissues of the Leaf (Epidermis)
Stomata Openings in the
epidermis mainly located on the underside of leaves
Exchange of gases
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Tissues of the Leaf (Epidermis)
Guard Cells Two cells located
on each side of stomata
Open and closes stomata
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Tissues of the Leaf(Mesophyll Layer)
Palisade mesophyll Primary site of photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll Contains air & chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis and gas
exchange
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Tissues of the Leaf Vascular Bundles
Called veins In spongy mesophyll Phloem moves food
from leaf to the rest of the plant
Xylem moves water & minerals up to leaves from roots
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Tissues of the Leaf
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External Parts of the Leaf Petiole
Leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem.
Blade The large, flat part of a leaf.
Midrib The large center vein.
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External Parts of the Leaf
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Leaf Forms
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Leaf Margins
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Leaf Tips
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Leaf Bases
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Leaf Arrangements (Simple)
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Leaf Arrangements (Compound)
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Leaf Crops
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Stems Functions
Movement of materials Water & minerals from roots to leaves Manufactured food from leaves to roots
Support leaves & reproductive structures
Food storage
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External Stem Structure Lenticels
Breathing pores. Bud Scale Scars
Show where terminal buds have been located.
Leaf Scars Show where leaves were attached.
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External Stem Structure Terminal Bud
Bud on the end of the stem. Axillary Lateral Bud
Bud on the side of the stem.
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External Stem Structure
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Internal Stem Structure Xylem
The tissue that transports water & nutrients up from roots to stems & leaves.
Phloem Tissue that transports food down from
leaves to roots. Cambium
Thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark & wood and produces all new stems cells.
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Internal Stem Structure Bark
Old, inactive phloem. Heartwood
Old, inactive xylem. Sapwood
New, active xylem.
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Internal Stem Structure (Monocots)
Vascular bundles contain both xylem & phloem.
Examples: Grasses Corn
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Monocot Stems (Vascular Bundle)
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Internal Stem Structure (Dicots)
Plant stems have xylem & phloem separated by the cambium.
Example: Trees
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Internal Stem Structure (Dicots)
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Specialized Types of Stems
Corm Underground Solid, fleshy, scale
covered Examples
Gladiolus Crocus
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Specialized Types of Stems
Bulb Layers of fleshy
scales that overlap each other
Underground stem Examples
Tulips Lilies Onions
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Specialized Types of Stems
Tubers Food Storage Area Short, thick
underground stem Examples
Potato Caladium
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Specialized Types of Stems
Crown Closely grouped
stems or plantlets Just above or
below ground Examples
African violet Ferns
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Specialized Types of Stems
Spurs Short stems found
on woody limbs adapted for increased fruit production
Examples Apple Pear
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Specialized Types of Stems
Rhizomes Underground stems
that produce roots on the lower surface and extend leaves and flower shoots above ground
Examples Iris Lily of the Valley
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Specialized Types of Stems
Stolens Stem that
grows horizontally above the soil surface
Examples Strawberries Airplane Plant
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Stem Crops
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Roots Functions
Anchor the plant Absorb water & minerals Store food Propagate or reproduce some plants
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Different Types of Roots Tap Root
One main root, no nodes
Continuation of the primary root
Ideal for anchorage Penetration is
greater for water Storage area for
food
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Different Types of Roots Fibrous Root
Many finely branched secondary roots
Shallow roots cover a large area
More efficient absorption of water & minerals
Roots hold the soil to prevent erosion
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Different Types of Roots Aerial Roots
Clinging air roots Short roots that
grow horizontally from the stems
Roots that fasten the plant to a support
Absorptive air roots Absorb moisture
from the air
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Different Types of Roots
Adventitious Roots Develop in places
other than nodes Form on cuttings
& rhizomes
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External Parts of Roots Root Cap
Indicates growth of new cells.
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External Parts of Roots Root Hairs
Tiny one celled hair-like extensions of the epidermal cells located near the tips of roots.
Increase surface area.
Absorb water & minerals.
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Internal Parts of Roots Much like those of stems with
phloem, cambium and xylem layers. Phloem
The outer layer. Carries food down the plant.
Xylem The inner layer. Carries water & minerals up to the stem.
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Root Crops
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Flowers Function
Contain the sexual organs for the plant.
Produces fruit, which protects, nourishes and carries seeds.
Attracts insects for pollination.
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Parts of the Flower
Sepals Outer covering of
the flower bud. Protects the
stamens and pistils when flower is in bud stage.
Collectively known as the calyx.
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Parts of the Flower
Petals Brightly colored Protects stamen &
pistils. Attracts
pollinating insects. Collectively called
the corolla.
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Parts of the Flower (Stamen)
Male reproductive part Anther
Produces pollen Filament
Supports the anther
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Parts of the Flower (Pistil) Female
reproductive part Ovary
Enlarged portion at base of pistil
Produces ovules which develop into seeds
Stigma Holds the pollen
grains
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Parts of the Flower (Pistil) Style
Connects the stigma with the ovary Supports the stigma so that it can be
pollinated
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Parts of the Flower
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Imperfect Flower Male or female
reproductive organs not, but not both.
Example: A male flower has
sepals, petals, and stamen, but no pistils.
A female flower has sepals, petals, and pistils, but no stamen.
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Perfect Flowers
Contains both male and female reproductive structures.
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Incomplete Flowers Missing one of the
four major parts of the flower. Stamen Pistil Sepal Petal
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Complete Flowers
Contains male and female reproductive organs along with petals and sepals.
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Flowers Imperfect flowers are always
incomplete but…….. Perfect flowers are not always
complete and…….. Complete flowers are always
perfect.
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Importance of Flowers Important in florist &
nursery businesses. Many plants are grown solely
for their flowers. Plants have flowers to attract
insects for pollination, but people grow them for beauty & economic value.
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Important Flower Crops
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Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor Hobbton High School
Designed By: